HmnmLago23

name::
* McsEngl.HmnmLago23,

lagHmnlingo'name.VERB

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo'name.VERB,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551,
* McsEngl.hl'verb,
* McsEngl.nameVerb, {2014-01-03}
* McsEngl.name.verb, {2014-01-03}
* McsEngl.verb,
* McsEngl.vrb, {2013-08-16}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.verbero@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.verbero@lagoSngo!~verb,
* McsEngl.verber@lagoSngo@deleted, {2004-01-25}
* McsEngl.verber-verb@lagoSngo@deleted,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ρήμα, {2012-09-10}
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.verbo@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.verbo,
====== lagoChinese:
dong4ci2,
dong4; to use; to act; to move; to change,
ci2 ; works; phrases; classical Chinese poem; word; diction,

_WIKIPEDIA: af:Werkwoord, als:Verb, ar:???, ay:Parliri, be-x-old:????????, bs:Glagoli, br:Verb, bg:??????, ca:Verb, cv:??????, cs:Sloveso, da:Udsagnsord, de:Verb, es:Verbo, eo:Verbo, fo:Sagnor?, fr:Verbe, gd:Gniomhair, gl:Verbo, ko:?? (??), hr:Glagoli, id:Verba, is:Sagnor?, it:Verbo, he:????, ka:????, kk:???????, la:Verbum (grammatica Latina), lv:Darbibas vards, lt:Veiksmazodis, ln:Likelelo, hu:Ige, ml:????? (????????), mn:??? ??, nl:Werkwoord, ja:??, no:Verb, nn:Verb, nds:Verb, pl:Czasownik, pt:Verbo, ro:Verb, qu:Ruray rimana, ru:??????, se:Vearba, sq:Folja, simple:Verb, sk:Sloveso, sl:Glagol, sr:???????, sh:Glagol, fi:Verbi, sv:Verb, tr:Fiil, uk:????????, yi:?????????, zh:??,

OLD:
verb of an entity, 2003-12-25
* dinero, 2007-01-24 (dino => dinero): dinero is wrong because not all dino maped to dineros, but those that denote ant time.
[hmnSngo.2007-01-26_nikkas]

DEFINITION

Verb is a logal-concept that express a process[epistem475#cptCore475#] or a structure#cptCore515# in time.
[hmnSngo.2012-03-12]

analytic

* VERB is a LOGO-CONCEPT that denotes a semantic-verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-24_nikkas]

* VERB is a noder that denotes a semantic-verb#cptCore684#.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-03_nikkas]

VERB is a SEMANTIC-WORD that denotes a TIME--MEANING-CONCEPT.
[hmnSngo.2003-10-27_nikkas]

VERB is a LOGIM that DENOTES a relation-in-time (PREDICATE).
[hmnSngo.2002-06-02_nikkas]

~~VERB is a SEMANTIC-WORD'S-INFLECTION#cptCore1093.a# that DENOTES a relation-in-time (PREDICATE).~~
[hmnSngo.2002-06-02_nikkas]

VERB is the LOGIM that DENOTES a PREDICATE.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

VERB is the LOGO that DENOTES a PREDICATE.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

Every predicate is mapped to a verb.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-11_nikkas]

~~VERB is the LEXEME a language uses to express the PREDICATE-of-a-statement.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-09-25_nikkas]

VERB is a 'CONCEPT' that express (meaning) 'noun' 'relations'.
[hmnSngo.1998-08-31_nikos]

ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΑ 'ΟΝΟΜΑΤΑ#cptCore383#' ΠΟΥ ΕΚΦΡΑΖΟΥΝ 'ΣΧΕΣΕΙΣ#cptCore399#'.
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]

Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence.
* I am a student.
* The students passed all their courses.
[http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm]

synthetic

ΜΕ ΤΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΚΑΝΟΥΜΕ ΦΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΑΚΕΡΑΙΟ ΝΟΗΜΑ ΚΑΙ ΛΕΓΟΝΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 139#cptResource310#]

OTHER-VIEW#cptCore505#

A verb DENOTES an action, state, or process involving one or more PARTICIPANTS, which we refer to as the ARGUMENTS of the verb.
[Katz, Using English for Indexing and Retrieving, 1990, 149]

ΡΗΜΑΤΑ λέγονται οι λέξεις που φανερώνουν πως ένα πρόσωπο, ζώο ή πράγμα
** ενεργεί ή
** παθαίνει ή
** βρίσκεται σε μια κατάσταση.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 139#cptResource310#]

A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being.
[HyperGrammar]

A VERB combines with a noun or pronoun to express a thought... It typically expresses ACTION.
<I _sntxVerb:{hit} the ball>
A verb may also express a STATE OF BEING.
<he _sntxVerb:{is} here>
[Franklin Language-Master, LM-6000, 1991]

verb'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* CORELATADER#cptCore449#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLogo.nameLingo#cptCore453#

verb'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

verb'WholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'WholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT.verb:
* verb_argument#cptCore557.30#
* Synlingoconcept#cptCore93.63#

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#

* The mverber (and consequently the relation) a verber denotes DEPENDS on its syntax. There is no one to one mapping. The arguments of the verber are the ones that show the exactly meaning of the verber.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-14_nikkas]

verb'Argument#cptCore557.30#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Argument,

verb'Auxiliary

_CREATED: {2012-08-22} {2004-08-28} {2003-11-24}

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Auxiliary,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.22,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.12,
* McsEngl.auxiliary-of-verb@cptCore611.12,
* McsEngl.verb's-auxiliary@cptCore611.12,
* McsEngl.verber-instancer,
* McsEngl.inserv@cptCore611.12,
* McsEngl.vinstancer@cptCore611.12,
* McsEngl.verber'instancer@cptCore611.12,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.verb-inflecter@old,
* McsEngl.verb-typer@old, {2003-11-29}
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ-ΚΛΙΣΜΟΣ@old,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ-ΛΕΞΗ-ΤΥΠΟΥ@old, {2003-11-29}
* McsEngl.vinstancer@old@cptCore523,
* McsEngl.verber'instancer@old@cptCore523,
* McsEngl.inflecter.verb@old@cptCore523,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter@old@cptCore523,

_DEFINITION:
* INFLECTER OF VERB is the words the verb uses to denote semantic-verb--inflections.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* term.auxiliary#cptCore453.14#

WHOLE:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

_SPECIFIC:
* INSTANCER-ENGLISH
* INSTANCER-GREEK

* AUXILIARY--VERBER-INSTANCER
* NONAUXILIARY--VERBER-INSTANCER

auxiliary.verb.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.ENGLISH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.13,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.13,
* McsEngl.inserven@cptCore611.13,
* McsEngl.individero.en.verber@cptCore523.10,
* McsEngl.individero.verber.en@cptCore523.10,
* McsEngl.en'svinstancer@cptCore523.10,
* McsEngl.eng'verb'yper@cptCore523.10,

_SPECIFIC:
* PRIMARY:
- auxiliary: am, are, be, been, being, did, do, does, had, has, have, is, was, were, will,
- nonauxiliary: not,

* SECONDARY:
- shall, should, would,

AM'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERBER--AM#cptCore581#
* VERBER-INSTANCER#ql:en'sverber*AM*#.
- I am writting:
- I am written:
- I am being written:
-----------------------
- I am not writting:
- I am not written:
- I am not being written:
----------------------------
- am I writting:
- am I written:
- am I being written:

ARE'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--AM#cptCore581#
* VERBER-INSTANCER#ql:en'sverber*ARE*#.
- you are writing:
- you are written:
- you are being written:
------------------------
- you are not writing:
- you are not written:
- you are not being written:
-----------------------
- are you writing:
- are you written:
- are you being written:

BE'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--AM#cptCore581#
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I will be writing:
- I will be written:
----------------------
- I will not be writing:
- I will not be written:
----------------------
- will I be writing:
- will I be written:
----------------------

BEEN'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--AM#cptCore581#
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I have been writing:
- I had been writing:
- I will have been writing:
- I have been written:
- I had been written:
- I will have been written:
------------------------------
- I have not been writing:
- I had not been writing:
- I will not have been writing:
- I have not been written:
- I had not been written:
- I will not have been written:
------------------------------
- have I been writing:
- had I been writing:
- will I have been writing:
- have I been written:
- had I been written:
- will I have been written:
------------------------------

BEING'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--AM#cptCore581#
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I am being written:
- I have being written:
- I was being written:
- I had being written:
- I will being written:
- I will have being written:
------------------------------
- I am not being written:
- I have not being written:
- I was not being written:
- I had not being written:
- I will not being written:
- I will not have being written:
------------------------------
- am I being written:
- have I being written:
- was I being written:
- had I being written:
- will I being written:
- will I have being written:
------------------------------

DID'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--DO#ql:do'verb@cptCore551#.
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I did not write: negative-simple-past.
- did I write: interrogative-simple-past.

DO'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--DO#ql:do'verb@cptCore551#.
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I do not write: negative-simple-present.
- do I write: interogative-simple-present.
* EMPHASIS:
- I do write well.

DOES'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--DO#ql:do'verb@cptCore551#.
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- he does not write: negative-simple-present.
- does he write: interogative-simple-present.

HAD'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--HAVE#cptCore582#
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I had written:
- I had been writing:
- I had been written:
- I had being written:
-------------------------
- I had not written:
- I had been not writing:
- I had been not written:
- I had being not written:
-------------------------
- had I written:
- had I been writing:
- had I been written:
- had I being written:
-------------------------

HAS'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--HAVE#cptCore582#
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- he has written:
- he has been writing:
- he will has written:
- he will has been writting:
- he has been written:
- he has being written:
- he will has been written:
- he will has being written:
------------------------------
- he has not written:
- he has not been writing:
- he will not has written:
- he will not has been writting:
- he has not been written:
- he has not being written:
- he will not has been written:
- he will not has being written:
-----------------------------------
- has he written:
- has he been writing:
- will he has written:
- will he has been writting:
- has he been written:
- has he being written:
- will he has been written:
- will he has being written:

HAVE'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--HAVE#cptCore582#
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
- I have written:
- I have been writing:
- I will have written:
- I will have been writting:
- I have been written:
- I have being written:
- I will have been written:
- I will have being written:
------------------------------
- I have not written:
- I have not been writing:
- I will not have written:
- I will not have been writting:
- I have not been written:
- I have not being written:
- I will not have been written:
- I will not have being written:
-----------------------------------
- have I written:
- have I been writing:
- will I have written:
- will I have been writting:
- have I been written:
- have I being written:
- will I have been written:
- will I have being written:

IS'instancer-611.13:
* AUXILIARY-VERB--AM#cptCore581#
* VERBER-INSTANCER#ql:en'sverber*is*#:
- he is writing:
- he is written:
- he is being written:
-------------------------
- he is not writing:
- he is not written:
- he is not being written:
-------------------------
- is he writing:
- is he written:
- is he being written:
-------------------------

NOT'instancer-611.13:
* FUNCTION-WORD.
* VERBER-INSTANCER.
* creates the NEGATIVE--VERB-TYPES.
* Engish-language creates the negative-inflection with the function-word#cptCore1039# 'not' plus the 'did'/'do' if there is no other function-word.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore523.11,
* McsEngl.individero.el.verber@cptCore523.11,
* McsEngl.greek'verbtyper@cptCore523.11,

_SPECIFIC:
* AUXILIARY: ΕΙΜΑΙ, ΕΙΧΑ, ΕΧΩ, ΗΜΟΥΝ,
* NON-AUXILIARY: ΑΣ, ΓΙΑ, ΔΕ, ΔΕΝ, ΘΑ, ΝΑ#ql:@cptCore524#, ΠΡΕΠΕΙ, ΠΡΟΚΕΙΤΑΙ,

ΓΙΑ'ίνστανσερ-611.14:
* προτροπή.
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{ΘΑ \σου\ /το/ έστελνα,} _sntxArgt:[αν το είχα]. ΔΥΝΗΤΙΚΟ.
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{ΘΑ κοιμάται} _sntxArgt:[τώρα]. ΠΙΘΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ.

ΜΗ'ίνστανσερ-611.14, ΜΗΝ'ίνστανσερ-611.14:
creates the 'negative-inflection'.
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{μή φύγεις} _sntxArgt:[αύριο].
· _sntxEngl: δεν _sntxVerb:{είναι} ανόητος, _sntxArgt:[να τα πει όλα].
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{πήγε} _sntxArgt:[να φέρει το βιβλίο του].

* VERB-INFLECTER: meaning-denoter.

* ΒΟΥΛΗΤΙΚΟ:
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{να πάς} /στο χωριό/. != {θέλω} να _sntxArgt:[πας στο χωριο]
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{πρέπει να φύγεις} _sntxArgt:[για το χωριό].
· _sntxEngl: το δυνατό: <τοτε ΝΑ ΔΕΙΣ τι αξίζω> != τότε {μπορείς} να _sntxArgt:[(δεις τι αξίζω)].
· _sntxEngl: απορία: <να το πω; να μην το πω;> != {σκέφτομαι} να _sntxArgt:[το πω].

ΠΡΕΠΕΙ'ίνστανσερ-611.14: πρέπει'ίνστανσερ-611.14:
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{πρέπει να φύγεις} _sntxConj:(για) _sntxArgt:[το χωριό].

auxiliary.verb.SPECIFIC_DIVISION.INSTANCES

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb,.SPECIFIC_DIVISION.INSTANCES,,

* MOOD--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.15: attSpe#
* TENSE--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.16: attSpe#
* VOICE--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.17: attSpe#
* PERFECTIVE--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.18: attSpe#
* INSTANT--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.19: attSpe#
* INTERROGATIVE--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.20: attSpe#
* AFFIRMATIVE--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.21: attSpe#
* NUMBER--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.22: attSpe#
* PERSON--VERBTYPER#cptCore611.23: attSpe#

auxiliary.verb.MOOD

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.MOOD,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.15,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.15,
* McsEngl.mood'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.2,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.mood@cptCore523.2,

_ENGLISH:
* IMPERATIVE-INFLECTION is denoted with the absent of subject and the name of verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.TENSE

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.TENSE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.16,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.16,
* McsEngl.tense'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.5,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.tense@cptCore523.5,

_ENGLISH:
* PRESENT: the name, and combinations of am, have and form-words.
PAST: combinations of form-words, had, was, been, being, did,
FUTURE: the auxiliary "will" shows the future-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.VOICE

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.VOICE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.17,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.17,
* McsEngl.directional'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.1,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.directional@cptCore523.1,

_ENGLISH:
* PASSIVE-INFLECTION: It uses a compination of the auxiliary verb "am" and its passive-form (written).
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.PERFECTIVE

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.PERFECTIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.18,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.18,
* McsEngl.perfective'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.3,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.perfective@cptCore523.3,

_ENGLISH:
* Perfective-inflection is denoted with have, had.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.INSTANT

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.INSTANT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.19,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.19,
* McsEngl.instant'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.4,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.instant@cptCore523.4,

_ENGLISH:
* Interval-inflection is showed with the progressive-form, am|are|is, been, being, was|were,
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.INTERROGATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.INTERROGATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.20,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.20,
* McsEngl.interogative'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.7,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.interogative@cptCore523.7,

_ENGLISH:
* it uses the auxiliaries "do" and "did" before the subject
or change the ORDER of inflecters have, am, had, was, will before the subject
to denote interogative-inflection. Otherwise the type shows noninterogative-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.AFFIRMATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.AFFIRMATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.21,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.21,
* McsEngl.affirmative-verb-inflecter@cptCore523.8,
* McsEngl.verb-inflecter.affirmative@cptCore523.8,

_ENGLISH:
* It uses the function-word "not" and the auxiliaries "do" and "did" to nedote the the negative-inflection. Otheriwise the type shows the affirmative-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.NUMBER

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.NUMBER,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.22,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.22,
* McsEngl.number'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.6,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.number@cptCore523.6,

_ENGLISH:
* The obligatory presents of subject shows the number-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

auxiliary.verb.PERSON

name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary.verb.PERSON,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.23,
* McsEngl.conceptCore611.23,
* McsEngl.person'verb'inflecter@cptCore523.9,
* McsEngl.verb'inflecter.person@cptCore523.9,

_ENGLISH:
* It uses the third-person-form and the obligatory presents of the subject of the verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

_GREEK:
* Greek uses the name and form-words to indicate the person: γράφ-ω, γράφ-εις, γράφ-ει ...
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

verb'Brain

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Brain,

Τα ουσιαστικά και τα ρήματα μαθαίνονται σε διαφορετικές περιοχές του εγκεφάλου
Τα ουσιαστικά και τα ρήματα μπορεί να πηγαίνουν χέρι-χέρι σε μια πρόταση, όμως στον εγκέφαλο…τραβούν διαφορετικούς δρόμους και η μάθησή τους γίνεται σε διαφορετικές περιοχές, σύμφωνα με μια νέα ισπανική επιστημονική έρευνα.

Η μελέτη εξηγεί πιθανώς γιατί τα παιδιά μαθαίνουν τα ουσιαστικά πριν τα ρήματα, ενώ οι ενήλικες επίσης τα πάνε καλύτερα και αντιδρούν ταχύτερα με τα ουσιαστικά παρά με τα ρήματα, όπως έχουν δείξει τα νοητικά τεστ.

Οι ερευνητές, υπό τον ψυχολόγο Ροντρίγκεζ Φορνέλις του πανεπιστημίου της Βαρκελώνης, χρησιμοποίησαν μαγνητικές τομογραφίες λειτουργικού συντονισμού (fMRI) για να καταγράψουν την εγκεφαλική δραστηριότητα 21 εθελοντών, την ώρα που αυτοί είχαν κληθεί να μάθουν 160 νέα ουσιαστικά και ρήματα. Το πείραμα σχεδιάστηκε για να προσομοιώσει τον τρόπο που οι άνθρωποι αποκτούν νέο λεξιλόγιο στη διάρκεια της ζωής τους.

Η μελέτη, που δημοσιεύτηκε στο νευροεπιστημονικό περιοδικό “Neuroimage”, σύμφωνα με το Live Science, έδειξε ότι όταν οι άνθρωποι μαθαίνουν νέα ουσιαστικά, ενεργοποιείται η αριστερή ατρακτοειδής έλικα του εγκεφάλου τους, η οποία σχετίζεται με την οπτική επεξεργασία των αντικειμένων.

Όταν όμως μαθαίνουν νέα ρήματα, ενεργοποιείται ένας τμήμα της αριστερής μέσης κροταφικής έλικας (που σχετίζεται με τις έννοιες) και ένα τμήμα της αριστερής κάτω μετωπιαίας έλικας (που σχετίζεται με την επεξεργασία της γραμματικής).

Επιπροσθέτως, η ενεργοποίηση άλλων μερών του εγκεφάλου σχετίζεται με το πόσο καλά οι άνθρωποι μαθαίνουν τα νέα ουσιαστικά, αλλά όχι τα νέα ρήματα.
[http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.episthmh-texnologia&id=135963] 2010-02-26

verb'Expression

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Expression,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.type-of-verb@cptCore551.14, {2012-09-10}
* McsEngl.verb's'ekspresero@cptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.verb-type@cptCore551.14, {2012-09-10}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.τύπος-ρήματος@cptCore551.14,

_DESCRIPTION:
The verb is not its type. Also has 'meaning', relations with other entities, ... many attributes.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-10]

_PART:
* name#cptEpistme551.5#

verb'FORMATION'SUFFIX#cptCore59.16#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'FORMATION'SUFFIX,

verb-FORMERO#cptCore592: attPar#

verb-Auxiliary#cptCore611.12: attPar#

verb'VOICE

name::
* McsEngl.verb'VOICE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.1,
* McsEngl.vocero@cptCore551.1,
* McsEngl.voco-of-verbero@cptCore551.1,
* McsEngl.voice-of-verb@cptCore551.1,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.φωνή-ρήματος@cptCore551.1, {2012-09-09}

_DEFINITION:
ALL verb have one voice. Voice is a form-type. But active or passive are only the transitive verbs. All active-verbs are active-voice verbs, but NOT all active-voice verbs are active-verbs.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

* VOICE OF VERB is a SET of verb-types#cptCore676# that mainly denote ONE direction of a semantic-verb#cptCore684#.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* 'ΦΩΝΕΣ' ΟΝΟΜΑΖΟΥΝ ΤΙΣ ΟΜΑΔΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΤΥΠΩΝ/ΜΟΡΦΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ.
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]

* Τα ρήματα, όπως και τα άλλα κλιτά μέρη του λόγου, σχηματίζουν πολλούς τύπους. Εδώ έχουμε δύο ομάδες απο τύπους που λέγονται φωνές.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 139#cptResource310#]

_FORM:
* The voices of the verb are 2, but the voices of the predicate are 4 (active, passive, self, neutral). Then the self and neutral voices are arbitrarilly expressed by active and passive voices. This is the reason why different language have different forms for self and neutral predicates/verbs.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

* Greek-language has 2 forms for voice. BUT ANY form can express ANY voice. That why from only the verb-form we can not find the voice of the predicate.
- [Η Ελένη] {χτενίζει} /την κούκλα της/
- [Η Ελένη] {χτενίζεται} !από την κομμώτρια!
- [ο ήλιος] {έλιωσε} /τον πάγο/.
- [ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον ήλιο!
Usally, the form -ω means active-voice and the form -ομαι passive.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-06_nikkas]

* English language has 2 verb-forms to express voice:
one form express passive-verbs and
the other form express ANY other voice.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-04_nikkas]

* ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ ΦΩΝΗ: "ΤΟ ΣΥΝΟΛΟ ΤΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΩΝ ΤΥΠΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΣΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΕΝΙΚΟ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ ΤΗΣ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΚΑΤΑΛΗΞΗ -Ω ΟΝΟΜΑΖΕΤΑΙ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ ΦΩΝΗ".
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 143#cptResource310#]

verb'ConceptVerb#cptCore567.8#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'ConceptVerb,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.13,
* McsEngl.concept!~verb,
* McsEngl.mapeelo-of-verbero@cptCore551.13,
* McsEngl.mapealero-of-verbero@cptCore551.13, (mape-ino ==> mape-al(o)-ero)
* McsEngl.semaso!~verb,

_DEFINITION:
* Mapealero of verbero is the mineto|brainepto it denotes.
* RELATION-OR-PROCESS#cptCore399#

_GENERIC:
* MAPEELO-OF-NODERO-MAPEINO#cptCore474.36#

verb'Name

_CREATED: {2012-08-29} ?

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Name,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.5,
* McsEngl.name-of-verb@cptCore551.5,
* McsEngl.verb'namero-first@cptCore551.5,
* McsEngl.namero-of-verbero@cptCore551.5,
* McsEngl.namer.verber@cptCore551.5,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΟΝΟΜΑ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore551.5,

=== _NOTES: In english, the name of the verb they call the 'infinitive-form'.

_GENERIC:
* termSemasioGeneric#cptCore453.17#

verb'STEM#cptCore1059.22#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'STEM,

verb'namer.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.verb'namer.SPECIFIC,

A MONOWORD-VERB has as name ONE name-word.
A POLYWORD-VERB as as name ONE verb-nameword and a corelater or an adjective.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-10_nikkas]

verb'namer.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.verb'namer.ENGLISH,

All english verb-names are of active-type, eg write, close, etc.
In greek most of them are in active-type but there are some only in passive-type and of couse they don't denote passive-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

verb'resourceInfHmn#cptResource843#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'resourceInfHmn,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* conjugator: http://www.dict66.com/conjugate//

verb'Synlingoconcept#cptCore93.63#

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Synlingoconcept,

* ONOMER:
* NOUN: GERUND#cptCore669#, * INFINITIVE#cptCore680#
* ADJECTIVE: * PARTICIPLE/ΜΕΤΟΧΗ#cptCore681#
* CORELATER:

verb'Syntax

name::
* McsEngl.verb'Syntax,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.19,
* McsEngl.sintaksero-of-verbero@cptCore551.19,

_DEFINITION:
* verbero's-sintaksero is the order of the verbero and its verbaleros. Its ekspresero#cptCore551.14# and its mapealero#cptCore551.13# included.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-05_nikkas]

* verbero's-sintaksero is absolutely diferent from yordero's-sintaksero.

* The sintaksero must contain logero-konseptos (nounero, strukturoOnr, ...) first and then mineto|brainepto-konseptos (dutanolo, rutinelo, ...)
[hmnSngo.2006-10-20_nikkas]

-NOTATION:

* _SYNTAX.LANGO.ENGLISH: (
_sntxSubj: AgentFunction=nominative
_sntxVerb: TALK
#what=about: entity=nominative
#receivor=to: entity=nominative ):

SJR="namero"
VBR="active"
OJR="strukturoOnr"
VBA1="by namero"

"!..." => floating order.
"?..." => none or one verbero's-arguments.
"*..." => none or more verbero's-arguments.
"+..." => one or more verbero's-arguments.

ND2="vbr=passive"
ND1="sjr=dutanolo"
ND3="ojr=rutinelo"
ND1="?vba=BY dutanolo"

AAj:
<VERBERO TXR="Call" RULE="env11" LASTMOD="2006-09-17"
CREATED="2001-07-17" AUTHOR="nikkas">
<SINTAKS SJR="StrukturoOnr;dutanolo" VBR="active" VBA1="Namero;"
OBJ="StrukturoOnr:rutinelo"
EX="_sntxSubj=dutanolo:I#v:call#name:concept _sntxArgt=rutinelo:every node of a concept-model."/>
</VERBERO>

<VERBERO TXTR="Call" RULE="env11" LASTMODIFIED="2001-07-17" CREATED="2001-07-17" AUTHOR="nikkas">
<SINTAKS ND1="sjr=dutanolo" ND2="v=active" ND3="name" ND4="ojr=rutinelo" EX="_sntxSubj=dutanolo:I _sntxVerb:call#name:concept _sntxArgt=rutinelo:every node of a concept-model."/>
<SINTAKS ND1="ojr=rutinelo=," ND2="sjr=dutanolo" ND3="v=active" ND4="name" EX="_sntxObj1:Any node of a concept-model, _sntxSubj:I _sntxVerb:call#how:concept."/>
<SINTAKS ND1="sjr=name" ND2="v=passive" ND3="ojr=rutinelo" ND4="" EX="_sntxSubj:Concept _sntxVerb:is called _sntxObj1:any node of a concept-model."/>
<SINTAKS ND1="sjr=rutinelo" ND2="vbr=passive" ND3="name" ND4="" EX="_sntxSubj:Any node of a concept-model _sntxVerb:is called#how:concept#a:by me"/>

verb'term

name::
* McsEngl.verb'term,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.21,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592,
* McsEngl.term-of-verb@cptCore592, {2008-12-28}
* McsEngl.verb-s-term@cptCore592,
* McsEngl.namero-of-verbero@cptCore592,
* McsEngl.nonymer-of-verber,
* McsEngl.verber's-nonymer,
* McsEngl.namero.verbero@cptCore592,
* McsEngl.nonymer.verber@cptCore592,
* McsEngl.form-of-a-verb,
* McsEngl.form-of-verb@cptCore592,
* McsEngl.verb'form@cptCore592,
* McsEngl.inflectional-form-of-verb@cptCore551.21, [wikipedia]
* McsEngl.trmVrb@cptCore551.21, {2012-09-26}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.namoverbero@lagoSngo, {2008-03-20}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΜΟΡΦΗ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΜΟΡΦΗ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ-ΜΟΡΦΗ@cptCore592,

_GENERIC:
* auxiliaryNo_of_nameSmsTerm#cptCore453.15#

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.specific,

termVerb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.NAME

_CREATED: {2008-12-28}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.NAME,

* NAME_OF_VERB
* FORM_OF_VERB#cptCore592.5: attSpe#

termVerb.FORM

_CREATED: {2008-12-28}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.FORM,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.5,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.5,
* McsEngl.form-of-verb@cptCore592.5,

_DEFINITION:
It is any TERM of the verb that is not "name".
[2008-12-28]

termVerb.INFINITIVE

_CREATED: {2012-08-30}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.INFINITIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.23,
* McsEngl.conceptCore680,
* McsEngl.infinitive@cptCore680,
* McsEngl.verb.infinitive,
* McsEngl.verb's'infinitive@cptCore680,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.απαρέμφατο-ρήματος@cptCore551.23,
* McsElln.ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ@cptCore551.23,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ-ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ@cptCore680,

_GENERIC:
* NON_FINITE_VERB#cptCore592.6#

_DESCRIPTION:
Το απαρέμφατο υπάρχει στις περισσότερες γλώσσες του κόσμου κυρίως ως βοηθητικό στοιχείο για το σχηματισμό χρόνων των ρημάτων. Όπως στα ελληνικά σημαίνει το "αφανέρωτο" ή "αδήλωτο" επειδή δεν δηλώνει πρόσωπο και αριθμό, στις περισσότερες λατινογενείς γλώσσες έχει κρατήσει τη ρίζα του infinitivo, που αποδίδει νοηματικά την ίδια αοριστία. Προσφέρει ως ρηματικός τύπος μια μεγάλη ελευθερία έκφρασης και αξιοποίησης του λόγου.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Απαρέμφατο&oldid=1964028]
===
The infinitive of ancient-greek was the coordinate-noun.
Today, what the traditional grammar calls infinitive, is a verb-form.
The thing the English language calls today 'infinitive' is a 'verb-mood'.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-18_nikkas]
===
INFINITIVE:
The uninflected form of a verb.
[wordnet 6.1]
===
Το ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ είναι άκλιτος τύπος του ρήματος και χρησιμεύει για να σχηματίζονται, ορισμένοι χρόνοι του ρήματος.
Λογαριάζεται σαν 'έγκλιση#cptCore618#'.
Απαρέμφατο έχει και η ενεργητική και η παθητική 'φωνή#cptCore592#'.

infinitive'Expression

name::
* McsEngl.infinitive'Expression,

States#ql:infinitive680# expressed with the invinitive.

infinitive'EVOLUTION#cptCore546.171#

name::
* McsEngl.infinitive'EVOLUTION,

ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ:
Το απαρέμφατο στην αρχική του σημασία φανέρωνε σκοπό ή αποτέλεσμα.
[Μουμτζάκης, Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Αθήνα: ΟΕΔΒ, έκδ Κ' 1999, 84]

infinitive.LANGO.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.infinitive.LANGO.ENGLISH,

_DEFINITION:
In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual (traditional) description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition of infinitive that applies to all languages; however, in languages that have infinitives, they generally have most of the following properties:
* In most of their uses, infinitives are non-finite verbs.
* They function as other lexical categories — usually nouns — within the clauses that contain them, for example by serving as the subject of another verb.
* They do not represent any of the verb's arguments (as employer and employee do).
* They are not inflected to agree with any subject, and their subject, if they have one, is not case-marked as such.
* They cannot serve as the only verb of a declarative sentence.
* They are the verb's lemma, citation form, and/or name; that is, they are regarded as its basic uninflected form, and/or they are used in giving its definition or conjugation.
* They do not have tense, aspect, moods, and/or voice, or they are limited in the range of tenses, aspects, moods, and/or voices that they can use. (In languages where infinitives do not have moods at all, they are usually treated as being their own non-finite mood.)
* They are used with auxiliary verbs.
However, it bears repeating that none of the above is a defining quality of the infinitive; infinitives do not have all these properties in every language, as it is shown below, and other verb forms may have one or more of them. For example, English gerunds and participles have most of these properties as well.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive] 2008-12-28

gerund_and_INFINITIVE#cptCore680: attPar#
Με το γερούντιο εκφράζουμε το γενικό, με το απαρέμφατο το μερικό.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore592.1,
* McsEngl.eng'verb'form@cptCore592.1,
* McsEngl.verb'form.english@cptCore592.1,

_GENERIC:
* verb-term#cptCore551.21#
* english-term

_WHOLE:
* ENGLISH#cptCore569#

_RULES:
** REGULAR-RULES:
ENRV11:
nm1=climb, nm2=climbs, nm4=climbed, nm5=climbing,

ENRV12:
stop,stopped,stopping,stops
* Τα ρήματα που τελειώνουν σε ένα σύμφωνο που προηγείται φωνήεν που τονίζεται.

ENRV13:
like,liked,liking,likes

ENRV14 (ch,sh,ss,o,x):
box,boxed,boxing,boxes

ENRV15:
play,played,playing,plays
study,studied,studying,studies

ENRV16:
travel,travelled|traveled,travelling|traveling,travels

** IRREGULAR-RULES#ql:english'irregular'verb#:
ENRV21:

_SPECIFIC:
- en'nor.vbr1.write: write (the namer)
- en'nor.vbr2.writes: writes. (third person former)
- en'nor.vbr3.written: written. (perfect former)
- en'nor.vbr4.writing: writing. (instance former)
- en'nor.vbr5.wrote: wrote. (past former)

** English-verbers have 5 nonymers:
- en' nmv1.write: write (the namer)
- en' nmv2.writes: writes. (third person former)
- en' nmv3.written: written. (perfect former)
- en' nmv4.writing: writing. (instance former)
- en' nmv5.wrote: wrote. (past former)
[hmnSngo.2004-08-30_nikkas]

** English-regular-verbers have 5 nonymers:
- write (the namer)
- writes.
- writing.
- written.
- wrote.
[hmnSngo.2004-08-22|2004-08-17|2004-08-21_nikkas]

0) write (the name)
1) wrote (past-form)
2) written (passive-form)
3) writting (progressive-form)
4) writes (third-person--form)
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]

termVerb.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.LANGO.GREEK,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.39,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.2,
* McsEngl.greek-verb-form@cptCore592.2,
* McsEngl.lngEll'verb-term@cptCore551.39, {2012-09-26}
* McsEngl.termVerb.greek@cptCore551.39, {2012-09-26}
* McsEngl.nonymer.verber.greek@cptCore592.2,
* McsEngl.verber'nonymer.greek@cptCore592.2,
* McsEngl.verb'form.greek@cptCore592.2,
* McsEngl.trmVrbEll@cptCore551.39, {2012-09-26}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.όρος-ρήματος@cptCore551.39, {2012-09-26}
* McsElln.όρος-ρήματος-ελληνικού@cptCore551.39, {2012-09-26}
* McsElln.ορςΡημΕλλ@cptCore551.39, {2012-09-26}

_GENERIC:
* GREEK-WORD-FORM##

_WHOLE:
* EL#cptCore570#

_SPECIFIC:
* Η σειρά είναι σύμφωνα με τη γραμματική.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-01_nikkas]

1) (0-5) ΕΝ ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv1.γράφω:
* el'nmv2.γράφεις:
* el'nmv3.γράφει:
* el'nmv4.γράφουμε, el'nmv04b.γράφομε:
* el'nmv5.γράφετε, el'nmv05b.γράφτε:
* el'nmv6.γράφουν, el'nmv06b.γράφουνε:
2) ( 6) ΕΝ ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv7.γράφε: * γράφτε (05):
3) (7-12) ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ:
* el'nmv8.έγραφα:
* el'nmv9.έγραφες:
* el'nmv10.έγραφε:
* el'nmv11.γράφαμε, el'nmv11b.εγράφαμε:
* el'nmv12.γράφατε, el'nmv12b.εγράφατε:
* el'nmv13.έγραφαν, el'nmv13b.εγράφανε:
4) (13-18) ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv14.έγραψα:
* el'nmv15.έγραψες:
* el'nmv16.έγραψε:
* el'nmv17.γράψαμε:
* el'nmv18.γράψατε:
* el'nmv19.έγραψαν:
5) (19-24) ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv20.γράψω:
* el'nmv21.γράψεις:
* el'nmv22.γράψει:
* el'nmv23.γράψουμε, el'nmv23b.γράψομε:
* el'nmv24.γράψετε: el'nmv24b.γράψτε:
* el'nmv25.γράψουν, el'nmv25b.γράψουνε:
6) (25) ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv26.γράψε: * γράψτε (24b):
7) (26) ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΤΟΧΗ:
* el'nmv27.γράφοντας:

8) (27-32) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv28.γράφομαι:
* el'nmv29.γράφεσαι:
* el'nmv30.γράφεται:
* el'nmv31.γραφόμαστε:
* el'nmv32.γράφεστε:
* el'nmv33.γράφονται:
9) (33) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv34.γράφου: * γράφεστε (32):
10) (34-39) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ:
* el'nmv35.γραφόμουν, el'nmv35b.γραφόμουνα:
* el'nmv36.γραφόσουν, el'nmv36b.γραφόσουνα:
* el'nmv37.γραφόταν, el'nmv37b.γραφότανε:
* el'nmv38.γραφόμαστε,
* el'nmv39.γραφόσαστε,
* el'nmv40.γράφονταν, el'nmv40b.γραφόντανε:
11) (40-45) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv41.γράφτηκα:
* el'nmv42.γράφτηκες:
* el'nmv43.γράφτηκε:
* el'nmv44.γραφτήκαμε:
* el'nmv45.γραφτήκατε:
* el'nmv46.γράφτηκαν, el'nmv46b.γραφτήκανε:
12) (46-51) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ:
* el'nmv47.γραφτώ:
* el'nmv48.γραφτείς:
* el'nmv49.γραφτεί:
* el'nmv50.γραφτούμε:
* el'nmv51.γραφτείτε:
* el'nmv52.γραφτούν, el'nmv52b.γραφτούνε:
13) (52) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ:
* el'vn53.γράψου: * γραφτείτε (51)
14) (53) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΤΟΧΗ:
* el'nmv54.γραμμένος, el'nmv54b.γραμμένη, el'nmv54c.γραμμένο,
el'nmv54d.γραμμένοι, el'nmv54e.γραμμένες, el'nmv54f.γραμμένα,
el'nmv54g.γραμμένους:
[hmnSngo.2004-10-04_nikkas]

SPECIFEFINO-ALPHABETICALLY (64):
γράφω,
γραμμένος, γραμμένη, γραμμένο,
γράφαμε, γράφατε,
γράφε, γράφει, γράφεις, γράφεσαι, γράφεστε, γράφεται, γράφετε,
γράφομαι, γραφόμαστε, γράφομε, γραφόμουνα, γράφονται, γράφονταν, γραφόντανε, γράφοντας, γραφόσαστε, γραφόσουν, γραφόταν, γραφότανε, γράφου, γράφουμε, γράφουν, γράφουνε,
γραφτεί, γραφτείς, γραφτείτε, γράφτηκα, γραφτήκαμε, γράφτηκαν, γραφτήκανε, γραφτήκατε, γράφτηκε, γράφτηκες, γραφτούμε, γραφτούν, γραφτούνε, γραφτώ,
γράψαμε, γράψατε, γράψε, γράψει, γράψεις, γράψετε, γράψομε, γράψου, γράψουμε, γράψουν, γράψουνε, γράψτε, γράψω,
έγραφα, έγραφαν, έγραφε, έγραφες, έγραψα, έγραψαν, έγραψε, έγραψες,

ΜΟΡΦΕΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ:
1)ΕνΕνεργ: δέ-νω,δένεις,δένει,δένουμε|δένομε,δένετε,δένουν
2)ΕνΠροστ: δένε
3)Παρατατ: έδενα,έδενες,έδενε,δέναμε,δένατε,έδεναν
4)Αόριστο : έδεσα,έδεσες,έδεσε,δέσαμε,δέσατε,έδεσαν
5)ΑόρΥπο : δέσω,
6)ΑόρΠρ : δέσε
7)Μετοχή : δένοντας, δεμένος,

8)ΕνΠαθη : δένομαι,δένεσαι,δένεται,δενόμαστε,δένεστε,δένονται,
9)ΕνΠροσ : δένου
10)Παρατα : δενόμουν,δενόσουν,δενόταν,δενόμαστε,δενόσαστε,δένονταν
11)Αόρ.Παθ: δέθηκα,δέθηκες,δέθηκε,δεθήκαμε,δεθήκατε,δέθηκαν
12)Αόρ.Υπ : δεθώ,δεθείς,δεθεί,δεθούμε,δεθείτε,δεθούν
13)Αόρ.Πρ : δέσου
14)Μετοχή : δεμένος

Ενεστ-Οριστ: γράφω,γράφεις,γράφει,γράφουμε|γράφομε,γράφετε,γράφουν|γράφουνε
Ενεστ-Οριστ: γράφομαι,γράφεσαι,γράφεται,γραφόμαστε,γράφεστε,γράφονται

Αόρισ-Οριστ: έγραψα,έγραψες,έγραψε,γράψαμε,γράψατε,έγραψαν
Παρατατικός: έγραφα,έγραφες,έγραφε,γράφαμε,γράφατε,έγραφαν
Αόρισ-Οριστ: γράφτηκα,γράφτηκες,γράφτηκε,γραφτήκαμε,γραφτήκατε,γράφτηκαν|γραφτήκανε
Παρατατικός: γραφόμουνα,γραφόσουν,γραφόταν|γραφότανε,γραφόμαστε,γραφόσαστε,γράφονταν|γραφόντανε

Αόριστ-Υποτ: γράψω,γράψεις,γράψει,γράψουμε|γράψομε,γράψετε,γράψουν|γράψουνε
Αόριστ-Υποτ: γραφτώ,γραφτείς,γραφτεί,γραφτούμε,γραφτείτε,γραφτούν|γραφτούνε

Ενεστ-Προστ: γράφε,γράφετε
Ενεστ-Προστ: γράφου,γράφεστε
Αόρισ-Προστ: γράψε,γράψτε
Αόρισ-Προστ: γράψου,γραφτείτε

Μετοχή: γράφοντας,γραμμένος

γράφω,
γραμμένος, γράφαμε, γράφατε, γράφε, γράφει, γράφεις, γράφεσαι, γράφεστε, γράφεται, γράφετε, γράφομαι, γραφόμαστε, γράφομε, γραφόμουνα, γράφονται, γράφονταν, γραφόντανε, γράφοντας, γραφόσαστε, γραφόσουν, γραφόταν, γραφότανε, γράφου, γράφουμε, γράφουν, γράφουνε, γραφτεί, γραφτείς, γραφτείτε, γράφτηκα, γραφτήκαμε, γράφτηκαν, γραφτήκανε, γραφτήκατε, γράφτηκε, γράφτηκες, γραφτούμε, γραφτούν, γραφτούνε, γραφτώ, γράψαμε, γράψατε, γράψε, γράψει, γράψεις, γράψετε, γράψομε, γράψου, γράψουμε, γράψουν, γράψουνε, γράψτε, γράψω, έγραφα, έγραφαν, έγραφε, έγραφες, έγραψα, έγραψαν, έγραψε, έγραψες,

κανόνας-αύξηση:
- όταν αρχίζει από σύμφωνο, παίρνει αύξησ (ε).
- όταν αρχίζει από φωνήεν/δίψηφο, δέν παίρνει αύξησ.
- όταν είναι σύνθετο με επίρρημα, η αύξηση είναι εσωτερική.
- όταν είναι σύνθετο με αρχαία πρόθεση, η αύξησ είναι εσωτερική.

ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ:
1 = ω/ομαι
2 = ώ/ιέμαι
3 = ώ/ούμαι|άμαι

ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ:
aa = σα/θηκα, ab = να/θηκα, ac = α/θηκα
ad=ασα/άθηκα, ae=εσα/έθηκα, af=ησα/ήθηκα,

ba = σα/στηκα,
ab=ασα/άστηκα, ac=εσα/έστηκα, ad=ησα/ήστηκα,

ca = ψα/φτηκα, cb = ψα/υτηκα,
ac=αψα/άφτηκα, ad=εψα/έφτηκα, ae=ηψα/ήφτηκα,

da = ξα/χτηκα,
ab=αξα/άχτηκα, ac=εξα/έχτηκα, ad=ηξα/ήχτηκα,

(greek'verb'rule.suffix)
ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ-ΚΛΙΣΗΣ (ΚΑΤΑΛΗΞΕΩΝ) (πρώτα ο αόριστος) 31μαρ2001:
ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ: Εδώ φτιάχνω τους κανόνες σχηματισμού των μορφών ενός ρήματος.
Το σύνολο των καταλήξεων που παίρνει, δημιουργεί τον κανόνα.
Ποιές καταλήξεις-ενεστώτα έχουν ΜΟΝΑΔΙΚΟ κανόνα σχηματισμού το βλέπουμε
στους κανόνες-των-καταλήξεων-ενεστώτα#ql:greek'verb'rule.presentsuffix#.
ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ: Η νέα ελληνική γλώσσα φτιάχνει τους τύπους των ρημάτων στον αόριστο με
ΕΝΑΝ ΑΠΛΟ ΚΑΝΟΝΑ. Βάζει τις καταλήξεις -σα και -θηκα στον ενεστώτα. Ολες οι άλλες
μορφές που παρατηρούμαι είναι αποτέλεσμα από πάθη-φθόγγων που συμβαίνουν στη γλώσσα.
πχ. γράφ-ω > έγραφ-σα > έγρα-ψα, αρέσ-ω > άρεσ-σα > άρεσ-α,
πλέκ-ω > έπλεκ-σα > έπλε-ξα, αγαπ-ώ > αγάπ-σα > αγάπ-ησα,
οξύν-ω > όξυν-σα > όξυν-α,
Επίσης παρατηρούμε και επίδραση του αορίστου στον ενεστώτα:
πχ (ενεστ) ψάλλω > έψαλ-σα > έψαλ-α (επειδή είναι ίδιος ο παρατατικός) > ψέλνω (ενεστώτας)
ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ: Εδώ γράφω ποιοί αόριστοι δημιουργούνται από διαφορετικούς ενεστώτες.
Ετσι μπορώ να φτιάξω ΕΝΑ κανόνα για πολλούς ενεστώτες.
ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ: Πόσες ΦΩΝΕΣ έχει ένα ρήμα, εξαρτάται από τη σημασία του (διάθεση).
Πχ το 'μάχομαι' έχει ενεργητική-διάθεση, άρα δε μπορεί να έχει ενεργητική-φωνή αφού
ήδη το εκφράζει. Το 'βήχω' εκφράζει ουδέτερη-διάθεση (κατάσταση) άρα δεν έχει
μέση-φωνή γιατί δεν χρειαζόμαστε να εκφράσουμε τίποτα επιπλέον.
======================= 1) -α ===========================
11) -α/-ω, (ελλιπής κανόνας, συγχέει αόριστο/παρατατικό), αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,
τρέμ-ω/έτρεμ-α,
σαλπάρ-ω/σάλπαρ-α/ (ιταλική λέξη)
κάν-ω/έκαν-α (χρησιμοποιούμαι την ίδια λέξη για αορ&παρατ, καμμιά φορά λέμε και έκαμα)
αρέσ-ω/(άρεζα)άρεσ-α/ (ανώμαλο στον ελλειπή κανόνα)
12) -α-ήθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ημένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
λαβ-αίνω/έλαβ-α/
καταλαβ-αίνω-αίνομαι/κατάλαβ-α-καταλαβ-ήθηκα/καταλαβ-ημένος,
13) -α-θηκα/-ω-ομαι/-μένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
οξύν-ω-ομαι/όξυν-α-οξύν-θηκα/οξυμ-μένος,
======================= 2) -κα ===========================
21) -ηκα/-αίνω-/αμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ανεβαίνω/ανέβηκα/ανεβασμένος,
μπαίνω/μπήκα/μπασμένος,
======================= 3) -λα ===========================
31) -αλα-άλθηκα/-έλνω-έλνομαι/-αλμένος,
ψ-έλνω-έλνομαι/έψ-αλα-άλθηκα/ψ-αλμένος,
32) -ειλα-άλθηκα/-έλνω-έλνομαι/-αλμένος,
στ-έλνω-έλνομαι/έστ-ειλα-άλθηκα/στ-αλμένος,
33) -ειλα-έλθηκα/-έλνω-έλνομαι/-ελμένος,
παραγγ-έλνω-έλνομαι/παράγγειλα-έλθηκα/παραγγ-ελμένος,
======================= 4) -να ===========================
41) -να-θηκα/-νω-νομαι/-μένος,
κρίνω,
42) -ανα-άθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-αμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
βουβ-αίνω-αίνομαι/βούβ-ανα-βουβάθηκα/βουβ-αμένος,
43) -ανα-άνθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ασμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
λευκ-αίνω-αίνομαι/λεύκ-ανα-άνθηκα/λευκασμένος,
44) -εινα-είθηκα/-ένω-ένομαι/-ειμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
μ-ένω/έμ-εινα,
45) -υνα-ύθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-υμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ακριβ-αίνω/ακρίβ-υνα,
46) -υνα-ύθηκα/-ένω-ένομαι/-υμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
πλ-ένω-πλένομαι/έπλ-υνα-πλ-ύθηκα/πλ-υμένος, (αρχ πλύνω)
======================= 5) -ξα/-χτηκα ===========================
51)-ξα-χτηκα/-γγω-γγομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ξα-χτηκα/-σκω-σκομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ξα-χτηκα/-σσω-σσομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ξα-χτηκα/-ττω-ττομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ξα-χτηκα/-χνω-χνομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
σφί-γγω-ομαι/έσφι-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος,
διδά-σκω/διδα-ξα/χτηκα
απαλλάσσω/απαλλαξα/χτηκα
πρά-ττω-ττομαι/έπρα-ξα-πράχτηκα/πρα-γμένος,
ψά-χνω-ψάχνομαι/έψα-ξα-ψάχτηκα/ψα-γμένος,
52)-ξα-χτηκα/-γω-γομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ξα-χτηκα/-κω-κομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ξα-χτηκα/-χω-χομαι/-γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
φυλά-γω(φυλάω)-ομαι/φύλα-ξα/φυλάχτηκα/γμένος
αρμέ-γω(αρμέω)-ομαι/άρμε-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος,
πνί-γω-γομαι/έπιξα/πνιγμένος,
πλέ-κω/έπλε-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
προσέ-χω-χομαι/πρόσε-ξα-προσέχτηκα/προσε-γμένος,
53) -ξα-χτηκα/(γ)ω-(γ)ομαι/γμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
φυλά-ω-γομαι/φύλα-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
54) -αξα-άχτηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/αγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
βυζ-αίνω/βύζ-αξα/βυζα-γμένος,
55) -αξα-άχτηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/αγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
πετ-άω&ώ-ιέμαι/πέταξ-πετάχτηκα/πεταγμένος,
56) -αξα-άχτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/αγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57) -εξα-έχτηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/εγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
58) -εξα-έχτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/εγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
59) -ηξα-ήχτηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/ηγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
πηδ-ώ-ιέμαι/πήδ-ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
510) -ηξα-ήχτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/ηγμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
======================= 6) -ρα ===========================
61) -αρα-άρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος,
γδ-έρνω-γδέρνομαι/έγδ-αρα-γδάρθηκα/γδ-αρμένος
62) -ειρα-άρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος,
δ-έρνω-δ-έρνομαι/έδ-ειρα-δάρθηκα/δ-αρμένος,
σπ-έρνω-έρνομαι/έσπ-ειρα-σπ-άρθηκα/σπ-αρμένος, (αρχ σπείρω>έσπειρα>έσπερνα>σπέρνω)
63) -ερα-έρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος,
φ-έρνω-φέρνομαι/έφ-ερα-φέρθηκα/φ-ερμένος
64) -υρα-ύρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος,
σ-έρνω-σέρνομαι/έσ-υρα-σύρθηκα/σ-υρμένος (αρχ σύρω)
======================= 7) -σα/-θηκα ===========================
-σα-θηκα/νω-νομαι/μένος, (elv71a)
λύ-νω-νομαι/έλυ-σα-λύ-θηκα/λυ-μένος,
-σα-θηκα/ω-ομαι/μένος, (elv71a)
ιδρύ-ω-ομαι/ίδρυ-σα-ιδρύθηκα/ιδρυμένος,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ασα-άθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-αμένος, (elv713a)
αποσταίνω/απόστασα/αποσταμένος
-ασα-αθηκα/άνω-άνομαι/αμένος, (elv71a)
δαγκά-νω-νομαι/δάγκα-σα-θηκα/δαγκα-μένος,
73) -ασα-άθηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/αμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
74) -ασα-άθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/αμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
75) -εσα-έθηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/εμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
βαρ-ώ-ιέμαι/βάρ-εσα-έθηκα/εμένος
επαινώ/επαίνεσα-παινέθηκα/παινεμένος,
76) -εσα-έθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/εμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
αιρ-ώ-ούμαι/αίρ-εσα-έθηκα/-εμένος,
αναιρώ
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
77) -ησα-ήθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/ημένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ανασταίνω-αίνομαι/ανάστησα-αναστήθηκα/αναστημένος,
78) -ησα-ήθηκα/-άνω-άνομαι/ημένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
αυξ-άνω-αυξ-άνομαι/αύξ-ησα-αυξ-ήθηκα/αυξ-ημένος,
79) -ησα-ήθηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/ημένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
αγαπ-ώ-ιέμαι/αγάπ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
710) -ησα-ήθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/ημένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
θεωρώ-ούμαι(θεωρείσαι)/θεώρησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
711) -ησα-ήθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/ημένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ζώ/έζησα/
λυπ-ώ-ούμαι(λυπάσαι)/λύπ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
712) -υσα-ύθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/υμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
αρταίνω-αίνομαι/άρτυσα-αρτύθηκα/αρτυμένος,
======================= 8) -σα/-στηκα ===========================
81) -σα-στηκα/θω-θομαι/σμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
πλά-θω-ομαι/έπλα-σα-στηκα/πλα-σμένος
αλέ-θω/άλε-σα/αλέ-στηκα/πλασμένος
-σα-στηκα/νω-νομαι/σμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
πιά-νω-νομαι/έπια-σα-πιά-στηκα/πια-σμένος,
κλεί-νω/έκλει-σα-κλείστηκα/κλεισμένος,
κλί-νω/έκλι-σα-κλίστηκα/κλισμένος,
σβή-νω-νομαι/έσβη-σα-σβή-στηκα/σβη-σμένος,
ζώ-νω-ζώνομαι/έζω-σα-ζώστηκα/ζω-σμένος
82) -σα-στηκα/ω-ομαι/σμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
αποκλεί-ω/από-κλει-σα-στηκα/σμένος, (και απέκλεισα)
83) -σα-στηκα/ω-ομαι(γ)/σμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ακού-ω-ομαι(γ)/(άκουγα)άκουσα-ακούστηκα/σμένος,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
84) -ασα-άστηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ασμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
χορτ-αίνω-αίνομαι/χόρτ-ασα-χορτάστηκα/χορτ-ασμένος,
851) -ασα-άστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/-ασμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
γελ-ώ-ιέμαι/γελ-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
κρεμ-ώ/κρέμ-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
διαθλώ-ιέμαι/διάθλασα-άστηκα/ασμένος, (διαθλώμαι αρχαίζει)
852) -ασα-άστηκα/-νώ&νάω-νιέμαι/-ασμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
περ-νάω-νιέμαι/πέρ-ασα-άστηκα/περ-ασμένος (ξεχνάω, ξυπνάω)
86) -ασα-άστηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/ασμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
87) -εσα-έστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/εσμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
88) -εσα-έστηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/εσμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
καλ-ώ-ούμαι/καλ-εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
89) -ησα-ήστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/ησμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ζουλώ-ιέμαι/ζούλησα-ζουλήστηκα/ζουληγμένος, (ζουλί-ζω/ζουλι-σα-στηκα/ζουλι-σμένος)
αγρυπνώ/αγρύπνησα/αγρυπνησμένος (γραμ λάθος αγρυπνισμένος σαν -ίζω)
δυστυχ-ώ/δυστύχ-ησα/δυστυχ-ισμένος,
ξεψυχώ/ξεψύχησα/ξεψυχισμένος,
810) -ησα-ήστηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/ησμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ζώ/έζησα,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
811) -ισα&-α-(ίστηκα)/ω-ομαι/ισμένος, αύξ=οχι, φων=ε,
σαλτάρω/(σάλταρα)σαλτάρ-ισα/σαλταρ-ισμένος (πήρε κατ από καθαρ-ίζω, τρελαίνομαι)
μπαρκάρω/μπάρκαρα&μπαρκάρισα/μπαρκαρισμένος,
σαλτάρω/...
Μερικές ξενικές λέξεις, σχηματίζουν πρώτα μόνο αρόριστο και μετά για να ξεχωρίσουμε
αόριστο/παρακείμενο παίρνουν τις καταλήξεις των -ίζω.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
812) -υσα-ύστηκα/-ω-ομαι/υσμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
πλέ-ω-ομαι/έπλε-υσα-πλε-ύστηκα/πλε-υσμένος,
======================= 9) -ψα ===========================
92) -ψα-ύτηκα/ύω-ύομαι/υμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
αναπα-ύω-ύομαι/ανάπα-ψα-αναπαύτηκα/αναπα-υμένος,
γιατρε-ύω-ύομαι/γιάτρε-ψα-γιατρεύτηκα/γιατρε-υμένος>γιατρεμένος,
93) -ψα-φτηκα/βω-βομαι/μμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ψα-φτηκα/πω-πομαι/μμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ψα-φτηκα/φω-φομαι/μμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ανά-βω-ομαι/άνα-ψα-φτηκα/ανα-μμένος
λάμ-πω/έλαμ-ψα
γράφω-φομαι/έγραψα-γράφτηκα/γραμμένος,
94) -ψα-φτηκα/πτω-πτομαι/μμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
-ψα-φτηκα/φτω-φτομαι/μμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
ανακαλύ-πτω-πτομαι/ανακάλυ-ψα-ανακαλύφτηκα/ανακαλυ-μμένος,
αστρά-φτω-φτομαι/άστρα-ψα-αστρά-φτηκα/αστρα-μμένος,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
91) -αψα-άφτηκα/(γ)-αίω-αίομαι/αμένος, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ, φων=2/ε/π,
κλαίω-γομαι/έκλαψα-κλάφτηκα/κλαμένος
ανώμαλο: κ-αίω-γομαι/έκαψα-(θα έπρεπε κάφτηκα αρχ κάηκα)/καμένος,

Η γλώσσα ξεχωρίζει χρόνους με καταλήξεις που έχουν:
α) διαφορετικά σύμφωνα πχ διδά-σκω/δίδα-ξα,
β) ή άλλο φωνήεν: διδά-σκω/δίδα-σκα, αγγ-έλλω/άγγ-ελλα/άγγ-ειλα
[2001-04-11]

(παλιός τρόπος) ΚΑΤΑΛΗΞΕΙΣ με το θέμα να αλλάζει:
11) -ω-ομαι/α-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ/ίδιο, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,
12) -ω-ομαι/να-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ/ίδιο, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,
13) -ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ/ίδιο, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,
14) -ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ/ίδιο, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,
15) -ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=αλ/ίδιο, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,
16) -ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, θέμα=αλ/ίδιο, αύξ=ε/οχι/εσ,

21) -ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άθηκα/αμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
22) -ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
23) -ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
24) -ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
25) -ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
26) -ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ησμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
27) -ώ-ιέμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
28) -ώ-ιέμαι/εξα-έχτηκα/εγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
29) -ώ-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,

31) -ώ-ούμαι/ασα-άθηκα/αμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
32) -ώ-ούμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
33) -ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
34) -ώ-ούμαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
35) -ώ-ούμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
36) -ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ησμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
37) -ώ-ούμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
38) -ώ-ούμαι/εξα-έχτηκα/εγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,
39) -ώ-ούμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=οχι,

ΚΑΤΑΛΗΞΕΙΣ-ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑ (αλφαβητικά ως προς χαρακτήρα του θέματος):
α) Εδώ έχω όλα τα ρήματα (συζυγίες).
β) ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ θεωρώ το ρήμα(λέξη) που ξεφεύγει απο κάποιο κανόνα ή δεν είναι ελλειπτικό. Εδώ δεν ενδιαφερόμαστε για τα συνώνυμα. Με ενδιαφέρει άν οι κανόνες-παραγωγής (τεχνικές) της κλίσης των λέξεων της γλώσσας δουλεύουν ή είναι γεμάτοι εξαιρέσεις.
γ) Δημιουργώ ΚΑΝΟΝΑ-ΚΛΙΣΗΣ όταν υπάρχει μια σεβαστή ποσότητα λέξεων που τον ακολουθούν. [2001-03-28]

α:
-άω:
//-άω-ιέμαι/(ούσα)-αξα-άχτηκα/-αγμένος (elv55a)
πετάω-ιέμαι/(πετούσα)-αξα-άχτηκα/-αγμένος
//-άω-ιέμαι/(ούσα)-ηξα-ήχτηκα/-ηγμένος (elv59a)
τραβ-άω-ιέμαι/τράβ-ηξα-τραβήχτηκα/τραβηγμένος,
πηδ-άω-ιέμαι/πήδηξα-πηδήχτηκα/πηδηγμένος
φυσ-άω/φύσηξα
βουτ-άω-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
ρουφ-άω-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
//-(γ)ω-(γ)ομαι/(γα)-ξα-χτηκα/-γμένος (elv53a)
φυλά-γω-γομαι/φύλα-γα-φύλα-ξα-φυλά-χτηκα/φυλαγμένος
//-άω-ιέμαι/(ούσα)-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος (elv851a)
κρεμ-άω/(κρεμούσα) κρέμ-ασα-κρεμάστηκα/κρεμασμένος
//-νάω&νώ-ιέμαι/(-ναγα&-νούσα)-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος (elv852a)
περ-νάω-ιέμαι/πέρ-ασα-περ-άστηκα/περ-ασμένος
ξεχ-νάω-ιέμαι/ξέχασα-ξεχάστηκα/ξεχασμένος
(ξυπ-νάω/ξύπνησα)
//-άω-ιέμαι/(ούσα)-εσα-έθηκα/εμένος (elv75a)
χωράω/(χωρούσα)χώρεσα-χωρέθηκα/χωρεμένος
//-άω-ιέμαι/(ούσα)-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος (elv79a)
κυνηγάω-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/κυνηγημένος
τραγουδ-άω-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/τραγουδημένος|τραγουδισμένος
βοηθάω/βοήθησα
μιλ-άω-ιέμαι/μίλησα-μιλήθηκα/μιλημένος
φιλάω-ιέμαι/φίλησα-λήθηκα/φιλημένος
κολλάω-ιέμαι/κόλησα-κολήθηκα/κολημένος
πουλ-άω-ιέμαι/πούλ-ησα-πουλ-ήθηκα/πουλ-ημένος
τολμάω/τόλμησα
κολυμπάω-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
αγαπάω-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/αγαπημένος
χτυπάω-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/χτυπημένος
γλιστράω/γλίστρησα
σταματάω/σταμάτησα/σταματημένος
περπατάω/(περπατούσα|περπάταγα)περπάτησα-περπατήθηκα/περπατημένος
καταντάω/κατάντησα-ήθηκα/καταντημένος
ρωτάω/ρώτησα

β:
-βω:
//-ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, (elv93a)
ανά-βω-ομαι/άνα-ψα-φτηκα/ανα-μμένος
κλέ-βω-ομαι/έκλε-ψα/κλέφτηκα
νί-βω/ένι-ψα/νίφτηκα
αλεί-βω/άλει-ψα/αλείφτηκα
κρύ-βω/έκρυ-ψα/κρύ-φτηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: κόβω/έκο-ψα/κό-πηκα, σέβομαι/σεβάστηκα,

-βώ:
//-ώ-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος (elv59a)
τραβ-ώ-ιέμαι/τράβ-ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
//-ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος (elv711a)
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: φοβ-ούμαι,φοβήθηκα,φοβισμένος (καν=φοβημένος)

γ:
-γγω:
//-ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, (elv51a)
σφί-γγω-ομαι/έσφι-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος,
φέγγ-ω/έφε-ξα/
-γω:
//-ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, (elv52a)
λήγω/έληξα/λήχτηκα
πνίγω/ένπι-ξα/πνίχτηκα
ανοίγω/άνοιξα/χτηκα,
θέλγω/έθελξα/θέλχτηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: φεύγω/έφυγα,
//-(γ)ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, (elv53a)
φυλάγω-ομαι/φύλαξα/φυλάχτηκα/γμένος
αρμέγω/άρμεξα/αρμέχτηκα
-γώ:
//-ώ-ούμαι-/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, (elv710a)
αργ-ώ-ούμαι/άργ-ησα/ημένος

δ:
//-ώ-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος (elv59a)
πηδ-ώ-ιέμαι/πήδ-ησα&ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος.

ε:
-εω:
//-ω-ομαι/υσα-υστηκα/υσμένος, (elv812a)
πλέω/έπλευσα, πνέω/έπνευσα/πνεύστηκα,
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: λέω/είπα,

-αιω:
//-αίω-αίομαι(γ)/-αιξα-αίχτηκα/αιγμένος, (elv53a)
φταίω/έφταιξα
//-αίω-αίομαι(γ)/-αψα-άφτηκα/αμένος, (elv91a)
κλαίω/έκλαψα,
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: (καίω/κάηκα αντί κάφτηκα)

ζ:
-ζω:
//είναι δεκτά και τα 2 ακούσματα: η γλώσσα ιστορικά διάλεξε κάποιο.
//τα λεξικά είναι αυτά που καταχωρούν ποιά χρήση είναι πιο διαδεδομένη.
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=αλ,
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ,
αγκαλιά-ζω/αγκάλια-σα/αγκαλιά-στηκα/αγκαλια-σμένος
βουλιά-ζω/βούλια-ξα-βουλιάχτηκα/βουλιαγμένος
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=αλ,
πιέ-ζω/πίε-σα/πιέ-στηκα/πιε-σμένος
λού-ζω/έλου-σα/λού-στηκα/λουσμένος
δανεί-ζω/δάνει-σα/δανείστηκα/δανεισμένος
μυρί-ζω/μύρι-σα/μυρίστηκα /μυρισμένος
αθροί-ζω/άθροι-σα/αθροίστηκα/αθροισμένος
δακρύ-ζω/δάκρυ-σα/δακρυσμένος
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ,
αρά-ζω/άρα-ξα/αράχτηκα/αρα-γμένος
πή-ζω/έπη-ξα/πήχτηκα/πη-γμένος
παί-ζω/έπαι-ξα/παίχτηκα/παι-γμένος
τσού-ζω/έτσου-ξα/τσουγμένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: βάζω/έβαλα,
βουίζω/βούισα&βούιξα/, ταιριάζω/ταίριασα&τέριαξα/ταιριασμένος,

-ζώ:
//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε,
ζώ/έζησα/

θ:
-θω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=αλ,
πλά-θω-ομαι/έπλα-σα-στηκα/πλα-σμένος
αλέ-θω/άλε-σα/αλέ-στηκα/πλασμένος
πεί-θω/έπει-σα/πείστηκα
κλώ-θ-ω/έκλω-σα/κλώστηκα

ι:
-είω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=ίδιο,
αποκλεί-ω/απέ-κλει-σα-στηκα/σμένος,

κ:
-σκω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ,
διδά-σκω/διδα-ξα/χτηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: βρίσκω, βόσκω, χάσκω
-κω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ,
πλέ-κω/έπλε-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
διώ-κω/δίω-ξα/διώχτηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: ανήκω.

-γκώ:
βογκ-ώ/βόγκ-ηξα/

λ:
-λλω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/να-α-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=ίδιος,
Παρατήρηση: προέβαλλα|πρόβαλλα. Η γλώσσα κάνει τις πολυλεκτικές λέξεις,
ύστερα από καιρό, μονολεκτικές.
Παρατήρηση: Τα ρήματα σε -λω έχουν 'κανονικά' αόριστο -λα. Ετσι όμως ΔΕΝ
ξεχωρίζουν παρατατικό από αόριστο. Γιαυτό μερικές φορές
βάζουμε στον παρατατικό ένα (ν) ψάλω/έψελνα/έψαλα.
Αυτό, με τον καιρό δημιούργησε πιό σωστό ενεστώτα, ψέλνω
που από μόνος του ξεχωρίζει αορ/παρατ.
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: αγγέλλω/άγγειλα/αγγέλθηκα, ανατέλλω/ανάτειλα
βάλλω/έβαλ-α/ (ανώμαλο)
σφάλλω|σφάλ-ω|σφαλνώ/έσφαλ-α/εσφαλμένος
-λω:
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: θέλω/ήθελα

λώ:
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος, θέμα=αλ,
γελ-ώ-ιέμαι/γελ-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ηγμένος, θέμα=αλ,
ζουλ-ώ/ζούλ-ησα&ζούληξα/ηγμένος

//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος, θέμα=αλ,
καλ-ώ-ούμαι/καλ-εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος
//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος, θέμα=αλ,
διαλαλ-ώ/διαλάλ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος

μ:
-μω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/α-, θέμα=ίδιο,
τρέμ-ω/έτρεμ-α
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ: απονέμω/απόνειμα, (απονεμήθηκε)

-μώ:
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-στηκα/ασμένος, ίδιο,
κρεμ-ώ/κρέμ-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος

//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήθηκα
θυμούμαι/θυμήθηκα/
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ: κοιμ-ούμαι/κοιμήθηκα/κοιμισμένος (μετοχή με ι)

ν:
-άνω:
//-άνω-άνομαι/αξα-άχτηκα/-αγμένος, (elv52a)
φτι-άνω/έφτι-αξα/φτιάχτηκα
//-άνω-άνομαι/-ασα-άθηκα/-αμένος (elv71a)
δαγκ-άνω/δάγκ-ασα/δαγκάθηκα (δαγκώνω)
χ-άνω/έχ-ασα-χάθηκα/χαμένος
//άνω-άνομαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος (elv82a)
πι-άνω/έπι-ασα/πι-άστηκα/πιασμένος
φτ-άνω/έφτ-ασα
//-άνω-άνομαι/-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, (elv78a)
αυξ-άνω/αύξ-ησα
αμαρτ-άνω/αμάρτησα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: κάνω/έκαμα|έκανα,

-ενω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ,
δ-ένω-ομαι/έδε-σα-θηκα/δεμένος
//κατ=ω-ομαι/να-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ,
πλ-ένω-ομαι/έπλυ-να-πλύθηκα/πλυμένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: απονέμω/απόνειμα-απονεμήθηκε
μ-ένω/έμεινα,

-αίνω:
(τα περισσότερα σε -ανα|-υνα)
//-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ανα-άθηκα/-αμένος, (elv42a)
βουβ-αίνω-αίνομαι/βούβ-ανα-άθηκα/αμένος
βασκ-αίνω/βάσκ-ανα/βασκ-άθηκα/βασκ-αμένος
γλυκ-αίνω/ανα-άθηκα/αμένος
ξετρελ-αίνω/ανα-άθηκα/αμένος
μαρ-αίνω/μάρ-ανα/μαρ-άθηκα/μαρα-μένος,
πικρ-αίνω/ανα-άθηκα/αμένος
ψυχρ-αίνω/ανα-άθηκα/αμένος
ανασ-αίνω/ανάσ-ανα
ζεστ-αίνω/ζέστ-ανα-θηκα/αμένος
//-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ανα-άνθηκα/-ασμένος, (elv43a)
μι-αίνω/μί-ανα-νθηκα/μιασμένος
λευκ-αίνω/λεύκανα/λευκάνθηκα/λευκασμένος
σημαίνω/σημάνθηκα/σημασμένος
απολυμ-αίνω/απολύμ-ανα/απολυμά-νθηκα/απολυμα-σμένος
λιπαίνω/λιπάνθηκα/λιπασμένος
υφ-αίνω/ύφανα-νθηκα/υφασμένος
//-αίνω/-υνα/, (elv45a)
ακριβ-αίνω/ακρίβ-υνα/ακριβός
κοντ-αίνω/κόντ-υνα/κοντός
ανοστ-αίνω/ανόστ-υνα/άνοστος
ομορφ-αίνω/ομόρφυνα/όμορφος
φτωχ-αίνω/φτώχυνα/φτωχός
//-αίνω-αίνομαι/α-ήθηκα/ημένος, (elv12a)
καταλαβ-αίνω-ομαι/καταλαβ-α/
λαβ-αίνω/έλαβα
μαθ-αίνω/έμαθα/μαθημένος
//-αίνω-αίνομαι/-αξα-άχτηκα/-αγμένος, (elv54a)
βυζαίνω/βύζαξα
//-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ασα-άστηκα/-ασμένος, (elv84a)
σωπ-αίνω/σώπα-σα/
χορταίνω/χόρτασα/χορτασμένος
αποστ-αίνω/απόστασα/αποσταμένος
(ησα)
//κατ=αίνω-αίνομαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο,
αναστ-αίνω/ανάστ-ησα/αναστ-ήθηκα/αναστημένος
παραστ-αίνω/παράστησα/παραστήθηκα
συστ-αίνω/σύστησα/συστήθηκα/συστημένος
(υσα)
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλλ,
αρτ-αίνω-ομαι/άρτυσα-αρτύθηκα/αρτυμένος
(ηκα)
διαβαίνω/διάβηκα
ανεβ-αίνω/ανέβηκα/ανεβασμένος
βγ-αίνω/βγήκα/βγαλμένος
μπ-αίνω/μπήκα/μπασμένος

-ηνω:
//-ήνω-ήνομαι/-ησα-ήθηκα/-ημένος, (elv71a)
στή-νω-ομαι/έστη-σα-θηκα/μένος,
ψή-νω-ομαι/έψη-σα-θηκα/μένος
//-ήνω-ήνομαι/-ησα-ήστηκα/-ησμένος, (elv82a)
σβ-ήνω/έσβη-σα-στηκα/σμένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ: αφ-ήνω/άφησα/αφέ-θηκα,
-εινω:
//-είνω-είνομαι/-εισα-είστηκα/-εισμένος, (elv82a)
κλείνω/έκλεισα/κλείστηκα (κλείνω την πόρτα)
-ινω:
//-ίνω-ίνομαι/-ινα-ίθηκα/-ιμένος, (elv71a)
κλ-ίνω/έκλινα/κλίθηκα (κλίνω λέξη)
κρ-ίνω/έκρι-να/κρί-θηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: δίνω/έδωσα, πίνω/ήπια,
-υνω:
//-ύνω-ύνομαι/-υσα-ύθηκα/-υμένος, (elv71a)
γδ-ύνω/έγδυ-σα-θηκα/γδυμένος
λ-ύνω/έλυ-σα-λύθηκα
ξύνω/έξυ-σα/ξύθηκα
χ-ύνω/έχυ-σα/χύθηκα/χυμένος
ντ-ύνω/έντυσα-ντύθηκα
ξεδιαλύνω/(ξεδιάλυνα)ξεδιάλυσα-ξεδιαλύθηκα/ξεδιαλυμένος,
//-ύνω-ύνομαι/-υσα-ύστηκα/-υσμένος, (elv82a)
φτ-ύνω/έφτυσα-φτύστηκα/φτυσμένος (φτυμένος)
//κατ=ω-ομαι/α-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=ΙΔΙΟ,
οξ-ύνω/όξυνα-οξύνθηκα/οξυμένος?
ευκολ-ύνω/ευκόλυν-α-ευκολύν-θηκα/
μολύνω/μόλυν-α-μολύνθηκα/μολυσμένος
διευθ-ύνω-ομαι/διεύθυνα/δευθύνθηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ:
αποθαρρύνω/α-θηκα/αποθαρρημένος
επιβαρύνω/επιβάρυν-α-επιβαρυν-θηκα (σελ 185)/επιβαρημένος

-έλνω:
//-έλνω-έλνομαι/-αλα-άλθηκα/αλμένος, (elv31a): ψέλνω,
//-έλνω-έλνομαι/-ειλα-άλθηκα/αλμένος, (elv31a): στέλνω,
//-έλνω-έλνομαι/-ειλα-έλθηκα/ελμένος, (elv31a): παραγγέλνω,
παραγέλνω/παράγγειλα, ψέλνω/έψαλα/ψάλθηκα

-έρνω:
//-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρα-άρθηκα/-αρμένος, (elv61a): γδέρνω
γδέρ-νω/έγδαρ-α-δάρ-θηκα/γδαρμένος
//-έρνω-έρνομαι/-ειρα-άρθηκα/-αρμένος, (elv62a): δέρνω
δέρ-νω/έδειρ-α-δάρ-θηκα/δαρμένος
σπέρ-νω/έσπειρ-α-σπάρθηκα/σπαρμένος
τρατέρ-νω/τράτειρ-α
//-έρνω-έρνομαι/-ερα-έρθηκα/-ερμένος, (elv63a): φέρνω
φέρ-νω/έφερ-α/φερμένος
γέρ-νω/έγειρ-α/γερ-μένος
//-έρνω-έρνομαι/-υρα-ύρθηκα/-υρμένος, (elv64a): σέρνω
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: παίρνω/πείρα/πάρθηκα/παρμένος

-χνω (ΟΛΑ):
//-χνω-χνομαι/-ξα-χτηκα/-γμένος,
ψά-χνω/έψα-ξα/ψάχτηκα,
ρίχνω/έριξα/ρίχτηκα,
δείχνω/έδειξα/δείχτηκα,
διώχνω/έδιω-ξα/χτηκα,

-ώνω (ΟΛΑ):
//-ώνω-ώνομαι/-ωσα-ώθηκα/-ωμένος, (elv71a)
απλώνω/άπλω-σα-απλώ-θηκα/απλ-ωμένος
καμαρώνω/καμάρωσα-καμαρώθηκα
χώνω/έχωσα-χώθηκα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: ζ-ώνω/έζ-ωσα-ζ-ώθηκα/ζ-ωσμένος (μετοχή με σ)

-νώ:
-αινώ:
επαιν-ώ/επαίν-εσα-έθηκα/εμένος
-πνώ:
αγρυπν-ώ/αγρύπν-ησα/αγρυπν-ισμένος

π:
-πω:
//κατ=ω/ψα, θέμα=αλ,
δρέ-πω/έδρε-ψα/
λεί-πω/έλειψα/
λάμπω/έλαμψα
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ: βλέπω/είδα, θάλπω-ομαι/έθαλψα,

-πώ:
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
αγαπ-ώ-ιέμαι/αγάπ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
λυπ-ώ-ούμαι/λύπ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: ακουμπώ/ακούμπησα/ακουμπισμένος

ρ:
-ρω:
//κατ=ω/α, θέμα=ίδιος,
σαλπάρ-ω/σάλπαρ-α/ && σαλτάρ-ω/σαλτάρ-ισα/σαλταρ-ισμένος
λουστράρω, μπαρκάρω
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: ξέρω/ήξερα, χαίρομαι/χάρηκα/χαρούμενος
φέρω-ομαι|φέρνω/έφερνα/έφερ-α-θηκα/φερμένος,
φθείρω-ομαι/έφθειρα/φθάρηκα(267)/φθαρμένος

ρώ:
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος, θέμα=ίδιο,
βαρ-ώ-ιέμαι/βάρ-εσα-έθηκα/εμένος
χωρώ/χώρεσα-έθηκα/εμένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ:
στενοχωρώ-ιέμαι|ώ-ούμαι|στεναχωρώ/στενοχώρ-εσα/έθηκα/εμένος
παραχωρώ/παραχώρ-ησα/ήθηκα/ημένος,αποχώρησα,
//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εψα-έφτηκα/εμμένος, θέμα=ίδιο,
θαρρώ/θάρρεψα/θαρρεμένος (κανονικά θέλει 2 μμ!!),

σ:
-σσω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ,
απαλλά-σσω/απαλλα-ξα/χτηκα
αναπτύ-σσω/ανέπτυ-ξα/χτηκα
-σω:
αρέσ-ω/άρεσ-α/

-σώ:
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
φυσ-ώ/φύσ-ησα(&φύσηξα-ήχτηκα από αρχ)/φυσημένος

τ:
-κτω:
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: αγανακτ-ώ/ησα/αγανακτισμένος,
-πτω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, θέμα=αλ,
ανακαλυ-πτω/ανακαλυ-ψα/φτηκα
-φτω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, θέμα=αλ,
αστρά-φτω/αστρα-ψα/αστραμμένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: πέφτω/έπεσα.

-ττω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ,
πρά-ττω-ομαι/έπρα-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
πλή-ττω-ομαι/έπλη-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
φρίττω/έφριξα

-τώ:
//κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος
πετ-ώ/πέτ-αξα/αχτηκα/αγμένος, θέμα=ίδιος,
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: θέτω/έθε-σα/τέθηκα

υ:
-αύω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-ύτηκα/υμένος, θέμα=αλ,
απολαύω/απόλαψα/απολαύτηκα
παυω/έπαψα/υτηκα,
αναπαύω/ανάπαψα
-εύω:
κλαδεύω/κλάδεψα/κλαδεύτηκα
γιατρεύω/γιάτρεψα/υτηκα

-ούω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=ίδιος
ακού-ω-ομαι/άκου-σα-στηκα/-σμένος

-ύω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=ίδιος
ιδρύ-ω/ίδρυ-σα/θηκα

φ:
-φω:
//κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, θέμα=ίδιος
γράφω/έγρα-ψα/γρά-φτηκα
γνέφω/έγνεψα/γνέφτηκα
γλείφω/έγλειψα/γλείφτηκα
γλύφω/έγλυψα/γλύφτηκα

χ:
-χω
//κατ=ξα/χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=ίδιος
προσέχ-ω/πρόσε-ξα-χτηκα/-γμένος
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: έχω/είχα, βρέχω/βράχηκα, ελέγχω/ελέγχθηκα, υπάρχω/υπήρξα,
έρχομαι/ήρθα, εύχομαι/ευχήθηκα, μάχομαι/πολέμησα, υπόσχομαι/υποσχέθηκα,

χώ:
//κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ησα/ησμένος
δυστυχ-ώ/δυστύχ-ησα/δυστυχ-ισμένος,
ξεψυχώ/ξεψύχησα/ξεψυχισμένος,

ω:
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ: τρώω/έφαγα,

ΘΕΜΑ ΟΜΑΔΟΠΟΙΗΜΕΝΑ:
========================================================
//αλλαγμένο θέμα
========================================================
1) α/θηκα/μένος
========================================================
2) να/θηκα/μένος
αιν >> μαραίνω/μάρα-να/μαρά-θηκα/μαρα-μένος,
========================================================
3) ξα/χτηκα/γμένος
γγ >> σφίγγω/έσφιξα/χτηκα
γ >> ανοίγω/άνοιξα/χτηκα, πνίγω/έπνιξα/πνίχτηκα
σκ >> διδάσκω/διδαξα/χτηκα
κ >> πλέκω/έπλεξα/χτηκα
χν >> διώχνω/έδιωξα/χτηκα
σσ >> απαλλάσσω/απαλλαξα/χτηκα
ττ >> πλήττω/έπληξα/χτηκα
χ >> βρέχω/έβρε-ξα/βρέ-χτηκα
========================================================
3) σα/θηκα/μένος
ων >> απλώνω/άπλω-σα/απλώ-θηκα/απλωμένος (όλα)
========================================================
4) σα/στηκα/σμένος
θ >> αλέθω/άλε-σα/αλέ-στηκα/σμένος
ζ >> λούζω/έλου-σα/λού-στηκα
λλ >> βάλλω/έβαλ-α/θηκα
=======================================================
5) ψα/φτηκα/μμένος
β >> κρύβω/έκρυ-ψα/φτηκα
π >> λείπω/έλειψα/φτηκα
πτ >> ανακαλυπτω/ανακαλυ-ψα/φτηκα
φτ >> αστράφτω/αστραψα/φτηκα
φ >> γράφω/έγρα-ψα/γρά-φτηκα

αύ >> παυω/έπαψα/υτηκα,
εύ >> γιατρεύω/γιάτρεψα/υτηκα
========================================================
6) ξα/χτηκα/γμένος
σα/στηκα/σμένος
ζ >> βουλιάζω/ξα/χτηκα/γμένος
αγκαλιάζω/σα/στηκα/σμένος
========================================================
//ίδιο θέμα
========================================================
// ω-ομαι/α-θηκα/μένος
υν >> επιβαρύν-ω-ομαι/επιβάρυν-α/επιβαρυν-θηκα (σελ 185)
ρ >> φέρ-ω-ομαι/έφερ-α/θηκα/μένος
ύ >> ιδρύ-ω-ομαι/ίδρυ-σα/θηκα
========================================================
// ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος
ει >> αποκλεί-ω-ομαι/απέκλει-σα-στηκα/σμένος
ού >> ακούω/άκου-σα-στηκα/σμένος
========================================================
// ώ-ιέμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος
τ >> πετ-ώ-ιέμαι/πετ-αξα-αχτηκα/-αγμένος
========================================================

ΚΑΝΟΝΑΣ-ΚΛΙΣΗΣ είναι ο μηχανισμός που χρησιμοποιεί η γλώσσα για να σχηματίσει τις λέξεις της κλίσης μιας λέξης. Εχει τρία χαρακτηριστικά:
α) ΚΑΤΑΛΗΞΗ:
β) ΑΥΞΗΣΗ:
γ) ΘΕΜΑ:
Οι διαφορετικές τιμές που παίρνουν αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά δημιουργούν την ποσότητα των κανόνων.
- Οι καταλήξεις οι απαραίτητες για να φτιάξουμε όλους τους τύπους-κλίσης είναι του ενεστώτα/αορίστου/παθ-μετοχής. Καμιά φορά και του παρατατικού. Μερικά ρήματα ανάλογα με τον χαρακτήρα του θέματος του ενεστώτα παίρνουν συγκεκριμένες καταλήξεις και άλλα όχι.
- Σχετικά με την αύξηση ένα ρήμα θα έχει, δε θα έχει ή θα είναι εσωτερική σε περίπτωση που είναι πολυλεκτικό. Τα μή πολυλεκτικά ρήματα έχουν μοναδικό κανόνα αν θα πάρουν ή όχι αύξηση.
- Το θέμα ή θα αλλάζει ή θα παραμένει ίδιο. Σε μερικά ρήματα το θέμα αλλάζει βάσει κανόνων.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-28_nikkas]

ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ-ΚΛΙΣΗΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ-ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ:
Δυνατοί-κανόνες-κλίσης: 24χ2χ3=244χ3φωνές=732
ΚΑΤΑΛΗΞΗ:
11) -ω-ομαι/α-θηκα/μένος
12) -ω-ομαι/να-θηκα/μένος
13) -ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
14) -ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος
15) -ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος
16) -ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος

21) -ώ-ιέμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος
22) -ώ-ιέμαι/εξα-έχτηκα/εγμένος
23) -ώ-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
24) -ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άθηκα/αμένος
25) -ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος
26) -ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
27) -ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
28) -ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος
29) -ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ησμένος
210) -ώ-ιέμαι/αψα-άφτηκα/αμμένος
211) -ώ-ιέμαι/εψα-έφτηκα/εμμένος
212) -ώ-ιέμαι/ηψα-ήφτηκα/ημμένος

31) -ώ-ιέμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος
32) -ώ-ιέμαι/εξα-έχτηκα/εγμένος
33) -ώ-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
34) -ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άθηκα/αμένος
35) -ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος
36) -ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
37) -ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
38) -ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος
39) -ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ησμένος
310) -ώ-ιέμαι/αψα-άφτηκα/αμμένος
311) -ώ-ιέμαι/εψα-έφτηκα/εμμένος
312) -ώ-ιέμαι/ηψα-ήφτηκα/ημμένος
ΘΕΜΑ: a=αλλάζει (α) αφαιρεί γράμ. από ενεστωτικό, β) αλλάζει το φωνήεν
b=ίδιο,
ΑΥΞΗΣΗ: 1=ε, 2=όχι, 3=εσωτερική επιρρ/πρόθεση,
ΦΩΝΗ: a=ενερ/παθητ, b=μόνο ενεργ, c=μόνο παθητ.

ω-ομαι:
κατ=ω-ομαι/α-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv11a1/2/3a):
κατ=ω-ομαι/α-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv11b1/2/3a):
-ρω:
σαλπάρ-ω/σάλπαρ-α (σαλπάρισα)
λουστράρω, μπαρκάρω
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
κατ=ω-ομαι/να-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv12a1/2/3a):
κατ=ω-ομαι/να-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv12b1/2/3a):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv13a1/2/3a):
-γγω>>-:
σφίγγω-ομαι/έσφι-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος,
-γω>>-:
φυλάγω-ομαι/φύλαξα/φυλάχτηκα/γμένος
αρμέγω/άρμεξα/αρμέχτηκα
-σκω>>-:
διδάσκω/διδα-ξα/χτηκα
-κω>>-:
πλέκ-ω/έπλε-ξα-χτηκα/γμένος
-χνω>>-:
ψάχνω/έψαξα-ψάχτηκα/ψαγμένος,
ρίχνω/έριξα/ρίχτηκα,
-σσω>-:
απαλλάσσω/απαλλαξα/χτηκα
-ττω>-:
πράττω-ομαι/έπραξα-χτηκα/γμένος
-χω>>-:
προσέχ-ω/πρόσε-ξα-χτηκα/-γμένος
κατ=ω-ομαι/ξα-χτηκα/γμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv13b1/2/3a):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε, (elv14a1a):
-αινω >> η
αναστ-αίνω/ομαι, ανάστ-ησα/ήθηκα, αναστη-μένος
(πολυ)δένω
-νω >> -
δέ-νω-ομαι/έ-δε-σα-θηκα/δε-μένος,
απλών-ω-ομαι/άπλω-σα-θηκα/απλω-μένος
αμαρτάν-ω/αμάρτη-σα/μένος
ζώνω/έζωσα/ζώθηκα (ΟΛΑ)
απλώνω/άπλω-σα/απλώ-θηκα
κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-θηκα/μένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv14b1/2/3a):
-υω:
ιδρύ-ω-ομαι/ίδρυ-σα-θηκα/ιδρυμένος
(πολυ)ιδρύω
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv15a1/2/3a):
-θω>>-:
πλάθ-ω-ομαι/έπλα-σα-στηκα/πλα-σμένος
κατ=ω-ομαι/σα-στηκα/σμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ,(elv15b1/2/3a):
-ειω:
αποκλεί-ω/απέ-κλει-σα-στηκα/σμένος,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv16a1a):
-βω >> -:
ανάβ-ω-ομαι/άνα-ψα-φτηκα/ανα-μμένος
κλέβω-ομαι/έκλεψα/κλέφτηκα/κλεμμένος
-πτω>>-:
ανακαλυπτω/ανακαλυ-ψα-φτηκα/ανακαλυμμένος
-φτω>>-:
αστράφτω/αστραψα/
-πω>>-:
δρέπ-ω/έδρε-ψα/
λείπω/έλειψα/
-φω>>-:
γράφω/έγρα-ψα/γρά-φτηκα/γραμμένος
γνέφω/έγνεψα/
κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-φτηκα/μμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ, (elv16b1a):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-ύτηκα/υμένος, θέμα=αλ, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ,
-υω>>-:
αναπαύω/ανάπαψα
κλαδεύω/κλάδεψα/κλαδεύτηκα
κατ=ω-ομαι/ψα-ύτηκα/υμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=ε/όχι/εσ,

ώ-ιέμαι:
===============================================================
1) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv21b2a):
2) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/εξα-έχτηκα/εγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv22b2a):
3) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv23b2a):
-αβώ:
τραβ-ώ-ιέμαι/τράβ-ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος
-ογκώ:
βογκώ/βόγκηξα/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άθηκα/αμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv24b2a):
5) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv25b2a):
-ρώ:
βαρ-ώ-ιέμαι/βάρ-εσα-έθηκα/εμένος
χωρώ/χώρεσα-έθηκα/εμένος
6) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv26b2a):
-πώ:
αγαπ-ώ-ιέμαι/αγάπ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv27b2a):
-ελώ:
γελ-ώ-ιέμαι/γελ-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
-εμώ:
κρεμ-ώ/κρέμ-ασα-άστηκα/ασμένος
8) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv28b2a):
9) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ησμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv29b2a):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/αψα-άφτηκα/αμμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv210b2a):
11) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/εψα-έφτηκα/εμμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv211b2a):
12) κατ=ώ-ιέμαι/ηψα-ήφτηκα/ημμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv212b2a):

ώ-ούμαι:
===============================================================
1) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/αξα-άχτηκα/αγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv31b2a):
2) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εξα-έχτηκα/εγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv32b2a):
3) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ηξα-ήχτηκα/ηγμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv33b2a):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ασα-άθηκα/αμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv34b2a):
5) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εσα-έθηκα/εμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv35b2a):
6) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv36b2a):
-γώ:
αργ-ώ-ούμαι/άργ-ησα/ημένος
-ζώ:
ζώ/έζησα/
-πώ:
λυπ-ώ-ούμαι/λύπ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ασα-άστηκα/αμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv37b2a):
8) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εσα-έστηκα/εμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv38b2a):
-αλ:
καλ-ώ-ούμαι/καλ-εσα-έστηκα/εσμένος
9) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ησα-ήστηκα/ημένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv39b2a):
-αλώ:
διαλαλ-ώ/διαλάλ-ησα-ήθηκα/ημένος
-χώ:
δυστυχ-ώ/δυστύχ-ησα/δυστυχ-ισμένος,
ξεψυχώ/ξεψύχησα/ξεψυχισμένος,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/αψα-άφτηκα/αμμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv310b2a):
11) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/εψα-έφτηκα/εμμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv311b2a):
12) κατ=ώ-ούμαι/ηψα-ήφτηκα/ημμένος, θέμα=ίδιο, αύξ=όχι, (elv312b2a):

1 aa 2 b 1 : ιδρύ-ω/ομαι, ίδρυ-σα/θηκα, ιδρυμένος

(να/θηκα)
1 ab 2 a 1 : μαραίν-ω/ομαι, μάρα-να/θηκα, μαρα-μένος
(α/θηκα)
1 ac 1 b 1 : φέρ-ω/ομαι, έ-φερ-α/θηκα, φερ-μένος
1 ac 1 b 2 : σφάλ-ω, έ-σφαλ-α||τρέμω||κρίνω
1 ac 3 b 1 : (προσ)φέρ-ω/ομαι, προσέφερ-α/θηκα, προσφερ-μένος

(σα/στηκα)
1 ba 1 a 1 : λούζ-ω/ομαι, έ-λου-σα/στηκα, λουσμένος
1 ba 2 a 1 : μοιράζ-ω/ομαι, μοίρα-σα/στηκα, μοιρασμένος
αλέθ-ω/ομαι,
1 ba 2 b 1 : ακού-ω/ομαι, άκου-σα/στηκα, ακου-σμένος
1 ba 3 b 1 : (απο)κλεί-ω, απέκλει-σα/στηκα, αποκλει-σμένος

(ψα/φτηκα)
1 ca 1 a 1 : κρύβ-ω/ομαι, έ-κρυ-ψα/φτηκα, κρυμμένος
1 ca 1 a 2 : λείπω, έλει-ψα
1 ca 2 a 1 : ανακαλύπτ-ω/ομαι, ανακάλυ-ψα/φτηκα, ανακαλυμμένος
1 ca 2 a 2 : αστράφτ-ω, άστραψα
1 ca 3 a 1 : (εγκατα)λείπ-ω/ομαι, εγκατέλει-ψα/φτηκα, εγκαταλειμμένος
(ψα/υτηκα)
1 cb 1 a 1 : παύ-ω/ομαι, έ-πα-ψα/υτηκα, πα-υμένος
1 cb 2 a 1 : γιατρεύ-ω/ομαι, γιατρε-ψα/υτηκα, γιατρε-μένος

(ξα/χτηκα)
1 da 1 a 1 : σφίγγ-ω/ομαι, έ-σφι-ξα/χτηκα, σφιγμένος
πλέκ-ω/ομαι, έ-πλε-ξα/χτηκα, πλεγμένος
πλήττ-ω/ομαι, έ-πλη-ξα/χτηκα, πληγμένος
βρέχ-ω/ομαι, έ-βρε-ξα/χτηκα, βρεγμένος
διώχν-ω/ομαι, έ-διω-ξα/χτηκα, διωγμένος
1 da 2 a 1 : ανοίγ-ω/ομαι, άνοι-ξα/χτηκα, ανοιγμένος
απαλλάσσω/ομαι, απάλλα-ξα/χτηκα, απαλλαγμένος
διδάσκ-ω/ομαι, δίδα-ξα/χτηκα, διδαγμένος
1 da 3 a 1 : (δια)τάσσ-ω/ομαι, διέτα-ξα/χτηκα, διαταγμένος

Εν Αόρ Αύξ Θέμα φωνές
//σα/θηκα
2 ae 2 b 3 : βαρ-ώ/ιέμαι, βαρ-εσα/έθηκα, βαρεμένος.
2 af 2 b 1 : αγαπ-ώ/ιέμαι, αγάπ-ησα/αγαπ-ήθηκα, αγαπημένος.
2 af 2 b 2 : κεντ-ώ, κέντ-ησα.
//σα/στηκα
2 bb 2 b 1 : γελ-ώ/ιέμαι, γέλ-ασα/γελ-άστηκα, γελασμένος
//ψα/φτηκα
//ξα/χτηκα
2 db 2 b 1 : πετ-ώ/ιέμαι, πέτ-αξα/πετ-άχτηκα, πεταγμένος
2 dd 2 b 1 : τραβ-ώ/ιέμαι, τράβ-ηξα/τραβ-ήχτηκα, τραβηγμένος

Εν Αόρ Αύξ Θέμα φωνές
//σα/θηκα
3 af 2 b 1 : λυπ-ώ/ούμαι, λύπ-ησα/ήθηκα, λυπημένος.
3 af 2 b 2 : αργώ, άργ-ησα.
3 af 2 b 3 : θυμούμαι, θυμ-ήθηκα.
//σα/στηκα
3 bc 2 b 1 : καλ-ώ/ιέμαι, κάλ-εσα/καλ-έστηκα, καλεσμένος
//ψα/φτηκα
3 cc 2 b 2 : θαρρ-ώ, θάρρ-εψα, θαρρ-εμένος,
//ξα/χτηκα

-ω/ομαι,-σα/θηκα, ε, αλ, 2φ (elv1aa1a1),
-ω/ομαι,-σα/θηκα, όχι, αλ, 2φ (elv1aa2a1),
-ω/ομαι,-σα/θηκα, όχι, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1aa2b1),
-ω/ομαι,-σα/θηκα, εσ, αλ, 2φ (elv1aa3a1)
-ω/ομαι,-να/θηκα, όχι, αλ, 2φ (elv1ab2a1)
-ω/ομαι,-α/θηκα, ε, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1ac1b1)
-ω/ομαι,-α/θηκα, εσ, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1ac3b1)
-ω/ομαι,-σα/στηκα, ε, αλ, 2φ (elv1ba1a1)
-ω/ομαι,-σα/στηκα, όχι, αλ, 2φ (elv1ba2a1)
-ω/ομαι,-σα/στηκα, όχι, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1ba2b1)
-ω/ομαι,-σα/στηκα, εσ, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1ba3b1)
-ω/ομαι,-ψα/φτηκα, ε, αλ, 2φ (elv1ca1a1)
-ω/ομαι,-ψα/φτηκα, όχι, αλ, 2φ (elv1ca2a1)
-ω/ομαι,-ψα/φτηκα, όχι, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1ca2b1)
-ω/ομαι,-ψα/φτηκα, εσ, ίδιο, 2φ (elv1ca3b1)
-ω/ομαι,-ψα/υτηκα, ε, αλ, 2φ (elv1cb1a1)
-ω/ομαι,-ψα/υτηκα, όχι, αλ, 2φ (elv1cb2a1)
-ω/ομαι,-ξα/χτηκα, ε, αλ, 2φ (elv1da1a1)
-ω/ομαι,-ξα/χτηκα, όχι, αλ, 2φ (elv1da2a1)
-ω/ομαι,-ξα/χτηκα, εσ, αλ, 2φ (elv1da3a1)

-ώ/ιέμαι,-ησα/ήθηκα,όχι,ίδιο,2φ (elv2ac2b1)
-ώ/, -ησα, όχι,ίδιο,εν (elv2ac2b2)
-ιέμαι, -ήθηκα, όχι,ίδιο,παθ(elv2ac2b3)
-ώ/ιέμαι,-ασα/άστηκα,όχι,ίδιο,2φ(elv2bb2b1)
-ώ/ιέμαι,-εσα/έστηκα,όχι,ίδιο,2φ(elv2bc2b1)
-ώ, -εψα, όχι,ίδιο,εν(elv2cd2b2)
-ώ/ιέμαι,-αξα/άχτηκα,όχι,ίδιο,2φ(elv2db2b1)
-ώ/ιέμαι,-ηξα/ήχτηκα,όχι,ίδιο,2φ(elv2de2b1)
-ώ/ούμαι,-ησα/ήθηκα,όχι,ίδιο,2φ (elv3af2b1)
-ησα, όχι,ίδιο,εν (elv3af2b2)
-ούμαι, -ήθηκα, όχι,ίδιο,παθ(elv3af2b3)

ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ:
ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ1: τάση ομαλοποίησης:
Οι γλώσσες έχουν την τάση ομαλοποίησης/απλοποίησης/ομοιογένειας/γενίκευσης των κανόνων της.
Ομαλοποίηση Θεμάτων:
Η ελληνική προσπαθεί να φτιάξει τις μορφές των ρημάτων με ΕΝΑ ΘΕΜΑ. Αυτό το καταφέρνει στα ρήματα -ώ-ιέμαι και ώ-ούμαι. Από τα -ω-ομαι το καταφέρνουν τα:
α) τα έχοντα χαρακτήρα φωνήεν, ιδρύ-ω-ομαι/ίδρυ-σα-θηκα/ιδρυ-μένος
β) τα πολά ρήματα σε -αίνω, αναστ-αίνω-αίνομαι/ανάστ-ησα-ηθηκα/αναστ-ημένος
[hmnSngo.2001-03-30_nikkas]

ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ2: ομαλοποίηση σύνθετων, προέβαλλα|πρόβαλλα.
Η γλώσσα κάνει τις πολυλεκτικές λέξεις,ύστερα από καιρό, μονολεκτικές.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-30_nikkas]

ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ3: ομαλοποίηση αόριστου/παρατατικού.
Τα ρήματα σε -λω έχουν 'κανονικά' αόριστο -λα. Ετσι όμως ΔΕΝ ξεχωρίζουν παρατατικό από αόριστο. Γιαυτό μερικές φορές βάζουμε στον παρατατικό ένα (ν)
- ψάλλω(αρχ)/έψαλα-έψαλα/έψαλνα(έψελνα)/ψάλνω (νέα).
Αυτό, με τον καιρό δημιούργησε πιό σωστό ενεστώτα, ψέλνω που από μόνος του ξεχωρίζει αορ/παρατ.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-30_nikkas]
- απομακρύνω/απομάκρυνα-απομάκρυνα/απομάκραινα/απομακραίνω.

ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ4: χρόνοι ρημάτων:
Ο βασικός κανόνας σχηματισμού των είναι οι καταλήξεις σα/θηκα στον αόριστο. ΟΛΕΣ οι υπόλοιπες δημιουργούνται από εσωτερικούς κανόνες παραγωγής-συλλαβών, έτσι:
το βσα έγινε ψα,
το γσα >> ξα,
το λσα >> α,
το ρσα >> α, φέρω >> έφερα (και επειδή έχουμε ίδιο παρατ) >> έφερνα >> φέρνω.
κλπ
[hmnSngo.2001-03-30_nikkas]

ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ5: κατάργηση αύξησης:
Υπάρχει η τάση της κατάργησης, που το βλέπουμε στο:
α) στα ρήματα σε ώ: με τις καταλήξεις ασα/άθηκα που είναι δυσίλαβες, δέν έχουμε ανάγκη της αύξησης.
β) στα πολυλεκτικά με προθέσεις την καταργούν, εκτός από τα επιρρήματα πολύ κλπ που δίνουν ισχυρό αίσθημα ξεχωριστής λέξης.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-30_nikkas]

ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ6: ομαλοποίηση καταλήξεων:
Η νέα ελληνική έχει καταργήσει την κατάληξη -μι (τίθημι) της αρχαίας. Ετσι ΟΛΑ τα ρήματα τελειώνουν σε -ω-μαι.
Ανεστώτας: -?ω (παίρνει και ένα άλλο γράμμα ή τίποτα για να ξεχωρίζει από τον
αόριστο: δέ-νω/έδε-σα, λύ-ω/έλυ-σα)
Αόριστος: -σα (το σ αυτό αλλοιώνεται γιατί ακολουθεί τους κανόνες σχηματισμού
συλλαβών: γράφ-ω/έγραφ-σα/έγραψα,
αγαπ-ώ/αγάπ-ησα,
απομακρύν-ω/απομάκρυν-σα/απομάκρυν-α
[hmnSngo.2001-03-31_nikkas]

Α ΣΥΓΥΓΙΑ (-ω;-ομαι)

>>σα/θηκα
elv11: 2 φωνές ω/ομαι, ΑόρΕν:σα, ΑόρΠαθ:θηκα, Αύξηση:ε
α) δέν-ω/δέ-νομαι, έδε-σα, δέ-θηκα,δεμένος
προσφέρ-ω/προσφέρομαι, προσέφερ-α, προσφέρ-θηκα
σφάλ-ω, έσφαλ-α (μόνο ενεργ)
τρέμ-ω, έτρεμ-α
κρίν-ω, έκρινα
elv12: 2 φωνές ω/ομαι, ΑόρΕν:σα, ΑόρΠαθ:θηκα, ΧωρίςΑύξηση
απλών-ω/απλώνομαι,άπλωσα,απλώθηκα,απλωμένος
διορθώνω/διορθώνομαι,διόρθωσα,διορθώθηκα,διορθωμένος
αναστ-αίνω/ανασταίνομαι, ανάστησα, αναστήθηκα, αναστημένος
καταλαβ-αίνω, κατάλαβ-α
ανασ-αίνω, ανάσ-ανα
αμαρτ-άνω, αμάρτ-ησα
elv13: όπως το απλώνω αλλά διατηρεί το τελευταίο γράμμα στο θέμα του ενεστώτα
και στη παθητική-φωνή.
ιδρύ-ω/ιδρύ-ομαι, ίδρυ-σα, ιδρύ-θηκα, ιδρυ-μένος

>>σα/στηκα
elv14: όπως δένω
λού-ζω/ομαι,έλουσα,λούστηκα,λουσμένος
elv15: όπως απλώνω
μοιρά-ζω/μοιράζομαι, μοίρασα, μοιράστηκα,μοιρασμένος
δροσί-ζω/δροσίζομαι, δρόσισα, δροσίστηκα, δροσισμένος
αλέ-θω/αλέθομαι, άλεσα, αλέστηκα, αλεσμένος
αρέ-σω/αρέσομαι, άρεσα, αρέστηκα, αρεσμένος
elv16: όπως ιδρύω
ακού-ω/ακού-ομαι, άκου-σα, ακού-στηκα, ακου-σμένος
β)αποκλείω απ έ κλεισα αποκλείστηκα αποκλεισμένος (εσωτερική αύξηση)

>>ψα/φτηκα
elv17: όπως δένω
α)κρύ-βω/κρύ-βομαι, έκρυ-ψα, κρύφτηκα-φτηκα, κρυ-μμένος
β)πα-ύω/παύομαι, έπαψα, παύτηκα, παυμένος
γ)εγκαταλεί-πω/εγκαταλείπομαι, εγκατ(έ)λειψα, εγκαταλείφτηκα, εγκαταλειμμένος
γ)λείπω (μόνο ενεργητική)
elv18: όπως απλώνω
ανακαλύ-πτω/ανακαλύ-πτομαι, ανακάλυψα, ανακαλύφτηκα, ανακαλυμμένος
αστράφτω, άστραψα (μόνο ενεργ)
γ)γιατρεύω, γιάτρεψα, γιατρεύτηκα, γιατρεμένος (ένα μ)
elv19:όπως ιδρύω

>>ξα/χτηκα
elv110: όπως δένω
πλέ-κω/πλέκομαι, έπλεξα, πλέχτηκα, πλεγμένος
βρέ-χω/βρέχομαι, έβρεξα, βρέχτηκα, βρεγμένος
διώ-χνω/διώχνομαι, έδιωξα, διώχτηκα, διωγμένος,
σφί-γγω/σφίγγομαι, έσφιξα, σφίχτηκα, σφιγμένος
διατά-σσω/διατάσσομαι, δι(έ)ταξα, διατάχτηκα, διαταγμένος(εσωτερική αύξηση)
πλή-ττω, έ-πλη-ξα
elv111: όπως απλώνω
ανοί-γω/ανοίγομαι, άνοιξα, ανοίχτηκα, ανοιγμένος
απαλλά-σσω/απαλλάσσομαι, απάλλα-ξα, απαλλά-χτηκα
διδά-σκω/διδάσκομαι, δίδαξα, διδάχτηκα
elv112: όπως ιδρύω

=================================================================

ΦΩΝΗΕΝΤΟΛΗΚΤΑ φωνήεν/δίψηφο (α,ε,η,ι,ο,υ,ω, ου,αι,ει,οι,υι)

ΧΕΙΛΙΚΟΛΗΚΤΑ (π,β,φ,πτ,φτ,αυ,ευ)
λείπ-ω,έλει-ψα
κόβ-ω,έκοψα
γράφ-ω,έγραψα
απορρίπτ-ω,απέρριψα
αστράφτ-ω,άστραψα
παύ-ω,έπαψα
δουλεύ-ω,δούλεψα

ΛΑΡΥΓΓΙΚΟΛΗΚΤΑ (κ,γ,χ,σκ,γγ,χν)
πλέκ-ω,έπλε-ξα
ανοίγ-ω,άνοιξα
βρέχ-ω,έβρεξα
διδάσκ-ω,δίδαξα
σφίγγ-ω,έσφιξα
δείχν-ω,έδειξα

ΟΔΟΝΤΟΛΗΚΤΑ-ΣΥΡΙΣΤΙΚΟΛΗΚΤΑ (τ|ττ,θ,σ|σσ,ζ)
θέτ-ω,έθε-σα
αλέθ-ω,έλεσα
αρέσ-ω,άρεσα
δροσίζ-ω,δρόσισα
πλήττ-ω,έπλη-ξα
διατάσσ-ω,διέταξα

ΥΓΡΟΛΗΚΤΑ-ΡΙΝΙΚΟΛΗΚΤΑ (λ|λλ,ρ,λν|ρν,μ,ν)
θέλ-ω
σφάλω,έσφαλα
ανατέλλ-ω
προσφέρω,πρόσφερα
ξέρ-ω
στέλνω,έστειλα
ψέλν-ω,έψαλα
σπέρν-ω,έσπειρα
τρέμ-ω

απλώνω,άπλωσα
ανασταίνω,ανάστησα
αμαρτάνω,αμάρτησα
δένω: δεν-,δεσ-,δεθ-
δένω,δένεις,δένει,δένουμε,δένετε,δένουν||
έδενα,έδενες,έδενε,δέναμε,δένατε,έδεναν||
έδεσα,έδεσες,έδεσε,δέσαμε,δέσατε,έδεσαν||
δένομαι,δένεσαι,δένεται,δενόμαστε,δένεστε,δένονται,||
δενόμουν,δενόσουν,δενόταν,δενόμαστε,δενόσαστε,δένονταν||
δέθηκα,δέθηκες,δέθηκε,δεθήκαμε,δεθήκατε,δέθηκαν||
δεθώ,δεθείς,δεθεί,δεθούμε,δεθείτε,δεθούν||
δένοντας,δεμένος

καταλαβαίνω,κατάλαβα
ανασαίνω,ανάσανα
ακριβαίνω,ακρίβυνα
μένω,έμεινα
απονέμω,απόνειμα
κρίνω, έκρινα

Β ΣΥΓΥΓΙΑ (-ώ;-ιέμαι|-ούμαι)

ELV21: αγαπ-ώ,αγαπ-ιέμαι
-ώ, -άς, -ά (άει), -ούμε (άμε), -άτε -ούν (άν(ε)),
-ούσα, -ούσες, -ούσε, -ούσαμε, -ούσατε, -ούσαν,
-ησα, -ησες, -ησε, -ήσαμε, -ήσατε, -ησαν.
-ήσω, -ήσεις, -ήσει, -ήσουμε, -ήσετε, -ήσουν,

-ιέμαι, -ιέσαι, -ιέται, -ιόμαστε, -ιέστε, -ιούνται,
-ιόμουν, -ιόσουν, -ιόταν, -ιόμαστε, -ιόσαστε, -ιόνταν (ιούνταν),
-ήθηκα, -ήθηκες, -ήθηκε, -ηθήκαμε, -ηθήκατε, -ήθηκαν,
-ηθώ, -ηθείς, -θεί, -θούμε, -θείτε, -θούν,

ΕΞΑΙΡΟΥΝΤΑΙ:
-ώ,-ασα
γελώ,γέλασα

-ώ,-εσα
καλώ,κάλεσα

-ώ,-υσα
μεθώ,μέθυσα

-ώ,-αξα
πετώ,πέταξα

-ώ,-ηξα
τραβώ,τράβηξα

-ώ,-εψα
θαρρώ,θάρρεψα

ELV22: λαλ-ώ,θυμ-ούμαι

trmVrbEll.ONLY-ACTIVE-TERMS#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.trmVrbEll.ONLY_ACTIVE-TERMS,
* McsEngl.EL'verb.ONLY'ACTIVE,

ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
Ακριβαίνω/Ακρίβυνα.
Ακουμπώ/ακούμπησα/ακουμπισμένος.
Ανατέλλω/ανάτειλα (ανώμαλο).
Ανεβαίνω/ανέβαινα.
Ανήκω/άνηκα|ανήκα.
Ανθίζω/άνθισα/ανθισμένος.
Απορώ/απόρησα/απορημένος
Αρέσω/άρεσα
Αργώ/άργησα.
Αστράφτω/άστραψα.
Ανασαίνω/ανάσανα.
Βήχω/έβηξα.
Δακρύζω/δάκρυσα.
Έχω,είχα (ανώμαλο).
Θαρρώ/θάρρεψα/θαρρεμένος.
Κατεβαίνω/κατέβηκα.
Λάμπω/έλαμψα.
Λείπω/έλειψα.
Λέω/είπα (ανώμαλο)
Μαθαίνω/έμαθα.
Μένω/έμεινα.
Παθαίνω/έπαθα,
Πέφτω/έπεσα (ανώμαλο ως χειλικόληκτο)
Πηγαίνω/πήγα (ανώμαλο)
Πλέω/έπλευσα (ανώμαλο).
Πράττω/έπραξα.
Σφάλλω|σφάλω/έσφαλα|έσφαλλα.
Σωπαίνω/σώπασα.
Τρέμω/έτρεμα.
Φεύγω,έφυγα (ανώμαλο).
Φταίω/έφταιξα (ανώμαλο).

trmVrbEll.ONLY-PASSIVE-TERMS#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.trmVrbEll.ONLY-PASSIVE-TERMS,

EL'verb.ONLY'PASSIVE

ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ-ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΕ ΜΟΝΟ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ-ΦΩΝΗ:
Αισθάνομαι/αισθάνθηκα. (OPERATION /w PRODUCT)
Αμύνομαι/αμύνθηκα.
Ανέχομαι/ανέχτηκα.
Είμαι/ήμουν (ανώμαλο). (STATE)
Ερχομαι/ήρθα (ανώμαλο).
Εύχομαι/ευχήθηκα (ανώμαλο).
Δέχομαι/δέχτηκα.
Διαμαρτύρομαι/διαμαρτυρήθηκα.
Θυμάμαι/θυμήθηκα. (STATE)
Κρέμομαι,
Μάχομαι/πολέμησα. (ανώμαλο).
Ντρέπομαι/ντράπηκα (ανώμαλο)
Σέβομαι,σεβάστηκα (ανώμαλο)
Στέκομαι,
Φαίνομαι/φάνηκα (ανώμαλο) (STATE)
Χαίρομαι|χαίρω/χάρηκα (ανώμαλο)

trmVrbEll.IRREGULAR#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.trmVrbEll.IRREGULAR,

EL'verb.IRREGULAR

ELV31: irregular.
ELV311:ΑΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΑΠΟ ΆΛΛΗ ΡΙΖΑ:
βλέπω
έρχομαι
λέγω,είπα
τρώω|τρώγω

ELV312: ΣΤΟ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΑΛΛΑΖΟΥΝ ΤΟ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑ:
βάζω,έβαλα
βγάζω,έβγαλα
κάνω,

ELV313: ΣΤΟ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΑΛΛΑΖΟΥΝ ΤΟ ΘΕΜΑΤΙΚΟ-ΦΩΝΗΕΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΝ.:
απονέμω,
βαραίνω
βρέχω
δίνω
λεπταίνω
μακραίνω
μένω
ντρέπομαι
πλένω
στέκομαι
στρέφω
τείνω
τρέπω
τρέφω
φαίνομαι
φεύγω
φθείρω
χαίρομαι

ELV314: ΣΤΟ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΑΠΟΒΑΛΛΟΥΝ ν ΚΑΙ ΑΛΛΑΖΟΥΝ ΘΕΜ.ΦΩΝΗΕΝ:
αμαρτάνω
ανασταίνω
αποσταίνω
αρταίνω
αυξάνω
βλασταίνω
βυζαίνω
εγκατασταίνω
παρασταίνω
σωπαίνω
χορταίνω

ELV315: -λλω ΣΤΟ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ-ΘΕΜΑ ΑΠΟΒΑΛΛΟΥΝ ΕΝΑ Λ ΚΑΙ ΑΛΛΑΖΟΥΝ ΘΦ:
ανα|αγγέλλω
ανατέλλω
απο|βάλλω
κατ|αγγέλλω
παρ|αγγέλλω
σφάλλω
ψάλλω

ELV316: -λνω,-ρνω ΣΤΟ ΑΟΡ-ΘΕΜΑ ΑΠΟΒΑΛΛΟΥΝ ν ΚΑΙ ΑΛΛΑΖΟΥΝ ΘΦ:
γδέρνω
γέρνω
δέρνω
παίρνω
σέρνω
σπέρνω
στέλνω
φέρνω
ψέλνω

ELV317: -αίνω ΣΤΟ ΑΟΡ-ΘΕΜΑ ΑΠΟΒΑΛΛΟΥΝ αιν
καταλαβαίνω
λαβαίνω
λαχαίνω
μαθαίνω
παθαίνω
πετυχαίνω
πηγαίνω
τυχαίνω

ELV318: ΠΡΩΤΗ ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑ ΣΥΜΦΩΝΑ ΜΕ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΗ
βόσκω
δέομαι
διαμαρτύρομαι
εύχομαι
θέλω
στέκομαι
τρέχω

ELV319:
-ώ,-ασα
ανακλώ,
γελώ,γέλασα
γερνώ
διαθλώ
διψώ
δρω
επιδρώ,
κερνώ
κρεμνώ
ξεχνώ
πεινώ
περνώ
σπω
σχολνώ

-ώ,-εσα
αναιρώ
αρκώ
αφαιρώ
βαρώ
διαιρώ
εξαιρώ
επαινώ
καθαιρώ
καλώ,κάλεσα
καταφρονώ
μπορώ
πλανώ
πονώ
στενοχωρώ
συγχορώ
συναιρώ
τελώ
φορώ

-ώ,-υσα
μεθώ,μέθυσα
μηνώ,μήνυσα

-ώ,-αξα
βαστώ,βάσταξα|βάστηξα
πετώ,πέταξα

-ώ,-ηξα
ρουφώ,ρούφηξα
τραβώ,τράβηξα

-ώ,-εψα
θαρρώ,θάρρεψα

ELV3110: ΜΕΤΟΧΕΣ
αγανακτώ
αγρυπνώ
ακουμπώ
βαραίνω
δυστυχώ
επιβαρύνω
ευτυχώ
κοιμούμαι
λεπταίνω
μαθαίνω
μακραίνω
μολύνω
ξεψυχώ
πηγαίνω
φοβούμαι

(ελαρα) ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΑΛΦΑΒΗΤΙΚΑ:
Κτγ. ΤΥΠΟΙ: Ενεστ,ΑόρΕνεργ,ΑόρΠαθ,ΜετοχήΠαθ
κ10 αγανακτώ,αγανάκτησα,-,αγανακτισμένος
κ5 σ αγγέλλω,άγγειλα,αγγέλθηκα,αγγελμένος
κ10 αγρυπνώ,αγρύπνησα,-,αγρυπνισμένος
κ9 σ αιρώ,αίρεσα,αιρέθηκα,αιρεμένος
κ10 ακουμπώ,ακούμπησα,-,ακουμπισμένος
κ4 αμαρτάνω,αμάρτησα,-,-
κ5 αν-αγγέλλω
κ9 αν-αιρώ
κ9 ανακλώ,ανάκλασα,ανακλάστηκα,ανακλασμένος
κ4 ανασταίνω,ανάστησα,αναστήθηκα,αναστημένος
κ5 ανατέλλω,ανάτειλα,-,-
&255 ανεβαίνω,ανέβηκα,-,ανεβασμένος
κ10 αποθαρρύνω,αποθάρρυνα,αποθαρρύνθηκα,αποθαρρημένος
κ3 απονέμω,απόνειμα,απονεμήθηκα,-
κ4 αποσταίνω απόστασα,-αποσταμένος
αρέσω(άρεσα|άρεζα),άρεσα,-,-
κ9 αρκώ,άρκεσα,αρκέστηκα,-
κ4 αρταίνω,άρτυσα,αρτύθηκα,αρτυμένος
κ4 αυξάνω,αύξησα,αυξήθηκα,αυξημένος
κ9 αφ-αιρώ
αφήνω,άφησα|αφήκα,αφέθηκα,αφημένος

κ2 βάζω,έβαλα,βάλθηκα,βαλμένος
κ5 σ βάλλω(προ,προσ,ανα),έβαλα,βλήθηκα,βλημένος
κ3 βαραίνω,βάρυνα,-βαρεμένος(κ10)
κ9 βαρώ,βάρεσα,βαρέθηκα,βαρεμένος
κ9 βαστώ,βάσταξα|βάστηξα,βαστάχτηκα|βαστήχτηκα,βασταγμένος|βαστηγμένος
κ2 βγάζω,έβγαλα,βγάλθηκα,βγαλμένος
&255 βγαίνω,βγήκα,-,βγαλμένος
κ4 βλασταίνω,βλάστησα,-βλαστημένος
κ1 βλέπω,είδα|ανάβλεψα|πρόβλεψα,ειδώθηκα|ιδωθώ,ιδωμένος
κ8 βόσκω,βόσκησα,βοσκήθηκα,βοσκημένος
κ3 βρέχω,έβρεξα,βράχτηκα|βρέχτηκα,βρεμένος|βρεγμένος
&255 βρίσκω (έβρισκα),βρήκα|ήβρα,βρέθηκα,-
κ4 βυζαίνω,βύζαξα,βυζάχτηκα,βυζαγμένος

κ6 γδέρνω,έγδαρα,γδάρθηκα,γδαρμένος
κ9 γελώ,γέλασα,γελάστηκα,γελασμένος
κ6 γέρνω,έγειρα,-,γερμένος
κ9 γερνώ,γέρασα,-,γερασμένος
γίνομαι,έγινα,γίνηκα(γενώ),γινωμένος

κ8 δέομαι,-,δεήθηκα,-
κ6 δέρνω,έδειρα,δάρθηκα,δαρμένος
κ9 διαθλώ,διάθλασα,διαθλάθηκα,διαθλασμένος
&255 διαβαίνω,διάβηκα,-,-
κ9 δι-αιρώ
κ8 διαμαρτύρομαι,-διαμαρτυρήθηκα,διαμαρτυρημένος
διαρρέω,διέρρευσα,-,-
διδάσκω,δίδαξα,διδάχτηκα,διδαγμένος
κ3 δίνω,έδωσα|έδωκα(δώσε),δόθηκα,δοσμένος|δομένος
κ9 διψώ,δίψασα,-,διψασμένος
κ9 δρω,έδρασα,-,-
κ10 δυστυχώ,δυστύχησα,-δυστυχισμένος

κ4 εγκατασταίνω|εγκαθιστώ,εγκατάστησα,εγκαταστάθηκα,εγκαταστημένος
εξαιρώ
είμαι,ήμουν
εκφράζω,εξέφραζα
εμπνέω,ενέπνεα
ενδιαφέρω,ενδιέφερα
κ9 επαινώ|παινώ|παινεύω,επαίνεσα|παίνεψα,επαινέθηκα|παινεύτηκα,παινεμένος
κ10 επιβαρύνω,επιβάρυνα,επιβαρύνθηκα,επιβαρημένος
κ9 επι-δρώ
&256 επιστρατεύω&επιστρατεύομαι,επιστράτευσα,επιστρατεύτηκα,επιστρατευμένος
&255 έρχομαι,ήρθα,-,-
κ10 ευτυχώ,ευτύχησα,-,ευτυχισμένος
κ8 εύχομαι,-,ευχήθηκα,-
έχω,είχα,

κ9 θαρρώ,θάρρεψα|θάρρησα,-,-
κ8 θέλω (ήθελα),θέλησα,-,θελημένος
θέτω,έθεσα,(τέθηκα),θεμένος(απο,κατα,αποσυν,...)

κ9 καθ-αιρώ
κάθομαι|καθίζω,κάθισα,-,καθισμένος
&252 καίω,έκαψα,κάηκα,καμένος
κ9 καλώ,κάλεσα,καλέστηκα,καλεσμένος
κ2 κάνω(έκανα),έκαμα(έκανα),-,καμωμένος
κ5 κατ-αγγέλλω
κ7 καταλαβαίνω,κατάλαβα,-,-
κ9 καταφρονώ,καταφρόνησα|καταφρόνεσα,καταφρονήθηκα|καταφρονέθηκα,καταφρονημένος|καταφρονεμένος
&255 κατεβαίνω,κατέβηκα,-,κατεβασμένος
κ9 κερνώ,κέρασα,κεράστηκα,κερασμένος
&252 κλαίω,έκλαψα,κλαύτηκα,κλαμένος
κ10 κοιμούμαι,-,κοιμήθηκα,κοιμισμένος
κ9 κρεμώ|κρεμνώ,κρέμασα,κρεμάστηκα,κρεμασμένος

κ7 λαβαίνω,έλαβα,-,-
κ7 λαχαίνω,έλαχα,-,-
κ1 λέω|λέγω,είπα(255),ειπώθηκα,ειπωμένος
κ3 λεπταίνω|λεπτύνω,λέπτυνα,λεπτύνθηκα,εκ|λεπτυσμένος(κ10)

κ7 μαθαίνω,έμαθα,μαθεύτηκα,μαθημένος(κ10)
κ3 μακραίνω,μάκρυνα,-|απομακρύνθηκα,μακρεμένος|απομακρυσμένος
κ9 μεθώ,μέθυσα,-,μεθυσμένος
κ3 μένω,έμεινα,-,-
κ9 μηνώ,μήνυσα,μηνύθηκα,μηνυμένος
κ10 μολύνω,μόλυνα,μολύνθηκα,μολυσμένος
&255 μπαίνω,μπήκα,-,μπασμένος
κ9 μπορώ,μπόρεσα,-,-

κ3 ντρέπομαι,-,ντράπηκα(259),-

&257 ξεδιαλύνω,ξεδιάλυνα,ξεδιαλύθηκα,ξεδιαλυμένος
ξέρω,ήξερα
κ9 ξεχνώ,ξέχασα,ξεχάστηκα,ξεχασμένος
κ10 ξεψυχώ,ξεψύχησα,-,ξεψυχισμένος

κ7 παθαίνω,έπαθα,-,(κακο)παθημένος
κ6 παίρνω,πήρα,πάρθηκα,παρμένος
κ5 παρ-αγγέλλω|παραγγέλνω
κ4 παρασταίνω,παράστησα,παραστάθηκα,παραστημένος
κ9 πεινώ,πείνασα,-,πεινασμένος
κ9 περνώ,πέρασα,περάστηκα,περασμένος
κ7 πετυχαίνω,πέτυχα,-,πετυχημένος
κ9 πετώ,πέταξα,πετάχτηκα,πεταμένος|πεταγμένος
πέφτω,έπεσα,-,πεσμένος
κ7 πηγαίνω|πάω,πήγα(255),-,πηγεμένος(κ10)
&255 πίνω (έπινα),ήπια,πιώθηκα,πιωμένος
κ9 πλανώ|πλανεύω,πλάνεσα|πλάνεψα,πλανήθηκα|πλανεύτηκα,πλανημένος|πλανεμένος
κ3 πλένω,έπλυνα,πλύθηκα,πλυμένος
πλέω,έπλευσα,-,-
πνέω,έπνευσα,εμ|πνεύστηκα,εμ|πνευσμένος
κ9 πονώ,πόνεσα,(παρα)πονέθηκα,πονεμένος

κ9 ρουφώ,ρούφηξα,ρουφήχτηκα,ρουφηγμένος

σέβομαι,-,σεβάστηκα,-
κ6 σέρνω,έσυρα,σύρθηκα,συρμένος
κ6 σπέρνω,έσπειρα,σπάρθηκα,σπαρμένος
κ9 σπω(σπάζω,σπάνω,σπάω),έσπασα,(απο)σπάστηκα,σπασμένος
κ3 στέκομαι|στέκω,-,στάθηκα(στάσου,σταθείτε),-
κ6 στέλνω|στέλλω,έστειλα,στάλθηκα,σταλμένος
κ9 στενοχωρώ,στενοχώρησα|στενοχώρεσα,στενοχωρήθηκα|στενοχωρέθηκα,στενοχωρημένος|στενοχωρεμένος
κ3 στρέφω,έστρεφα,στράφηκα(259),στραμμένος(κατα|στρεμμένος)
κ9 συγχωρώ|συχωρώ,συγχώρεσα|συγχώρησα,συγχωρέθηκα|συγχωρήθηκα,συγχωρεμένος|συγχωρημένος
συμβαίνει,συνέβη
κ9 συναιρώ
συνωμοτώ,συνωμότησα|συνώμοσα
κ5 σφάλλω,έσφαλα,-,εσφαλμένος
κ9 σχολνώ,σχόλασα,-,σχολασμένος
κ4 σωπαίνω,σώπασα,-,σωπασμένος
σιωπώ,σιώπησα,(απο)σιωπήθηκα,σιωπημένος

κ3 τείνω,έτεινα,(απο)τάθηκα,-
κ9 σ τελώ,τέλεσα,τελέστηκα,(συν)τελεσμένος
κ9 τραβώ,τράβηξα,τραβήχτηκα,τραβηγμένος
κ3 τρέπω,έτρεψα,τράπηκα(259),-τραμμένος
κ3 τρέφω|θρέψω,έθρεψα,τράφηκα|θράφηκα(259),θρεμμένος
κ8 τρέχω(τρέχα,τρεχάτε),έτρεξα,-,-
κ1 τρώω|τρώγω,έφαγα(255),φαγώθηκα,φαγωμένος
κ7 τυχαίνω,έτυχα,-,(αποτυχημένος)

υπάρχω,υπήρχα,υπήρξε
υπόσχομαι,υποσχέθηκα,-,υποσχεμένος

κ3 φαίνομαι,-,φάνηκα(259),(κακοφανισμένος)
φέρνω
κ3 φεύγω(φεύγε,φεύγα),έφυγα,-,-
κ3 φθείρω,έφθειρα,φθάρηκα(267),φθαρμένος
κ10 φοβούμαι,-,φοβήθηκα,φοβισμένος
κ9 φορώ,φόρεσα,φορέθηκα,φορεμένος
&252 φταίω,έφταιξα,-,-

κ3 χαίρομαι(χαρούμενος),-,χάρηκα(259),-
κ4 χορταίνω,χόρτασα,-,χορτασμένος

κ6 ψέλνω|ψάλλω(κ5),έψαλα,(ψάλθηκα),ψαλμένος

ELV32: ΕΛΛΕΙΠΤΙΚΑ:
ανήκω
είμαι
έχω
κείτομαι,
μάχομαι
μέλει
μέλλω
ξέρω
οφείλω
παθαίνομαι
πρέπει
πρόκειται
χρωστώ

ELV33: ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΑ
βραδιάζει
βρέχει
βροντά
γλυκοχαράζει
μέλει
μέλλεται
ξημερώνει
πρέπει
πρόκειται
συμφέρει
φέγγει
φυσά,
χαράζει
χειμωνιάζει
χιονίζει

termVerb.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT (Κατ; Αυξ; Φωνή)#cptCore59#

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT (Κατ, Αυξ; Φωνή),

α) ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ-ΦΩΝΗ:
ΑΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΤΟΣ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΟΣ
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: λύ-ω/γρά-φω λέλυ-κα/γέγρα-φα
ΕΞ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: έλυ-σα/έγρα-ψα ελελύ-κειν/εγεγράφειν
ΕΞ: έλυ-ον/έγρα-φον
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: λύ-σω/γρά-ψω γεγραφώς-έσομαι
ΕΞ:

β) ΜΕΣΗ-ΦΩΝΗ:
ΑΣΥΝΤ ΣΥΝΤΕΛ
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: λύ-ομαι/γρά-φομαι λέλυ-μαι/γέγρα-μμαι
ΕΞ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: ελυ-σάμην/εγρα-ψάμην ελελύ-μην/εγεγρά-μμην
ΕΞ: ελυ-όμην/εγρα-ψόμην
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: λύ-σομαι/γρά-ψομαι
ΕΞ:

γ) ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ-ΦΩΝΗ:
ΑΣΥΝΤ ΣΥΝΤΕΛ
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ:
ΕΞ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: ελύ-θην/εγράφην
ΕΞ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΙ:
ΣΤ: λυ-θήσομαι/γρα-φθήσομαι
ΕΞ:
[hmnSngo.2001-03-31_nikkas]

termVerb.LANGO.ESPERANTO

_CREATED: {2008-04-21}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.LANGO.ESPERANTO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.3,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.3,
* McsEngl.epo'namoVerbero@cptCore592.3,

_SPECIFIC:
vindi,
vindas, vindis, vindos,
vidanta, vidinta, vidonta,
vidata, vidita, vidota,
vindu, vindus,

termVerb.LANGO.KOMO

_CREATED: {2008-04-21}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.LANGO.KOMO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.4,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.4,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.kml'namoVerbero@lagoSngo,

_SPECIFIC:
skributan, aoristic
skributen, past
skributin, present
skributon, future

termVerb.MOOD

_CREATED: {2012-09-26}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.MOOD,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.38,
* McsEngl.verb-mood-term@cptCore551.38, {2012-09-26}

_Description:
Term created to express mood.
[2012-09-26]

CONDITIONAL

In linguistics, the conditional mood (abbreviated cond) is the inflectional form of the verb used in the independent clause of a conditional sentence to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event, that is contingent on another set of circumstances. This mood differs from the subjunctive mood, which occurs in dependent clauses.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood]

termVerb.VERBAL

_CREATED: {2008-12-28}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.VERBAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.6,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.6,
* McsEngl.non-finite-verb@cptCore592.6,
* McsEngl.verbal-verb@cptCore592.6,

_DEFINITION:
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals:
1. participles, which function as adjectives;
2. gerunds, which function as nouns; and
3. infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions.
Each of these kinds of verbals is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-finite_verb] 2008-12-28

_SPECIFIC:
* INFINITIVE#cptCore680#
* PARTICIPLE#cptCore681#
* GERUND#cptCore592.7#
* SUPINE
* GERUNDIVE

termVerb.GERUND

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.GERUND,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.7,

termVerb.SUPINE (σουπάιν)

_CREATED: {2008-12-28}

name::
* McsEngl.termVerb.SUPINE (σουπάιν),
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.8,
* McsEngl.conceptCore592.8,
* McsEngl.supine@cptCore592.8,

_DEFINITION:
In grammar a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages.

In Latin
In Latin there are two supines, I and II. They are originally the accusative and dative or ablative forms of verbal noun in the fourth declension, respectively. The first supine is often used as the fourth principal part of Latin verbs and ends in -um. It has two uses. The first is with verbs of motion and indicates purpose. For example, "Gladiatores adfuerunt pugnatum" is Latin for "The gladiators have come to fight", and "Legati gratulatum et cubitum venerunt" is Latin for "The messengers came to congratulate and to sleep." The second usage is in the Future Passive Infinitive, for example "amatum iri" means "to be about to be loved". It mostly appears in indirect statements, for example "credidit se necatum iri", meaning "he thought that he was going to be killed".
The second supine can be used with adjectives but it is rarely used and only a small number of verbs traditionally take it. It is derived from the dativus finalis which expresses purpose or the ablativus respectivus which indicates in what respect. It is the same as the first supine minus the final -m and with lengthened "u". "Mirabile dictu-", for example, means "amazing to say", where dictu- is a supine form.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine] 2008-12-28

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.verb.specific,

QUERY#ql:*-551*#:
* 2004-01-11 = 197

_SPECIFIC: verb.alphabetically:
* verb.doing#cptEpsitem551.9#
* verb.generic#cptCore551.29# (has specifics)
* verb.instance#cptCore551.24# (has no specifics)
* verb.relation#cptCore551.10#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.cptBrain#cptCore399#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.cptBrain,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.doing#cptEpsitem551.9#
* verb.relation#cptCore551.10#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-mood

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-mood,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.mood.indicative
* verb.mood.imperative
===
* VERBER.PRIMARY (INDICATIVE)
* VERBER.SECONDARY (ELSE: IMPERATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE)
[2004-09-07]]

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-direction

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-direction,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.direction.active#cptCore#
* verb.direction.passive#cptCore#
* verb.direction.middle#cptCore#
* verb.direction.neutral#cptCore#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-affirmation

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-affirmation,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.affirmative#cptCore#
* verb.negative#cptCore#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-interrogation

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-interrogation,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.interrogative#cptCore#
* verb.interrogativeNo#cptCore#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-argument-number#cptCore557.30#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-argument-number,

_SPECIFIC:
Although you will seldom hear the term, a ditransitive verb — such as cause or give — is one that can take a direct object and an indirect object at the same time:
"That horrid music _sntxVerb:{gave} me a headache."
Ditransitive verbs are slightly different, then, from factitive verbs (see below), in that the latter take two objects.
[http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm]
===
Factitive Verbs
Verbs like make, choose, judge, elect, select, name. are called factitive verbs. These transitive verbs can take two objects, or seem to:
* They _sntxVerb:{judged} Philbert's dog Best of Show.
(where "dog" is the direct object and "Best of Show" is the second complement).
* The faculty _sntxVerb:{elected} Dogsbreath the new Academic Dean.
(where Dogsbreath is the direct object and "Academic Dean" is the second complement).
* U.S. News and World Report _sntxVerb:{named} our college the best in the northeast.
(where "our college" is the direct object and "the best" is the second complement).
[http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm]

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-regularity

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-regularity,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.regular#cptCore551.30#
* verb.regularNo#cptCore551.17#

ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑ:
ΤΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΠΟΥ ΚΛΕΙΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΙΔΙΟ ΤΡΟΠΟ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΟΥΝ ΜΙΑ ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑ.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 157#cptResource310#]

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-voice

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-voice,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.voice.active#cptCore551.4#
* verb.voice.passive#cptCore551.2#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-word

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-word,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.word.one#cptCore#
* verb.word.many#cptCore551.14#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.generic

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.generic,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.generic#cptCore551.29# (has specifics)
* verb.instance#cptCore551.24# (has no specifics)

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.sentence

_CREATED: {2004-09-07}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.sentence,

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.sentence.main
* verb.sentence.dependent#cptCore551.18#

verb.AUXILIARY

_CREATED: {2012-08-30} {2003-03-22}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.AUXILIARY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.25,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602,
* McsEngl.auxiliary-verb,
* McsEngl.auxiliary'verb@cptCore602,
* McsEngl.verber@cptCore602,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΒΟΗΘΗΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ@cptCore602,

_GENERIC:
* VERB--FUNCTION-INFLECTER
* AUXILIARY-WORD##

_WHOLE:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

_DESCRIPTION:
MODAL-VERB is a verb we use to create verb inflections.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-11_nikkas]
===
ΤΡΟΠΙΚΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ είναι ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

SPECIFIC

* ENGLISH-VERBER#cptCore602.2#
* GREEK-VERBER#cptCore602.1#

verbAux.ENLISH

name::
* McsEngl.verbAux.ENLISH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602.2,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602.2,

_GENERIC:
* ENGLISH--FUNCTION-INFLECTER#cptCore524.1# (GO there to see them)

_WHOLE:
* ENGLISH-LANGUAGE#cptCore569#

verbAux.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.verbAux.GREEK,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602.1,

_GENERIC:
* GREEK--FUNCTION-INFLECTER#cptCore524.3#

_WHOLE:
* GREEK-LANGUAGE#cptCore570#

verbAux.MODAL

_CREATED: {2008-12-28}

name::
* McsEngl.verbAux.MODAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602.3,
* McsEngl.conceptCore602.3,
* McsEngl.modal-verb@cptCore602.3,

_DEFINITION:
A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is a characteristic of Germanic languages.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb] 2008-12-28

In linguistics, modals are expressions broadly associated with notions of possibility and necessity. Modals have a wide variety of interpretations which depend not only upon the particular modal used, but also upon where the modal occurs in a sentence, the meaning of the sentence independent of the modal, the conversational context, and a variety of other factors. For example, the interpretation of an English sentence containing the modal 'must' can be that of a statement of inference or knowledge (roughly, epistemic) or a statement of how something ought to be (roughly, deontic). The following pair of examples illustrate the interpretative difference:
(1) John didn't show up for work. He must be sick.
(2) John didn't show up for work. He must be fired.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_modality]

modalVerb.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.modalVerb.ENGLISH,

SOURCE:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_modal_auxiliary_verb.

verb.cptBrain.RELATION

name::
* McsEngl.verb.cptBrain.RELATION,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.corelative!~verb,
* McsEngl.stative!~verb,
* McsEngl.structure!~verb, {2000-10-21}
* McsEngl.structured!~verb, {2000-10-22}
* McsEngl.corelation'verb@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.corelative'verb@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.structured'verb@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.verb.korelateino@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.verb.linking@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.verb.relation,
* McsEngl.verb.state@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.verb.stative@cptCore551.10,
* McsEngl.verb.structured@cptCore551.10,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.verbeinero@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.verbeero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ-ΔΟΜΗΣ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ-ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ@cptCore551.10,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟ@cptCore551.10,
* McsElln.ρήμα.σxέσης@cptCore551.10, {2012-09-09}

_DEFINITION:
* STATE-VERB is a VERB that means a TIME-STATE#ql:corelation.time@cptCore14#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-13_nikkas]

* VOICELESS-VERB is a VERB whose predicate has no voice.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-06_nikkas]

* LINKING-VERB is a VERB that means a PARTIAL-RELATION of a subject.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

* Το ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑ μπορεί να εκφράζεται και με το ρήμα <είναι> ή άλλο συγγενικό ΚΑΙ ένα επίθετο ή ουσιαστικό που φανερώνει ποιά ποιότητα ή ιδιότητα αποδίδεται στο υποκείμενο. ΤΟΤΕ το επιθετο ονομάζεται ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ και το ρήμα ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟ.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore551.31, {2012-09-09}
* McsEngl.linking-verb@cptCore551.10,

* McsElln.συνδετικό-ρήμα@cptCore551.31, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.συνδετικό-ρήμα@cptCore551.10,

_DESCRIPTION:
The Subject Complement is the obligatory constituent which follows a copular verb and which cannot be made the subject in a passive clause:
[https://www.thoughtco.com/subject-complement-grammar-1692001]

verb.linking.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.linking.ENGLISH,

_SPECIFIC:
Linking verbs are either
- verbs of sensation (feel, look, smell, sound, taste) or
- verbs of existence (act, appear, be, become, continue, grow, prove, remain, seem, sit, strand, turn).
[HyperGrammar]
===
The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs.
Then you have a list of verbs that can be linking or action: appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. If you can substitute any of the verbs on this second list with an equal sign [=] and the sentence still makes sense, the verb is almost always linking.
[https://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subjectcomplement.htm]
===
The verb to be is the most common linking verb. Other familiar ones are:
become,
feel,
get,
look,
seem,
smell.
[Franklin, Language Master-6000, 1991]
===
LINKING-VERBERS:
* ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΠΟΥ ΔΗΛΩΝΟΥΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ/ΕΧΕΙ:
_sntxEngl: I AM a student.
_sntxEngl: I HAVE two brothers.
_sntxEngl: I OWN it.
_sntxEngl: it COSTS 10 pounds.
_sntxEngl: a family CONSISTS of father, mother and children.
_sntxEngl: john RESEMBLES his father.
_sntxEngl: I WEIGH 55 kilos.
* ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΑΙΣΘΗΣΕΩΣ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΑ:
_sntxEngl: I SEE our plane, and now I HEAR it too.
* ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΠΟΥ ΕΚΦΡΑΖΟΥΝ ΝΟΗΤΙΚΕΣ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ:
_sntxEngl: I THINK you're very clever.
_sntxEngl: I KNOW you are.
_sntxEngl: I UNDERSTAND perfectly.
===
This is a list of copulae in the English language, i.e. words used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement).

Because many of these copulative verbs may be used non-copulatively, examples are provided. Also, there can be other copulative verbs depending on the context and the meaning of the specific verb used, therefore this list is not an exhaustive one.

act "Tom acted suspicious."
appear "Tom appears satisfied, but really is not."
be "Tom is a coward."
become (inchoative) "Tom became wealthy."
call in "Tom called in sick."
come "The prediction came true;" "the belt came loose;" "the characters in the story come alive"
come out "It came out burnt."
constitute[1] "Verbs constitute one of the main word classes in the English language"
die "He died poor."
eat "Tom eats healthy."
emerge "Tom emerged unharmed after the incident."
end up "I ended up broke;" "the room ended up a mess."
equal "Two plus two equals four."
get (inchoative) "Tom got angry."
go "The man went crazy;" "Tom went bald;" "the food went bad;" "the mistake went unnoticed"
grow (inchoative) "Tom grew insistent."
fall "Tom fell ill with the flu."
feel "Tom felt nauseated."
freeze "The lake froze solid."
keep "Tom kept quiet."
lean "This area leans conservative."
look "Tom looks upset."
play "The possum played dead."
prove "Tom's behavior proves difficult to understand."
remain "Tom remained unsatisfied."
run "Protectionist impulses run far too strong on Capitol Hill"[2] (New York Times)
seem "Tom seems happy."
shine "Her smile shines bright."
smell "Tom smelled sweet"
sound "Tom sounded obnoxious."
stay "Tom stayed happy."
take "Tom took ill."
taste "The food tastes fresh."
turn (inchoative) "Tom turned angry."
turn up "Tom turned up missing."
wax "Tom waxed lyrical."
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_copulae]

verb.linking.GREEK#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.linking.GREEK,
* McsElln.συνδετικό-ρήμα,

_DESCRIPTION:
Το ονοματικό σύνολο που φανερώνει ποια ποσότητα ή ιδιότητα αποδίδεται στο υποκείμενο λέγεται κατηγορούμενο, ενώ το ρήμα που μεσολαβεί και συνδέει το υποκείμενο με το κατηγορούμενο λέγεται συνδετικό ρήμα.
Εκτός από τα συνδετικά μπορεί και οποιοδήποτε άλλο ρήμα, ιδίως όταν σημαίνει κίνηση, να συνδέει το υποκείμενο με το κατηγορούμενο, που εκφράζει τότε μια επιρρηματική σχέση —όπως τάξη, σειρά, χρόνο, τρόπο, κατάσταση, παρομοίωση- και λέγεται επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο:
Περπατά καμαρωτός (= καμαρωτά) ,
Ο λαός έτρεχε μελίσσι (= σαν το μελίσσι).
Ο βοριάς φυσούσε άγριος (= άγρια).
[https://11dimst2.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/κατηγορουμενο-ρηματοσ-συνδετικα-ρημ/]

ΤΑ ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΠΟΛΛΑ:
* γλσΕλλ'αναγνωρίζομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'ανακηρύσσομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'αποδεικνύομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'απομένω,
* γλσΕλλ'βρίσκομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'γεννιέμαι,
* γλσΕλλ'γίνομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'δείxνομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'είμαι,
* γλσΕλλ'εκλέγομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'ζω,
* γλσΕλλ'θεωρούμαι,
* γλσΕλλ'κληρώνομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'λέγομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'μένω,
* γλσΕλλ'μοιάζω,
* γλσΕλλ'νομίζομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'ονομάζομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'παρουσιάζομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'πεθαίνω,
* γλσΕλλ'στέκομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'υπηρετώ,
* γλσΕλλ'φαίνομαι,
* γλσΕλλ'φυτρώνω,
* γλσΕλλ'xειροτονούμαι,
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 18#cptResource311#]
===
α) Κατάλογος συνδετικών ρημάτων:
είμαι, γίνομαι, και τα ρήματα με συγγενική σημασία, δηλ. βρίσκομαι, φαίνομαι, γεννιέμαι, ζω, πεθαίνω, μένω, απομένω, στέκομαι, υπηρετώ, φυτρώνω, αποδεικνύομαι, δείχνομαι, θεωρούμαι, λέγομαι, λογαριάζομαι, μοιάζω, νομίζομαι, ονομάζομαι, καλούμαι, εκλέγομαι, διορίζομαι, κληρώνομαι, παρουσιάζομαι, χειροτονούμαι, αναγνωρίζομαι, ανακηρύσσομαι, διακρίνομαι, κείτομαι, κάνω, χρηματίζω, διατελώ, βγαίνω, καταντώ, πιάνομαι, περνώ (= θεωρούμαι) κ.ά.
(Πολλά από αυτά τα ρήματα συνοδεύονται από τα μόρια για, σαν, ως μπροστά από το κατηγορούμενο.)
[https://11dimst2.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/κατηγορουμενο-ρηματοσ-συνδετικα-ρημ/]

verb.linking.GREEK.ANCIENT#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.linking.GREEK.ANCIENT,
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'συνδετικό-ρήμα,
* McsElln.ρημΣνδΕλα,

_SPECIFIC:
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αιρούμαι: αἱροῦμαι (= εκλέγω, εκλέγομαι),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ακούω: ἀκούω (έχω τη φήμη, χαρακτηρίζομαι) (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αποβαίνω: ἀποβαίνω, (= φαίνομαι), (συγγενικό εἰμί) (καταντώ, γίνομαι, αποδεικνύομαι),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αποδείκνυμι: ἀποδείκνυμι (=διορίζω, καθιστώ),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αποδεικνύομαι: ἀποδεικνύομαι,

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.γίγνομαι: γίγνομαι, (συγγενικό εἰμί)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.διατελώ: διατελώ, (= είμαι συνεχώς), (συγγενικό εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.δοκώ: δοκῶ, (δοξαστικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ειμί: εἰμί,
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.εκβαίνω: ἐκβαίνω, (= γίνομαι) (συγγενικό εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.έφυν: ἔφυν, (= γεννήθηκα), (συγγενικό εἰμί)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ηγούμαι: ἡγοῦμαι, (=νομίζω),(δοξαστικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.καθίσταμαι: καθίσταμαι, (= γίνομαι), (συγγενικό εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.καλούμαι: καλοῦμαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.καλώ: καλῶ, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.κρίνω: κρίνω, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.κρίνομαι: κρίνομαι, (δοξαστικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.λαγxάνω: λαγχάνω (= τυχαίνω),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.λέγομαι: λέγομαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.λέγω: λέγω, (κλητικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.νομίζω: νομίζω, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.νομίζομαι: νομίζομαι (=θεωρούμαι), (δοξαστικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ονομάζομαι: ὀνομάζομαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ονομάζω: ὀνομάζω, (κλητικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.πέφυκα: πέφυκα, (= είμαι από τη φύση μου), (συγγενικό εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.προσαγορεύομαι: προσαγορεύομαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.προσαγορεύω: προσαγορεύω, (= ονομάζω),(κλητικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.τυγχάνω: τυγχάνω, (= τυχαίνει να είμαι), (συγγενικό εἰμί)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.υπάρχω: ὑπάρχω, (συγγενικό εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.υπολαμβάνω: ὑπολαμβάνω, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.υπολαμβάνομαι: ὑπολαμβάνομαι, (=θεωρούμαι) (δοξαστικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.φαίνομαι: φαίνομαι, (δοξαστικό)

γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.xειροτονούμαι: χειροτονοῦμαι,
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.xειροτονώ: χειροτονῶ (= εκλέγω με ανάταση του χεριού),

_SPECIFIC:
α) εἰμί και τα συνώνυμά του:
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ειμί: εἰμί,
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.γίγνομαι: γίγνομαι, (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.καθίσταμαι: καθίσταμαι, (= γίνομαι), (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.υπάρχω: ὑπάρχω, (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.τυγχάνω: τυγχάνω, (= τυχαίνει να είμαι), (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.διατελώ: διατελώ, (= είμαι συνεχώς), (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.έφυν: ἔφυν, (= γεννήθηκα), (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.πέφυκα: πέφυκα, (= είμαι από τη φύση μου), (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αποβαίνω: ἀποβαίνω, (= φαίνομαι), (συνώνυμο εἰμί)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.εκβαίνω: ἐκβαίνω, (= γίνομαι) (συνώνυμο εἰμί)

β) τα προχειριστικά ρήματα (αυτά που σημαίνουν εκλογή):
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αιρούμαι: αἱροῦμαι (= εκλέγω, εκλέγομαι),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.xειροτονώ: χειροτονῶ (= εκλέγω με ανάταση του χεριού),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.xειροτονούμαι: χειροτονοῦμαι,
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.λαγxάνω: λαγχάνω (= τυχαίνω),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αποδείκνυμι: ἀποδείκνυμι (=διορίζω, καθιστώ),
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.αποδεικνύομαι: ἀποδεικνύομαι,

γ) τα δοξαστικά ρήματα:
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.νομίζω: νομίζω, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ηγούμαι: ἡγοῦμαι, (=νομίζω),(δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.κρίνω: κρίνω, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.υπολαμβάνω: ὑπολαμβάνω, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.φαίνομαι: φαίνομαι, (δοξαστικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.δοκώ: δοκῶ, (δοξαστικό)

δ) τα κλητικά ρήματα:
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.καλώ: καλῶ, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.καλούμαι: καλοῦμαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.λέγω: λέγω, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.λέγομαι: λέγομαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ονομάζω: ὀνομάζω, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.ονομάζομαι: ὀνομάζομαι, (κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.προσαγορεύω: προσαγορεύω, (= ονομάζω),(κλητικό)
γλσΕλα'ρημΣνδ.προσαγορεύομαι: προσαγορεύομαι, (κλητικό)
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/Katigoroumeno.htm]

ΤΑ ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ
§1.9. Το κατεξοχήν συνδετικό ρήμα, το οποίο συνδέει το υποκείμενο με ένα επίθετο ή ουσιαστικό που το χαρακτηρίζει, είναι το ρήμα εἰμί (είμαι). Ως συνδετικά όμως χρησιμοποιούνται και άλλα ρήματα συγγενικά ως προς τη σημασία με το εἰμί, όπως ὑπάρχω (είμαι), τυγχάνω (συμβαίνει να είμαι), διατελῶ(είμαι συνεχώς), ἔφυν (γεννήθηκα, είμαι), πέφυκα (είμαι από τη φύση μου), γίγνομαι (γίνομαι), καθίσταμαι (γίνομαι), ἀποβαίνω (καταντώ, γίνομαι, αποδεικνύομαι), φαίνομαι κά.

ΘΟΥΚ 4.4.3 τὸ γὰρ πλέον τοῦ χωρίου αὐτὸ καρτερὸν ὑπῆρχε καὶ οὐδὲν ἔδει τείχους || γιατί το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της τοποθεσίας ήταν από μόνη της οχυρή και δεν χρειαζόταν καθόλου τείχος.

ΠΛ Πρωτ 313e εἰ μὲν οὖν σὺ τυγχάνεις ἐπιστήμων τούτων || αν λοιπόν εσύ συμβαίνει να είσαι καλός γνώστης αυτών των ζητημάτων.

ΞΕΝ Απομν 1.6.2 ἀνυπόδητός τε καὶ ἀχίτων διατελεῖς είσαι συνεχώς χωρίς παπούτσια και χιτώνα.

ΘΟΥΚ 1.34.3 ὁ γὰρ ἐλαχίστας τὰς μεταμελείας ἐκ τοῦ χαρίζεσθαι τοῖς ἐναντίοις λαμβάνων ἀσφαλέστατος ἂν διατελοίη || γιατί όποιος ελάχιστες φορές έχει αφορμή να μετανιώσει επειδή χαρίστηκε στους αντιπάλους του, αυτός έχει τη δυνατότητα να ζήσει με τη μεγαλύτερη ασφάλεια.

ΞΕΝ Αγ 3.5 ἢν μέντοι ἐγὼ γένωμαι στρατηγός || άν όμως εγώ γίνω στρατηγός.

ΘΟΥΚ 1.24.3 προελθόντος δὲ τοῦ χρόνου ἐγένετο ἡ τῶν Ἐπιδαμνίων δύναμις μεγάλη καὶ πολυάνθρωπος || με το πέρασμα του χρόνου η δύναμη των Επιδαμνίων έγινε μεγάλη και πολυάνθρωπη.

ΘΟΥΚ 7.28.1 καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ πόλις εἶναι φρούριον κατέστη κι αντί να είναι πόλη έγινε φρούριο.

ΘΟΥΚ 3.53.2 καὶ ὑμᾶς (ὑποπτεύομεν) μὴ οὐ κοινοὶ ἀποβῆτε υποπτευόμαστε κι εσάς μήπως δεν φανείτε αμερόληπτοι.

ΘΟΥΚ 2.20.4 ὁ χῶρος ἐπιτήδειος ἐφαίνετο ἐνστρατοπεδεῦσαι || ο χώρος φαινόταν κατάλληλος για να στρατοπεδεύσουν.

ΠΛ Πρωτ 327c ὅστις σοι ἀδικώτατος φαίνεται ἄνθρωπος || όποιος σου φαίνεται ο πιο άδικος άνθρωπος.

§1.10. Επίσης ως συνδετικά χρησιμοποιούνται και τα ρήματα των παρακάτω κατηγοριών:

(α) τα δοξαστικά: νομίζομαι (θεωρούμαι), κρίνομαι, ὑπολαμβάνομαι (θεωρούμαι) κά.

ΠΛ Πολ 569b ὅσοι ἂν διαφερόντως ἐν τῷ βίῳ ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσι όσοι κριθούν εξαιρετικά ενάρετοι στη ζωή τους.

ΑΡΙΣΤ Ρητ 1361a25 εὐδοξία δ' ἐστὶν τὸ ὑπὸ πάντων σπουδαῖον ὑπολαμβάνεσθαι || η καλή φήμη συνίσταται στο να θεωρείται το άτομο αξιόλογο από όλους.

(β) τα κλητικά:λέγομαι, καλοῦμαι, ὀνομάζομαι, ἀκούω (έχω τη φήμη, χαρακτηρίζομαι) κά.

ΠΛ Νομ 681d αὐτοὶ νομοθέται κληθήσονται || οι ίδιοι θα ονομαστούν νομοθέτες.

ΔΗΜ 18.46 νῦν κόλακες καὶ θεοῖς ἐχθροὶ […] ἀκούουσιν τώρα αποκαλούνται κόλακες κι εχθροί των θεών.

(γ) τα μεταποιητικά και προχειριστικά: αἱροῦμαι (εκλέγομαι),ἀποδείκνυμαι (διορίζομαι), χειροτονοῦμαι (εκλέγομαι), λαγχάνω (εκλέγομαι με κλήρο) κά.

ΛΥΣ 12.65 (Θηραμένης) στρατηγὸς ὑπ' αὐτῶν‘ῃρέθη || ο Θηραμένης εκλέχθηκε απ' αυτούς στρατηγός.

ΞΕΝ ΚΠαιδ 6.2.19 Κροῖσος μὲν ‘'ήρηται τῶν πολεμίων στρατηγός || ο Κροίσος έχει εκλεγεί στρατηγός των εχθρών.

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 1.9.7 στρατηγὸς δὲ καὶ πάντων ἀπεδείχθηοἷς καθήκει εἰς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζεσθαι || διορίσθηκε επιπλέον στρατηγός και όλων όσοι είναι καθιερωμένο να συναθροίζονται στην πεδιάδα του Καστωλού.

ΑΙΣΧΙΝ 3.28 (Δημοσθένης) οὔτ' ἔλαχε τειχοποιός, οὔτ' ἐχειροτονήθη ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου || ο Δημοσθένης ούτε ορίστηκε με κλήρο, ούτε εκλέχθηκε από τον λαό ως επιμελητής των τειχών.
[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/page_003.html]

Ποια ρήματα χρησιμοποιούνται ως συνδετικά;
Μήπως ήρθε η ώρα για (παπαγαλία)
Ναι, ναι... πρέπει να τα μάθεις... όλα...

Ως συνδετικά χρησιμοποιούνται:

α) το ρήμα εἰμί και τα συνώνυμά του:
γίγνομαι,
καθίσταμαι (= γίνομαι),
ὑπάρχω,
τυγχάνω (= τυχαίνει να είμαι),
διατελώ (= είμαι συνεχώς),
ἔφυν (= γεννήθηκα),
πέφυκα (= είμαι από τη φύση μου),
ἀποβαίνω (= φαίνομαι),
ἐκβαίνω (= γίνομαι)

β) τα προχειριστικά ρήματα (αυτά που σημαίνουν εκλογή):
αἱροῦμαι (= εκλέγω, εκλέγομαι),
χειροτονῶ (= εκλέγω με ανάταση του χεριού),
χειροτονοῦμαι,
λαγχάνω (= τυχαίνω),
ἀποδείκνυμι (=διορίζω, καθιστώ),
ἀποδεικνύομαι

γ) τα δοξαστικά ρήματα:
νομίζω,
ἡγοῦμαι (=νομίζω),
κρίνω,
ὑπολαμβάνω,
φαίνομαι,
δοκῶ

δ) τα κλητικά ρήματα:
καλῶ,
καλοῦμαι,
λέγω,
λέγομαι,
ὀνομάζω,
ὀνομάζομαι,
προσαγορεύω (= ονομάζω),
προσαγορεύομαι

Παραδείγματα

Μετάφραση

συνδετικό

Οὐδεὶς ἐγένετο σοφός.
Κανείς δεν έγινε σοφός

γίγνομαι

Οὗτος κατέστη εὐεργέτης
Αυτός έγινε ευεργέτης

καθίσταμαι

Τὸ χωρίον ὑπῆρχεν ὀχυρόν
Η τοποθεσία ήταν οχυρή

ὑπάρχω

Σὺ τυγχάνεις ἐπιστήμων τούτων
Εσύ τυχαίνει να είσαι γνώστης αυτών

τυγχάνω

Ἀχίτων διατελεῖς
Συνεχώς είσαι χωρίς χιτώνα

διατελῶ

Ἡμεῖς ἔφυμεν γυναῖκες
Εμείς γεννηθήκαμε γυναίκες

ἔφυν

Οὗτοι πεφύκασιν ἀγαθοί
Αυτοί είναι από τη φύση τους καλοί

πέφυκα

Οὐκ ἀπέβητε δίκαιοι
Δε φανήκατε δίκαιοι

ἀποβαίνω

Σὺ ἐκβήσει σοφός.
Συ θα γίνεις σοφός

ἐκβαίνω

Ἀλκιβιάδης ’ῃρέθη στρατηγός.
Ο Αλκιβιάδης εκλέχτηκε στρατηγός

αἰροῦμαι

Μιλτιάδης ἐχειροτονήθη στρατηγός.
Ο Φίλιππος είναι ό,τι κι αν πει κανείς

χειροτονοῦμα

Ταῦτα νομίζεται ἆθλα
Αυτά θεωρούνται βραβεία

νομίζομαι
Φίλιππός φαίνεται ἀξιόπιστος
Ο Φίλιππος φαίνεται αξιόπιστος

φαίνομαι
Ἡ ἐπιβουλὴ ἐδόκει δήλη
Η επιβουλή ήταν ολοφάνερη

δοκῶ
Ὁ δὲ τόπος Ἀρμενία ἐκαλεῖτο
Η περιοχή ονομαζόταν Αρμενία

καλοῦμαι
Ὁ ἀνὴρ ὠνομάζετο σοφιστής
Ο άντρας ονομαζόταν σοφιστής

ὀνομάζομαι
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/Katigoroumeno.htm]

verb.ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ

name::
* McsEngl.verb.ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ,

Διάκριση συνδετικών από τα κατηγορηματικά ρήματα
Πολλές φορές τα πιο πάνω ρήματα[συνδετικά] δεν είναι συνδετικά:

Η οικογένεια μου είναι στην Αθήνα.
Ο ήλιος φάνηκε.
Πάνω στο τραπέζι είναι ένα βάζο.
Αυτός λογαριάζεται.

Στις προτάσεις αυτές τα ρήματα λέγονται κατηγορηματικά
Παρατηρούμε ότι δε συνδέουν το υποκείμενο τους με κάποιο κατηγορούμενο.
[https://11dimst2.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/κατηγορουμενο-ρηματοσ-συνδετικα-ρημ/]

verb.cptBrain.DOING

_CREATED: {2003-12-18} {2000-10-06}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.cptBrain.DOING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.9,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1106,
* McsEngl.process!~verb, {2000-10-21}
* McsEngl.verbDoing@cptCore551.9,
* McsEngl.verb.process@cptCore551.9,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.verbuinero@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.verbuero@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.verbero.duino@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ-ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑΣ,
* McsElln.ρήμα-ενέργειας,
* McsElln.ρήμα.διαδικασία@cptCore551.9, {2012-09-09}

_DEFINITION:
* PROCESS-VERB is a verb that denotes a process-semantic-verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-27_nikkas]

* PROCESS-VERB is a verb that means that the predicate is a 'process'.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-22_nikkas]

*~~VOICE-VERB is a VERB whose predicate have voice.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-06_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* QUERY#ql:*-551.475.*#: * - 551 . 475 . *
* VERBERO-DUDINO-(function)#cptCore551.15#
* VERBERO-DUTINO-(action)#cptCore551.16#
* DUTOLO#cptCore551.11#
* DUTELO#cptCore551.12#

* English language has 2 verb-forms to express voice:
one form express passive-verbs and
the other form express ANY other voice.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-04_nikkas]

* Greek-language has 2 forms for voice. BUT ANY verb-form can express ANY voice of a predicate. That's why from only the verb-form we can not find the voice of the predicate.
- [ο ήλιος] {έλιωσε} /τον πάγο/.
- [ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον πάγο!
- [Η Ελένη] {χτενίζει} /την κούκλα της/
- [Η Ελένη] {χτενίζεται} !από την κομμώτρια!
Usally, the form -ω menas active-voice and the form -ομαι passive.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-06_nikkas]

verb.TRANSITIVE.NO (function)

_CREATED: {2003-12-18}1998-08-29

name::
* McsEngl.verb.TRANSITIVE.NO (function),
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.15,
* McsEngl.verbufinero@cptCore551.15,
* McsEngl.verbufero@cptCore551.15,
* McsEngl.verb'dufino@cptCore551.15,
* McsEngl.function!~verb,
* McsEngl.intransitive!~verb,
* McsEngl.verb.function,
* McsEngl.verb.intransitive@cptCore1042,
* McsElln.ΑΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΑΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΟ@cptCore1042,
* McsElln.ρήμα.λειτουργίας,

_DEFINITION:
* FUNCTION-VERB is the verb that denotes a function-concept#cptCore475.2#.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-20_nikkas]

* INTRANSITIVE-VERB is a PROCESS-VERB#cptCore1106.a# that denotes an intransitive-predicate#ql:predicate.intransitive#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-15_nikkas]

* An INTRANSITIVE VERB is complete without any additional words. It does not take an object.
<My house <collapsed>>
[FRANKLIN LM-6000, 1991]

* Τα ενεργητικά ρήματα που η ενέργειά τους ΔΕΝ πηγαίνει σε κάποιο πρόσωπο ή πράγμα λέγονται ΑΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΑ.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 142#cptResource310#]

verb.TRANSITIVE (action)

name::
* McsEngl.verb.TRANSITIVE (action),
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.16,
* McsEngl.verbutinero@cptCore551.16,
* McsEngl.verbutero@cptCore551.16,
* McsEngl.verb'dutano@cptCore551.16,

* McsEngl.action!~verb,
* McsEngl.transitive!~verb,
* McsEngl.transitive'verb@cptCore551.16,
* McsEngl.verb.action,
* McsEngl.verb.transitive@cptCore551.16,
* McsElln.ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΟ@cptCore551.16,
* McsElln.ρήμα-πράξης,

_DEFINITION:
* TRANSITIVE-VERB is a process-verb that denotes a transitive-sverb (action-sverb or function-sverb with a product).
[hmnSngo.2003-12-20_nikkas]

* TRANSITIVE-VERB is a PROCESS-VERB#cptCore1106.a# that denotes a transitive-predicate#ql:predicate.transitive# (with a predicaton).
[hmnSngo.2001-11-15_nikkas]

* ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΟ ΡΗΜΑ είναι το ΡΗΜΑ που με 'ενεργητικη διαθεση' και ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* Τα 'ενεργητικά ρήματα' που η ενέργειά τους πηγαίνει σε κάποιο πρόσωπο ή πράγμα, λέγονται ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΑ.
ῃ μητέρα ΕΤΟΙΜΑΖΕΙ το τραπέζι'
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 142#cptResource310#]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* TRANSITIVE-PREDICATE#cptCore685.12#

_SPECIFIC:
_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.PASSIVITY#ql:predicatad'passivity##rl#
* ACTIVE/ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΑ#cptCore551.11#
* PASSIVE/ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΑ#cptCore551.12#

* GREEK:
* ΜΟΝΟΠΤΩΤΑ ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ:
* ΔΙΠΤΩΤΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ:
- ([η μητέρα] {ΕΤΟΙΜΑΖΕΙ} /το τραπέζι/.)

verb.lagHmnvrbutinero.DUTOLO

_CREATED: {2003-12-18|1998-08-23}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.lagHmnvrbutinero.DUTOLO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.11,
* McsEngl.verbutinero'dutolo@cptCore551.11,
* McsEngl.dutinero'dutolo@cptCore551.11,
* McsEngl.verbutero'dutolo@cptCore551.11,
* McsEngl.dutolo,

_DEFINITION:
* ACTIVE-VERB is a transitive-verb with verbor the actor of the action or the functor of the function the verb denotes.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-20_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-VERB is a TRANSITIVE-VERB we use to denote that the VERB-COMPLEMENT we talk about denotes the predicatOR.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-VERB is a TRANSITIVE-VERB that denotes that the SUBJECT#cptCore558.a# is the predicatOR (the subject acts on predicaton). They use the active-voice of the verb. But this does not mean that any verb that uses the active-voice is an active-verb. The active-verb MUST be a transitive-verb.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-15_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-VERB is a VERB that means a PROCESS-PREDICATE#ql:predicate.process@cptCore21#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-11_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-VERB is a VERB that means a PROCESS-PREDICATE#ql:prd.process#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-11_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-VERB is the VERB that have active-voice#cptCore1172.a#. They mean that the subject is the actor of a process.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-11_nikkas]

* ~~ACTIVE-VERB is the VERB whose predicate have active-voice.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-06_nikkas]

* A VERB is active when the subject does the action.
<Bruce 'hit' the ball>
<The boy 'was eating' ice cream>
[FRANKLIN LM-6000, 1991]

* τα ρήματα που σημαίνουν πως το υποκείμενο ενεργεί έχουν ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ και λέγονται ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΑ.
<ο γεωργός ΟΡΓΩΝΕΙ το χωράφι>
<τα παιδια ΠΑΙΖΟΥΝ στην αυλή>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 140#cptResource310#]

SPECIFEFINO-GREEK
* McsEngl._NAME::greek'active'verb,

* WITH-PASSIVE-TYPE:
* McsElln.ΕΠΙΤΙΘΟΜΑΙ: [Ο Χίτλερ] {επιτέθηκε} /στην Πολωνία/.,
- ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ: επειδή το ρήμα είναι ,παθητικού-τύπου, χρησιμοποιεί τελεστή (στην). Αν το ρήμα ήταν ενεργητικού-τύπου θα χρησιμοιούσε αιτιατική (την). [hmnSngo.2003-04-06_nikkas]

verb.lagHmnvrbutinero.DUTELO

_CREATED: {2003-12-18|2000-10-21}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.lagHmnvrbutinero.DUTELO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.12,
* McsEngl.dutinero'what@cptCore551.12,
* McsEngl.dutelo,

_DEFINITION:
* PASSIVE-VERB is transitive-verb with verbor the acton of the action or the product of the function the verb denotes.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-20_nikkas]

* PASSIVE-VERB is a TRANSITIVE-VERB we use to denote that the VERB-COMPLEMENT we talk about denotes the predicatON.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

* PASSIVE-VERB is a TRANSITIVE-VERB we use to denote that the predicaton RECEIVES the process.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

* PASSIVE-VERB is a TRANSITIVE-VERB that denotes that the SUBJECT#cptCore558.a# is the predicatON (the subject receives the act of the predicaton). They use the passive-voice of the verb. But this does not mean that any verb that uses the passive-voice is a passive-verb. The passive-verb MUST be a transitive-verb.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-15_nikkas]

* PASSIVE-VERB is the VERB that have passive-voice. They mean that the subject-complement is the actor of a process.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-11_nikkas]

* Τα ρήματα που σημαίνουν πως το υποκείμενο παθαίνει, δηλαδή δέχεται μια ενέργεια από άλλον, έχουν ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ 'ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ#cptCore676#' και λέγονται ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΑ.
'ο κάμπος ΦΩΤΙΣΤΗΚΕ απο τον ήλιο'
'το δένδρο ΞΕΡΙΖΩΘΗΚΕ απο τον αέρα'
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 141#cptResource310#]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PASSIVE-SVERB#cptCore684.16#

_SPECIFIC:
* GREEK-PASSIVE-VERB greek'passive'verb-1186.1,
* WITH-ACTIVE-VERB-TYPE:
* ΛΟΙΩΝΩ: [Ο πάγος] {έλειωσε} !από τον ήλιο!

verb.DEFECTIVE

_CREATED: {2008-12-28}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.DEFECTIVE,
* McsEngl.defective!~verb@cptCore551i,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ελλειπτικό-ρήμα,

_DEFINITION:
In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb with an incomplete conjugation. Defective verbs cannot be conjugated in certain tenses, aspects, or moods.
[ANSWERS]

verb.GENERIC (have specific)

name::
* McsEngl.verb.GENERIC (have specific),
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.29,

_SPECIFIC:
* AUXILIARY/MODAL/ΒΟΗΘΗΤΙΚΑ (verbers we use AND as instancers)

* VERB OF EXISTENCE,
* VERB OF SENSATION,

* ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΑ
* ΑΡΚΤΙΚΑ
* ΕΜΠΡΟΘΕΤΑ

===
* ΜΝΗΜΗΣ/ΛΗΘΗΣ,
* ΦΡΟΝΤΙΔΑΣ/ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑΣ/ΑΜΕΛΕΙΑΣ,
* ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ/ΑΠΟΛΑΥΣΗΣ/ΜΕΤΟΧΗΣ/ΠΛΗΣΜΟΝΗΣ/ΣΤΕΡΗΣΗΣ,
* ΑΙΣΘΗΣΗΣ/ΑΦΗΣ/ΑΚΟΥΗΣ/ΟΣΦΡΗΣΗΣ/ΓΕΥΣΗΣ/ΟΣΜΗΣ,
* ΑΠΟΠΕΙΡΑΣ/ΕΠΙΤΥΧΙΑΣ/ΑΠΟΤΥΧΙΑΣ,
* ΕΝΑΡΞΗΣ/ΛΗΞΗΣ,
* ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑΣ,
* ΧΩΡΙΣΜΟΥ/ΑΠΟΜΑΚΡΥΝΣΗΣ/ΑΠΟΧΗΣ/ΑΠΑΛΛΑΓΗΣ,
* ΣΥΓΚΡΙΣΗΣ/ΔΙΑΦΟΡΑΣ/ΥΠΕΡΟΧΗΣ,

_QUERY-VERB-INSTANCES#ql:_termenglish _verb#.

verb.specific.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.verb.specific.ENGLISH,

BE#cptCore581#
HAVE#cptCore582#

verb.specific.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.verb.specific.GREEK,

ΕΙΜΑΙ#cptCore581#
ΕΧΩ#cptCore582#

verb.specific.GREEK'ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.verb.specific.GREEK'ANCIENT,

_SYNTAX:
_sntxElla:Ἐλαύνω:
_sntxElla: ἐλαύνω τὸν ἵππον. ==> αμετάβ.: κινώ το άλογο)
_sntxElla: ἐλαύνω τῷ ἵππῳ. ==> μεταβ.: τρέχω με το άλογο)

verb.EXAMPLE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXAMPLE,

_SYNTAX:
· _sntxEngl: The children climbed the mountain without fear. ([The children] _sntxVerb:{climbed} _sntxArgt:[without fear] /the mountain/ .)
· _sntxEngl: ([The children] _sntxVerb:{run} _sntxArgt:[quickly])
· _sntxEngl: (_sntxSubj:[most young men] _sntxVerb:{drive} _sntxArgt:[dangerously])
· _sntxEngl: ([The children] _sntxVerb:{climbed} _sntxArgt:[when I was reading] /the mountain/.)
· _sntxElln: Σήμερα ή αύριο θα σου τηλεφωνήσω. _sntxVerb:{θα τηλεφωνήσω} _sntxArgt:[σήμερα ή αύριο] /εσένα/.
· _sntxElln: Θα το κάνεις με το καλό ή με το κακό. _sntxVerb:{θα κάνεις} _sntxArgt:[με το καλό ή με το κακό] /αυτό/.

· _sntxEngl: ([Her uncle] _sntxVerb:{walked} _sntxArgt:[slowly] @through the Inuit art gallery@) and (_sntxVerb:{admired} /the powerful sculptures exhibited there/.)
· _sntxElln: Προσπάθησα πολύ, αλλά δεν κατάλαβα τίποτα. (_sntxVerb:{προσπάθησα} _sntxArgt:[πολύ]) αλλά (_sntxVerb:{δεν κατάλαβα} /τίποτα/).
· _sntxEngl: ([Her uncle] _sntxVerb:{walked} _sntxArgt:[slowly]cptCore676,
* McsEngl.verber.instance@cptCore676,
* McsEngl.verb'form,
* McsEngl.verb.individual,
* McsEngl.verb.instance,
* McsEngl.verb.primitive, {2014-01-03}
* McsEngl.vinst,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΤΟΜΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ, {2003-03-24}
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.instance'verb-676@old,
* McsEngl.verb.instance-676@old,
* McsEngl.type'of'verb-676@old,
* McsEngl.verb'type-676@old,
* McsEngl.verbtype@old,
* McsEngl.verb-voice@old,
* McsEngl.verb'voice-676@old,
* McsEngl.voice'of'verb-676@old,
* McsElln.ΦΩΝΗ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@old, {2000-10-20}
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ'ΦΩΝΗ-676@old,
* McsEngl.instance'verb--551.1@old,
* McsEngl.verb.instance-551.1@old,
* McsEngl.verb'inflection--551.1@old,

=== _NOTES: CONJUGATION/ΚΛΙΣΗ ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ/KONJUGATION(german) they call the set of all inflections of a verb.

DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:

INSTANCE-VERB is an instance--logo-concept that denote an instance--semantic-verb#cptCore567.3#.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-24_nikkas]

~~VERB-VOICE is a set of VERB'S-FORMS used to denote the predicator of transitive-predicates.~~
[hmnSngo.2001-11-15_nikkas]

~~VERB'S-VOICE is the INFLECTION#cptCore1093.a# of a verb that means the predicate's action's direction.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-01_nikkas]

vrbInst'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* conceptHmn.lingo.instance#cptCore453.8#
* VERBER#cptCore551#

vrbInst'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst'wholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* That the types does not denote [=have] meanings can be seen from this example:
the predicate "feel-cold" is expressed in greek with active-voice, "κρυώνω" and
the predicate "feel-hot" is expressed in greek with passive-voice, "ζεσταίνομαι".
[hmnSngo.2003-03-31_nikkas]

* The 2 verb-types are used to denote in a PRODUCTION-FUNCTION, the producer and the product:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore676.5,
* McsEngl.verb'type.english@cptCore676.5,

_WHOLE:
* ENGLISH#cptCore569#

SPECIFEFINO--PRIMARY-INSTANCES:
inflections: mood-voice-tense-perfectiveness-instantness-interrogation-affirmation-number-person.
[I] am being written: indicative-passive-present-impefect-interval-affirmative.
[I] am not being written: indicative-passive-present-impefect-interval-negative.
[I] am not writing: indicative-active-present-impefect-interval-negative.
[I] am not written: indicative-passive-impefect-instant-present-negative.
[I] am writing: indicative-active-imperfect-interval-present-affirmative.
[I] am written: indicative-passive-impefect-instant-present-affirmative.
am [I] being written: indicative-passive-impefect-interval-present-interrogative.
am [I] writing: indicative-active-imperfect-interval-present-interrogative.
am [I] written: indicative-passive-impefect-instant-present-interrogative.

[you|we|they] are being written: indicative-passive-impefect-interval-present-affirmative.
[you|we|they] are not being written: indicative-passive-impefect-interval-present-negative.
[you|we|they] are not writing: indicative-active-impefect-interval-present-negative.
[you|we|they] are not written: indicative-passive-impefect-instant-present-negative.
[you|we|they] are writing: indicative-active-imperfect-interval-present-affirmative.
[you|we|they] are written: indicative-passive-impefect-instant-present-affirmative.
are [you|we|they] being written: indicative-passive-impefect-interval-present-interrogative.
are [you|we|they] writing: indicative-active-imperfect-interval-present-interrogative.
are [you|we|they] written: indicative-passive-impefect-instant-present-interrogative.

[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] did not write: indicative-active-imperfect-instant-past-negative.
did [I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] write: indicative-active-imperfect-instant-past-interrogative.

[I|you|we|they] do not write: indicative-active-imperfect-instant-present-negative.
do [I|you|we|they] write: indicative-active-imperfect-instant-present-interrogative.

[he|she|it|?] does not write: indicative-active-imperfect-instant-present-negative-singular-third.
does [he|she|it|?] write: indicative-active-imperfect-instant-present-interrogative-singular-third.

[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had been writing: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had been written: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had being written: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had not been writing: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had not been written: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had not being written: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had not written: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] had written: indicative-
had [I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] been writing: indicative-
had [I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] been written: indicative-
had [I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] being written: indicative-
had [I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] written: indicative-

[I|you|we|they] write: indicative-
[he|she|it|?] writes: indicative-
[I|you|he|she|it|?|we|they] wrote: indicative-

# has been writing,# has been written,# has being written,# has not been writing,# has not been written,# has not being written,# has not written,# has written,
has# been writing, has# been written, has# being written, has# written,

# have been writing,# have been written,# have being written,# have not been writing,# have not been written,# have not being written,# have not written,# have written,
have# been writing, have# been written, have# being written, have# written,

# is being written,# is not being written,# is not writing,# is not written,# is writing,# is written,
is# being written, is# writing, is# written,

# was being written,# was not being written,# was not writing,# was not written,# was writing,# was written,
was# being written, was# writing, was# written,

# were being written,# were not being written,# were not writing,# were not written,# were writing,# were written,
were# being written, were# writing, were# written,

# will be writing,# will be written,# will being written,# will has been writing,# will has been written,# will has being written,# will has written,# will have been writing,# will have been written,# will have being written,# will have written,# will not be writing,# will not be written,# will not being written,# will not has been writing,# will not has been written,# will not has being written,# will not has written,# will not have been writing,# will not have been written,# will not have being written,# will not have written,# will not write,# will write,
will# be writing, will# be written, will# being written, will# has been writing, will# has been written, will# has being written, will# has written, will# have been writing, will# have been written, will# have being written, will# have written, will# write,

SPECIFEFINO--SECONDARY-INSTANCES:
1) DO WRITE: emphatic:
· _sntxEngl: [lots of languages] _sntxVerb:{do run} /vowels/ _sntxArgt:[together].

2a) WRITTING:
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /[Peter] ({dashing} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
2b) WRITTEN:
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: [he] {expected} _sntxArgt:[somehow] @({to discover} /[a woman] who (would love him)/)@.

· _sntxEngl: {είδαμε} /([τον Πέτρο] {τρέχοντα} μέσα από _sntxArgt:[την πλατεία]την πλατεία@)/.
· _sntxEngl: {είδαμε} /([τον Πέτρο] {να τρέχει} μέσα από _sntxArgt:[την πλατεία])/.

· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore676.6,

_WHOLE:
* GREEK-LANGUAGE#cptCore570#

_SPECIFIC:
* ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ νέας:
Ενεργητική Φωνή Μέση Φωνή
Ασυντέλ Συντελ Ασυντέλ Συντελ
Παρόν Στιγμ δέ-νω έχω δέ-σει δέ-νομαι έχω δε-θεί
Εξακ - έχω δε-μένο - είμαι δε-μένος
Παρελ Στιγμ έ-δε-σα είχα δέ-σει δέ-θηκα είχα δε-θεί
Εξακ έ-δε-να είχα δε-μένο δε-νόμουν ήμουν δε-μένος
Μέλλον Στιγμ θα δέ-σω θα έχω δέ-σει θα δε-θώ θα έχω δε-θεί
Εξακ θα δέ-νω θα έχω δε-μένο θα δέ-νομαι θα είμαι δε-μένος

vrbInst.ALL

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.ALL,

DIRECTION (active, passive):
MOOD (indicative, subjunctive, imperative):
PERFECTIVENESS(imperfect, perfect):
INSTANTNESS(instant, interval):
TENSE(past, present, future):
NUMBER (singular, plural):
INTERROGATION/AFFIRMATION/PERSON:
ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ (ενεργητική, παθητική):
ΕΓΚΛΙΣΗ (οριστική, υποτακτική, προστακτική):
ΕΚΠΛΗΡΩΣΗ (μή-συντελεσμένη, συντελεσμένη):
ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΑ (στιγμιαίο, μή-στιγμιαίο):
ΧΡΟΝΟΣ (παρελθόν, παρόν, μέλλον):
ΑΡΙΘΜΟΣ (ενικός, πληθυντικός)
ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ, ΚΑΤΑΦΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ, ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ:
ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ-ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ:
ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ-ΕΓΚΛΙΣΗ:
ΜΗ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΗ-ΚΛΗΣΗ:
ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟ-ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΑ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΗ-ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟ-ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΑ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΗ-ΚΛΗΣΗ:
ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟ-ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΑ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΗ-ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟ-ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΑ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ έγκλιση (ΝΑ, ΟΤΑΝ, ΓΙΑ ΝΑ,):
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ έγκλιση:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΠΑΡΟΝ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ-ΧΡΟΝΟΣ:
καταφατικός:
ερωτηματικός:
αρνητικός:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.AFFIRMATION

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.AFFIRMATION,

_SPECIFIC:
* AFFIRMATIVE_TYPE
* NEGATIVE_TYPE

vrbInst.AFFIRMATIVE

_CREATED: {2000-10-20}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.AFFIRMATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.11,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.11,
* McsEngl.affirmative-verbero-instance@cptCore676.11,
* McsElln.ΚΑΤΑΦΑΤΙΚΟΣ'ΤΥΠΟΣ'ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore676.11,

_DEFINITION:
* AFFIRMATIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has affirmative-value in its affirmative-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-24_nikkas]

* ~~AFFIRMATIVE INFLECTION is the 'verb-inflection#cptCore1093.a#' that means an 'affirmative-predicate'.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* AFIRMATION-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.4#

vrbInst.NEGATIVE

_CREATED: {2000-10-20}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.NEGATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.21,
* McsEngl.negative-vrbInst,
* McsEngl.verb.negative-type,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.21,
* McsElln.ΑΡΝΗΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore676.21,

_DEFINITION:
* NEGATIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has negative-value in its affirmative-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-24_nikkas]

* NEGATIVE INFLECTION is the 'verb-inflection' that means a 'negative-predicate'.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* AFIRMATION-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.4#

ENGLISH'NEGATIVE'VERB'TYPE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'NEGATIVE'VERB'TYPE,
* McsEngl.verb.english.negative,

INDICATIVE-NEGATIVE-TYPES:
ACTIVE-VOICE PASSIVE-VOICE
Imperfect Perfect Imperfect Perfect
Present
Inst: I do not write I have not written I am not written I have not been written
You do not write You have not written You are not written You have not been written
he does not write he has not written he is not written he has not been written
we do not write we have not written we are not written we have not been written
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intv: I am not writing I have not been writing I am not being written I have not being written
You are not writing You have not been writing You are not being written You have not being written
he is not writing he has not been writing he is not being written he has not being written
we are not writing we have not been writing we are not being written we have not being written
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Past
Inst: I did not write I had not written I was not written I had not been written
You did not write You had not written You were not written You had not been written
he did not write he had not written he was not written he had not been written
we did not write we had not written we were not written we had not been written
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intv: I was not writing I had not been writing I was not being written I had not being written
You were not writing You had not been writing You were not being written You had not being written
he was not writing he had not been writing he was not being written he had not being written
we were not writing we had not been writing we were not being written we had not being written
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Future
Inst: I will not write I will have not written I will not be written I will have not been written
You will not write You will have not written You will not be written You will have not been written
he will not write he will has not written he will not be written he will has not been written
we will not write we will have not written we will not be written we will have not been written
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intv: I will not be writing I will have not been writing I will not being written I will have not being written
You will not be writing You will have not been writing You will not being written You will have not being written
he will not be writing he will has not been writing he will not being written he will has not being written
we will not be writing we will have not been writing we will not being written we will have not being written

_INFLECTER:
* NOT#ql:not@cptCore524#, DO, DID#ql:did@cptCore524#

EL'NEGATIVE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'NEGATIVE,

_INFLECTER:
* ΔΕ#ql:@cptCore524#, ΔΕΝ,

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.DIRECTION

_CREATED: {2003-03-23}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.DIRECTION,

* Ancient-greek had 3 verb-types to denote 'direction' of the subject:
- active
- passive
- middle (denoted functions)
[hmnSngo.2003-11-27_nikkas]

vrbInst.ACTIVE

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.ACTIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.13,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.13,
* McsEngl.active'vrbInst@cptCore676.13,
* McsElln.ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* ACTIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used MAINLY to denote that the semantic-verb has active-value in its direction-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-TYPE is the VERB-TYPE which is used mostly to denote active-predicates (as active-verb).
[hmnSngo.2003-04-02_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-TYPE OF VERB is a verb-type a language USUALLY uses to denote active-values of its inflection-of-direction of a semantic-verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-24_nikkas]

* 1. active voice, active -- (the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb; "`The boy threw the ball' uses the active voice")
[wordnet 2.0]

_WHOLE:
* ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore551.4#

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PREDICATE-DIRECTION#cptCore684.11#

vrbInst.PASSIVE

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.PASSIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.25,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.25,
* McsEngl.passive'vrbInst@cptCore676.25,
* McsElln.ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* PASSIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used MAINLY to denote that the semantic-verb has passive-value in its direction-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.INSTANTNESS

_CREATED: {2000-10-15}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.INSTANTNESS,

_SPECIFIC:
* INSTANT-VERBTYPE/ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΑ#cptCore676.14# ΕΓΡΑΨΑ, <ΓΡΑΦΩ>, ΘΑ ΓΡΑΨΩ.
* INTERVAL-VERBTYPE#cptCore676.24#

vrbInst.INSTANT

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.INSTANT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.14,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.14,
* McsEngl.instant'vrbInst@cptCore676.14,
* McsElln.ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* INSTANT--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has instant-value in its instant-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟ ΧΡΟΝΟ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ ονομάζω ΧΡΟΝΟ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ με τον οποίο εκφράζουμε μια ενέργεια που διαρκεί μια μόνο χρονική στιγμή, κυριολεκτικά ή μεταφορικά.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΟΙ ΧΡΟΝΟΙ ρήματος ονομάζω τους τύπους ρήματος με τους οποίους εκφράζουμε μια ενέργεια που διαρκεί μια μόνο χρονική στιγμή, κυριολεκτικά ή μεταφορικά.
[ΝΙΚΟΣ]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* INSTANTNESS-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.10#

ENGLISH'INSTANT'VERB'TYPE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'INSTANT'VERB'TYPE,

SIMPLE PRESENT:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore551.13,

_DEFINITION:
* INTERROGATIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has interrogative-value in its interrogative-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* INTERROGATIVE-INFLECTION is the 'verb-inflection#cptCore1093#' that means that the predicate asks to know a relation.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* INTEROGATION-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.5#

_SPECIFIC:
* AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE INFLECTION
* NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE INFLECTION

ENGLISH'INTERROGATIVE-INFLECTION#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'INTERROGATIVE-INFLECTION,
* McsEngl.English-verb.interrogative,
* McsEngl.verb.english.interrogative,

INDICATIVE-INTERROGATIVE-TYPES:
ACTIVE-VOICE PASSIVE-VOICE
Imperfect Perfect Imperfect Perfect
Present:
Inst: do I write have I written Am I written have I been written
do you write Have you written are you written have you been written
does he writes Has he written is he written Has he been written
do we write have we written are we written have we been written
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intv: am I writing have I been writing Am I being written have I being written
are you writing have you been writing are you being written have you being written
is he writing Has he been writing is he being written Has he being written
are we writing have we been writing are we being written have we being written
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Past
Inst: did I write had I written was I written had I been written
did you write had you written were you written had you been written
did he write had he written was he written had he been written
did we write had we written were we written had we been written
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intv: I was writing had I been writing was I being written had I being written
you were writing had you been writing were you being written had you being written
he waw writing had he been writing was he being written had he being written
we were writing had we been writing were we being written had we being written
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Future
Inst: will I write will I have written will I be written will I have been written
will you write will you have written will you be written will you have been written
will he write will he has written will he be written will he has been written
will we write will we have written will we be written will we have been written
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intv: will I be writing will I have been writing will I being written will I have being written
will you be writing will you have been writing will you being written will you have being written
will he be writing will he has been writing will he being written will he has being written
will we be writing will we have been writing will we being written will we have being written

INFLECTER:
* The-english-language creates the-interrogative-inflection by changing the position of the subject and the function-word of the verb's inflection. If the inflection does not have a function-word, uses the did/do.
Did I write?
Do I write?
Will I write?
Was I writing?
Am I writing?
Will I be writing?
[hmnSngo.2000-10-22_nikkas]

EL'INTERROGATIVE-INFLECTION#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'INTERROGATIVE-INFLECTION,

_INFLECTER:
* The Greek-language creates the spoken interrogative-inflection by intonation and the written with the symbol#cptCore709# ';'.

vrbInst.NONINTERROGATIVE [2000-10-20]

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.NONINTERROGATIVE [2000-10-20],
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.30,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.30,
* McsEngl.noninterrogative'vrbInst@cptCore676.30,
* McsElln.ΜΗ-ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* NONINTERROGATIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has noninterrogative-value in its interrogative-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~NON-INTERROGATIVE INFLECTION is the 'verb-inflection' that is NOT interrogative#cptCore1180#.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* INTEROGATION-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.5#

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.MOOD

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.MOOD,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.16,

_SPECIFIC: (conceptCore676.16)
* NON-IMPERATIVE (non command)#cptCore676.26#
* IMPERATIVE-TYPE/ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ (command)#cptCore676.27#

* SUBJUNCTIVE-TYPE/ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ (extinct)#cptCore676.28#
* WISH-TYPE (extinct)#cptCore676.31#

vrbInst.NONIMPERATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.NONIMPERATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.26,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.26,
* McsEngl.indicative'vrbInst@cptCore676.26,
* McsEngl.nonimperative'vrbInst@cptCore676.26,
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* INDICATIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has indicative-value in its mood-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

vrbInst.IMPERATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.IMPERATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.27,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.28,
* McsEngl.imperative'type-of-verb@cptCore676.27,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,
* McsEngl.GERMAN:-der-imperativ,

_DEFINITION:
* IMPERATIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has imperative-value in its mood-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~IMPERATIVE-MOOD-OF-VERB denotes a predicate-imperative-mood.~~
[hmnSngo.2003-03-23_nikkas]

PART:
* IMPERATIVE-INFLECTER#

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PREDICATE-IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore684.14#

ENGLISH'IMPERATIVE-TYPE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'IMPERATIVE-TYPE,

EL'IMPERATIVE-TYPE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'IMPERATIVE-TYPE,

Η προστακτική έχει ενεστώτα (γράφε), αόριστο (γράψε) και πολύ σπάνια παρακείμενο (έχε γραμμένο).
Στην παθητική φωνή έχει ξεχωριστούς τύπους...
Οι τύποι που λείπουν αναπληρώνονται από την υποτακτική, που παίρνει τότε το μόριο ας (να):
<ας γράφει>,
<να είναι γραμμένο>.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 149#cptResource310#]

Η προστακτική έχει μόνο δύο πρόσωπα, το δεύτερο και το τρίτο. Το τρίτο πρόσωπο δεν έχει ξεχωριστό τύπο και συμπληρώνεται από την υποτακτική:
<ας γράφει>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 150#cptResource310#]

GERMAN IMPERATIVE-TYPE#cptCore41#

GEHEN SIE geradeaus=πηγαίνετε ευθεία.

NEHMEN SIE ein taxi=πάρτε ταξί.

vrbInst.SUBJUNCTIVE

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SUBJUNCTIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.28,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.28,
* McsEngl.subjunctive'vrbInst@cptCore676.28,
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* SUBJUNCTIVE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has subjunctive-value in its mood-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD-OF-VERB denotes a predicate-subjunctive-mood.~~
[hmnSngo.2003-03-23_nikkas]

_INFLECTER:
* English and Greek languages does not have any more subjective mood. This means, they don't have SPECIAL verb-forms to express the meaning of subjective mood. They use the forms of indicative mood to express that meaning eg:
· _sntxEngl: I _sntxVerb:{want to go} _sntxArgt:[to the cinema]
is expressed as:
· _sntxEngl: I {want} /to go/ _sntxArgt:[to the cinema]
[hmnSngo.2001-10-25_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PREDICATE-SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore684.15#

EL'SUBJUNCTIVE'TYPE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'SUBJUNCTIVE'TYPE,

Η υποτακτική έχει ενεστώτα, αόριστο και παρακείμενο:
να γράφω, να γράψω, να έχω γράψει. Σχηματίζεται παίρνοντας μπροστά ένα από τα μόρια ας, να ή έναν από τους συνδέσμους για να, όταν, άν ή το απαγορευτικό μη:
<να μένει>,
<_sntxVerb:{όταν φύγουμε}>,
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 149#cptResource310#]

Συνοδεύεται απο τα
- μόρια: να, ας,
- καθώς και τους συνδέσμους: αν, εάν, σαν, όταν, πριν, πριν να, μόλις, προτού, άμα, να, για να, μη(ν), μήπως.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 79#cptResource311#]

[ΣΗΜΑΙΝΕΙ] ΕΚΦΡΑΖΕΙ:
- προτροπη: <εδώ ΑΣ ΣΤΑΘΩ κι ΑΣ ΞΑΠΟΣΤΑΣΩ λίγο>,
- παραχώρηση: <ΑΣ ΕΡΘΕΙ και αυτός, αφού το θέλει>
- ευχή: <ΑΣ ΠΑΕΙ στο καλό>
- το δυνατό: <τοτε ΝΑ ΔΕΙΣ τι αξίζω>
- απορία: <να το πω; να μην το πω;>
- το πιθανο: <ερθει δεν έρθει, εγώ θα πάω>
- προσταγή: <μή μου ξαναμιλήσεις>
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 79#cptResource311#]

vrbInst.WISH

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.WISH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.31,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.31,

* Ancient greek had a) wish-types and b) subjenctive-types to denote the mood of the speaker for the semantic-verb. Today we don't have such types.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-27_nikkas]

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.NUMBER

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.NUMBER,

vrbInst.SINGULAR

_CREATED: {2000-10-19}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SINGULAR,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.17,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.18,
* McsEngl.singular'vrbInst@cptCore676.17,
* McsElln.ΕΝΙΚΟΣ'ΤΥΠΟΣ'ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore676.17,

_DEFINITION:
* SINGULAR--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has singular-value in its number-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~VERB-NUMBER is the 'inflection#cptCore1093.a#' of a verb that means the number-of-the-predicate#cptCore1179.a#.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* NUMBER-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.6#

ENGLISH'SINGULAR'VERB'TYPE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'SINGULAR'VERB'TYPE,

The english-language uses the pronouns to express the number.
I write, We write,
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

EL'SINGULAR'VERB'TYPE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'SINGULAR'VERB'TYPE,

The greek-language uses verb-inflectional-suffixes to express the number.
γράφ-ω, γράφ-ουμε,
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

vrbInst.PLURAL

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.PLURAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.22,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.22,
* McsEngl.plural'verb'type@cptCore676.22,

_DEFINITION:
* PLURAL--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has plural-value in its number-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* NUMBER-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.6#

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.PERFECTIVENESS

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.PERFECTIVENESS,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.18,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.18,

PERFECTIVENES AND TENSE:
Θέλω να ξεκαθαρίσω πια απο τις δύο αντιθέσεις έκφρασε πρώτα η ινδοερωπαϊκή γλώσσα, την "εκπλήρωση" ή "χρονική διάρκεια".
[hmnSngo.1988.08_nikos]

vrbInst.IMPERFECT

_CREATED: {2000-10-19}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.IMPERFECT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.3,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.3,
* McsEngl.imperfect'vrbInst@cptCore676.3,
* McsElln.ΜΗ-ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* έπαιξα/έπαιζα, παίζω, θα παίξω/θα παίζω.

* IMPERFECT--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has imperfect-value in its perfective-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~IMPERFECT INFLECTION is the 'perfectiveness-of-a-verb#cptCore682.a#' that means that the action of the predicate is NOT completed.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PERFECTIVENESS-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.7#

ENGLISH'IMPERFECT-TYPE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'IMPERFECT-TYPE,

GO english-verb#ql:verb.english#.

IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST#cptCore1176#: I wrote, You wrote, he/she/it, We, You, They.
PRESENT#cptCore1177#: I write, You, He/she/it writes, We, You, They.
FUTURE#cptCore1178#: I will write, You, He/she/it, We, You, They.
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST#cptCore1176#: I was writing, You were, He/she/it was, We were, You were, They were.
PRESENT#cptCore1177#: I am writing, You are, He/she/it is, We are, You are, They are.
FUTURE#cptCore1178#: I will be writing, You will be writing, ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will be written,
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was being written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am being written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will being written,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EL'IMPERFECT'TYPE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'IMPERFECT'TYPE,

go greek-verb#ql:verb.greek#.

vrbInst.PERFECT

_CREATED: {2000-10-19}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.PERFECT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.12,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.12,
* McsEngl.perfect-inflection,
* McsEngl.perfect'inflection-of-verb@cptCore1173,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΗ-ΚΛΗΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
* PERFECT--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used to denote that the semantic-verb has perfect-value in its perfective-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~PERFECT INFLECTION is the 'perfectiveness-of-a-verb#cptCore682.a#' that means that the action of the predicate is completed.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

είχα-παίξει, έχω-παίξει, θα-έχω-παίξει,

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PERFECTIVENESS-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.7#

ENGLISH'PERFECT'TYPE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'PERFECT'TYPE,

PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had written, You had written, He/she/it had written, ...
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have written, You have, He/she/it HAS, We have, You have, They have.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have written, You will have written, He/she/it will have written, ...
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had been writing, You had been writing, ...
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have been writing, You have been writing, He/she/it has been writing, ...
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have been writing, You will have been writing, ...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had been written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have been written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have been written,
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: (I had being written)
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.PERSON

_CREATED: {2000-10-15}

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.PERSON,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.19,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.19,

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PERSON-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.8#

PERSON-INFLECTER:
* English uses the obligatory presents of subject to denote the verb-person and the 'third-person-form' to create the verb-person.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-23_nikkas]

* Greek language uses inflectional-suffixes to mean the person of the predicate.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

The same suffixes mean the number of the predicate.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-20_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* FIRST-PERSON TYPE
* SECOND-PERSON TYPE
* THIRD-PERSON TYPE

vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.TENSE

name::
* McsEngl.vrbInst.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.TENSE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.20,

_SPECIFIC: (conceptCore676.20)
* PAST-TYPE#cptCore676.2#
* PRESENT-TYPE#cptCore676.1#
* FUTURE-TYPE#cptCore676.23#

* PRESENT-IMPERFECT-INSTANT-ACTIVE-INDICATIVE (simple-present) ("I go'')#cptCore676.4#ql:cptoldepistem676.4##
* PRESENT-IMPERFECT-INTERVAL-ACTIVE-INDICATIVE (present-progressive) ("I am going'')#cptCore676.7#
* PRESENT-PERFECT-SIMPLE--TYPE ("I have gone'')#cptCore676.8#ql:cptoldepistem676.8##
* PRESENT-PERFECT-PROGRESSIVE ("I have been going'')#cptCore676.9#

* SIMPLE-PAST ("I went'')#cptCore676.10#ql:cptoldepistem676.10##
* PAST-PROGRESSIVE ("I was going'')#cptCore676.1#
* PAST-PERFECT ("I had gone'')#cptCore676.1#
* PAST-PERFECT-PROGRESSIVE ("I had been going'')#cptCore676.1#

* SIMPLE-FUTURE ("I will go'')#cptCore676.1#
* FUTURE-PROGRESSIVE ("I will be going'')#cptCore676.1#
* FUTURE-PERFECT ("I will have gone'')#cptCore676.1#
* FUTURE-PERFECT-PROGRESSIVE ("I will have been going'')#cptCore676.1#

Ασυντέλεστος Συντελεσμένος
Παρόν Στιγμ δέ-νω (ενεστώτας) έχω δέ-σει (παρακείμενος)
Εξακ δέ-νω έχω δε-μένο
Παρελ Στιγμ έ-δε-σα (αόριστος) είχα δέ-σει (υπερσυντέλικος)
Εξακ έ-δε-να (παρατατικός) είχα δε-μένο
Μέλλον Στιγμ θα δέ-σω (στ.μελ) θα έχω δέ-σει (συντ. μέλλοντας)
Εξακ θα δέ-νω (εξ.μελ) θα έχω δε-μένο

verb.EXPRESSION.AM

_CREATED: {2012-08-30}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.AM,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.26,
* McsEngl.conceptCore581,
* McsEngl.verbero.am@cptCore581, {2007-12-18}
* McsEngl.am,
* McsEngl.be,
* McsEngl.verb.am@cptCore581, {2003-11-26}
* McsEngl.verb.be,
* McsEngl.am@cptCore581,
* McsEngl.verb.am@cptCore581,
* McsEngl.verb.be@cptCore581,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.beino@lagoSngo, {2006-11-26}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΙΜΑΙ@cptCore581,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ-ΕΙΜΑΙ-ΤΟ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.esti@cptCore581@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.esti@cptCore581,

_GENERIC:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΕΙΜΑΙ είναι ΡΗΜΑ ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

verbAm'ReferentAm

name::
* McsEngl.verbAm'ReferentAm,

PART_OF:
"in most people the speech center _sntxVerb:{is} in the left hemisphere".
[WordNet 2.0]

SPECIFEPTO_OF:
"Acacia confusa is a perennial tree native to Asia".
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_confusa] 2007-12-18

"I _sntxVerb:{AM} a student".

REFERENTO_OF:
"entepto is a koncepto" ==> entepto is_a_referento of koncepto.
[hmnSngo.2007-12-18_KasNik]

In English, "be" meaning "exists" is the same as "be" meaning "equals." These two sentences both use the verb "to be":
The fish is white ("be" as "equals")
The fish is in the tank ("be" as "exists")
[http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Japanese/verbs1.html]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.verbAm.specific,

The verb 'be' as structured-verb has one voice and does not have perfectiveness and instantness properties.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-22_nikkas]

verbAm.LANGO.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.verbAm.LANGO.ENGLISH,
* McsEngl.am'verber@cptCore581,

WERE'verber-581:
- if I were king (but I'm not).
- if he were cleverer (but he isn't).
ΕΙΝΑΙ ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΗ ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΕΙΤΑΙ ΣΤΟ ΕΝΙΚΟ ΑΡΙΘΜΟ ΤΟΥ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ TO BE ΟΤΑΝ ΛΕΜΕ ΚΑΤΙ ΠΟΥ ΔΕ ΜΠΟΡΕΙ ΝΑ ΣΥΜΒΕΙ.
ΟΙ ΤΥΠΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΛΙΓΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΙ ΠΟΥ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΝ, ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΟΛΟ ΚΑΙ ΠΙΟ ΣΠΑΝΙΑ.
[BBC, GETTING ON, 1977, 33#cptResource320#]
- I wish you were here.

been = present participle.
being =

ACTIVE-VOICE
IMPERFECT PERFECT
PRE INST: I am, I have been,
you are, you have been,
he is, he has been,
we are, we have been,
you are, you have been,
they are, they have been,
INT: I am being, I have being(29),
you are being, you have being(29),
he is being, he has being(33),
we are being, we have being(29),
you are being, you have being(29),
they are being, they have being(29),
PAST INST: I was, I had been(89),
you were, you had been(89),
he was, he had been(89),
we were, we had been(89),
you were, you had been(89),
they were, they had been(89),
INT: I was being(81), I had being(93),
you were being(85), you had being(93),
he was being(81), he had being(93),
we were being(85), we had being(93),
you were being(85), you had being(93),
they were being(85), they had being(93),
FUT INST: I will be, I will have been(129),
you will be, you will have been(129),
he will be, hewill have been(129),
we will be, we will have been(129),
you will be, you will have been(129),
they will be, they will have been(129),
INT: I will being, I will have being(133),
you will being(125), you will have being(133),
he will being(125), he will have being(133),
we will being(125), we will have being(133),
you will being(125), you will have being(133),
they will being(125), they will have being(133),

verbAm.LANGO.FRENCH#cptCore41#

name::
* McsEngl.verbAm.LANGO.FRENCH,

je suis,
tu es,
il est,
ell est,
nous sommes,
vous Ιtes,
ils sont,
ells sont

verbAm.LANGO.GERMAN#cptCore41#

name::
* McsEngl.verbAm.LANGO.GERMAN,

das ist ...
das ist nicht ...
ist das ..

verbAm.LANGO.GREEK EL'VERB.BE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verbAm.LANGO.GREEK EL'VERB.BE,

INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: ήμουν, ήσουν, ήταν, ήμαστε, ήσαστε, ήταν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είμαι, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα είμαι, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: μπορεί να ήμουν,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: μπορεί να είμαι,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: μπορεί να είμαι,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: ήθελα να ήσουν, ήθελα να ήταν, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θέλω να είσαι, θέλω να είναι, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θέλω να είσαι, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:

verb.EXPRESSION.HAVE

_CREATED: {2012-08-30}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.HAVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.27,
* McsEngl.conceptCore582,
* McsEngl.verb-HAVE,
* McsEngl.verb.have@cptCore582,
* McsEngl.have@cptCore582,
* McsElln.ΕΧΩ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΕXΩ@cptCore582,

_GENERIC:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΕΧΩ είναι ΡΗΜΑ ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

verbHave.LANGO.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.verbHave.LANGO.ENGLISH,

I have do I have I do not have
you have do you have you do not have
he has does he have he does not have
we have do we have we do not have
you have do you have you do not have
they have do they have they do not have
or
I have have I I have not
you have have you you have not
he has has he he has not
we have have we we have not
you have have you you have not
they have have they they have not

INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: I had, You had, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: I have, You have, He/she/it has, We have, You have, They have.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: I will have, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: I could had, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: I could have,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: I would have,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

verbHave.LANGO.FRENCH#cptCore41#

name::
* McsEngl.verbHave.LANGO.FRENCH,

j'ai,
tu as,
il a, elle a.
nous avons,
vous avez,
ils ont, elles ont.

je n'ai pas,
il n'a pas,
elle n'a pas,
nous n'avons pas,
vous n'avez pas,
ils n'ont pas,
elles n'ont pas,

verbHave.LANGO.GREEK EL'VERB.HAVE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verbHave.LANGO.GREEK EL'VERB.HAVE,

INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε (έχομε), έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω, θα έχεις, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD#cptCore668#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: μπορούσε να είχα, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: μπορεί να έχω, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: μπορεί να έχω, ...
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPERATIVE-MOOD#cptCore595#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#:
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ διάθεση:
ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ έγκλιση:
ΣΤΙΓΜΙΑΙΑ χρονικη ροή:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ: ΕΙΧΑ, ΕΙΧΕΣ, ΕΙΧΕ, ΕΙΧΑΜΕ, ΕΙΧΑΤΕ, ΕΙΧΑΝ.
ΠΑΡΟΝ : ΕΧΩ, ΕΧΕΙΣ, ΕΧΕΙ, ΕΧΟΥΜΕ (ΕΧΟΜΕ), ΕΧΕΤΕ, ΕΧΟΥΝ.
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ : ΘΑ ΕΧΩ, ΘΑ ΕΧΕΙΣ, ...
ΕΞΑΚΟΛ/ΚΗ χρονικη ροή:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ: ΕΙΧΑ, ΕΙΧΕΣ, ...
ΠΑΡΟΝ : ΕΧΩ, ΕΧΩ, ...
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ : ΘΑ ΕΧΩ, ...
ΣΥΝΤΕΛ/ΝΗ χρονική ροή:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ :
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ έγκλιση (ΝΑ, ΟΤΑΝ, ΓΙΑ ΝΑ,):
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ: (ΝΑ, ΟΤΑΝ, ΓΙΑ ΝΑ) ΕΧΩ, ΕΧΕΙΣ (ΕΧΗΣ ΠΑΛΙΑ), ΕΧΕΙ, ...
ΠΑΡΟΝ :
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ έγκλιση:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ :
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ : ΕΧΕ, ΕΧΕΤΕ.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ :
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ :
ΜΕΤΟΧΗ:
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ :
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ : ΕΧΟΝΤΑΣ.

verb.EXPRESSION.MOOD

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.MOOD,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.6,
* McsEngl.verb'mood@cptCore551.6,
* McsEngl.mood-of-verb@cptCore551.6,

_DEFINITION:
TYPES created to express ONLY 'specific-mood'
===
* VERB MOOD is the >>>SET<<< of verb-types that denote mainly ONE-VALUE of the mood-inflection of a semantic-verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* "ΟΙ ΜΟΡΦΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΠΑΙΡΝΕΙ ΤΟ ΡΗΜΑ ΓΙΑ ΝΑ ΦΑΝΕΡΩΣΕΙ ΠΩΣ ΘΕΛΟΥΜΕ ΝΑ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣΟΥΜΕ ΑΥΤΟ ΠΟΥ ΣΗΜΑΙΝΕΙ (ΤΟ ΡΗΜΑ) ΛΕΓΟΝΤΑΙ ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΙΣ"
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 144#cptResource310#]

_SPECIFIC:
* conditional-mood-type
* INDICATIVE-TYPE
* IMPERATIVE-TYPE
* SUBJUNCTIVE-TYPE

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* MOOD-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.3#

_SPECIFIC:
* INDICATIVE-MOOD/ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ (fact)##
* IMPERATIVE-MOOD/ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ (command)##
* SUBJUNCTIVE-MOOD/ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ (else)##

OTHER-VIEW#cptCore505#

ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΕΣ (ΔΗΛΩΝΟΥΝ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ) ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΙΣ:
INDICATIVE/ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ#cptCore679#, (ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ)@cptCore679,
SUBJUNCTIVE/ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ,-(ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ-ΠΡΟΣΔΟΚΩΜΕΝΟ)#cptCore668#
IMPERATIVE/ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ, (ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΓΗΣ)##
ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΕΣ ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΙΣ:
ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ#cptCore680#@cptCore680,
ΜΕΤΟΧΗ#cptCore681#@cptCore681,
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 144#cptResource310#]

ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΕΣ ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΙΣ:
Η οριστική, η υποτακτική και η προστακτική έχουν ξεχωριστούς τύπους για τα διάφορα πρόσωπα κάθε αριθμού, και ονομάζονται γι'αυτό προσωπικές εγκλίσεις.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 145#cptResource310#]

ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΕΣ ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΙΣ:
Το απαρέμφατο και η μετοχή ονομάζονται ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΕΣ ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΙΣ, επειδή δεν έχουν ξεχωριστούς τύπους για τα διάφορα πρόσωπα.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 145#cptResource310#]

verb.EXPRESSION.VOICE

_CREATED: {2012-09-10}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.VOICE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.37,

_SPECIFIC:
* voice.active#cptCore551.4#
* voice.active#cptCore551.2#

verb.EXPRESSION.VOICE.ACTIVE

_CREATED: {2000-10-19}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.VOICE.ACTIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.4,
* McsEngl.eneryero@cptCore551.4,
* McsEngl.energero@cptCore551.4,
* McsEngl.active-verb,
* McsElln.ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsEngl.active'verb@cptCore1038,
* McsEngl.verb.active@cptCore1038,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΟ@cptCore1038,
* McsEngl.active-voice-of-a-verb,
* McsElln.ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗ-ΦΩΝΗ,
* McsEngl.active'voice@cptCore551.4,
* McsEngl.voice.active@cptCore551.4,

_DEFINITION:
* ENERYERO is the verbero-ekspresero a verbero uses for its dutano-AgentAction.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-05_nikkas]

* ACTIVE-VOICE of a verb is the set of verb-forms used to express that the subject of a frasi is the predicator of its transitive-predicate#ql:predicate.transitive#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-11_nikkas]

* ACTIVE VOICE OF A VERB is the voice that means the active voice of the predicate and arbitrarily some self and neutral voice predicates.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_PART:
* ACTIVE-TYPE#cptCore676.13: attPar#

ENGLISH'ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'ACTIVE-VOICE,

ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I wrote, You wrote, He/she/it, We, You, They.
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I write, You, He/she/it writes, We, You, They.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will write, You, He/she/it, We, You, They.
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was writing, You were, He/she/it was, We were, You were, They were.
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am writing, You are, He/she/it is, We are, You are, They are.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will be writing, You will be writing, ...
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had written, You had written, He/she/it had written, ...
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have written, You have, He/she/it HAS, We have, You have, They have.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have written, You will have written, He/she/it will have written, ...
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had been writing, You had been writing, ...
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have been writing, You have been writing, He/she/it has been writing, ...
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have been writing, You will have been writing, ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EL'ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'ACTIVE-VOICE,

EXAMPLES:
- [ο τεχνίτης] {διορθώνει} /τη βρύση/.
- [τα παιδιά] {τρέχουν}. (αμετάβατο)
- [εγώ] {πεινώ/διψώ}. ()
- [ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον ήλιο! παθητική διάθεση

ΡΗΜΑΤΑ#ql:el'verb.only'active# με ΜΟΝΟ ενεργητική-φωνη.

verb.EXPRESSION.VOICE.PASSIVE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.VOICE.PASSIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.2,
* McsEngl.pashero@cptCore551.2,
* McsEngl.passive!~verb,
* McsEngl.verb.passive,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.2,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsEngl.passive-voice,
* McsElln.ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ-ΦΩΝΗ,
* McsEngl.passive'voice@cptCore551.2,
* McsEngl.voice.passive@cptCore551.2,

_DEFINITION:
* PASHERO is the verbero-ekspresero a verbero uses for its dutano-what.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-05_nikkas]

* PASSIVE VOICE are the instancers of a verber that denote that its subjecter receives an action (action expressed passively). Only the actions are expressed with active and passive voice verbers. The functions are expressed in english mainly with active-voice-verbers. In greek some are expressed with active and others with passive-voice-verbers. Ancient-greek expressed the functions with the same passive-voice-verbers that expressed and the actions-passively and only in past and future had diferent instances to express actions-passively and functions.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-09_nikkas]

* PASSIVE VOICE OF A VERB is the voice that means the passive-voice of the predicate and arbitrarily some self and neutral voice predicates.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

PASSIVE VOICE: the voice used to indicate that the subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb.
[wordnet 6.1]

* ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ ΦΩΝΗ:
το σύνολο των ρηματικών τύπων που έχουν στο πρώτο ενικό πρόσωπο της οριστικής του ενεστώτα κατάληξη -μαι ονομάζεται ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ ΦΩΝΗ.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 143#cptResource310#]

Τα ρήματα που έχουν μόνο παθητική φωνή λέγονται ΑΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΑ (γιατί παλιότερα νόμιζαν ότι αυτά έχουν αποθέσει (αποβάλει, χάσει) τους τύπους της ενεργητικής φωνής.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 143#cptResource310#]

ENGLISH'PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.ENGLISH'PASSIVE-VOICE,

PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will be written,
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was being written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am being written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will being written,
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had been written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have been written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have been written,
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had being written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:I have being written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have being written,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EL'PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.EL'PASSIVE-VOICE,

EXAMPLES (stc):
- [η κάμαρα] {φωτίζεται} !από τη λάμπα!. παθητική διάθεση.
- [ο Γιώργος] {ξυρίζεται} !από τον κουρέα! παθητική διάθεση.
- [ο Γιώργος] {ξυρίζεται} !μόνος του! μέση διάθεση.
- [ο εργάτης] {ξεκουράζεται}. ουδέτερη διάθεση.

ΡΗΜΑΤΑ#ql:el'verb.only'passive# με ΜΟΝΟ παθητική-φωνη.

verb.EXPRESSION.WORD.MANY

_CREATED: {2004-09-10|2000-09-29}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.EXPRESSION.WORD.MANY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.verb'poliyordero@cptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.polynonymer-verber,
* McsEngl.polylectic'verb@cptCore1079,
* McsEngl.compound'verb@cptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.multi'word'verb@cptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.phrasal'verb@cptCore1079,
* McsEngl.verb'phrase@cptCore551.14,
* McsEngl.verb.polylectic@cptCore1079,

* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΦΡΑΣΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΠΟΛΥΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΠΟΛΥΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ@cptCore1079,

_DEFINITION:
In English a phrasal verb is the combining of two or three words from different grammatical categories — a verb, a particle, a preposition verb — to form a single semantic unit. Examples: turn down, run into, sit up. There are tens of thousands of them, and they are in everyday, constant use. These semantic units cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts but must be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable.[1] Phrasal verbs that include a preposition are known as prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs that include a particle are also known as particle verbs. Additional alternative terms for phrasal verb are compound verb, verb-adverb combination, verb-particle construction, two-part word/verb or three-part word/verb (depending on the number of particles) and multi-word verb.[2]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasal_verb]

* POLYWORD-VERB is a VERB with more than one word as namer#cptCore551.5#. It depends on a specific language if a verb is polyword or not.
[hmnSngo.2004-03-30_nikkas]

* look-for = ψάχνω it is an example of a polylectic-verb.
[2001-11-17]

* COMPOUND-VERB is a VERB with MORE than one 'simple-word'.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

* A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and an adverb or preposition, for example `shut up' or `look after', which together have a particular meaning. N-COUNT (c) HarperCollins Publishers.

What are phrasal verbs?

1. A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.
Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home

2. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object.
Example:
He suddenly showed up. "show up" cannot take an object

3. Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object.
Example:
I made up the story. "story" is the object of "make up"

4. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, separable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a * between the verb and the preposition / adverb.
Example:
I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.
She looked the phone number up.

5. Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, inseparable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a + after the preposition / adverb.
Example:
I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem.

6. Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, such phrasal verbs are marked with both * and + .
Example:
I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book.

7. WARNING! Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in both places, you must put the object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun.
Example:
I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book.
I looked it up in the phone book. correct
I looked up it in the phone book. incorrect
[http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html]

_GENERIC:
* POLYWORD-KONSEPTERO#cptCore512#
* VERBER#cptCore551#

_SPECIFIC:
* Languages create diferent verbers. The same MEANING-VERBERS are expressed with monoworder-verbers or polyworder-verbers (combinations of existing verbers and other worders (corelaters, nonmapers, adverbers, ...) ).
[hmnSngo.2005-12-13_nikkas]

{run quickly}: The same-concept in noun form is '(a) quick-running'.
So we use adjectives to create compound-nouns and adverbs to create compound-verbs.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

* VERBERO-POLIYORDERO-ENGLISH#ql:verbero'poliyordero'eng@cptCore551#

verb.polylectic.ADVERBER

name::
* McsEngl.verb.polylectic.ADVERBER,

EXAMPLES:
_sntxEngl: Jane will meet Paul tomorrow. [Jane] _sntxVerb:{will meet tomorrow} /Paul/.
· _sntxElln: [Ο Γιώργος] _sntxVerb:{έκλεισε _sntxArgt:[με δύναμη/δυνατά]} /την πόρτα/.

verb.polylectic.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.verb.polylectic.ENGLISH,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* https://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-phrasal-verb.html,

_SPECIFIC:
* transitive,
* transitiveNo,
* separable,
* separableNo,

200 Common phrasal verbs with meanings and example sentences
by Loοc Montreuil | Nov 23, 2018 | Practise Your English

200 Common phrasal verbs with meanings and example sentences
Phrasal verbs are an important part of learning the English language. Most phrasal verbs consist of two words (verb + adverb or verb + preposition) but a few consists of three words. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorise many at once.

You can use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don’t recognise. The examples will help you understand the meanings. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning.

Download the PDF version here

200 phrasal verbs with meanings
Phrasal Verb Meaning Example
Act on To take action because of something like information received. The police were ACTING ON a tip from an informer and caught the gang red-handed.
Act out Perform something with actions and gestures.. They ACTED OUT the story on stage.
Act up Behave badly or strangely. My computer’s ACTING UP; I think I might have a virus.
Add on Include in a calculation. You have to ADD the VAT ON to the price they give.
Add up To make a mathematical total. We ADDED UP the bill to check it was correct.
Agree with Affect- usually used in the negative to show that something has had a negative effect, especially is it makes you feel bad. I feel terrible- that food didn’t AGREE WITH my stomach.
Aim at To target. The magazine is AIMED AT teenagers.
Allow for Include something in a plan or calculation. You should ALLOW FOR delays when planning a journey.
Allow of Make possible, permit. The rules don’t ALLOW OF any exceptions.
Angle for Try to get something indirectly, by hinting or suggesting. He’s been ANGLING FOR an invitation, but I don’t want him to come.
Answer back To reply rudely to someone in authority. Her mother was shocked when she started ANSWERING her BACK and refusing to help.
Argue down Beat someone in a debate, discussion or argument. The teacher tried to ARGUE the girl DOWN, but she couldn’t.
Argue down Persuade someone to drop the price of something they’re selling. She ARGUED him DOWN ten percent.
Argue out Argue about a problem to find a solution. If we can’t ARGUE our differences OUT, we’ll have to take them to court.
Ask about Ask how someone is doing, especially professionally and in terms of health. He ASKED ABOUT my father.
Ask after Enquire about someone’s health, how life is going. Jenny rang earlier and ASKED AFTER you, so I told her you were fine.
Ask around Ask a number of people for information of help. I have no idea, but I’ll ASK AROUND at work and see if anyone can help.
Ask in To invite somebody into your house. Jon’s at the door.’ ‘ASK him IN.’
Ask out To invite someone for a date. He wanted to ASK her OUT but was too shy.
Ask over Invite. They have ASKED us OVER for drinks on Friday.
Ask round Invite someone. We ASKED John ROUND for diner.
Auction off Sell something in an auction. They AUCTIONED OFF their property as they were heavily in debt.
Back away Retreat or go backwards. The crowd BACKED AWAY when the man pulled a knife.
Back down Retract or withdraw your position or proposal in an argument. She refused to BACK DOWN and was fired.
Back into Enter a parking area in reverse gear. He prefers to BACK his car INTO the garage.
Back off Retreat. The police told the protesters to BACK OFF.
Back out Fail to keep an arrangement or promise. He BACKED OUT two days before the holiday so we gave the ticket to his sister
Back out of Fail to keep an agreement, arrangement. She BACKED OUT OF the agreement at the last minute.
Back up Make a copy of computer data. You should always BACK UP important files and documents so that you won’t lose all your work if something goes wrong with the hardware.
Bag out Criticise. Don’t bag out BAG OUT Australian English.
Ball up Confuse or make things complicated. The new project has BALLED me UP- I have no idea what to do.
Bargain down Persuade someone to drop the price of something they’re selling. I BARGAINED her DOWN to half what she originally wanted.
Bash about Mistreat physically. If you BASH your monitor ABOUT like that, it won’t last long.
Bash in Break, damage or injure by hitting. The burglars BASHED the door IN to enter the house.
Bash out Write something quickly without much preparation. I BASHED the essay OUT the night before I had to hand it in.
Be after Try to find or get. The police ARE AFTER him because of the theft.
Be along Arrive. The next bus should BE ALONG in the next quarter of an hour or so.
Be away Be elsewhere; on holiday, etc.. She’s AWAY on business for three weeks.
Be cut out for Be suitable, have the necessary qualities. She’s not CUT OUT FOR this kind of work.
Be cut up Be upset. She was very CUT UP about coming second as she thought she deserved to win.
Be down Be depressed. He’s BEEN DOWN since his partner left him.
Be fed up Be bored, upset or sick of something. I AM FED UP of his complaints.
Be taken with Like something. I WAS very TAKEN WITH the performance- it was superb.
Be up Be out of bed. She’s not UP yet.
Bear down on Move towards. She spotted him on the other side of the room and BORE DOWN ON him.
Bear on Influence, affect. The judge’s character may well BEAR ON the final decision.
Bear out Confirm that something is correct. Statistics BEAR OUT the government’s positions on the issue.
Bear up Resist pressure. How are you BEARING UP under the strain?
Bear up under Cope with something difficult or stressful. He’s BEARING UP UNDER the pressure.
Bear with Be patient. Please BEAR WITH me a moment while I finish this email.
Beat down Strong sunshine. The sun WAS really BEATING DOWN and we couldn’t stay outdoors.
Beat out Narrowly win in competition. The marathon runner barely BEAT OUT his rival at the tape.
Beat up Attack violently. The mugger BEAT him UP and stole his wallet.
Belong with Be in the correct or appropriate location with other items. Does this disc BELONG WITH those on the shelf?
Bend down Lower the top half of your body. I BENT DOWN to pick it up off the floor.
Big up Exaggerate the importance. He BIGS himself UP all the time.
Bitch up Spoil or ruin something. I BITCHED UP the interview.
Black out Fall unconscious. He BLACKED OUT and collapsed on the floor.
Blast off Leave the ground- spaceship or rocket. The space shuttle BLASTED OFF on schedule yesterday.
Block in Park a car and obstruct another car. I couldn’t drive here this morning because someone had BLOCKED me IN.
Block off Obstruct an exit to prevent people from leaving. The police BLOCKED OFF the road after the murder.
Blow away Impress greatly. Her first novel BLEW me AWAY.
Blow down When the wind forces something to fall. A tree was BLOWN DOWN in the storm.
Blow in Arrive, sometimes suddenly or unexpectedly. He BLEW IN from Toronto early this morning.
Blow off Not keep an appointment. We were going to meet last night, but she BLEW me OFF at the last minute.
Blow up Explode. The bomb BLEW UP without any warning.
Boil up Feel a negative emotion strongly. The anger BOILED UP in me when I saw what they had done.
Bone up on Study hard for a goal or reason. I need to BONE UP ON my French grammar for the test.
Book in Check in at a hotel. WE took a taxi from the airport to the hotel and BOOKED IN.
Call up Telephone. I CALLED him UP as soon as I got to a phone to tell him the news.
Calm down Stop being angry or emotionally excited. When I lose my temper, it takes ages for me to CALM DOWN again.
Cancel out Have an opposite effect on something that has happened, taking things back to the beginning. The airport taxes CANCELLED OUT the savings we had made on the flight tickets.
Cap off Finish or complete, often with some decisive action. She CAPPED OFF the meeting with a radical proposal.
Care for Like. I don’t CARE FOR fizzy drinks; I prefer water.
Carried away Get so emotional that you lose control. The team got CARRIED AWAY when they won the championship and started shouting and throwing things around.
Carry forward Make something progress. They hope the new management will be able to CARRY the project FORWARD.
Carry off Win, succeed. She CARRIED OFF the first prize in the competition.
Carry on Continue. CARRY ON quietly with your work until the substitute teacher arrives.
Decide upon Choose, select. Jane spent a long time looking at houses before she bought one, but eventually DECIDED UPON one near her office.
Die away Become quieter or inaudible (of a sound). The last notes DIED AWAY and the audience burst into applause.
Die back When the parts of a plant above ground die, but the roots remain alive. The plant DIES BACK in the winter.
Die down Decrease or become quieter. It was on the front pages of all the papers for a few days, but the interest gradually DIED DOWN.
Die for Want something a lot. I’m DYING FOR the weekend- this week’s been so hard.
Die off Become extinct. Most of the elm trees in the UK DIED OFF when Dutch elm disease arrived.
Die out Become extinct or disappear. Some scientists say that the dinosaurs DIED OUT when a comet hit the earth and caused a nuclear winter.
Dig in Start eating greedily. We were starving so we really DUG IN when the food finally did arrive.
Dig into Reach inside to get something. She DUG INTO her handbag and pulled out a bunch of keys.
Fawn over Praise someone in an excessive way to get their favour or something from them. She FAWNED OVER the inspectors in the hope that they would give her a good grade.
Feed off Eat a food as part of an animals diet. The gecko FEEDS OFF mosquitoes and other insects.
Feed on Give someone a particular food. He FEEDS his cat ON dry food.
Feed up Give someone a lot of food to restore their health, make them bigger, etc. She’s been ill for a fortnight so we’re FEEDING her UP.
Feel up Touch sexually, grope. Someone FELT me UP in the club as I was trying to get to the bar.
Feel up to Feel capable of doing something. I’m so tired. I don’t think I FEEL UP TO going out tonight.
Get ahead Progress. Nowadays, you need IT skills if you want to GET AHEAD.
Get ahead of Move in front of. I work at home in the evening to GET AHEAD OF schedule.
Get along Leave. It’s late; we must be GETTING ALONG.
Give up Stop doing something that has been a habit. I GAVE UP taking sugar in tea and coffee to lose weight.
Hit on Have an idea. I suddenly HIT ON the solution
Hold off Stop someone from attacking or beating you. Chelsea couldn’t HOLD their opponents OFF and lost the game.
Hold on Wait. Could you HOLD ON for a minute; she’ll be free in a moment.
Hook up Meet someone. We HOOKED UP at the conference.
Hunt out Search until you find something. It took me ages to HUNT OUT the photos.
Jack up Increase sharply. They have JACKED UP the price of oil this month.
Jam on Apply or operate something forcefully. Jack JAMMED ON the brakes when the rabbit ran in front of his car.
Jaw away Talk just for the point of talking rather than having anything to say. That shows that your interest is not in helping the student, but in JAWING AWAY.
Jazz up Make something more interesting or attractive. The show was getting stale so they JAZZED it UP with some new scenes.
Keep around Keep something near you. I KEEP a dictionary AROUND when I’m doing my homework.
Keep at Continue with something difficult. She found the course hard but she KEPT AT it and completed it successfully.
Keep away Don’t allow someone near something. Medicines should always be KEPT AWAY from children.
Keep back Maintain a safe distance. The police told the crowd to KEEP BACK from the fire.
Key to Plan things to fit or suit people or situations. Promotions are KEYED TO people’s abilities.
Key up Make someone excited or nervous. The noise got us KEYED UP.
Kick about Discuss. We KICKED the idea ABOUT at the meeting.
Kick in When a drug starts to take effect. Her hayfever didn’t feel half as bad once the antihistamines had KICKED IN.
Kick out Expel. The family KICKED the au pair OUT when they found out that she was planning to move to work for another household.
Knock off Finish work for the day. We KNOCKED OFF early on Friday to avoid the rush hour queues.
Lash down Secure something with ropes or cords. We LASHED the tarpaulin DOWN to stop the wind blowing it away.
Lash into Criticise someone strongly. He LASHED INTO them for messing thins up.
Lash out Suddenly become violent. He LASHED OUT and broke the man’s nose.
Lay on Organise, supply. They LAID ON a buffet lunch at the conference.
Lay out Spend money. They LAID OUT thousands of pounds on their wedding reception.
Let in Allow someone to enter. The doorstaff didn’t LET him IN the nightclub because he was wearing jeans.
Let off Not punish. The judge LET him OFF with a fine rather than a prison sentence since it was his first offence.
Line up Arrange events for someone. We have LINED UP a lot of meetings for them.
Link up Connect, join. The train LINKS UP the cities.
Live by Follow a belief system to guide your behaviour. He tries hard to LIVE BY the Bible.
Live down Stop being embarrassed about something. If I fail the test and everyone else passes, I’ll never be able to LIVE it DOWN.
Live with Accept something unpleasant. It’s hard to LIVE WITH the pain of a serious illness.
Log in Enter a restricted area on a computer system. I had forgotten my password and couldn’t LOG IN.
Log into Enter a restricted area of a computer system. I LOGGED INTO the staff intranet to check my email.
Log off Exit a computer system. When she’d finished working on the spreadsheet, she LOGGED OFF and left the office.
Log on Enter a computer system. He entered his password for the college intranet and LOGGED ON.
Log out Exit a computer system. Danny closed the programs and LOGGED OUT when it was time to go home.
Look up Consult a reference work (dictionary, phonebook, etc.) for a specific piece of information.. I didn’t know the correct spelling so I had to LOOK it UP in the dictionary.
Magic away Make something disappear quickly. He MAGICKED the bill AWAY and paid for us all before I could get my wallet out.
Make after Chase. The police MADE AFTER the stolen car.
Make away with Steal. The thieves MADE AWAY WITH the painting.
Make it Arrive or get a result. I thought you weren’t coming, so I was really pleased you MADE IT.
Make it up to Try to compensate for doing something wrong. He tried to MAKE IT UP TO her, but she wouldn’t speak to him.
Make of Understand or have an opinion. What do you MAKE OF your new boss?
Make off Leave somewhere in a hurry. They MADE OFF when they heard the police siren.
Mash up Mix sources of audio, video or other computer sources.. She MASHED UP the songs into a single track.
Melt down Heat something solid, especially metal, until it becomes liquid. They MELTED the gold statue DOWN and turned it into gold bars.
Mess about Not be serious, not use something properly. The children were MESSING ABOUT with the TV remote control and broke it.
Mix up Confuse. I always MIX those two sisters UP because they look so like each other.
Move into Start living in a place. They MOVED INTO the house as soon as it was ready.
Move up Move to make space. Could you MOVE UP and let me sit down?
Nail down Succeed in getting, achieve. They are having trouble NAILING DOWN the contract.
Name after Give someone a name to remember another person. I was NAMED AFTER my uncle who died in the war.
Narrow down Remove less important options to make it easier to choose. I am not sure which university to apply to, but I have NARROWED my list DOWN to three.
Nerd out Play safe and avoid taking a risk. I’m going to NERD OUT and not go on the river trip.
Opt for Choose. I OPTED FOR an endowment mortgage and lost a lot of money.
Opt in Choose to be part or a member of something. If you want them to notify you of updates, you have to OPT IN.
Opt into Choose to be a member or part of something. I OPTED INTO the scheme.
Opt out Choose not to be part of something. The UK OPTED OUT of a lot of EU legislation on working hours and conditions.
Pack in Stop doing something. I’m trying to PACK IN smoking.
Pack off Send someone away. His boss PACKED him OFF to a regional office.
Pack out Fill a venue. The stadium was PACKED OUT.
Pack up Stop doing something. You should PACK UP smoking.
Pad down Sleep somewhere for the night. I’m too tired to come home; can I PAD DOWN here tonight?
Pad out Make a text longer by including extra content, often content that isn’t particularly relevant. I couldn’t think of much to write, so I PADDED the essay OUT with a few lengthy quotes.
Pal around Be friendly and spend time with someone. We PALLED AROUND at university.
Pal up Become friends. We PALLED UP when I started working with her.
Pass away Die. Sadly, Georgia’s uncle PASSED AWAY yesterday after a short illness.
Pass back Return. I felt awful when the teacher started to PASS BACK the exam papers.
Pass by Go past without stopping. I was just PASSING BY when I saw the accident.
Patch up Fix or make things better. I tried to PATCH things UP after the argument, but they wouldn’t speak to me.
Pay back Repay money borrowed. I PAID BACK the twenty pounds I’d borrowed.
Pay off Produce a profitable or successful result. Their patience PAID OFF when he finally showed up and signed the contract.
Peel away Leave a group by moving in a different direction. Some of the crowd PEELED AWAY to get out of the crush.
Peg out Put washing outside to dry. I PEGGED the washing OUT after it stopped raining.
Phase in Introduce gradually. They are PHASING IN the reforms over the next two years.
Phase out Remove gradually. They have introduced a compact edition of the newspaper and are PHASING OUT the broadsheet edition over the next few months.
Pick at Eat unwillingly. I wasn’t very hungry so I just PICKED AT my food.
Pick up Collect. While you’re in town, can you PICK UP my trousers from the Dry Cleaner?
Pig out Eat a lot. The food was great, so I really PIGGED OUT.
Pile up Accumulate. Work just keeps on PILING UP and I really can’t manage to get it all done.
Pin down Discover exact details about something. The government can’t PIN DOWN where the leak came from.
Pin on Attach the blame to someone. The police tried to PIN the crime ON him.
Pin up Fix something to a wall, or other vertical surface, with a pin. I PINNED the notice UP on the board
Pine away Suffer physically because of grief, stress, worry, etc. He’s been PINING AWAY since his wife died and is a shadow of his former self.
Pipe down Be quiet (often as an imperative). The lecturer asked the students to PIPE DOWN and pay attention.
Pipe up To speak, raise your voice. At first, no one answered, then finally someone PIPED UP.
Play along Pretend to agree or accept something in order to keep someone happy or to get more information. I disagreed with the idea but I had to PLAY ALONG because everyone else liked it.
Play around Be silly. The children were PLAYING AROUND and being annoying.
Play up Behave badly. The children PLAYED UP all evening and drove the babysitter mad.
Plug in Connect machines to the electricity supply. He PLUGGED the TV IN and turned it on full blast.
Plump down Put something in a place without taking care. He PLUMPED his bag DOWN and kicked his shoes off.
Plump for Choose. I PLUMPED FOR the steak frites.
Point out Make someone aware of something. He POINTED OUT that I only had two weeks to get the whole thing finished.
Poke about Move things around or search in a casual way to try to find something. I POKED ABOUT in my CD collection to see if I could find it.
Poke around Move things around or search in a casual way to try to find something. I POKED AROUND in my desk to see if the letter was there.
Polish off Finish, consume. She POLISHES OFF half a bottle of gin every night.
Polish up Improve something quickly. I need to POLISH UP my French before I go to Paris.
Pop in Visit for a short time. He POPPED IN for a coffee on his way home.
Pop off Talk loudly, complain. He’s always POPPING OFF when things don’t suit him.
Power up Turn a computer or electronic device on so that it is ready to use. I POWERED UP my laptop and started work.
Price up Charge more for something. In rural areas where they have a monopoly, some garages PRICE UP fuel because there’s nowhere else to buy it.
Pull ahead Overtake, move in front. The lorry was going slowly but we managed to PULL AHEAD.
Pull out Move into traffic. The traffic was so bad that it took me ages to PULL OUT.
[https://www.inlingua-edinburgh.co.uk/200-common-phrasal-verbs-with-meanings-and-example-sentences/]

verb.lango.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.verb.lango.ENGLISH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.7,
* McsEngl.eng'verb@cptCore551.7,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.7,
* McsEngl.en'verber@cptCore551.7,
* McsEngl.english!~verb,
* McsEngl.lngEng'verb@cptCore551.7, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.verb.english@cptCore551.7,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.logosconjugator.org/index.php,

INSTANCES#cptCore676.5#
ACTIVE-VOICE PASSIVE-VOICE
Imperfect Perfect Imperfect Perfect
Present::
Inst: I write, I have written, I am written, I have been written,
he writes, he has written, he is written, he has been written,
we write we have written, we are written, we have been written,
do I write?
does he write?
I do not write
he does not write
Intv: I am writing, I have been writing, I am being written, I have being written,
he is writing, he has been writing, he is being written, he has being written,
we are writing, we are being written, ,
Past::
Inst: I wrote, I had written, I was written, I had been written,
we wrote we were written, ,
did I write?
did he write?
I did not write
h did not write
Intv: I was writing, I had been writing, I was being written, I had being written,
we were writing, we were being written, ,
Future::
Inst: I will write, I will have written, I will be written, I will have been written,
Intv: I will be writing, I will have been writing, I will being written, I will have being written,

_NONYMERS:
* ENV1: (normal)
climb, climb-ed, climb-ing, climb-s.

* ENV2:
box, box-ed, box-ing, box-es.

* ENV3:
stop, stopp-ed, stopp-ing, stop-s.

* ENV4: (irregular#ql:english'irregular'verb#)

ACTIVE-VOICE PASSIVE-VOICE
IMPERFECT PERFECT IMPERFECT PERFECT
PRESENT::
INST: I write(1), I have written(21), I am written(37), I have been written(61),
you write(1), you have written(21), you are written(41), you have been written(61),
he writes(5), he has written(25), he is written(45), he has been written(65),
we write(1), we have written(21), we are written(41), we have been written(61),
you write(1), you have written(21), you are written(41), you have been written(61),
they write(1), they have written(21), they are written(41), they have been written(61),
INTV: I am writing(9), I have been writing(29), I am being written(49), I have being written(69),
you are writing(13), you have been writing(29), you are being written(53), you have being written(69),
he is writing(17), he has been writing(33), he is being written(57), he has being written(73),
we are writing(13), we have been writing(29), we are being written(53), we have being written(69),
you are writing(13), you have been writing(29), you are being written(53), you have being written(69),
they are writing(13), they have been writing(29), they are being written(53), they have being written(69),
PAST::
INST: I wrote(77), I had written(89), I was written(97), I had been written(113),
you wrote(77), you had written(89), you were written(101), you had been written(113),
he wrote(77), he had written(89), he was written(97), he had been written(113),
we wrote(77), we had written(89), we were written(101), we had been written(113),
you wrote(77), you had written(89), you were written(101), you had been written(113),
they wrote(77), they had written(89), they were written(101), they had been written(113),
INTV: I was writing(81), I had been writing(93), I was being written(105), I had being written(117),
you were writing(85), you had been writing(93), you were being written(109), you had being written(117),
he was writing(81), he had been writing(93), he was being written(105), he had being written(117),
we were writing(85), we had been writing(93), we were being written(109), we had being written(117),
you were writing(85), you had been writing(93), you were being written(109), you had being written(117),
they were writing(85), they had been writing(93), they were being written(109), they had being written(117),
FUTURE::
INST: I will write(121), I will have written(129), I will be written(137), I will have been written(145),
you will write(121), you will have written(129), you will be written(137), you will have been written(145),
he will write(121), hewill have written(129), he will be written(137), he will have been written(145),
we will write(121), we will have written(129), we will be written(137), we will have been written(145),
you will write(121), you will have written(129), you will be written(137), you will have been written(145),
they will write(121), they will have written(129), they will be written(137), they will have been written(145),
INTV: I will be writing(125), I will have been writing(133), I will being written(141), I will have being written(149),
you will be writing(125), you will have been writing(133), you will being written(141), you will have being written(149),
he will be writing(125), he will have been writing(133), he will being written(141), he will have being written(149),
we will be writing(125), we will have been writing(133), we will being written(141), we will have being written(149),
you will be writing(125), you will have been writing(133), you will being written(141), you will have being written(149),
they will be writing(125), they will have been writing(133), they will being written(141), they will have being written(149),

Modals are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and need (need can be a full verb as well).
We can play football.
We could play football.
We may play football.
We might play football.
We must play football. We mustn't play football.
We needn't play football.
We ought to play football.
We shall play football.
We should play football.
We will play football.
We would play football.
NOTE:
1) Do not use modals for things which happen definitely. The sun rises in the East.
2) They do not have an -s in the 3rd person singular. He can play football.
3) Questions are formed without do/does/did. Can he speak Spanish?
4) It follows a full verb in the infinitive. They must read the book.
5) There are no past forms (except could and would). He was allowed to watch the film.
6) When you use the past particple, you tell about things which did not happen in the past. You should have told me.

can I can play football. My sister can play volleyball. I can't play handball. = I cannot play handball. Can I go to the cinema? When can we ride our bikes?
must The children must be at school at 7.35. I must help my father this afternoon. Must we clean our room now?

verb.eng'computer-program

name::
* McsEngl.verb.eng'computer-program,
* McsEngl.conjugator.english,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.theconjugator.com//
* http://conjugator.reverso.net/conjugation-english.html,
* http://en.bab.la/conjugation/english//
* http://www.verbix.com/languages/english.shtml, subjunctive,

verb.eng'rule

name::
* McsEngl.verb.eng'rule,

English verb conjugation rules

There are 3 categories of verbs:

Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
Modal verbs
The Basic rules for regular and irregular verbs are:

Present Simple:

Affirmative: I, you, we, they + verb (Infinitive without “to”)
He/she/it + verb (Infinitive without “to”) + “-s”

Negative: I, you, we, they + do + not + verb (Infinitive without “to”
He/she/it + does + not + verb (Infinitive without “to”)

Interrogative: Do + I, you, we, they + verb (Infinitive without “to”
Does + he/she/it + verb (Infinitive without “to”)?

Past Simple:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + verb (Past Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + did + not + verb (Infinitive without “to”)

Interrogative: Did + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + verb (Infinitive without “to)?

Present continuous:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + be (Present Simple) + verb (Present Participle (verb+”-ing”))

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + be (Present Simple) + not + verb (Present Participle)

Interrogative: Be (Present Simple) + I, you, we, they + verb (Present Participle)?

Past continuous:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + be (Past Simple) + verb (Present Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + be (Past Simple) + not + verb (Present Participle)

Interrogative: Be (Past Simple) + I, you, we, they + verb (Present Participle)?

Present perfect:

Affirmative: I, you, we, they + have + verb (Past Participle)
He/she/it + has + verb (Past Participle)

Negative: I, you, we, they + have + not + verb (Past Participle)
He/she/it + has + not + verb (Past Participle)

Interrogative: Have + I, you, we, they + verb (Past Participle)?
Has+ he/she/it + verb (Past Participle)?

Past perfect:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + had + verb (Past Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + had + not + verb (Past Participle)

Interrogative: Had + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + verb (Past Participle)?

Present perfect continuous:

Affirmative: I, you, we, they + have + been + verb (Present Participle)
He/she/it + has + been + verb (Present Participle)

Negative: I, you, we, they + have + not + been + verb (Present Participle)
He/she/it + has + not + been + verb (Present Participle)

Interrogative: Have + I, you, we, they + been + verb (Present Participle)?
Has+ he/she/it + been + verb (Present Participle)?

Past perfect continuous:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + had + been + verb (Present Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + had+ not + been + verb (Present Participle)

Interrogative: Had + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + been + verb (Present Participle)?

Future:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + will + verb (Infinitive without “to”)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + will + not + verb (Infinitive without “to”)

Interrogative: Will + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + verb (Infinitive without “to”)?

Future Perfect:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they +will + have + verb (Past Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they +will + not + have + verb (Past Participle)

Interrogative: Will + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + have + verb (Past Participle)?

Future continuous:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + will + be + verb (Present Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + will + not + be + verb (Present Participle)

Interrogative: Will + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + be + verb (Present Participle)?

Future perfect continuous:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + will + have + been + verb (Present Participle)

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, they + will + not + have + been + verb (Present Participle)

Interrogative: Will + I, you, he/she/it, we, they + have + been + verb (Present Participle)?
[http://conjugation.com/about_conjugation.php#a4]

verb.eng.INSTANCE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.eng.INSTANCE,

"write" vs "I write":
the verber-instance is the first and the combination of it with the subjecter of the sentencer denotes diferent meaning-verbers.
[hmnSngo.2004-08-22_nikkas]

INSTANCES:
* TENSE:
* VOICE
* PERFECTIVENESS
* INSTANTNESS

ORDERED BY NUMBER:
en'v1.nm1 mverber1.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
en'v1.nm1 mverber2.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you
en'v1.nm1 mverber4.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we
en'v1.nm1 mverber5.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you
en'v1.nm1 mverber6.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they

en'v2.nm2 mverber3.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S

en'v3.do'not'nm1 mverber10.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we
en'v3.do'not'nm1 mverber11.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you
en'v3.do'not'nm1 mverber12.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they
en'v3.do'not'nm1 mverber7.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I
en'v3.do'not'nm1 mverber8.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you

en'v4.does'not'nm1 mverber9.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S

en'v5.do'S'nm1? mverber13.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I
en'v5.do'S'nm1? mverber14.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you
en'v5.do'S'nm1? mverber16.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we
en'v5.do'S'nm1? mverber17.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you
en'v5.do'S'nm1? mverber18.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v6.does'S'nm1? mverber15.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v7.do'S'not'nm1? mverber19.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v7.do'S'not'nm1? mverber20.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v7.do'S'not'nm1? mverber22.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v7.do'S'not'nm1? mverber23.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v7.do'S'not'nm1? mverber24.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v8.does'S'not'nm1? mverber21.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v9.have'nm3 mverber25.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v9.have'nm3 mverber26.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v9.have'nm3 mverber28.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v9.have'nm3 mverber29.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v9.have'nm3 mverber30.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v10.nm3 mverber27.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v11.have'not'nm3 mverber31.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v11.have'not'nm3 mverber32.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v11.have'not'nm3 mverber34.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v11.have'not'nm3 mverber35.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v11.have'not'nm3 mverber36.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v12.has'not'nm3 mverber33.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v13.have'S'nm3? mverber37.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v13.have'S'nm3? mverber38.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v13.have'S'nm3? mverber40.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v13.have'S'nm3? mverber41.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v13.have'S'nm3? mverber42.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v14.has'S'nm3? mverber39.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v15.have'S'not'nm3? mverber43.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v15.have'S'not'nm3? mverber44.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v15.have'S'not'nm3? mverber46.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v15.have'S'not'nm3? mverber47.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v15.have'S'not'nm3? mverber48.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v16.has'S'not'nm3? mverber45.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v17.am'nm3 mverber49.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
en'v18.are'nm3 mverber50.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v18.are'nm3 mverber52.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v18.are'nm3 mverber53.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v18.are'nm3 mverber54.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they

en'v19.is'nm3 mverber51.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S

en'v20.am'not'nm3 mverber55.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I

en'v21.are'not'nm3 mverber56.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you
en'v21.are'not'nm3 mverber58.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we
en'v21.are'not'nm3 mverber59.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you
en'v21.are'not'nm3 mverber60.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they

en'v22.is'not'nm3 mverber57.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S
en'v23.am'S'nm3? mverber61.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I
en'v24.are'S'nm3? mverber62.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v24.are'S'nm3? mverber64.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v24.are'S'nm3? mverber65.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v24.are'S'nm3? mverber66.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v25.is'S'nm3? mverber63.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v26.am'S'not'nm3? mverber67.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v27.are'S'not'nm3? mverber68.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v27.are'S'not'nm3? mverber70.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v27.are'S'not'nm3? mverber71.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v27.are'S'not'nm3? mverber72.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v28.is'S'not'nm3? mverber69.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v29.have'been'nm3 mverber73.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v29.have'been'nm3 mverber74.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v29.have'been'nm3 mverber76.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v29.have'been'nm3 mverber77.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v29.have'been'nm3 mverber78.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v30.has'been'nm3 mverber75.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v31.have'not'been'nm3 mverber79.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v31.have'not'been'nm3 mverber80.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v31.have'not'been'nm3 mverber82.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v31.have'not'been'nm3 mverber83.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v31.have'not'been'nm3 mverber84.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v32.has'not'been'nm3 mverber81.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v33.have'S'been'nm3? mverber85.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v33.have'S'been'nm3? mverber86.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v33.have'S'been'nm3? mverber88.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v33.have'S'been'nm3? mverber89.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v33.have'S'been'nm3? mverber90.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v34.has'S'been'nm3? mverber87.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v35.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber91.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v35.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber92.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v35.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber94.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v35.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber95.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v35.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber96.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v36.has'S'not'been'nm3? mverber93.ind'pre'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v37.am'nm4 mverber97.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v38.are'nm4 mverber100.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v38.are'nm4 mverber101.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v38.are'nm4 mverber102.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v38.are'nm4 mverber98.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v39.is'nm4 mverber99.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v40.am'not'nm4 mverber103.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v41.are'not'nm4 mverber104.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v41.are'not'nm4 mverber106.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v41.are'not'nm4 mverber107.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v41.are'not'nm4 mverber108.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v42.is'not'nm4 mverber105.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v43.am'S'nm4? mverber109.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v44.are'S'nm4? mverber110.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v44.are'S'nm4? mverber112.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v44.are'S'nm4? mverber113.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v44.are'S'nm4? mverber114.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v45.is'S'nm4? mverber111.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v46.am'S'not'nm4? mverber115.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v47.are'S'not'nm4? mverber116.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v47.are'S'not'nm4? mverber118.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v47.are'S'not'nm4? mverber119.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v47.are'S'not'nm4? mverber120.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v48.is'S'not'nm4? mverber117.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v49.have'been'nm3 mverber121.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v49.have'been'nm3 mverber122.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v49.have'been'nm3 mverber124.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v49.have'been'nm3 mverber125.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v49.have'been'nm3 mverber126.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v50.has'been'nm3 mverber123.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v51.have'not'been'nm3 mverber127.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v51.have'not'been'nm3 mverber128.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v51.have'not'been'nm3 mverber130.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v51.have'not'been'nm3 mverber131.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v51.have'not'been'nm3 mverber132.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v52.has'not'been'nm3 mverber129.ind'pre'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v53.have'S'been'nm3? mverber133.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v53.have'S'been'nm3? mverber134.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v53.have'S'been'nm3? mverber136.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v53.have'S'been'nm3? mverber137.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v53.have'S'been'nm3? mverber138.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v54.has'S'been'nm3? mverber135.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v55.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber139.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v55.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber140.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v55.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber142.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v55.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber143.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v55.have'S'not'been'nm3? mverber144.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v56.has'S'not'been'nm3? mverber141.ind'pre'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v57.am'being'nm3 mverber145.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v58.are'being'nm3 mverber146.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v58.are'being'nm3 mverber148.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v58.are'being'nm3 mverber149.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v58.are'being'nm3 mverber150.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v59.is'being'nm3 mverber147.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v60.am'not'being'nm3 mverber151.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v61.are'not'being'nm3 mverber152.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v61.are'not'being'nm3 mverber154.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v61.are'not'being'nm3 mverber155.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v61.are'not'being'nm3 mverber156.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v62.is'not'being'nm3 mverber153.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v63.am'S'being'nm3? mverber157.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v64.are'S'being'nm3? mverber158.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v64.are'S'being'nm3? mverber160.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v64.are'S'being'nm3? mverber161.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v64.are'S'being'nm3? mverber162.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v65.is'S'being'nm3? mverber159.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v66.am'S'not'being'nm3? mverber163.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v67.are'S'not'being'nm3? mverber164.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v67.are'S'not'being'nm3? mverber166.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v67.are'S'not'being'nm3? mverber167.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v67.are'S'not'being'nm3? mverber168.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v68.is'S'not'being'nm3? mverber165.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v69.have'being'nm3 mverber169.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v69.have'being'nm3 mverber170.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v69.have'being'nm3 mverber172.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v69.have'being'nm3 mverber173.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v69.have'being'nm3 mverber174.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v70.has'being'nm3 mverber171.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v71.have'not'being'nm3 mverber175.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v71.have'not'being'nm3 mverber176.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v71.have'not'being'nm3 mverber178.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v71.have'not'being'nm3 mverber179.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v71.have'not'being'nm3 mverber180.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v72.has'not'being'nm3 mverber177.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v73.have'S'being'nm3? mverber181.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v73.have'S'being'nm3? mverber182.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v73.have'S'being'nm3? mverber184.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v73.have'S'being'nm3? mverber185.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v73.have'S'being'nm3? mverber186.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v74.has'S'being'nm3? mverber183.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v75.have'S'not'being'nm3? mverber187.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v75.have'S'not'being'nm3? mverber188.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v75.have'S'not'being'nm3? mverber190.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v75.have'S'not'being'nm3? mverber191.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v75.have'S'not'being'nm3? mverber192.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v76.has'S'not'being'nm3? mverber189.ind'pre'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S

en'v77.nm5 mverber193.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
en'v77.nm5 mverber194.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you
en'v77.nm5 mverber195.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S
en'v77.nm5 mverber196.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we
en'v77.nm5 mverber197.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you
en'v77.nm5 mverber198.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they

en'v78.did'not'nm1 mverber199.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I
en'v78.did'not'nm1 mverber200.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you
en'v78.did'not'nm1 mverber201.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S
en'v78.did'not'nm1 mverber202.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we
en'v78.did'not'nm1 mverber203.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you
en'v78.did'not'nm1 mverber204.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they
en'v79.did'S'nm1? mverber205.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I
en'v79.did'S'nm1? mverber206.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v79.did'S'nm1? mverber207.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v79.did'S'nm1? mverber208.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v79.did'S'nm1? mverber209.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v79.did'S'nm1? mverber210.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v80.did'S'not'nm1? mverber211.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v80.did'S'not'nm1? mverber212.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v80.did'S'not'nm1? mverber213.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v80.did'S'not'nm1? mverber214.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v80.did'S'not'nm1? mverber215.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v80.did'S'not'nm3? mverber216.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v81.had'nm3 mverber217.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v81.had'nm3 mverber218.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v81.had'nm3 mverber219.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v81.had'nm3 mverber220.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v81.had'nm3 mverber221.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v81.had'nm3 mverber222.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v82.had'not'nm3 mverber223.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v82.had'not'nm3 mverber224.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v82.had'not'nm3 mverber225.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v82.had'not'nm3 mverber226.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v82.had'not'nm3 mverber227.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v82.had'not'nm3 mverber228.ind'past'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v83.had'S'nm3? mverber229.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v83.had'S'nm3? mverber230.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v83.had'S'nm3? mverber231.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v83.had'S'nm3? mverber232.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v83.had'S'nm3? mverber233.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v83.had'S'nm3? mverber234.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v84.had'S'not'nm3? mverber235.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v84.had'S'not'nm3? mverber236.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v84.had'S'not'nm3? mverber237.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v84.had'S'not'nm3? mverber238.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v84.had'S'not'nm3? mverber239.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v84.had'S'not'nm3? mverber240.ind'past'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v85.was'nm3 mverber241.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v85.was'nm3 mverber243.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v86.were'nm3 mverber242.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v86.were'nm3 mverber244.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v86.were'nm3 mverber245.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v86.were'nm3 mverber246.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v87.was'not'nm3 mverber247.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v87.was'not'nm3 mverber249.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v88.were'not'nm3 mverber248.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v88.were'not'nm3 mverber250.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v88.were'not'nm3 mverber251.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v88.were'not'nm3 mverber252.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v89.was'S'nm3? mverber253.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v89.was'S'nm3? mverber255.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v90.were'S'nm3? mverber254.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v90.were'S'nm3? mverber256.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v90.were'S'nm3? mverber257.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v90.were'S'nm3? mverber258.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v91.was'S'not'nm3? mverber259.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v91.was'S'not'nm3? mverber261.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v92.were'S'not'nm3? mverber260.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v92.were'S'not'nm3? mverber262.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v92.were'S'not'nm3? mverber263.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v92.were'S'not'nm3? mverber264.ind'past'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v93.had'been'nm3 mverber265.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v93.had'been'nm3 mverber266.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v93.had'been'nm3 mverber267.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v93.had'been'nm3 mverber268.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v93.had'been'nm3 mverber269.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v93.had'been'nm3 mverber270.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v94.had'not'been'nm3 mverber271.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v94.had'not'been'nm3 mverber272.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v94.had'not'been'nm3 mverber273.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v94.had'not'been'nm3 mverber274.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v94.had'not'been'nm3 mverber275.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v94.had'not'been'nm3 mverber276.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v95.had'S'been'nm3? mverber277.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v95.had'S'been'nm3? mverber278.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v95.had'S'been'nm3? mverber279.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v95.had'S'been'nm3? mverber280.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v95.had'S'been'nm3? mverber281.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v95.had'S'been'nm3? mverber282.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v96.had'S'not'been'nm3? mverber283.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v96.had'S'not'been'nm3? mverber284.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v96.had'S'not'been'nm3? mverber285.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v96.had'S'not'been'nm3? mverber286.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v96.had'S'not'been'nm3? mverber287.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v96.had'S'not'been'nm3? mverber288.ind'past'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v97.was'nm3 mverber289.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v97.was'nm4 mverber291.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v98.were'nm4 mverber290.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v98.were'nm4 mverber292.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v98.were'nm4 mverber293.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v98.were'nm4 mverber294.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v99.was'not'nm4 mverber295.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v99.was'not'nm4 mverber297.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v100.were'not'nm4 mverber296.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v100.were'not'nm4 mverber298.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v100.were'not'nm4 mverber299.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v100.were'not'nm4 mverber300.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v101.was'S'nm4? mverber301.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v101.was'S'nm4? mverber303.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v102.were'S'nm4? mverber302.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v102.were'S'nm4? mverber304.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v102.were'S'nm4? mverber305.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v102.were'S'nm4? mverber306.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v103.was'S'not'nm4? mverber307.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v103.was'S'not'nm4? mverber309.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v104.were'S'not'nm4? mverber308.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v104.were'S'not'nm4? mverber310.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v104.were'S'not'nm4? mverber311.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v104.were'S'not'nm4? mverber312.ind'past'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v105.had'been'nm4 mverber313.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v105.had'been'nm4 mverber314.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v105.had'been'nm4 mverber315.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v105.had'been'nm4 mverber316.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v105.had'been'nm4 mverber317.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v105.had'been'nm4 mverber318.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v106.had'not'been'nm4 mverber319.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v106.had'not'been'nm4 mverber320.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v106.had'not'been'nm4 mverber321.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v106.had'not'been'nm4 mverber322.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v106.had'not'been'nm4 mverber323.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v106.had'not'been'nm4 mverber324.ind'past'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v107.had'S'been'nm4? mverber325.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v107.had'S'been'nm4? mverber326.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v107.had'S'been'nm4? mverber327.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v107.had'S'been'nm4? mverber328.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v107.had'S'been'nm4? mverber329.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v107.had'S'been'nm4? mverber330.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v108.had'S'not'been'nm4? mverber331.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v108.had'S'not'been'nm4? mverber332.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v108.had'S'not'been'nm4? mverber333.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v108.had'S'not'been'nm4? mverber334.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v108.had'S'not'been'nm4? mverber335.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v108.had'S'not'been'nm4? mverber336.ind'past'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v109.was'being'nm3 mverber337.ind'past'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v109.was'being'nm3 mverber339.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v110.were'being'nm3 mverber338.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v110.were'being'nm3 mverber340.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v110.were'being'nm3 mverber341.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v110.were'being'nm3 mverber342.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v111.was'not'being'nm3 mverber343.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v111.was'not'being'nm3 mverber345.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v112.were'not'being'nm3 mverber344.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v112.were'not'being'nm3 mverber346.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v112.were'not'being'nm3 mverber347.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v112.were'not'being'nm3 mverber348.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v113.was'S'being'nm3? mverber349.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v113.was'S'being'nm3? mverber351.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v114.were'S'being'nm3? mverber350.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v114.were'S'being'nm3? mverber352.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v114.were'S'being'nm3? mverber353.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v114.were'S'being'nm3? mverber354.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v115.was'S'not'being'nm3? mverber355.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v115.was'S'not'being'nm3? mverber357.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v116.were'S'not'being'nm3? mverber356.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v116.were'S'not'being'nm3? mverber358.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v116.were'S'not'being'nm3? mverber359.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v116.were'S'not'being'nm3? mverber360.ind'past'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v117.had'being'nm3 mverber361.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v117.had'being'nm3 mverber362.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v117.had'being'nm3 mverber363.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v117.had'being'nm3 mverber364.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v117.had'being'nm3 mverber365.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v117.had'being'nm3 mverber366.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v118.had'not'being'nm3 mverber367.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v118.had'not'being'nm3 mverber368.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v118.had'not'being'nm3 mverber369.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v118.had'not'being'nm3 mverber370.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v118.had'not'being'nm3 mverber371.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v118.had'not'being'nm3 mverber372.ind'past'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v119.had'S'being'nm3? mverber373.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v119.had'S'being'nm3? mverber374.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v119.had'S'being'nm3? mverber375.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v119.had'S'being'nm3? mverber376.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v119.had'S'being'nm3? mverber377.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v119.had'S'being'nm3? mverber378.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v120.had'S'not'being'nm3? mverber379.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v120.had'S'not'being'nm3? mverber380.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v120.had'S'not'being'nm3? mverber381.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v120.had'S'not'being'nm3? mverber382.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v120.had'S'not'being'nm3? mverber383.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v120.had'S'not'being'nm3? mverber384.ind'past'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v121.will'nm1 mverber385.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v121.will'nm1 mverber386.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v121.will'nm1 mverber387.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v121.will'nm1 mverber388.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v121.will'nm1 mverber389.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v121.will'nm1 mverber390.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v122.will'not'nm1 mverber391.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v122.will'not'nm1 mverber392.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v122.will'not'nm1 mverber393.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v122.will'not'nm1 mverber394.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v122.will'not'nm1 mverber395.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v122.will'not'nm1 mverber396.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v123.will'S'nm1? mverber397.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v123.will'S'nm1? mverber398.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v123.will'S'nm1? mverber399.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v123.will'S'nm1? mverber400.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v123.will'S'nm1? mverber401.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v123.will'S'nm1? mverber402.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v124.will'S'not'nm1? mverber403.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v124.will'S'not'nm1? mverber404.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v124.will'S'not'nm1? mverber405.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v124.will'S'not'nm1? mverber406.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v124.will'S'not'nm1? mverber407.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v124.will'S'not'nm1? mverber408.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v125.will'have'nm3 mverber409.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v125.will'have'nm3 mverber410.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v125.will'have'nm3 mverber411.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v125.will'have'nm3 mverber412.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v125.will'have'nm3 mverber413.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v125.will'have'nm3 mverber414.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v126.will'not'have'nm3 mverber415.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v126.will'not'have'nm3 mverber416.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v126.will'not'have'nm3 mverber417.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v126.will'not'have'nm3 mverber418.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v126.will'not'have'nm3 mverber419.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v126.will'not'have'nm3 mverber420.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v127.will'S'have'nm3? mverber421.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v127.will'S'have'nm3? mverber422.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v127.will'S'have'nm3? mverber423.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v127.will'S'have'nm3? mverber424.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v127.will'S'have'nm3? mverber425.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v127.will'S'have'nm3? mverber426.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v128.will'S'not'have'nm3? mverber427.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v128.will'S'not'have'nm3? mverber428.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v128.will'S'not'have'nm3? mverber429.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v128.will'S'not'have'nm3? mverber430.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v128.will'S'not'have'nm3? mverber431.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v128.will'S'not'have'nm3? mverber432.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v129.will'be'nm3 mverber433.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v129.will'be'nm3 mverber434.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v129.will'be'nm3 mverber435.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v129.will'be'nm3 mverber436.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v129.will'be'nm3 mverber437.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v129.will'be'nm3 mverber438.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v130.will'not'be'nm3 mverber439.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v130.will'not'be'nm3 mverber440.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v130.will'not'be'nm3 mverber441.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v130.will'not'be'nm3 mverber442.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v130.will'not'be'nm3 mverber443.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v130.will'not'be'nm3 mverber444.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v131.will'S'be'nm3? mverber445.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v131.will'S'be'nm3? mverber446.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v131.will'S'be'nm3? mverber447.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v131.will'S'be'nm3? mverber448.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v131.will'S'be'nm3? mverber449.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v131.will'S'be'nm3? mverber450.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v132.will'S'not'be'nm3? mverber451.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v132.will'S'not'be'nm3? mverber452.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v132.will'S'not'be'nm3? mverber453.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v132.will'S'not'be'nm3? mverber454.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v132.will'S'not'be'nm3? mverber455.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v132.will'S'not'be'nm3? mverber456.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v133.will'have'been'nm3 mverber457.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v133.will'have'been'nm3 mverber458.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v133.will'have'been'nm3 mverber459.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v133.will'have'been'nm3 mverber460.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v133.will'have'been'nm3 mverber461.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v133.will'have'been'nm3 mverber462.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v134.will'not'have'been'nm3 mverber463.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v134.will'not'have'been'nm3 mverber464.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v134.will'not'have'been'nm3 mverber465.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v134.will'not'have'been'nm3 mverber466.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v134.will'not'have'been'nm3 mverber467.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v134.will'not'have'been'nm3 mverber468.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v135.will'S'have'been'nm3? mverber469.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v135.will'S'have'been'nm3? mverber470.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v135.will'S'have'been'nm3? mverber471.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v135.will'S'have'been'nm3? mverber472.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v135.will'S'have'been'nm3? mverber473.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v135.will'S'have'been'nm3? mverber474.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v136.will'S'not'have'been'nm3? mverber475.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v136.will'S'not'have'been'nm3? mverber476.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v136.will'S'not'have'been'nm3? mverber477.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v136.will'S'not'have'been'nm3? mverber478.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v136.will'S'not'have'been'nm3? mverber479.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v136.will'S'not'have'been'nm3? mverber480.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v137.will'be'nm4 mverber481.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v137.will'be'nm4 mverber482.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v137.will'be'nm4 mverber483.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v137.will'be'nm4 mverber484.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v137.will'be'nm4 mverber485.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v137.will'be'nm4 mverber486.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v138.will'not'be'nm4 mverber487.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v138.will'not'be'nm4 mverber488.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v138.will'not'be'nm4 mverber489.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v138.will'not'be'nm4 mverber490.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v138.will'not'be'nm4 mverber491.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v138.will'not'be'nm4 mverber492.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v139.will'S'be'nm4? mverber493.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v139.will'S'be'nm4? mverber494.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v139.will'S'be'nm4? mverber495.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v139.will'S'be'nm4? mverber496.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v139.will'S'be'nm4? mverber497.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v139.will'S'2004-08-30be'nm4? mverber498.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v140.will'S'not'be'nm4? mverber499.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v140.will'S'not'be'nm4? mverber500.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v140.will'S'not'be'nm4? mverber501.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v140.will'S'not'be'nm4? mverber502.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v140.will'S'not'be'nm4? mverber503.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v140.S'not'nm4? mverber504.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v141.will'have'been'nm4 mverber505.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v141.will'have'been'nm4 mverber506.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v141.will'have'been'nm4 mverber507.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v141.will'have'been'nm4 mverber508.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v141.will'have'been'nm4 mverber509.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v141.will'have'been'nm4 mverber510.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v142.will'not'have'been'nm4 mverber511.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v142.will'not'have'been'nm4 mverber512.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v142.will'not'have'been'nm4 mverber513.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v142.will'not'have'been'nm4 mverber514.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v142.will'not'have'been'nm4 mverber515.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v142.will'not'have'been'nm4 mverber516.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v143.will'S'have'been'nm4? mverber517.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v143.will'S'have'been'nm4? mverber518.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v143.will'S'have'been'nm4? mverber519.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v143.will'S'have'been'nm4? mverber520.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v143.will'S'have'been'nm4? mverber521.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v143.will'S'have'been'nm4? mverber522.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v144.will'S'not'have'been'nm4? mverber523.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v144.will'S'not'have'been'nm4? mverber524.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v144.will'S'not'have'been'nm4? mverber525.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v144.will'S'not'have'been'nm4? mverber526.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v144.will'S'not'have'been'nm4? mverber527.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v144.will'S'not'have'been'nm4? mverber528.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v145.will'being'nm3 mverber529.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v145.will'being'nm3 mverber530.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v145.will'being'nm3 mverber531.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v145.will'being'nm3 mverber532.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v145.will'being'nm3 mverber533.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v145.will'being'nm3 mverber534.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v146.will'not'being'nm3 mverber535.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v146.will'not'being'nm3 mverber536.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v146.will'not'being'nm3 mverber537.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v146.will'not'being'nm3 mverber538.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v146.will'not'being'nm3 mverber539.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v146.will'not'being'nm3 mverber540.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v147.will'S'being'nm3? mverber541.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v147.will'S'being'nm3? mverber542.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v147.will'S'being'nm3? mverber543.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v147.will'S'being'nm3? mverber544.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v147.will'S'being'nm3? mverber545.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v147.will'S'being'nm3? mverber546.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v148.will'S'not'being'nm3? mverber547.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v148.will'S'not'being'nm3? mverber548.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v148.will'S'not'being'nm3? mverber549.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v148.will'S'not'being'nm3? mverber550.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v148.will'S'not'being'nm3? mverber551.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v148.will'S'not'being'nm3? mverber552.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v149.will'have'being'nm3 mverber553.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v149.will'have'being'nm3 mverber554.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v149.will'have'being'nm3 mverber555.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v149.will'have'being'nm3 mverber556.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v149.will'have'being'nm3 mverber557.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v149.will'have'being'nm3 mverber558.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v150.will'not'have'being'nm3 mverber559.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I en'v150.will'not'have'being'nm3 mverber560.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you en'v150.will'not'have'being'nm3 mverber561.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S en'v150.will'not'have'being'nm3 mverber562.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we en'v150.will'not'have'being'nm3 mverber563.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you en'v150.will'not'have'being'nm3 mverber564.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they en'v151.will'S'have'being'nm3? mverber565.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v151.will'S'have'being'nm3? mverber566.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v151.will'S'have'being'nm3? mverber567.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v151.will'S'have'being'nm3? mverber568.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v151.will'S'have'being'nm3? mverber569.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v151.will'S'have'being'nm3? mverber570.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they en'v152.will'S'not'have'being'nm3? mverber571.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I en'v152.will'S'not'have'being'nm3? mverber572.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you en'v152.will'S'not'have'being'nm3? mverber573.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S en'v152.will'S'not'have'being'nm3? mverber574.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we en'v152.will'S'not'have'being'nm3? mverber575.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you en'v152.will'S'not'have'being'nm3? mverber576.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they

ORDERD BY EXPRESSION:
nm1.env1 mverber1.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
nm1.env1 mverber2.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you
nm1.env1 mverber4.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we
nm1.env1 mverber5.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you
nm1.env1 mverber6.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they

nm2.env2 mverber3.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S

nm3.env10 mverber27.ind'pre'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S

nm5.env77 mverber193.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
nm5.env77 mverber194.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you
nm5.env77 mverber195.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S
nm5.env77 mverber196.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we
nm5.env77 mverber197.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you
nm5.env77 mverber198.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they

am'S'being'nm3.env63 mverber157.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I
am'S'nm3.env23 mverber61.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I
am'S'nm4.env43 mverber109.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I
am'S'not'being'nm3.env66 mverber163.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I
am'S'not'nm3.env26 mverber67.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I
am'S'not'nm4.env46 mverber115.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I
am'being'nm3.env57 mverber145.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
am'nm3.env17 mverber49.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
am'nm4.env37 mverber97.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
am'not'being'nm3.env60 mverber151.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I
am'not'nm3.env20 mverber55.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I
am'not'nm4.env40 mverber103.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I

are'S'being'nm3.env64 mverber158.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you are'S'being'nm3.env64 mverber160.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we are'S'being'nm3.env64 mverber161.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you are'S'being'nm3.env64 mverber162.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they are'S'nm3.env24 mverber62.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you are'S'nm3.env24 mverber64.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we are'S'nm3.env24 mverber65.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you are'S'nm3.env24 mverber66.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they are'S'nm4.env44 mverber110.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you are'S'nm4.env44 mverber112.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we are'S'nm4.env44 mverber113.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you are'S'nm4.env44 mverber114.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they are'S'not'being'nm3.env67 mverber164.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you are'S'not'being'nm3.env67 mverber166.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we are'S'not'being'nm3.env67 mverber167.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you are'S'not'being'nm3.env67 mverber168.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they are'S'not'nm3.env27 mverber68.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you are'S'not'nm3.env27 mverber70.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we are'S'not'nm3.env27 mverber71.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you are'S'not'nm3.env27 mverber72.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they are'S'not'nm4.env47 mverber116.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you are'S'not'nm4.env47 mverber118.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we are'S'not'nm4.env47 mverber119.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you are'S'not'nm4.env47 mverber120.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they are'being'nm3.env58 mverber146.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you are'being'nm3.env58 mverber148.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we are'being'nm3.env58 mverber149.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you are'being'nm3.env58 mverber150.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they are'nm3.env18 mverber50.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you are'nm3.env18 mverber52.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we are'nm3.env18 mverber53.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you are'nm3.env18 mverber54.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they are'nm4.env38 mverber100.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we are'nm4.env38 mverber101.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you are'nm4.env38 mverber102.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they are'nm4.env38 mverber98.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you are'not'being'nm3.env61 mverber152.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you are'not'being'nm3.env61 mverber154.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we are'not'being'nm3.env61 mverber155.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you are'not'being'nm3.env61 mverber156.ind'pre'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they are'not'nm3.env21 mverber56.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you are'not'nm3.env21 mverber58.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we are'not'nm3.env21 mverber59.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you are'not'nm3.env21 mverber60.ind'pre'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they are'not'nm4.env41 mverber104.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you are'not'nm4.env41 mverber106.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we are'not'nm4.env41 mverber107.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you are'not'nm4.env41 mverber108.ind'pre'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they did'S'nm1.env79 mverber205.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I did'S'nm1.env79 mverber206.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you did'S'nm1.env79 mverber207.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S did'S'nm1.env79 mverber208.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we did'S'nm1.env79 mverber209.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you did'S'nm1.env79 mverber210.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they did'S'not'nm1.env80 mverber211.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I did'S'not'nm1.env80 mverber212.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you did'S'not'nm1.env80 mverber213.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S did'S'not'nm1.env80 mverber214.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we did'S'not'nm1.env80 mverber215.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you did'S'not'nm3.env80 mverber216.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they did'not'nm1.env78 mverber199.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I did'not'nm1.env78 mverber200.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you did'not'nm1.env78 mverber201.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S did'not'nm1.env78 mverber202.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we did'not'nm1.env78 mverber203.ind'past'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you did'not'nm1.env78 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mverber424.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'have'nm3.env127 mverber425.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'have'nm3.env127 mverber426.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'nm1.env123 mverber397.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'nm1.env123 mverber398.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'nm1.env123 mverber399.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'nm1.env123 mverber400.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'nm1.env123 mverber401.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'nm1.env123 mverber402.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'aff'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'be'nm3.env132 mverber451.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'be'nm3.env132 mverber452.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'be'nm3.env132 mverber453.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'be'nm3.env132 mverber454.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'be'nm3.env132 mverber455.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'be'nm3.env132 mverber456.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'be'nm4.env140 mverber499.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'be'nm4.env140 mverber500.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'be'nm4.env140 mverber501.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'be'nm4.env140 mverber502.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'be'nm4.env140 mverber503.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'be'nm4.env140 mverber504.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'being'nm3.env148 mverber547.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'being'nm3.env148 mverber548.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'being'nm3.env148 mverber549.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'being'nm3.env148 mverber550.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'being'nm3.env148 mverber551.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'being'nm3.env148 mverber552.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'have'been'nm3.env136 mverber475.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'have'been'nm3.env136 mverber476.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'been'nm3.env136 mverber477.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'have'been'nm3.env136 mverber478.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'have'been'nm3.env136 mverber479.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'been'nm3.env136 mverber480.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'have'been'nm4.env144 mverber523.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'have'been'nm4.env144 mverber524.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'been'nm4.env144 mverber525.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'have'been'nm4.env144 mverber526.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'have'been'nm4.env144 mverber527.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'been'nm4.env144 mverber528.ind'fut'int'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'have'being'nm3.env152 mverber571.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'have'being'nm3.env152 mverber572.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'being'nm3.env152 mverber573.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'have'being'nm3.env152 mverber574.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'have'being'nm3.env152 mverber575.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'being'nm3.env152 mverber576.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'have'nm3.env128 mverber427.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'have'nm3.env128 mverber428.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'nm3.env128 mverber429.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'have'nm3.env128 mverber430.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'have'nm3.env128 mverber431.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'have'nm3.env128 mverber432.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'S'not'nm1.env124 mverber403.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'1 WD1M=I will'S'not'nm1.env124 mverber404.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'nm1.env124 mverber405.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'sin'3 WD1M=he|she|it|S will'S'not'nm1.env124 mverber406.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'1 WD1M=we will'S'not'nm1.env124 mverber407.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'2 WD1M=you will'S'not'nm1.env124 mverber408.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ing'neg'plu'3 WD1M=they will'be'nm3.env129 mverber433.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'be'nm3.env129 mverber434.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'be'nm3.env129 mverber435.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'be'nm3.env129 mverber436.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'be'nm3.env129 mverber437.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'be'nm3.env129 mverber438.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'be'nm4.env137 mverber481.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'be'nm4.env137 mverber482.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'be'nm4.env137 mverber483.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'be'nm4.env137 mverber484.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'be'nm4.env137 mverber485.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'be'nm4.env137 mverber486.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'being'nm3.env145 mverber529.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'being'nm3.env145 mverber530.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'being'nm3.env145 mverber531.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'being'nm3.env145 mverber532.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'being'nm3.env145 mverber533.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'being'nm3.env145 mverber534.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'have'been'nm3.env133 mverber457.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'have'been'nm3.env133 mverber458.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'have'been'nm3.env133 mverber459.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'have'been'nm3.env133 mverber460.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'have'been'nm3.env133 mverber461.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'have'been'nm3.env133 mverber462.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'have'been'nm4.env141 mverber505.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'have'been'nm4.env141 mverber506.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'have'been'nm4.env141 mverber507.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'have'been'nm4.env141 mverber508.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'have'been'nm4.env141 mverber509.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'have'been'nm4.env141 mverber510.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'have'being'nm3.env149 mverber553.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'have'being'nm3.env149 mverber554.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'have'being'nm3.env149 mverber555.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'have'being'nm3.env149 mverber556.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'have'being'nm3.env149 mverber557.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'have'being'nm3.env149 mverber558.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'have'nm3.env125 mverber409.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'have'nm3.env125 mverber410.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'have'nm3.env125 mverber411.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'have'nm3.env125 mverber412.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'have'nm3.env125 mverber413.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'have'nm3.env125 mverber414.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'nm1.env121 mverber385.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I will'nm1.env121 mverber386.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you will'nm1.env121 mverber387.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'nm1.env121 mverber388.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we will'nm1.env121 mverber389.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you will'nm1.env121 mverber390.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'be'nm3.env130 mverber439.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'be'nm3.env130 mverber440.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you will'not'be'nm3.env130 mverber441.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'not'be'nm3.env130 mverber442.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we will'not'be'nm3.env130 mverber443.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you will'not'be'nm3.env130 mverber444.ind'fut'ins'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'be'nm4.env138 mverber487.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'be'nm4.env138 mverber488.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you will'not'be'nm4.env138 mverber489.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'not'be'nm4.env138 mverber490.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we will'not'be'nm4.env138 mverber491.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you will'not'be'nm4.env138 mverber492.ind'fut'int'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'being'nm3.env146 mverber535.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'being'nm3.env146 mverber536.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you will'not'being'nm3.env146 mverber537.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'not'being'nm3.env146 mverber538.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we will'not'being'nm3.env146 mverber539.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you will'not'being'nm3.env146 mverber540.ind'fut'int'pass'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'have'been'nm3.env134 mverber463.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'have'been'nm3.env134 mverber464.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you will'not'have'been'nm3.env134 mverber465.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'not'have'been'nm3.env134 mverber466.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we will'not'have'been'nm3.env134 mverber467.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you will'not'have'been'nm3.env134 mverber468.ind'fut'ins'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'have'been'nm4.env142 mverber511.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'have'been'nm4.env142 mverber512.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you will'not'have'been'nm4.env142 mverber513.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'not'have'been'nm4.env142 mverber514.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we will'not'have'been'nm4.env142 mverber515.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you will'not'have'been'nm4.env142 mverber516.ind'fut'int'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'have'being'nm3.env150 mverber559.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'have'being'nm3.env150 mverber560.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you will'not'have'being'nm3.env150 mverber561.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S will'not'have'being'nm3.env150 mverber562.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we will'not'have'being'nm3.env150 mverber563.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you will'not'have'being'nm3.env150 mverber564.ind'fut'int'pass'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they will'not'have'nm3.env126 mverber415.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I will'not'have'nm3.env126 mverber416.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you
will'not'have'nm3.env126 mverber417.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S
will'not'have'nm3.env126 mverber418.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we
will'not'have'nm3.env126 mverber419.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you
will'not'have'nm3.env126 mverber420.ind'fut'ins'act'per'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they

will'not'nm1.env122 mverber391.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'1 WD1B=I
will'not'nm1.env122 mverber392.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'2 WD1B=you
will'not'nm1.env122 mverber393.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'sin'3 WD1B=he|she|it|S
will'not'nm1.env122 mverber394.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'1 WD1B=we
will'not'nm1.env122 mverber395.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'2 WD1B=you
will'not'nm1.env122 mverber396.ind'fut'ins'act'iper'ning'neg'plu'3 WD1B=they

verbEng.could_write:
"Isaac Babel — 'If the world could write itself, it would write like Tolstoy.'"

verbEng.would_write:
"Isaac Babel — 'If the world could write itself, it would write like Tolstoy.'"

SENTENCER PRIMARY PRESENT-INSTANT: (1-36)

EnglVerb1.write (write'v1) = write (engTrmVrb1):
en'verber1.nm1 mverber1.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'1 WD1B=I
en'verber1.nm1 mverber2.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'sin'2 WD1B=you
en'verber1.nm1 mverber4.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'1 WD1B=we
en'verber1.nm1 mverber5.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'2 WD1B=you
en'verber1.nm1 mverber6.ind'pre'ins'act'iper'ning'aff'plu'3 WD1B=they

* 1f) write (engTrmVrb1):
- MOOD=imperative,
- {Close} @the window@.

EnglVerb2.writes (writes'v2) = writes (engTrmVrb2):
* 5a) he writes:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third-maschulin,
* 5b) she writes:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third-feminine,
* 5c) it writes:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third-neutral,
* 5d) logonode writes:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,

EnglVerb3.do'not'write (do'not'write'v3) = do not write (do not engTrmVrb1):
* 2a) I do not write:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
* 2b) we do not write:
* 2c) you do not write:
* 2d) you do not write:
* 2e) they do not write:

* 2f) do not write:
- imperative mood.
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{Do not travel} _sntxConj:(outside) _sntxArgt:[the capital city] without @an experienced guide@.

EnglVerb4.does'not'write (does'not'write'v4) = does not write (does not engTrmVrb1):
* 6a) he does not write:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third-maschulin,
* 6b) she does not write:
* 6c) it does not write:
* 6d) logonode does not write:

EnglVerb5.do'S'write? (do'S'write'v5) = do S write? (do S engTrmVrb1?):
* 3a) do I write?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
* 3b) do we write?:
* 3c) do you write?:
* 3d) do you write?:
* 3e) do they write?:

EnglVerb6.does'S'write? (does'S'write'v6) = does S write? (does S engTrmVrb1?):
* 7a) does he write?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third-maschulin,
* 7b) does she write?:
* 7c) does it write?:
* 7d) does logonode write?:

EnglVerb7.do'S'not'write? (do'S'not'write'v7) = do S not write? (do S not engTrmVrb1):
* 4a) do I not write?
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
* 4b) do we not write?:
* 4c) do you not write?:
* 4d) do you not write?:
* 4e) do they not write?:

EnglVerb8.does'S'not'write? (does'S'not'write'v8) = does S not write? (does S not engTrmVrb1?):
* 8a) does he not write?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third-maschulin,
* 8b) does she write?:
* 8c) does it write?:
* 8d) does logonode write?:

EnglVerb9.have'written (have'written'v9) = have written (have engTrmVrb4):
* 21a) I have written:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=perfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
* 21b) you have written:
* 21b) you have written:
* 21b) we have written:
* 21b) they have written:

EnglVerb10.has'written (has'written'v10) = has written (has engTrmVrb4):
* 25a) he has written:

EnglVerb11.have'not'written (have'not'writt3n'v11) = have not written (have not engTrmVrb4):
* 22a) I have not written:

EnglVerb12.has'not'written (has'not'written'v12) = has not written (has not engTrmVrb4):
* 26a) he has not written:

EnglVerb13.have'S'written? (have'S'written'v13) = have S written? (have I engTrmVrb4?):
* 23a) have I written?:

EnglVerb14.has'S'written? (has'S'written'v14) = has S written? (has S engTrmVrb4?):
* 27a) has he written?:

EnglVerb15.have'S'not'written? (has'S'written'v15) = have S not written? (have S not engTrmVrb3?):
* 24a) have I not written?:

EnglVerb16.has'S'not'written? (has'S'not'written'v16) = has S not written? (has S not engTrmVrb3?):
* 28a) has he not written?:

PASSIVE:

EnglVerb17.am'written (am'written'v17) = am written (am engTrmVrb3):
* 37a) I am written:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=passive, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=perfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

EnglVerb18.are'written (are'written'v19) = are written (are engTrmVrb3):
* 41a) you are written:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=passive, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=perfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,

EnglVerb19.is'written (is'written'v19) = is written (is engTrmVrb3):
* 45a) he is written:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=passive, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=perfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,

EnglVerb20.am'not'written (am'not'written'v20) =
* 38a) I am not written:

EnglVerb21.are'not'written (are'not'written'v21) =
* 42a) you are not written:

EnglVerb22.is'not'written (is'not'written'v22) =
* 46a) he is not written:

EnglVerb23.am'S'written? (am'S'written'v23) =
* 39a) am I written?:

EnglVerb24.are'S'written? (are'S'written'v24) =
* 43a) are you written?:

EnglVerb25.is'S'written? (is'S'written'v25) =
* 47a) is he written?:

EnglVerb26.am'S'not'written? (am'S'not'written'v26) =
* 40a) am I not written?:

EnglVerb27.are'S'not'written? (are'S'not'written'v27) =
* 44a) are you not written?:

EnglVerb28.is'S'not'written? (is'S'not'written'v28) =
* 48a) is he not written?:

EnglVerb29.have'been'written (have'been'written'v29) = have been written (have been engTrmVrb3):
* 61a) I have been written:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=passive, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=perfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
* 61b) you have been written:
* 61c) you have been written:
* 61d) we have been written:
* 61e) they have been written:

EnglVerb30.has'been'written (has'been'written'v30) = has been written (has been engTrmVrb3):
* 65a) he has been written:

EnglVerb31.have'not'been'written (have'not'been'written'v31) =
* 62a) I have not been written:

EnglVerb32.has'not'been'written (has'not'been'written'v32) =
* 66a) he has not been written:

EnglVerb33.have'S'been'written? (have'S'been'written'v33) =
* 63a) have I been written?:

EnglVerb34.has'S'been'written? (has'S'been'written'v34) =
* 67a) has he been written?:

EnglVerb35.have'S'not'been'written? (have'S'not'been'written'v35) =
* 24a) have I not been written?:

EnglVerb36.has'S'not'been'written? (has'S'not'been'written'v36) =
* 68a) has he not been written?:

SENTENCER PRIMARY PRESENT-INTERVAL (37-)

EnglVerb37.am'writing (am'writing'v37) = am writing (am engTrmVrb4):
* 9a) I am writing:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

EnglVerb38.are'writing (are'writing'v38) = are writing (are engTrmVrb4):
* 13a) you are writing:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,
* 13b) you are writing: plural
* 13c) we are writing:
* 13d) they are writing:

EnglVerb39.is'writing (is'writing'v39) = is writing (is engTrmVrb4):
* 17a) he is writing:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,
* 17b) she is writing:
* 17c) it is writing:
* 17d) logonode is writing:

EnglVerb40.am'not'writing (am'not'writing'v40) = am not writing (am not engTrmVrb4):
* 10a) I am not writing:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

EnglVerb41.are'not'writing (are'not'writing'v41) = are not writing (are not engTrmVrb4):
* 14a) you are not writing:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,
* 14b) you are not writing: plural
* 14c) we are not writing:
* 14d) they are not writing:

EnglVerb42.is'not'writing (is'not'writing'v42) = is not writing (is not engTrmVrb4):
* 18a) he is not writing:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,
* 18b) she is not writing:
* 18c) it is not writing:
* 18d) logonode is not writing:

EnglVerb43.am'I'writing? (am'S'writing'v43) = am I writing? (am I engTrmVrb4?):
* 9a) am I writing?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

EnglVerb44.are'S'writing? (are'S'writing'v45) = are S writing? (are S engTrmVrb4?):
* 15a) are you writing?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,
* 15b) are you writing: plural
* 15c) are we writing:
* 15d) are they writing:

EnglVerb45.is'S'writing? (is'S'writing'v45) = is S writing? (is S engTrmVrb4?):
* 19a) is he writing?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,
* 19b) is she writing?:
* 19c) is it writing?:
* 19d) is logonode writing?:

EnglVerb46.am'I'not'writing? (is'S'not'writing'v46) = am I not writing? (am I not engTrmVrb4?):
* 9a) am I not writing?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

EnglVerb47.are'S'not'writing? (are'S'not'writing'v47) = are S not writing? (are S not engTrmVrb4?):
* 15a) are you not writing?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,
* 15b) are you not writing: plural
* 15c) are we not writing:
* 15d) are they not writing:

EnglVerb48.is'S'not'writing? (is'S'not'writing'v48) = is S not writing? (is S not engTrmVrb4?):
* 20a) is he not writing?:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=present, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=interval, INTERROGATION=interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,
* 20b) is she not writing?:
* 20c) is it not writing?:
* 20d) is logonode not writing?:

SENTENCER PRIMARY PAST-INSTANT: (77-)

EnglVerb77.wrote = S wrote (S engTrmVrb5):
* 77a) I wrote:
- MOOD=indicative, VOICE=active, TENSE=past, PERFECTIVENESS=imperfect, INSTANTNESS=instant, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

SENTENCER PRIMARY PAST-INTERVAL: ()

EXAMPLES of "THIRD-PERSON" and "HAVE:
· _sntxEngl: ([You] _sntxVerb:{may invite} /whomever you like/ _sntxArgt:[to the party]).

· _sntxEngl: [lots of languages] _sntxVerb:{do run} /vowels/ _sntxArgt:[together].

DSENTENCER: (-)

EnglVerb153.to'write = to write (to engTrmVrb1):
* ACTIVE WITH INFINIVE: the subsentencer is a verber-complement.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: [Much of our knowledge of Egyptian mathematics] {comes} from _sntxArgt:[the Rhind papyrus (written by Ahmes some time before 1700B.C.)].

verb.eng.PERFECT

name::
* McsEngl.verb.eng.PERFECT,

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
1) Recent activity: to emphasize the recency of a past activity. we often use lately or recently Example: She's been working hard recently
2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity Example: Jack has been painting for 4 hours.
3) Recently finished activity with a present result Example: I've been working in the garden, that's why my hands are so dirty.
4) No difference in meaning. Often the present perfect progressive and the present perfect can have the same meaning. This is often the case with verbs of living, occupation or vocation) Example: I've been living in Leghorn for 3 years. OR I've lived in Leghorn for 3 years
PRESENT PERFECT
1) Indefinite time in the past (experience). Emphasis is on the completed action at an indefinite time in the past. Example: Susan's written 3 books.
2) Emphasis on QUANTITY Example: I've read 300 pages of Tom Smith's latest book.
3) Duration from past to present (see#4 of present perfect progressive) Example: Peter has worked for that company for 5 years.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Past perfect progressive is used to express CONTINUOUS activity up to a specific point of time in the past Example: They had been waiting for 2 hours before their friends finally arrived
PAST PERFECT
Past perfect is used to express FINISHED activity before a specific point of time in the past. Example: He had already eaten when his wife came home.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
1) Future perfect progressive is used to emphasize the length of time or duration of an event occurring before and up to another event in the future. Example: By the time they arrive, we will have been waiting for 4 hours!
2) To emphasize the duration of an activity. Example: John will have been studying for 6 years by the time he finishes his exam.
FUTURE PERFECT
1) Future perfect is used to refer to an event completed before another future event or time. Example: By the time Mary finishes this course, she will have taken 26 exams.
2) To emphasize not how long something has taken, but that the action is completed. Example: By the time he retires, he will have worked for 36 years.

verb.eng.specific

name::
* McsEngl.verb.eng.specific,

VERBERO.ENG.A:

_sntxVerb:{AM'verber-551, are'verber-551, is'verber-551, was'verber-551, were'verber-551}:
· _sntxEngl: [[violent storms] {_sntxVerb:{coming} down} _sntxArgt:[from the Himalayas]] _sntxVerb:{were} the source of the country name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon.

COMPLAIN'verber-551:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore551.8, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.verbero.greek@cptCore551.8,
* McsEngl.verb.greek@cptCore551.8, {2013-01-13}

_WHOLE:
* GREEK-LANGUAGE#cptCore570#

_NONYMERS:
* The greek verber has 54 nonymers#ql:el'vnm1.#.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-04_nikkas]

* CREATION RULES:ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ-ΚΛΙΣΗΣ ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ (συνοπτικά ως προς τον αόριστο): (εκε)
Οι κανόνες είναι της μορφής: elvxyza όπου
** elv σημαίνει: 'ελληνικό-ρήμα'
** x σημαίνει: ομάδα-αορίστου: 1=α, 2=κα, 3=λα, 4=να, 5=ξα, 6=ρα, 7=σα/θηκα, 8=σα/στηκα, 9=ψα.
** y σημαίνει: συνοδευτικό-φωνήεν: 1=τίποτα, 2=α, 3=ε|αι, 4=ι|η|υ|ει|οι, 5=ο, 6=ου.
** z σημαίνει: κατάληξη ενεστώτα με σειρά εμφάνισης στον κανόνα.
** a σημαίνει: a=ενεργητική&παθητική, b=ενεργητική, c=παθητική,

elv111b: -α/-ω, (ελιπής) τρέμ-ω
elv112a: -α-ήθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ημένος, καταλαβ-αίνω
elv113a: -α-θηκα/-ω-ομαι/-μένος, οξύν-ω

elv241a: -ηκα/-αίνω-/-ασμένος, ανεβ-αίνω

elv321a: -αλα-άλθηκα/-έλνω-έλνομαι/-αλμένος, ψ-έλνω
elv341a: -ειλα-άλθηκα/-έλνω-έλνομαι/-αλμένος, στ-έλνω
elv342a: -ειλα-έλθηκα/-έλνω-έλνομαι/-ελμένος, παραγγ-έλνω
elv343a: -ειλα-έλθηκα/-έλλω-έλλομαι/-ελμένος, αγγ-έλλω

elv411a: -να-θηκα/-νω-νομαι/-μένος, κρί-νω
elv421a: -ανα-άθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-αμένος, βουβ-αίνω
elv422a: -ανα-άνθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ασμένος, λευκ-αίνω
elv441a: -εινα-είθηκα/-ένω-ένομαι/-ειμένος, μ-ένω
elv442a: -υνα-ύθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-υμένος, ακριβ-αίνω
elv443a: -υνα-ύθηκα/-ένω-ένομαι/-υμένος, πλ-ένω

elv511a: -ξα-χτηκα/-γγ|σκ|σσ|ττ|χνω-ομαι/-γμένος, σφίγγω,διδάσκω,πράττω, ψάχνω
elv512a: -ξα-χτηκα/-γ|ζ|κ|ν|χω-γομαι/-γμένος, αρμέγω,πλέκω,προσέχω,φτιά-νω,βουλιάζω
elv513a: -ξα-χτηκα/-άω-άομαι(γ)/-γμένος, φυλά-ω
elv521a: -αξα-άχτηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-αγμένος, βυζ-αίνω
elv512a: -αξα-άχτηκα/-άνω-άνομαι/-αγμένος, φτι-άνω
elv522a: -αξα-άχτηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι-/αγμένος, πετ-άω
elv523a: -αξα-άχτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/αγμένος,
elv531a: -εξα-έχτηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/εγμένος,
elv532a: -εξα-έχτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/εγμένος,
elv513a: -αιξα-αίχτηκα/-αίω-αίομαι(γ)/-αιγμένος,
elv541a: -ηξα-ήχτηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/ηγμένος, πηδ-ώ
elv542a: -ηξα-ήχτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/ηγμένος,

elv621a: -αρα-άρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος, γδ-έρνω
elv641a: -ειρα-άρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος, δ-έρνω
elv642a: -ερα-έρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος, φ-έρνω
elv643a: -υρα-ύρθηκα/-έρνω-έρνομαι/-αρμένος, σ-έρνω

elv711a: -σα-θηκα/-νω-νομαι/-μένος, δαγκά-νω
elv712a: -σα-θηκα/-ω-ομαι/-μένος, ιδρύ-ω
elv721a: -άσα-άθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-αμένος, αποστ-αίνω
elv711a: -άσα-άθηκα/-άνω-άνομαι/-αμένος, δαγκ-άνω
elv722a: -ασα-άθηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/αμένος,
elv723a: -ασα-άθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/αμένος,
elv731a: -εσα-έθηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/εμένος, βαρ-άω
elv732a: -εσα-έθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/εμένος, αναιρ-ώ
elv741a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/ημένος, αναστ-αίνω
elv742a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-άνω-άνομαι/ημένος, αυξ-άνω
elv711a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-ήνω-ήνομαι/ημένος, στ-ήνω
elv743a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/ημένος, αγαπ-άω
elv744a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/ημένος, θεωρώ
elv745a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/ημένος, λυπ-ώ/λυπάμαι
elv746a: -ησα-ήθηκα/-ω-ομαι/-ημένος, δέ-ομαι, βόσκω
elv747a: -υσα-ύθηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/υμένος, αρτ-αίνω
elv711a: -ωσα-ώθηκα/-ώνω-ώνομαι/-ωμένος, απλ-ώνω

elv811a: -σα-στηκα/-θ|ζ|νω-θομαι-/σμένος, πλά-θω,αγκαλιάζω,πιάνω
elv812a: -σα-στηκα/-(γ)ω-ομαι/-σμένος, ακού-ω
elv813a: -σα-στηκα/-ω-ομαι/-σμένος, αποκλεί-ω
elv821a: -ασα-άστηκα/-αίνω-αίνομαι/-ασμένος, χορτ-αίνω
elv811a: -ασα-αστηκα/-ανω-ανομαι/-ασμένος, πιά-νω
elv822a: -ασα-άστηκα/-νώ&νάω-νιέμαι/-ασμένος, περ-νάω
elv823a: -ασα-άστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/-ασμένος, γελ-ώ
elv824a: -ασα-άστηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/-ασμένος, διαθλ-ώ
elv825a:-ασα-άστηκα/-ω-ομαι/-ασμένος, σέβομαι/σεβάστηκα
elv831a: -εσα-έστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/εσμένος,
elv832a: -εσα-έστηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/εσμένος, καλ-ώ
elv813a: -ησα-ήστηκα/-ήνω-ήνομαι/ησμένος, σβ-ήνω
elv841a: -ησα-ήστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/ησμένος, ζουλ-ώ
elv842a: -ησα-ήστηκα/-ώ-ούμαι&άμαι/ησμένος, διαλαλ-ώ
elv843b: -ισα&-α-(ίστηκα)/ω/-ισμένος, σαλτάρ-ω
elv844a: -υσα-ύστηκα/-ώ&άω-ιέμαι/υσμένος, μεθώ
elv845a: -υσα-ύστηκα/-ω-ομαι/υσμένος, πλέ-ω

elv911a: -ψα-φτηκα/β|π|φω-βομαι/μμένος, ανά-βω,λάμ-πω,γρά-φω
elv912a: -ψα-ύτηκα/ύω-ύομαι/υμένος, αναπα-ύω
elv913a: -ψα-φτηκα/πτω|φτ-πτομαι/μμένος, καλύ-πτω,αστρά-φτω
elv921a: -αψα-άφτηκα/(γ)-αίω-αίομαι/αμένος, κλ-αίω
elv931a: -εψα-έφτηκα/-ώ-ούμαι/-εμμένος, θαρρ-ώ

_ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑ:
* προσθέ-τω => πρόσθεσα

verb.greek.INSTANCE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.greek.INSTANCE,

PRIMARY INSTANCES: (1-264)

AFFIRMATIVE-INSTANCES:
ACTIVE-VOICE PASSIVE-VOICE
Imperfect Perfect Imperfect Perfect
Present Inst: γράφω, έχω γράψει, γράφομαι, έχω γραφτεί,
γράφεις, έχεις γράψει, γράφεσαι, έχεις γραφτεί,
γράφει, έχει γράψει, γράφεται, έχει γραφτεί,
γράφουμε, έχουμε γράψει, γραφόμαστε, έχουμε γραφτεί,
γράφετε, έχετε γράψει, γράφεστε, έχετε γραφτεί,
γράφουν, έχουν γράψει, γράφονται, έχουν γραφτεί,
Interv: έχω γραμμένο-n-o, είμαι γραμμένος,
έχεις γραμμένο, είσαι γραμμένος,
έχει γραμμένο, είναι γραμμένος,
έχουμε γραμμένο, είμαστε γραμμένοι,
έχετε γραμμένο, είστε γραμμένοι,
έχουν γραμμένο, είναι γραμμένοι,
Past Inst: έγραψα, είχα γράψει, γράφτηκα, είχα γραφτεί,
έγραψες, είχες γράψει, γράφτηκες, είχες γραφτεί,
έγραψες, είχες γράψει, γράφτηκες, είχε γραφτεί,
γράψαμε, είχες γράψει, γράφτηκες, είχαμε γραφτεί,
γράψατε, είχες γράψει, γράφτηκες, είχατε γραφτεί,
έγραψαν, είχες γράψει, γράφτηκες, είχαν(ε) γραφτεί,
Interv: έγραφα, είχα γραμμένο, γραφόμουν(α), ήμουν(α) γραμμένος,
έγραφες, είχες γραμμένο, γραφόσουν(α), ήσουν(α) γραμμένος,
έγραφε, είχε γραμμένο, γραφόταν(ε) ήταν(ε) γραμμένος,
γράφαμε(εγράφαμε), είχαμε γραμμένο, γραφόμασταν, ήμασταν γραμμένοι,
γράφατε(εγράφατε), είχατε γραμμένο, γραφόσασταν, ήσασταν γραμμένοι,
έγραφαν(εγράφανε), είχαν(ε) γραμμένο, γραφόντουσαν(γράφονταν) ήταν(ε) γραμμένοι,
Future Inst: θα γράψω, θα έχω γράψει, θα γραφτώ, θα έχω γραφτεί,
θα γράψεις, θα έχω γράψει, θα γραφτείς, θα έχεις γραφτεί,
θα γράψει, θα έχεις γράψει, θα γραφτεί, θα έχει γραφτεί,
θα γράψουμε, θα έχουμε γράψει, θα γραφτούμε, θα έχουμε γραφτεί,
θα γράψετε, θα έχετε γράψει, θα γραφτείτε, θα έχετε γραφτεί,
θα γράψουν, θα έχουν γράψει, θα γραφτούν(ε), θα έχουν(ε) γραφτεί,
Interv: θα γράφω, θα έχω γραμμένο, θα γράφομαι, θα είμαι γραμμένος,
θα γράφεις, θα έχεις γραμμένο, θα γράφεσαι, θα είσαι γραμμένος,
θα γράφει, θα έχει γραμμένο, θα γράφεται, θα είναι γραμμένος,
θα γράφουμε, θα έχουμε γραμμένο, θα γραφόμαστε, θα είμαστε γραμμένοι,
θα γράφετε, θα έχετε γραμμένο, θα γραφόσαστε(γράφεστε), θα είσαστε(είστε) γραμμένοι,
θα γράφουν, θα έχουν γραμμένο, θα γράφονται, θα είναι γραμμένοι (264),

el'v001.γράφω =
- MVERBER001
- INFL="ind,pre,ins,act,iper,ning,aff,sin,1"
- EXP="nmv2"

el'v002.γράφεις:
- MVERBER002
- INFL="ind,pre,ins,act,iper,ning,aff,sin,2"
- EXP="nmv2"

el'v003.γράφει:
- MVERBER003
- INFL="ind,pre,ins,act,iper,ning,aff,sin,3"
- EXP="nmv3"

SECONDARY VERBER-COMPLEMENT: (267-)

verb.greek.secondary

They do not denote tense. The verber denotes it. They denote voice interrogation, affirmation, number and person.
[hmnSngo.2004-08-24_nikkas]

el'sVerber265.να'γράψω = να γράψω (να elvnm37):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
- {πήγα} /να γράψω ένα γράμμα/.
- {θα πάω} /να γράψω ένα γράμμα/.

el'sVerber266.να'μην'γράψω = να μην γράψω (να μην elvnm37):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

el'sVerber267.να'γράψεις = να γράψεις (να elvnm38):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,
- {πήγες} /να γράψεις ένα γράμμα/.
- {θα πάς} /να γράψεις ένα γράμμα/.
* imperative:
- να γράψεις αύριο το γράμμα.

el'sVerber268.να'μην'γράψεις = να μην γράψεις (να μην elvnm38):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,

el'sVerber269.να'γράψει = να γράψει (να elvnm39):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,
- {πήγε} /να γράψει ένα γράμμα/.
- {θα πάει} /να γράψει ένα γράμμα/.

el'sVerber270.να'μην'γράψει = να μην γράψει (να μην elvnm39):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,

el'sVerber271.να'γράψουμε = να γράψουμε (να elvnm40):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=first,
- {πήγαμε} /να γράψουμε ένα γράμμα/.
- {θα πάμε} /να γράψουμε ένα γράμμα/.

el'sVerber272.να'μην'γράψουμε = να μην γράψουμε (να μην elvnm40):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=first,

el'sVerber273.να'γράψετε = να γράψετε (να elvnm41):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=second,
- {πήγατε} /να γράψετε ένα γράμμα/.
- {θα πάτε} /να γράψετε ένα γράμμα/.

el'sVerber274.να'μην'γράψετε = να μην γράψετε (να μην elvnm41):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=second,

el'sVerber275.να'γράψουν(ε) = να γράψουν(ε) (να elvnm42):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=third,
- {πήγαν} /να γράψουν ένα γράμμα/.
- {θα πάνε} /να γράψουν ένα γράμμα/.

el'sVerber276.να'μην'γράψουμε = να μην γράψουν(ε) (να μην elvnm42):
- VOICE=active, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=third,

=========================

el'sVerber277.να'γραφτώ = να γραφτώ (να elvnm43):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,
- {πήγα} /να γραφτώ/.
- {θα πάω} /να γραφτώ/.

el'sVerber278.να'μην'γραφτώ = να μην γραφτώ (να μην elvnm43):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=first,

el'sVerber279.να'γραφτείς = να γραφτείς (να elvnm44):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,
- {πήγες} /να γραφτείς/.
- {θα πάς} /να γραφτείς/.

el'sVerber280.να'μην'γραφτείς = να μην γραφτείς (να μην elvnm44):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=second,

el'sVerber281.να'γραφτεί = να γραφτεί (να elvnm45):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,
- {πήγε} /να γραφτεί/.
- {θα πάει} /να γραφτεί/.

el'sVerber282.να'μην'γραφτεί = να μην γραφτεί (να μην elvnm45):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=singular, PERSON=third,

el'sVerber283.να'γραφτούμε = να γραφτούμε (να elvnm46):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=first,
- {πήγαμε} /να γραφτούμε/.
- {θα πάμε} /να γραφτούμε/.

el'sVerber284.να'μην'γραφτούμε = να μην γραφτούμε (να μην elvnm46):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=first,

el'sVerber285.να'γραφτείτε = να γραφτείτε (να elvnm47):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=second,
- {πήγατε} /να γραφτείτε/.
- {θα πάτε} /να γραφτείτε/.
* IMPERATIVE:
- να γραφτείτε εθελοντές.

el'sVerber286.να'μην'γραφτείτε = να μην γραφτείτε (να μην elvnm47):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=second,

el'sVerber287.να'γραφτούν(ε) = να γραφτούν(ε) (να elvnm48):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=affirmative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=third,
- {πήγαν} /να γραφτούν/.
- {θα πάνε} /να γραφτούν/.

el'sVerber288.να'μην'γραφτούν = να μην γραφτούν (να μην elvnm48):
- VOICE=passive, INTERROGATION=noninterrogative|interrogative, AFFIRMATION=negative, NUMBER=plural, PERSON=third,

el'sVerber289.γράφοντας = γράφοντας (elvnm54):
* ACTIVE:
- γράφοντας ένα γράμμα, έβλεπε τον αγώνα.

el'sVerber290.γραμμένος = γραμμένος (elvnm55):
* PASSIVE:
- έφυγε γραμμένος.

SECONDARY IMPERATIVE:

el'sVerber0.μην'γράφεις:
* προστακτική, αρνητική, ενικός

el'sVerber0.μην'γράφετε:
* προστακτική, αρνητική, πληθυντικός

el'sVerber0.μην'γράψεις = μην γράψεις (μην ):
- μή γράψεις τίποτα πάνω στο βιβλίο.

el'sVerber0.μη'γραφτείς:
* PASSIVE NEGATIVE SINGULAR:

el'sVerber0.μη'γραφτείτε:
* PASSIVE NEGATIVE PLURAL:

SECONDARY SUBJUNCTIVE:

el'sVerber0.πρέπει'να'γράψω =
*

el'sVerber0.έπρεπε'να'γράψω =
*

el'sVerber0.πρόκειται'να'γράψω =
*
- όταν πρόκειται να δηλωθεί παρομοίωση.

el'sVerber0.επρόκειτο'να'γράψω =
*

el'sVerber0.θα'έγραφα =
* θα είχα γράψει, θα είχα γραμμένο, θα γραφόμουνα, θα είχα γραφτεί, θα ήμουν γραμμένος.
* ΔΥΝΗΤΙΚΟ:

el'sVerber0.

verb.greek.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.verb.greek.SPECIFIC,

ΕΧΩ'ΥΠΟ'ΤΟΝ'ΕΛΕΓΧΟ'ΡΗΜΑ-551 (ΕΛΕΓΧΩ):
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore551.28,
* McsEngl.vrbGrc@cptCore551.28, {2012-09-25}
* McsEngl.verb.greek.ancient,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'ρημ@cptCore551.28, {2012-09-05}
* McsElln.ρημΕλα@cptCore551.28, {2012-10-09}

_DESCTIPTION:
Το ρήμα είναι το βασικό στοιχείο για τον σχηματισμό μιας πρότασης Η ιδιότητα του ρήματος να δηλώνει τι κάνει το υποκείμενο ή τι παθαίνει ή σε ποια κατάσταση βρίσκεται ονομάζεται διάθεση. Όπως και στη Ν.Ε. οι διαθέσεις του ρήματος είναι τέσσερις: ενεργητική, μέση, παθητική και ουδέτερη.

Ενεργητικά ρήματα λέγονται εκείνα που σημαίνουν ότι το υποκείμενό τους κάτι κάνει. Τα ενεργητικά ρήματα διακρίνονται σε:
α) Μεταβατικά που σημαίνουν ότι η ενέργεια του υποκειμένου τους μεταβαίνει (πηγαίνει) σ’ ένα πρόσωπο, ζώο ή πράγμα, το οποίο αποτελεί το αντικείμενο του ρήματος:
Οἱ δέ καθεῖλκον τάς τριήρεις.
Βλάπτει τόν άνδρα θυμός.
β) Αμετάβατα που σημαίνουν ότι η ενέργεια του υποκειμένου τους δε μεταβαίνει σε άλλο πρόσωπο, ζώο ή πράγμα, αλλά απλώς παραμένει στο ίδιο το υποκείμενο. Τα αμετάβατα ρήματα δεν έχουν αντικείμενο.
Ὁ δέ Ἐτεόνικος εἰς τήν ἄκραν ἀποφεύγει.

Μέσα ρήματα ονομάζονται αυτά που φανερώνουν ενέργεια του υποκειμένου, η οποία όμως επιστρέφει στο υποκείμενο ή βρίσκεται σε άλλη ιδιαίτερη σχέση μ’ αυτό. Έτσι τα μέσα ρήματα ανάλογα με την ιδιαίτερη σημασία τους διαιρούνται σε μέσα αυτοπαθή, μέσα πλάγια, μέσα αλληλοπαθή και μέσα δυναμικά.
1. Μέσα αυτοπαθή (ή ευθέα) λέγονται τα μέσα ρήματα που σημαίνουν ότι η ενέργεια του υποκειμένου επιστρέφει άμεσα και απευθείας στο ίδιο το υποκείμενο:
Ὁ παῖς λούεται.
Συχνά αντί για τα μέσα αυτοπαθή χρησιμοποιείται το ενεργητικό ρήμα με αντικείμενο την αυτοπαθή αντωνυμία: γυμνάζομαι – γυμνάζω ἐμαυτόν.
2. Μέσα πλάγια λέγονται τα μέσα ρήματα που σημαίνουν ενέργεια του υποκειμένου η οποία επιστρέφει σ’ αυτό έμμεσα και πλάγια. Τα μέσα πλάγια διαιρούνται σε:
α) Μέσα διάμεσα, όσα σημαίνουν ότι η ενέργεια γίνεται από το υποκείμενο στον εαυτό του ή σε ό,τι του ανήκει διαμέσου άλλου:
Ὁ πατήρ τούς παῖδας παιδεύεται (εκπαιδεύει τα παιδιά με τον δάσκαλο).
β) Μέσα περιποιητικά (ή μέσα ωφελείας), όσα σημαίνουν ενέργεια που εκτελεί το υποκείμενο για δική του χρήση ή ωφέλεια:
Οἰκοδομοῦμαι οἰκίαν.
Τα μέσα περιποιητικά ισοδυναμούν με ενεργητικά ρήματα που έχουν αντικείμενο αυτοπαθή αντωνυμία σε δοτική:
Οἰκοδομοῦμαι ἐμαυτῷ οἰκίαν.
γ) Μέσα αλληλοπαθή, όσα σημαίνουν μια κοινή ενέργεια, δύο ή περισσοτέρων υποκειμένων, η οποία πηγαίνει αμοιβαία από το ένα στο άλλο:
Συμβαλόντες τάς ἀσπίδας ἐωθοῦντο.
Τα αλληλοπαθή ρήματα βρίσκονται κανονικά στον πληθυντικό αριθμό και μπορούν να αναλύονται σε ενεργητικά ρήματα με αντικείμενο την αλληλοπαθή αντωνυμία:
Ἐωθοῦντο = ἐώθουν ἀλλήλους.
δ) Μέσα δυναμικά, όσα σημαίνουν ότι το υποκείμενο ενεργεί χρησιμοποιώντας όλες τις σωματικές και πνευματικές δυνάμεις του:
Ποιοῦμαι πόλεμον = πολεμώ, λύομαι αἰχμάλωτον = ελευθερώνω.

Ρήματα παθητικά: Τα παθητικά ρήματα φανερώνουν ότι το υποκείμενο δέχεται μια ενέργεια από κάποιο άλλο πρόσωπο ή πράγμα, δηλαδή παθαίνει κάτι. Αυτά βρίσκονται συνήθως στη μέση αλλά και στην ενεργητική φωνή:
Ἐπράχθη οὐδέν ἀπό τῶν τυράννων ἔργον ἀξιόλογον.
Ἀπέθανε μισούμενος ὑπό πάντων.

Ουδέτερα ρήματα, είναι αυτά που φανερώνουν ότι το υποκείμενο ούτε ενεργεί ούτε δέχεται καμιά ενέργεια, αλλά βρίσκεται απλώς σε μια κατάσταση, είναι κυρίως ενεργητικά, όπως: ζῶ, ὑγιαίνω, σωφρονῶ, νοσῶ, εὐδαιμονῶ κτλ.:
Οἱ πολέμιοι ἡσυχάζουσι.
Σημείωση. Τα ουδέτερα ρήματα είναι κυρίως ενεργητικά αμετάβατα ρήματα.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

ρημΕλα'Ορος

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα'Ορος,

_sntxElla:ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΣΤ: λύ-ω,λύ-εις,λύ-ει, λύ-ομεν,λύ-ετε,λύ-ουσι(ν), λύ-ετον,λύετον.
ΠΡΚΜ: λέ-λυ-κα, λέ-λυ-κες, λέ-λυ-κε,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: ἔ-λυ-σα,ἔ-λυ-σας,ἔ-λυ-σε(ν),
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: ἐ-λε-λύ-κειν,ἐ-λε-λύ-κεις,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: ἔ-λυ-ον,ἔ-λυ-ες
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λύ-σω,λύ-σεις,λύ-σει, λύ-σομεν
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυκώς ἔσομαι,

ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΣΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνω τον εαυτό μου)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύομαι,λύ?η-λύει,λύεται
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λέλυμαι,λέλυσαι
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: ἐλυσάμην,ἐλύσω
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: ἐλυόμην,ἐλύου,
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: ἐλελύμην,ἐλέλυσο,
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λύσομαι,λύσ?η-λύσει,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελύσομαι,λελύσ??η-σει,λελύσεται,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: λελυμένος-έσομαι,ἔσει,ἔσται,

ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνομαι από άλλον)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύομαι,λύ?η-λύει,λύεται
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λέλυμαι,λέλυσαι
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: ἐλύθην,ἐλύθης,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: ἐλυόμην,ἐλύου,
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: ἐλελύμην,ἐλέλυσο,
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λυθήσομαι,λυθήσ?η-σει,λυθήσεται,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελύσομαι,λελύσ?η-σει,λελύσεται,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: λελυμένος-έσομαι,ἔσει,ἔσται,

_sntxElla:ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύ-ω,λύ-?ης,λύ-?η, λύ-ωμεν,λύ-ητε,λύ-ωσι(ν), λύ-ητον,λύητον.
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελύκω,λελύκ?ης,
ΠΑΡΑΚ.ΠΕΡΙΦΡ: λελυκώς ὦ,@?ης,ἦ
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λύσω,λύσ?ης,λύσ?η,λύσωμεν
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: ἐ-λε-λύ-κειν,ἐ-λε-λύ-κεις,
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: -
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυκώς ἔσομαι,

ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΣΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνω τον εαυτό μου)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύωμαι,λύ?η-λύει,λύηται
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυμένος-ὦ,’~?ης,’~?η,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: [λύσωμαι,λύσ?η,λύσηται
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ:
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: ἐλελύμην,ἐλέλυσο,
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ:
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελύσομαι,λελύσ?η-σει,λελύσεται,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: λελυμένος-έσομαι,ἔσει,ἔσται,

ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνομαι από άλλον)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύωμαι,λύ?η-λύει,λύηται
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυμένος-ὦ,@?ης,@?η,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λυθῶ,λυθ~?ης,λυθ~?η,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ:
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ:
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ:
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ:

_sntxElla:ΕΥΚΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύοιμι,λύοις,λύοι, λύοιμεν,λύοιτε,λύοιεν, λύοιτον,λυοίτην
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελύκοιμι,λελύκοις,λελύκοι,
ΠΑΡΑΚ.ΠΕΡΙΦΡ: λελυκώς-εἴν,εἴης,εἴη,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λύσαιμι,λύσαις-λύσειας,λύσαι-λύσειε(ν),
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λύσοιμι,λύσοις,λύσοι,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυκώς-ἐσοίμην,ἔσοιο,ἔσοιτο,

ΕΥΚΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΣΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνω τον εαυτό μου)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λυοίμην,λύοιο,λύοιτο,
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυμένος-εἴην,εἴης,εἴη,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λυσαίμην,λύσαιο,λύσαιτο,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: ἐλελύμην,ἐλέλυσο,
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λυσοίμην,λύσοιο,λύσοιτο,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυσοίμην,λελύσοιο,λελύσοιτο,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: λελυμένος-ἐσοίμην,ἔσοιο,ἔσοιτο,

ΕΥΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνομαι από άλλον)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λυοίμην,λύοιο,λύοιτο,
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυμένος-εἴην,εἴης,εἴη,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λυθείην,λυθείης,λυθείη,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λυθησοίμην,λυθήσοιο,λυθήσοιτο,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυσοίμην,λελύσοιο,λελύσοιτο,
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ:

_sntxElla:ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λῦε,λυέτω
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ:
ΠΑΡΑΚ.ΠΕΡΙΦΡ: λελυκώς-ἴσθι,ἔστω,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λῦσον,λυσάτω,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: -
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: -

ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΣΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνω τον εαυτό μου)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύου,λυέσθω
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λέλυσο,λελύσθω,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λῦσαι,λυσάσθω,
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: -
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: -
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: -

ΠΡΟΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνομαι από άλλον)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύου,λυέσθω,
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λέλυσο,λελύσθω,
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λύθητι,λυθήτω
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: -
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: -
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: -

_sntxElla:ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύειν
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυκέναι
ΠΑΡΑΚ.ΠΕΡΙΦΡ: -
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λῦσαι
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λύσειν
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυκὼς-ἔσεσθαι

ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ ΜΕΣΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνω τον εαυτό μου)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύεσθαι
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελύσθαι
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λύσασθαι
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λύσεσθαι
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελύσεσθαι
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: λελυμένος-ἔσεσθαι

ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνομαι από άλλον)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύεσθαι
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελύσθαι
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λυθῆναι
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λυθήσεσθαι
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελύσεσθαι
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: -

_sntxElla:ΜΕΤΟΧΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λύων,λύουσα,λῦον
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυκὼς,λελυκυῖα,λελυκὸς
ΠΑΡΑΚ.ΠΕΡΙΦΡ: -
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λύσας,λύσασα,λῦσαν
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λύσων,λύσουσα,λῦσον
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυκὼς-ἐσόμενος

ΜΕΤΟΧΗ ΜΕΣΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνω τον εαυτό μου)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λυόμενος,λυομένη,λυόμενον
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυμένος,λελυμένη,λελυμένον
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λυσάμενος,λυσαμένη,λυσάμενον
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λυσόμενος,λυσομένη,λυσόμενον
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυσόμενος,λελυσομένη,λελυσόμενον
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: λελυμένος-ἐσόμενος,

ΜΕΤΟΧΗ ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗΣ-ΦΩΝΗΣ:(λύομαι--λύνομαι από άλλον)
ΠΑΡΟΝ:
ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ: λυόμενος
ΠΑΡΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ: λελυμένος
ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ:
ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ: λυθεὶς,λυθεῖσα,λυθὲν
ΠΑΡΑΤΑΤΙΚΟΣ: -
ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ: -
ΜΕΛΛΟΝ:
ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑΣ: λυθησόμενος,λυθησομένη,λυθησόμενον
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ: λελυσόμενος
ΣΥΝΤ.ΜΕΛΛ.ΠΕΡ: -

ρημΕλα'ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα'ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://blogs.sch.gr/stratilio/archives/1247,

vrbGrc'ResourceInfHmnn#cptResource843#

name::
* McsEngl.vrbGrc'ResourceInfHmnn,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* paradigms: http://ucbclassics.dreamhosters.com/ancgreek/paradigmsU/paradigmtables4BOM.html,
* http://users.sch.gr//papangel/sch/anc/sv.gr.rimata_anom.htm, μερικά ανώμαλα ρήματα,
* http://users.sch.gr//papangel/sch/ancient.htm,

SPECIFIC

Ασυντέλεστο Συντελεσμένο
παρόν Στιγμή λύω λέλυκα
Διάστημα -
======================================
παρελ Στιγμή έλυσα ελελύκειν
Διάστημα έλυον
======================================
μελλ Στιγμή λύσω
Διάστημα

_SYNTAX:
_sntxElla:
ἀναγκαίως ἔχει:
ἀνάγκη ἐστί:
ἂξιον ἐστι:
βιωτόν ἐστι:
διδακτέον ἐστί:
εἰκός ἐστι (--είναι φυσικό, λογικό):\
καιρός ἐστι:
καλῶς έχει:
πρέπον ἐστί:
‘ρ?άδιόν ἐστι (--είναι εύκολο):
‘ρ?αδίως έχει:

ρημΕλα.ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΗ-ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΗ-ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ,

Οι απρόσωπες εκφράσεις σχηματίζονται:
α) Με το ρήμα ἐστί και ένα ουσιαστικό ή το ουδέτερο ενός επιθέτου ή μετοχής, λ.χ. ἀνάγκη ἐστί, καιρός ἐστί, ἄξιον ἐστί, ‘ράδιον ἐστί, διδακτέον ἐστί, πρέπον ἐστί, εἰκός ἐστί κτλ.:
Σύ δέ ἀρνῇ τήν δόσιν, ἀδύνατον εἶναι λέγων ἐπαρκεῖν τοῖς αἰτοῦσι.
β) Με το ρήμα ἔχει και κάποιο επίρρημα, λ.χ. ἀναγκαίως ἔχει, καλῶς ἔχει, ‘ρ'αδίως ἔχει κτλ.:
Ὅτι τοῖς ἀνδράσιν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς εὐμενῶς ἔχει.
Οι απρόσωπες εκφράσεις αυτές παίρνουν ως υποκείμενο:
1. Ένα άναρθρο απαρέμφατο ειδικό ή τελικό:
Ὥρα ἐστίν ἀπιέναι.
Ἡγοῦμαι κράτιστον εἶναι πείθεσθαι αὐτῷ.
2. Μια δευτερεύουσα ονοματική πρόταση, ειδική, πλάγια ερωτηματική ή ενδοιαστική:
Δῆλον γάρ ἐστί τοῖς Ὀλυνθίοις ὅτι νῦν οὐ περί δόξης πολεμοῦσι.
3. Ένα ουσιαστικό σε ονομαστική πτώση, το οποίο όμως θα έχει την ίδια έννοια με το ρήμα που πηγαίνει ή θα είναι από την ίδια ρίζα:
Μεταμέλεια ἦν αὐτῷ.
Επίσης παίρνουν συνήθως έναν προσδιορισμό σε δοτική, που δείχνει το πρόσωπο στο οποίο αναφέρεται το ρήμα και λέγεται δοτική προσωπική:
Ταῦτα οὐ δυνατόν ἐστίν ἀνθρώποις εὑρεῖν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

ρημΕλα.ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ,

Μερικά ρήματα λέγονται απρόσωπα ή τριτοπρόσωπα, γιατί βρίσκονται συνήθως, ή μόνο, στο γ’ ενικό πρόσωπο και δεν έχουν ως υποκείμενο ένα πρόσωπο ή πράγμα. Μερικά από τα πιο συχνά είναι: δεῖ, χρή, προσήκει, πρέπει, ἐγχωρεῖ, ἐστί, ἔξεστι, ἔνεστι, πάρεστι, δοκεῖ, μέλλει, λέγεται, ὁμολογεῖται, ἀγγέλλεται, νομίζεται κτλ.
Μερικά από τα απρόσωπα ρήματα χρησιμοποιούνται και ως προσωπικά, λ.χ. δεῖ και δέω, δοκεῖ και δοκῶ, λέγεται και λέγομαι.
Τα ρήματα αυτά παίρνουν ως υποκείμενο:
1. Άναρθρο απαρέμφατο ειδικό ή τελικό:
Δεῖ γράμματα μαθεῖν καί μαθόντα νοῦν ἔχειν.
Λέγεται γάρ κύκλῳ τόν τόπον ἐκεῖνον περιρρεῦσαι τό πῦρ καί σωθῆναι τούτους μόνους.
2. Δευτερεύουσα ονοματική πρόταση, ειδική, πλάγια ερωτηματική ή ενδοιαστική:
Λέγεται ὅτι Κῦρος τέθνηκε.
Λέγεται δέ ὥς ποτ’ ἦσαν οὗτοι ἄνθρωποι τῶν (ὄντων).
3. Ουσιαστικό σε ονομαστική πτώση, το οποίο όμως θα έχει την ίδια έννοια με το ρήμα που πηγαίνει ή θα είναι από την ίδια ρίζα:
Καί τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις μετεμέλησεν (εννοείται ως υποκείμενο το ουσιαστικό η μεταμέλεια).
Επίσης παίρνουν συνήθως έναν προσδιορισμό σε δοτική που δείχνει το πρόσωπο στο οποίο αναφέρεται το ρήμα και λέγεται δοτική προσωπική:
Έδοξεν αὐτοῖς πορεύεσθαι. (Ως υποκείμενο στο απαρέμφατο θα εννοήσουμε την αιτιατική της δοτικής προσωπικής: αὐτούς).
Δεῖ δή αὐτοῖς ἀνάγκην προσεῖναι καί ζημίαν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟql:verb.linking.greek.ancient##

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟql:verb.linking.greek.ancient,

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ,

Γενικά, μονόπτωτα συντασσόμενα με αιτιατική ως αντικείμενο είναι τα 'καθαρώς μεταβατικά' ρήματα που δηλώνουν
- επενέργεια (: σύντομη, κτητική, από ψυχής ενέργεια, επι-δραστική, μεταποιητική)
- η δημιουργία.
Το κατά αιτιατική αντικείμενο εκφράζει τον τελικό ΑΠΟΔΕΚΤΗ της (επιδραστικής) ενέργειας του υποκειμένου ή το ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΗΜΑ της.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 52]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ-ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ-ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ,

Δίπτωτα ρήματα συντασσόμενα με 2 αιτιατικές ως αντικείμενα είναι όσα δηλώνουν
- ερώτηση,
- απαίτηση,
- αποστέρηση,
- διδασκαλία,
- δράση,
Η μία αιτιατική εκφράζει τον ΑΠΟΔΕΚΤΗ της ενέργειας του υποκειμένου και η άλλη το ΤΙ.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ-ΓΕΝΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ-ΓΕΝΙΚΗ,

Γενικά, δίπτωτα ρήματα συντασσόμενα με αιτιατική και γενική ως αντικείμενα είναι όσα δηλώνουν
- πλήρωση,
- κένωση,
- αποτροπή,
- έλξη,
- πληροφόρηση.
Η αιτιατική εκφράζει τον ΑΠΟΔΕΚΤΗ της ενέργειας του υποκειμένου και η γενική το ΜΕ ΤΙ, ΑΠΟ ΤΙ, ΑΠΟ ΠΟΙΟΝ.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ-ΔΟΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ-ΔΟΤΙΚΗ,

Γενικά, δίπτωτα ρήματα συντασσόμενα με αιτιατική και δοτική ως αντικείμενα είναι όσα δηλώνουν
- λόγο,
- δείξη,
- παροχή,
- εξίσωση,
- μείξη.
Η αιτιατική εκφράζει το ΤΙ, ΠΟΙΟΝ και η δοτική το ΣΕ ΠΟΙΟΝ, ΜΕ ΠΟΙΟΝ.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ,

Γενικά, μονόπτωτα ρήματα συντασσόμενα με γενική ως αντικείμενο είναι όσα δηλώνουν
- αναφορά
- κατεύθυνση
- απομάκρυνση.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΔΟΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΔΟΤΙΚΗ,

Γενικά, δίπτωτα ρήματα συντασσόμενα με γενική και δοτική ως αντικείμενα είναι όσα δηλώνουν
- συμμετοχή,
- μετάδοση (μέρους),
- παραχώρηση
- φθονώ (τινί τινός).
Η γενική εκφράζει το ΜΕ ΤΙ, (μέρος από) ΤΙ και η δοτική το ΜΕ ΠΟΙΟΝ, ΣΕ ΠΟΙΟΝ.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΔΟΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.ρημΕλα.ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.ΔΟΤΙΚΗ,

Γενικά, μονόπτωτα ρήματα συντασσόμενα με δοτική ως αντικείμενο είναι όσα δηλώνουν
- (απλή ή φιλική ή εχθρική ) σχέση ή μεταφορά ενέργειας.
Το κατά δοτική αντικείμενο εκφράζει το πρόσωπο ή το πράγμα με το οποίο σχετίζεται το υποκείμενο ή στο οποίο μεταφέρεται η ενέργεια του υποκειμένου.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

verb.lango.KAMO#ql:verb.lngkmo#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.lango.KAMO,

verb.PARTICIPLE

_CREATED: {2012-09-09} {2012-08-28} ?

name::
* McsEngl.verb.PARTICIPLE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.32,
* McsEngl.conceptCore256.5,
* McsEngl.conceptCore681,
* McsEngl.conceptCore256.5,
* McsEngl.verb.participle,
* McsEngl.participle@cptCore681,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.μετοxή-ρήματος@cptCore551.32,
* McsElln.ΜΕΤΟΧΗ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_GENERIC:
* NON_FINITE_VERB#cptCore592.6#ql:cptoldepistem592.6##

_WHOLE:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

_DESCRIPTION:
Participle is an INSTANCE verb AND a a verb's-term used to create instance verbs.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-09]

PARTICIPLE is the adjective and adverb of a predicate, we create from the verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-04-02_nikkas]
===
Η ΜΕΤΟΧΗ ρήματος λογαριάζεται σαν 'έγκλιση#cptCore618#'.
Σχηματίζεται και στις δύο 'φωνές#cptCore592#'.

participle'Syntax

name::
* McsEngl.participle'Syntax,

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.participle.specific,

The english and greek participles are the adjectives of a relation that express the completion or not. If a relation is a state there is no participle because it has no sense a completed or no state.
[hmnSngo.2002-08-03_nikkas]

participle.LANGO.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.participle.LANGO.ENGLISH,

Participles in Modern English
English verbs have two participles:
1. called variously the present, active, imperfect, or progressive participle, is identical in form to the gerund; the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund-participle is also used.
2. called variously the past, passive, or perfect participle, is usually identical to the verb's preterite (past tense) form, though in irregular verbs the two usually differ.

Examples of participle formation include:
Verb Past PastParticiple PresentParticiple Regular/Irregular
write wrote written writing
talk talked talking regular
hire hired hiring
do did done doing irregular
say said saying
eat ate eaten eating
beat beat beaten beating
sing sang sung singing

The present participle in English is active. It has the following uses:
* forming the progressive aspect: Jim was sleeping.
* modifying a noun: Let sleeping dogs lie.
* modifying a verb or sentence: Broadly speaking, the project was successful.

The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word sleeping in Your job description does not include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle.

The past participle has both active and passive uses:
* forming the perfect aspect: The chicken has eaten.
* forming the passive voice: The chicken was eaten.
* modifying a noun, active sense: our fallen comrades
* modifying a noun, passive sense: the attached files
* modifying a verb or sentence, passive sense: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.

As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:

* The visiting dignitaries devoured the baked apples.
* Please bring all the documents required.
* The difficulties encountered were nearly insurmountable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle] 2008-12-28

EXAMPLES:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore562,
* McsElln.ΟΜΑΛΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,

_DEFINITION:
* REGULAR-VERB is a verb that makes its iflections acording to rules.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-22_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

verb.REGULAR.NO

_CREATED: {2004-09-10} {1995}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.REGULAR.NO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.17,
* McsEngl.conceptCore609,
* McsEngl.irregular-verb,
* McsEngl.verb.irregular@cptCore609,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ-ΡΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ανώμαλο-ρήμα@cptCore551.17, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑ.ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟ@cptCore609,

_DEFINITION:
* IREGULAR-VERBER is a specific-verber whose instance-verber are not created with the usual rules the language uses to create its instance-verbers.
[hmnSngo.2004-09-10_nikkas]

ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ είναι ΡΗΜΑΤΑ που οι τύποι τους δεν συμβαδίζουν με τους γενικούς τύπους.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

_GENERIC:
* VERBER#cptCore551#

verb.regularNo.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.regularNo.ENGLISH,
* McsEngl.eng'irregular!~verb,
* McsEngl.english-irregular!~verb,
* McsEngl.lngEng'verb.regularNo,
* McsEngl.verb.irregular.en,

ΣΤΑ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΕΧΟΥΜΕ ΔΙΑΚΟΣΙΑ (200) ΠΕΡΙΠΟΥ ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ. ΟΛΑ ΤΑ ΑΛΛΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΟΜΑΛΑ.
[BBC. CALLING ALL BEGINERS, 1976, 130#cptResource321#]

This list contains the most common verbs that form their past tenses irregularly:
lagEng'arise arose, arise
lagEng'awake awoke or awaked, awaked or awoken
lagEng'awaken awakened, awakened

lagEng'bear (to carry) bore, borne
lagEng'bear (to give birth) bore
lagEng'beat beat, beaten or beat
lagEng'be was, been
lagEng'become became, become
lagEng'begin began, begun
lagEng'bet bet, bet
lagEng'bid bid, bid (to, offer)
lagEng'bid (to order, invite) bade, bidden
lagEng'bind bound, bound
lagEng'bite bit, bitten
lagEng'bleed bled, bled
lagEng'blow blew, blown
lagEng'break broke, broken
lagEng'breed bred, bred
lagEng'bring brought, brought
lagEng'burst burst, burst
lagEng'buy bought, bought

lagEng'cast cast, cast
lagEng'catch caught, caught
lagEng'choose chose, chosen
lagEng'cling clung, clung
lagEng'come came, come
lagEng'creep crept, crept
lagEng'cut cut, cut

lagEng'deal dealt, dealt
lagEng'dig dug, dug
lagEng'dive dived or dove, dived
lagEng'do did, done
lagEng'draw drew, drawn
lagEng'dream dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt
lagEng'drink drank, drunk
lagEng'drive drove, driven

lagEng'eat ate, eaten

lagEng'fall fell, fallen
lagEng'feed fed, fed
lagEng'feel felt, felt
lagEng'fight fought, fought
lagEng'find found, found
lagEng'flee fled, fled
lagEng'fly flew, flown
lagEng'forbid forbade, forbidden
lagEng'forget forgot, forgotten
lagEng'forgive forgave, forgiven
lagEng'forsake forsook, forsaken
lagEng'freeze froze, frozen

lagEng'get got, got or gotten
lagEng'give gave, given
lagEng'go went, gone
lagEng'grind ground, ground
lagEng'grow grew, grown

lagEng'hang (to suspend) hung, hung
lagEng'hang (to execute) hanged, hanged
lagEng'have had, had
lagEng'hear heard, heard
lagEng'hide hid, hidden
lagEng'hit hit, hit
lagEng'hold held, held
lagEng'hurt hurt, hurt

lagEng'keep kept, kept
lagEng'kneel knelt or kneeled, knelt or kneeled
lagEng'knit knitted or knit, knitted or knit
lagEng'know knew, known

lagEng'lay laid, laid
lagEng'lead led, led
lagEng'leap leaped or leapt, leaped or leapt
lagEng'leave left, left
lagEng'lend lent, lent
lagEng'let let, let
lagEng'lie lay, lain
lagEng'light lighted or lit, lighted or lit
lagEng'lose lost, lost

lagEng'make made, made
lagEng'mean meant, meant
lagEng'meet met, met
lagEng'mistake mistook, mistaken

lagEng'overcome overcame, overcome

lagEng'pay paid, paid
lagEng'prove proved, proved or proven
lagEng'put put, put

lagEng'quit quit, quit

lagEng'read read, read
lagEng'ride rode, ridden
lagEng'ring rang, rung
lagEng'rise rose, risen
lagEng'run ran, run

lagEng'say said, said
lagEng'see saw, seen
lagEng'seek sought, sought
lagEng'sell sold, sold
lagEng'send sent, sent
lagEng'set set, set
lagEng'shake shook, shaken
lagEng'shed shed, shed
lagEng'shoot shot, shot
lagEng'shrink shrank or shrunk, shrunk
lagEng'shut shut, shut
lagEng'sing sang, sung
lagEng'sink sank, sunk
lagEng'sit sat, sat
lagEng'slay slew, slain
lagEng'sleep slept, slept
lagEng'slide slid, slide
lagEng'sling slung, slung
lagEng'slink slunk, slunk
lagEng'speak spoke, spoken
lagEng'speed sped or speeded, sped or speeded
lagEng'spend spent, spent
lagEng'spin spun, spun
lagEng'spit spit or spat, spit or spat
lagEng'split split, split
lagEng'spread spread, spread
lagEng'spring sprang or sprung, sprung
lagEng'stand stood, stood
lagEng'steal stole, stolen
lagEng'stick stuck, stuck
lagEng'stink stank or stunk, stunk
lagEng'strew strewed, strewn
lagEng'stride strode, stridden
lagEng'strike struck, struck
lagEng'string strung, strung
lagEng'strive stove or strived, striven or strived
lagEng'swear swore, sworn
lagEng'sweep swept, swept
lagEng'swell swelled, swelled or swollen
lagEng'swim swam, swum
lagEng'swing swung, swung

lagEng'take took, taken
lagEng'teach taught, taught
lagEng'tear tore, torn
lagEng'tell told, told
lagEng'think thought, though
lagEng'thrive throve or thrived, throve or thriven
lagEng'throw threw, thrown
lagEng'thrust thrust, thrust

lagEng'wake woke or waked, waked or woken
lagEng'weep wept, wept
lagEng'win won, won
lagEng'wind wound, wound
lagEng'wring wring, wrung
lagEng'write wrote, written
HyperGrammar]

verb.regularNo.GREEK#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.regularNo.GREEK,
* McsEngl.el'irregular'verb,
* McsEngl.lngEll'verb.irregular,
* McsEngl.verb.iregular.el,

1 ΚΑΤΗΓΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΖΟΥΝ ΤΟ ΑΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ-ΤΟΥΣ ΘΕΜΑ ΑΠΟ ΑΛΛΗ ΡΙΖΑ.
ΒΛΕΠΩ, ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΛΕΓΩ, ΤΡΩΩ.

2 ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ:
ΒΑΖΩ, ΒΓΑΖΩ, ΚΑΝΩ.

3 ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ:
ΑΠΟΝΕΜΩ, ΒΑΡΑΙΝΩ, ΒΡΕΧΩ.

4 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΑΜΑΡΤΑΝΩ, ΑΝΑΣΤΑΙΝΩ,

5 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΑΝΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ,

6 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΓΔΕΡΝΩ, ΓΕΡΝΩ,

7 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΚΑΤΑΛΑΒΑΙΝΩ, ΛΑΒΑΙΝΩ,

8 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΒΟΣΚΩ, ΔΕΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΑΜΑΡΤΥΡΟΜΑΙ,

9 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΑΝΑΚΛΩ, ΓΕΛΩ,

10 ΚΑΤΗΡΟΡΙΑ:
ΑΓΑΝΑΚΤΩ, ΑΓΡΥΠΝΩ,

verb.regularNo.GREEK.ANCIENT#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.regularNo.GREEK.ANCIENT,
* McsEngl.lngGrc'verb.irregular,
* McsEngl.verb.irregular.grc,

verb.semasio.CONDITION

_CREATED: {2014-01-08}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.CONDITION,
* McsEngl.conditional-mood-of!~verb,
* McsEngl.verb.condition-meaning,

lango.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.lango.ENGLISH,

_DESCRIPTION:
English[edit]
English does not have an inflective (morphological) conditional mood, except in as much as the modal verbs could, might, should and would may in some contexts be regarded as conditional forms of can, may, shall and will respectively. What is called the English conditional mood (or just the conditional) is formed periphrastically using the modal verb would in combination with the bare infinitive of the main verb. (Occasionally should is used in place of would with a first person subject – see shall and will. Also the aforementioned modal verbs could, might and should may replace would in order to express appropriate modality in addition to conditionality.)

English has three types of conditional sentences,[1] which may be described as factual ("conditional 0": "When I feel well, I sing"), predictive ("conditional I": "If I feel well, I will sing"), and speculative ("conditional II" or "conditional III": "If I felt well, I would sing" or "If I had felt well, I would have sung"). As in many other languages, it is only the speculative type that causes the conditional mood to be used.

Conditionality may be expressed in several tense–aspect forms.[2] These are the simple conditional (would sing), the conditional progressive (would be singing), the conditional perfect (would have sung), and conditional perfect progressive (would have been singing). For the uses of these, see Uses of English verb forms. The conditional simple and progressive may also be called the present conditional, while the perfect forms can be called past conditional.

For details of the formation of conditional clauses and sentences in English, see English conditional sentences.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood#English]

verb.semasio.DIRECTION

_CREATED: {2006-10-22}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.DIRECTION,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.20,
* McsEngl.direkto@cptCore551.20,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,
* McsElln.διάθεση-ρήματος@cptCore551.20, {2012-09-29}

_ENVIRONMENT:
* semasio-direction#cptCore567.30#

_DEFINITION:
Verbs that denote direction#cptCore567.30#.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-09]

verb.semasio.direction.ACTIVE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.direction.ACTIVE,

_DESCRIPTION:
ενεργητική διάθεση το υποκείμενο ενεργεί και η ενέργεια πηγαίνει κάπου αλλού.
Ο γεωργός οργώνει το χωράφι.

Όταν, η ενέργεια του ρήματος πηγαίνει σε κάποιον άλλον (γη), τότε λέμε πως το ρήμα είναι ενεργητικό μεταβατικό.

Όταν έχουμε ρήματα που δηλώνουν απλώς ενέργεια, χωρίς η ενέργεια αυτή να πηγαίνει κάπου αλλού, τότε λέμε πως το ρήμα είναι ενεργητικό αμετάβατο.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20Nea/diathesi-rim-NE.htm#1]

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/Energitiki-Pathitiki.htm,

verb.semasio.direction.PASSIVE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.direction.PASSIVE,

LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.LANGO.GREEK,

_DESCRIPTION:
παθητική διάθεση το υποκείμενο δέχεται μια ενέργεια από κάποιον άλλο.
Το χωράφι οργώνεται από το γεωργό.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20Nea/diathesi-rim-NE.htm#1]

· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore676.1,
* McsEngl.voice.functive@cptCore676.1,
* McsEngl.voice.REFLEXIVE,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΜΕΣΗ-ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ,
* McsElln.μέση-διάθεση-ρήματος@cptCore551.3, {2012-09-09}

_DEFINITION:
μέση διάθεση το υποκείμενο ενεργεί και η ενέργεια επιστρέφει στο ίδιο.
Η Ελένη ντύνεται.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20Nea/diathesi-rim-NE.htm#1]

* ENERYERO is the verbero-ekspresero the ancient greek used for its verbero-dufino.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-05_nikkas]

* Η αρχαία ελληνική είχε και μέση-φωνή. Δήλωνε το κατηγόρημα που ενεργούσε και η ενέργειά του γύριζε στον ευατό του.

verb.semasio.direction.NEUTRAL

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.direction.NEUTRAL,

_DESCRIPTION:
ουδέτερη διάθεση το υποκείμενο βρίσκεται σε μια κατάσταση
Ο Νίκος βαριέται.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20Nea/diathesi-rim-NE.htm#1]

verb.semasio.direction.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.direction.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'ενεργητική-παθητική-σύνταξη,
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'παθητική-ενεργητική-σύνταξη,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/Energitiki-Pathitiki.htm,

verb.VOICE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.VOICE,
* McsEngl.verb'voice,
* McsElln.φωνή-ρήματος,

_DESCRIPTION:
ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ
Μην μπερδεύουμε τις φωνές με τις διαθέσεις του ρήματος.
Η φωνή αναφέρεται μόνο στο είδος της κατάληξης.
στη ενεργητική φωνή ανήκουν όσα ρήματα έχουν στο α' ενικό του ενεστώτα κατάληξη -ω
στην παθητική φωνή ανήκουν όσα ρήματα έχουν κατάληξη στο α' ενικό του ενεστώτα σε -μαι.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20Nea/foni-sizigia-rim-NE.htm]

verb.semasio.MOOD

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.MOOD,
* McsEngl.mood-of!~verb,
* McsEngl.verb'mood,
* McsElln.έγκλιση-ρήματος,
* McsEngl.conceptCore679,

_SPECIFIC:
* indicative, οριστική,
* υποτακτική,
* προστακτική,

verb.SEMASIO.MOOD.INDICATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SEMASIO.MOOD.INDICATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.6,
* McsEngl.conceptCore679,
* McsEngl.indicative-mood-of-a-verb,
* McsEngl.indicative'mood-of-verb@cptCore679,
* McsEngl.verb'mood.indicative@cptCore679,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ-ΕΓΚΛΙΣΗ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΕΓΚΛΙΣΗ.ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ@cptCore679,
* McsElln.ρήμα.έγκλιση.οριστική@cptCore551.6,

_DEFINITION:
* a mood (grammatically unmarked) that represents the act or state as an objective fact.
[wordnet 6.1]

* Η ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ 'έγκλιση#cptCore618#' ρήματος ΠΑΡΙΣΤΑΝΕΙ αυτό που σημαίνει το ρήμα σαν κάτι βέβαιο και πραγματικό:
'ο ήλιος ΛΑΜΠΕΙ'
'το απογευμα ΘΑ ΠΑΙΞΩ'
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 144#cptResource310#]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* PREDICATE-INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore684.13#

verb.mood.indicative.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.mood.indicative.ENGLISH,
* McsEngl.english-indicative!~verb,

INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I wrote, You wrote, He/she/it, We, You, They.
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I write, You, He/she/it writes, We, You, They.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will write, You, He/she/it, We, You, They.
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was writing, You were, He/she/it was, We were, You were, They were.
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am writing, You are, He/she/it is, We are, You are, They are.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will be writing, You will be writing, ...
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had written, You had written, He/she/it had written, ...
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have written, You have, He/she/it HAS, We have, You have, They have.
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have written, You will have written, He/she/it will have written, ...
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had been writing, You had been writing, ...
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have been writing, You have been writing, He/she/it has been writing, ...
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have been writing, You will have been writing, ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will be written,
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I was being written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I am being written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will being written,
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had been written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have been written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have been written,
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#: I had being written,
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#: I have being written,
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#: I will have being written,

verb.mood.indicative.GREEK#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.verb.mood.indicative.GREEK,
* McsEngl.el'indicative!~verb,
* McsEngl.lngEll'indicative!~verb,

Α.ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑ (Δένω-Δένομαι)

name::
* McsElln.Α.ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑ (Δένω-Δένομαι),

στην πρώτη συζυγια ανήκουν τα ρήματα που τονίζονται στην παραλήγουσα στο πρώτο πρόσωπο της οριστικής του ενεργητικού ενεστώτα, και στην προπαραλήγουσα στο πρωτο πρόσωπο της οριστικής του παθητικού ενεστώτα:

ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έ-δεσ-α, έ-δεσ-ες, έ-δεσ-ε, δέσ-αμε, δέσ-ατε, έ-δεσ-αν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: δέν-ω, δέν-εις, δέν-ει, δέν-ουμε, δέν-ετε, δέν-ουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα δέσ-ω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, -ετε, -ουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έ-δεν-α, έ-δεν-ες, έ-δεν-ε, δέν-αμε, δέν-ατε, έδεν-αν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: δύο ώρες τώρα δένω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, -ετε, -ουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα δέν-ω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, -ετε, -ουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα δέσ-ει, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω δέσει, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω δέσει, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα δεμένο, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω δεμένο, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω δεμένο, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: δέθ-ηκα, -ηκες, -ηκε, -ήκαμε, -ήκατε, -ηκαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: δένομαι, -σαι, -ται, -όμαστε, -εστε, -ονται.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα δεθ-ώ, -είς, -εί, -ούμε, -είτε, -ούν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: δεν-όμουν, δεν-όσουν, δεν-όταν, δεν-όμαστε, δεν-όσαστε, δέν-ονταν,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: δένομαι, -σαι, -ται, -όμαστε, -εστε, -ονται.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα δένομαι, -σαι, -ται, -όμαστε, -εστε, -ονται.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα δεθεί, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω δεθεί, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω δεθεί, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: ήμουν δεμένος, ήσουν, ήταν, ήμαστε, ήσαστε, ήταν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είμαι δεμένος, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα είμαι δεμένος, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Β ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑ (ΑΓΑΠΩ-ΑΓΑΠΙΕΜΑΙ)

Στη δεύτερη συζυγία ανήκουν τα ρήματα που τονίζονται στη λήγουσα στο πρώτο πρόσωπο της οριστικής του ενεστώτα, και στην παταλήγουσα στο πρώτο πρόσωπο της οριστικής του παθητικού ενεστώτα.

INDICATIVE-MOOD#cptCore679#:
ACTIVE-VOICE#cptCore1172#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: αγάπησ-α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: αγαπώ, -άς, -ά/άει, -άμε/ούμε, -άτε, -άν(ε)/ούν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα αγαπήσ-ω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, -ετε, -ουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: αγαπούσ-α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: περίπου 2 χρόνια αγαπώ, -άς, -ά/άει, -άμε/ούμε, -άτε, -άν(ε)/ούν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα αγαπώ, -ας, -α, -αμε, -ατε, -ουν/ανε.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα αγαπήσ-ει, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω αγαπήσ-ει, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω αγαπήσ-ει, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα αγαπημένο, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω αγαπημένο, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω αγαπημένο, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PASSIVE-VOICE#cptCore713#:
IMPERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1174#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: αγαπήθ-ηκα, -ηκες, -ηκε, -ήκαμε, -ήκατε, -ηκαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: αγαπ-ιέμαι, -ιέσαι, -ιέται, -ιόμαστε, -ιεστε, -ιούνται.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα αγαπ-ηθώ, -ηθείς, -ηθεί, -ηθούμε, -ηθείτε, -ηθούν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: αγαπ-ιόμουν, -ιόσουν, -ιόταν, -ιόμαστε, -ιόσαστε, -ιόνταν/ιούνταν,
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: για 2 χρόνια αγαπ-ιέμαι, -ιέσαι, -ιέται, -ιόμαστε, -ιεστε, -ιούνται.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα αγαπ-ιέμαι, -ιέσαι, -ιέται, -ιόμαστε, -ιέστε, -ιούνται.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PERFECT-INFLECTION#cptCore1173#:
INSTANT-INFLECTION#cptCore564#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είχα αγαπ-ηθεί, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: έχω αγαπ-ηθεί, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα έχω αγαπ-ηθεί, έχεις, έχει, έχουμε, έχετε, έχουν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
INTERVAL-INFLECTION#cptCore1175#:
PAST-TENSE#cptCore1176#:
affir#cptCore1183#: ήμουν αγαπ-ημένος, ήσουν, ήταν, ήμαστε, ήσαστε, ήταν.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
PRESENT-TENSE#cptCore1177#:
affir#cptCore1183#: είμαι αγαπ-ημένος, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
FUTURE-TENSE#cptCore1178#:
affir#cptCore1183#: θα είμαι αγαπ-ημένος, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.
neg#cptCore1184#:
inter#cptCore1180#:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

verb.semasio.TENSE

_CREATED: {2012-09-10}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.semasio.TENSE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.33,
* McsEngl.tense-verb@cptCore551.33, {2012-09-10}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsEngl.xρονικός-τύπος-ρήματος, {2012-09-10}

_DESCRIPTION:
Verb that denotes time.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-10]

_ENVIRONMENT:
* semasio-verb-tense#cptCore567.31#

_SPECIFIC:
* verb.past#cptEpsitem551.34#
* verb.present#cptEpsitem551.35#
* verb.future#cptEpsitem551.36#

verb.SEMASIO.TENSE.PAST

_CREATED: {2000-10-19}

name::
* McsEngl.verb.SEMASIO.TENSE.PAST,
* McsEngl.conceptCore551.34,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.2,
* McsEngl.past'vrbInst@cptCore676.2,
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* PAST--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used MAINLY to denote that the semantic-verb has past-value in its tense-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~PAST TENSE is the verb-tense that means that the action of the predicate took place in the past.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* TENSE-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.9#

_SPECIFIC:
The four past tenses are
the simple past (``I went'') Imperfect Instant Past
the past progressive (``I was going'') Imperfect Interval Past
the past perfect (``I had gone'') Perfect Instant Past
the past perfect progressive (``I had been going'') Perfect Interval Past
[HyperGrammar]

verb.past.IMPERFECT.INSTANT (I went)

name::
* McsEngl.verb.past.IMPERFECT.INSTANT (I went),
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.10,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.10,
* McsEngl.simple-past,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.10,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ρήμα.αόριστος,
* McsElln.ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ@cptCore676.10,

ENGLISH

The simple past is used to describe an action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment of speaking or writing.
Each of the highlighted verbs in the following sentences is in the simple past tense and each sentence describes an action taking place at some point in past.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1176,

Ο ΥΠΕΡΣΥΝΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ φανερώνει πως εκείνο που σημαίνει το ρήμα ήταν τελειωμένο στο παρελθόν πριν γίνει κάτι άλλο:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore676.1,
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ-ΤΥΠΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* PRESENT--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used MAINLY to denote that the semantic-verb has present-value in its tense-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~PRESENT TENSE is the verb-tense that means that the action of the predicate take place at the present time.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* TENSE-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.9#

_SPECIFIC:
The four present tenses are
the simple present (``I go'') Imperfect Instant Present
the present progressive (``I am going'') Imperfect Interval Pres.
the present perfect (``I have gone'') Perfect Instant Present
the present perfect progressive (``I have been going'') Perfect Interval Present

verb.present.IMPERFECT.INSTANT (simple-present: I go)

name::
* McsEngl.verb.present.IMPERFECT.INSTANT (simple-present: I go),
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.4,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.4,
* McsEngl.simple-present,
* McsEngl.verb.simple-present@cptCore676.4,
* McsElln.ΕΝΕΣΤΩΤΑΣ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore676.4,

Ασυντέλεστος Συντελεσμένος
Παρόν Στιγμ δέ-νω (ενεστώτας) έχω δέ-σει (παρακείμενος)
Εξακ δέ-νω έχω δε-μένο
Παρελ Στιγμ έ-δε-σα (αόριστος) είχα δέ-σει (υπερσυντέλικος)
Εξακ έ-δε-να (παρατατικός) είχα δε-μένο
Μέλλον Στιγμ θα δέ-σω (στ.μελ) θα έχω δέ-σει (συντ. μέλλοντας)
Εξακ θα δέ-νω (εξ.μελ) θα έχω δε-μένο

ENGLISH (I go)

The Simple Present Tense
The simple present is used to describe an action, an event, or condition that is occurring in the present, at the moment of speaking or writing. The simple present is used when the precise beginning or ending of a present action, event, or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the meaning of the sentence.
Each of the highlighted verbs in the following sentences is in the simple present tense and each sentence describes an action taking place in the present:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore676.7,

_DESCRIPTION:
Ασυντέλεστος Συντελεσμένος
Παρόν Στιγμ δέ-νω (ενεστώτας) έχω δέ-σει (παρακείμενος)
Εξακ δέ-νω έχω δε-μένο
Παρελ Στιγμ έ-δε-σα (αόριστος) είχα δέ-σει (υπερσυντέλικος)
Εξακ έ-δε-να (παρατατικός) είχα δε-μένο
Μέλλον Στιγμ θα δέ-σω (στ.μελ) θα έχω δέ-σει (συντ. μέλλοντας)
Εξακ θα δέ-νω (εξ.μελ) θα έχω δε-μένο

ENGLISH

The Present Progressive
While the simple present and the present progressive are sometimes used interchangeably, the present progressive emphasises the continuing nature of an act, event, or condition.
Each of the highlighted verbs in the following sentences is in the present progressive tense. In each sentence the on-going nature of the action is emphasised by the use of the present progressive rather than the simple present.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore676.23,
* McsElln.ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΟΣ'ΤΥΠΟΣ'ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore676.23,

_DEFINITION:
* FUTURE--VERB-TYPE is a verb-type#cptCore676# used MAINLY to denote that the semantic-verb has future-value in its tense-inflection.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-25_nikkas]

* ~~FUTURE TENSE is the verb-tense that means that the action of the predicate will take place at the future.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* TENSE-OF-PREDICATE#cptCore684.9#

_SPECIFIC:
The four future tenses are
- the simple future (``I will go'') Imperfect Instant Future
- the future progressive (``I will be going'') Imperfect Interval Future
- the future perfect (``I will have gone'') Perfect Instant Future
- the future perfect progressive (``I will have been going'') Perfect Interval Future.
[HyperGrammar]

verb.future.IMPERFECT.INSTANT (I will go)

name::
* McsEngl.verb.future.IMPERFECT.INSTANT (I will go),

ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.simple'future@cptCore1178,

The simple future is used to refer to actions that will take place after the act of speaking or writing.
Each of the highlighted verbs in the following sentences is in the simple future tense.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1178,
* McsEngl.future'progressive@cptCore1178,

The future progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the future. The future progressive is used to refer to continuing action that will occur in the future.
Each of the highlighted compound verbs in the following sentences is in the future progressive tense.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1178,

The future perfect is used to refer to an action that will be completed sometime in the future before another action takes place.
Each of the highlighted verbs in the following sentences is in the future perfect tense.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore551.18,
* McsEngl.verb-of-dependent-sentence@cptCore551.18, {2012-09-10}

_DESCRIPTION:
A verb of a dependent-sentence#ql:dependent_sentence@cptCore557.25#.
[hmnSngo.2014-01-08]

SPECIFEFINO-ENGLISH:
1) A sentencer expressed with to+verbernamer is a subsentencer.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle] @to express a thought@. ΓΙΑ'ΝΑ

2) A sentencer expressed with participle, is a subsentencer.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {dashing} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: [Donna] _sntxVerb:{has dreamt} _conj.about _sntxArgt:[[frogs sitting in trees)] @every night this week@.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {dashing} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle]cptCore645, {2012-08-25}

* McsEngl.lingHsysCpts@cptCore645, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.languageHuman'lingo.SYSTEM-OF-LINGOCONCEPTS,
* McsEngl.name-construction.lagHmn, {2014-12-21}
* McsEngl.name-structure.lagHmn, {2014-02-18}

lingHsysCpts.NOUN-SYSTEM

_CREATED: {2012-08-29}

name::
* McsEngl.lingHsysCpts.NOUN-SYSTEM,
* McsEngl.conceptCore645.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore601,
* McsEngl.conceptCore686,
* McsEngl.compound-conceptual-word,
* McsEngl.compound'conceptual'word@cptCore686, {2002-05-20}
* McsEngl.cptword.polylectic@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.descriptive'concept'word@cptCore686, {2002-08-29}
* McsEngl.naun-structure,
* McsEngl.noun-phrase,
* McsEngl.noun'phrase@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.noun.polylectic@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.noun-construction,
* McsEngl.noun'construction@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.nounial, {2000-10-08}
* McsEngl.nounial@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.nounial-construction,
* McsEngl.noun-structure@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.noun-system,
* McsEngl.nouner-structure, {2003-11-11}
* McsEngl.nounerstructure@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.nouner'str@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.nouner'structure@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.NP,
* McsEngl.multi'word'noun@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.onomer-structure, {2004-09-29}
* McsEngl.onomer'structure@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.phrase.noun@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.polylectic-noun@cptCore601,
* McsEngl.strukturo'onomero@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.polylectic-conceptual-word, {2002-05-25}
* McsEngl.polylectic'conceptual'word@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.polylectic-cptword,
* McsEngl.polylectic-semantic-word,
* McsEngl.polylectic'semantic'word@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.phrase@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.subsystem-of-a-frasi,
* McsEngl.system-of-nouns@cptCore686, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.word-structure@cptCore686, {2001-12-25}
* McsEngl.word-system@cptCore686,
* McsEngl.sysNan@cptCore645.1, {2012-10-11}
* McsEngl.sysNouns@cptCore645.1, {2012-08-29}
* McsEngl.nounero'poliyordero@cptCore601,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ-ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟΥ,
* McsElln.ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΗ-ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟΥ,
* McsElln.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟ-ΣΥΝΟΛΟ,
* McsElln.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟ-ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ-ΦΡΑΣΗΣ,
* McsElln.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΟΛΥΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ-ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ,
* McsElln.σύστημα-ονόματος@cptCore645.8, {2012-10-11}
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ@cptCore601,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.strukturero-onomero@lagoSngo, {2006-10-24}
* McsEngl.strukturo-onomero@lagoSngo, {2006-10-22}
* McsEngl.sktonr@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΟΛΥΛΕΚΤΙΚΗ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑΚΗ-ΛΕΞΗ,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑΚΗ-ΛΕΞΗ,
* McsElln.ΔΟΜΗ-ΛΕΞΕΩΝ,
* McsElln.ΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ-ΣΥΝΟΛΟ,
* McsElln.ΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ-ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ, {2000-10-08}
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.expression.noun-601@old,
* McsEngl.noun-expression@old,
* McsEngl.noun'expression-601@old,
* McsEngl.noun-logo@old,
* McsEngl.compound-noun@old, {2000-09-01}

ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΟΥΜΕ ΤΟΝ ΟΡΟ 'ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΦΡΑΣΗ' ΣΤΙΣ ΕΞΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ:
1. ΓΙΑ ΕΝΑ ΑΠΛΟ ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]deleted, {2003-11-12}
* McsElln.ΛΟΓΙΖΟΜΕΝΟ-ΤΟ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΖΟΜΕΝΟ-ΤΟ,

_GENERIC:
* ~~YORDERO#cptCore59.9#~~

_DESCRIPTION:
LOGOFIAD is any LOGO that denotes a CONCEPTFIAD.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-19_nikkas]
===
HEAD-WORDSYSTEM is a WORD-SYSTEM being related by another word-system. The new word-system denotes a Conceptual-Structure#cptCore1074#. It is the LOGO of the RELATON that denotes.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-16_nikkas]
===
HEAD-WORD is a WORD in a frasi that is modified by another.
eg. "the car ...", 'car' is head-word.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-06_nikkas]

nounor'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.nounor'wholeNo-relation,

_SPECIFIC_COMPLEMENT:
* modifier#cptCore645.5#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* noun#cptCore256#

sysNoun'Modifier

_CREATED: {2000-12}

name::
* McsEngl.sysNoun'Modifier,
* McsEngl.conceptCore645.5,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1011,
* McsEngl.noun-modifier@cptCore711i,
* McsEngl.logofier, {2001-11-19}
* McsEngl.logofier@cptCore1011,
* McsEngl.determiner,
* McsEngl.determiner-1140,
* McsEngl.modifier,
* McsEngl.modifing-word,
* McsEngl.modifing'word-1140,
* McsEngl.NOUNAR@deleted, {2003-11-12}
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun@cptCore645.5, {2012-10-14}
* McsEngl.mdfNoun@cptCore645.5, {2012-10-11}
* McsEngl.nounmdf@cptCore645.5, {2012-09-04}

=== _NOTES: WORDFIAR:
It could be another name from 'modifier' >> wordfier >> wordfiar (to reminds 'relat-ar').
[hmnSngo.2002-05-27_nikkas]
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ-ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΖΟΥΣΑ-ΛΕΞΗ,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-ουσιαστικού@cptCore645.5, {2012-10-10}
* McsElln.ΛΟΓΙΖΩΝ-ΤΟ,

_GENERIC:
* modifier-in-sentence#cptCore557.71#
* ~~ONOMER-STRUKTURO#cptCore645.1#~~

_DESCRIPTION:
Any modifier of an ordinary-noun.
[hmnSngo.2012-10-11]
ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟΙ ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ ονομάζονται οι λέξεις που προσδιορίζουν ως ονόματα τα ουσιαστικά με τα οποία δένονται σε ονοματικά σύνολα. Τέτοιες λέξεις μπορεί να είναι:
- ουσιαστικο <(ο πετρος, Ο ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ) είναι δραστήριος>,
- επίθετο <ήταν (ΕΞΑΙΡΕΤΙΚΟΣ γιατρος)>,
- μετοχή <πιο εκεί υπήρχε βάλτος με (ΣΤΕΚΟΥΜΕΝΑ νερά)>,
- αντωνυμία <θέλω (ΕΚΕΙΝΟ το βιβλίο)>.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 32#cptResource311#]
===
NOUNFIAR is a wordfiar which is a noun, NOT it is related with a noun.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-27_nikkas]
===
LOGOFIER is any LOGO that denotes a CONCEPTFIER.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-19_nikkas]
===
MODIFIER is a WORD-SYSTEM that adds information to a word in a frasi.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-06_nikkas]
===
A modifier can be an adjective, an adverb, or a phrase or clause acting as an adjective or adverb In every case, the basic principle is the same: the modifier adds information to another element in the sentence.
[HyperGrammar]
===
A MODIFING-WORD is a USED-WORD that is related with another word, by adding information to this other word. It can be content or function word. It creates word-systems.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-06_nikkas]
===
MODIFIER is a WORD related to another word.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-12_nikkas]
===
A modifier can be an adjective, an adverb, or a phrase or clause acting as an adjective or adverb In every case, the basic principle is the same: the modifier adds information to another element in the sentence.
[HyperGrammar]
===
determiner determiner; determiners In grammar, a determiner is a word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one thing or several. Common English determiners are `a', `the', `some', `this', and `each'.
N-COUNT (c) HarperCollins Publishers.

mdfOnnoun'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun'wholeNo-relation,

mdfOnnoun'SPECIFIC'COMPLEMENT:
* NOUNOR#cptCore645.6#

mdfOnnoun'LANGUAGE'MAPPING:
* SNOUNAR#cptCore362.2#

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.specific,

_SPECIFIC: mdfOnnoun.alphabetically:
* mdfOnnoun.adjective##
* mdfOnnoun.adverb##
* mdfOnnoun.generic##
* mdfOnnoun.naun##
* mdfOnnoun.noun##
* mdfOnnoun.permanent_property##
* mdfOnnoun.permanentNo_property##
* mdfOnnoun.sentence##
* mdfOnnoun.specific##

mdfOnnoun.GENERIC-OF-NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.GENERIC-OF-NOUN,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.γενικός, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΓεν, {2012-10-14}

mdfOnnoun.NAUN

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.NAUN,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.όνομα, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΟνμ, {2012-10-14}

Ονοματικοί λέγονται οι προσδιορισμοί όταν είναι ονόματα, ουσιαστικά ή επίθετα, ή άλλες λέξεις που έχουν θέση ονόματος και προσδιορίζουν επίσης ονόματα. Όταν συμφωνούν στην πτώση με τη λέξη που προσδιορίζουν λέγονται ομοιόπτωτοι και όταν δε συμφωνούν λέγονται ετερόπτωτοι.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

mdfOnnoun.NOUN-ORDINARY

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.NOUN-ORDINARY,
* McsEngl.nounfiar@cptCore1011i,
* McsEngl.noun-logofier,
* McsElln.ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός.ουσιαστικό@cptCore645ε, {2012-09-04}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.ουσιαστικό, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΟυσ, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ-ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟΥ,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-ουσιαστικού, {2012-10-11}
* McsElln.τροποποιητής-ουσιαστικού,

_DESCRIPTION:
a logofier which is a noun.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]

mdfOnnoun.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.LANGO.GREEK,
* McsEngl.lngEll'noun-modifier,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.ελληνικό, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλλ, {2012-10-14}

mdfOnnoun.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,
* McsEngl.lngGrc'noun-modifier,
* McsEngl.mdfNonGrc, {2012-10-11}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.αρxαιοελληνικό, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-παραδοσιακού-ουσιαστικού-αρxαίας-ελληνικής, {2012-10-11}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΟυσΕλα, {2012-10-11}

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/omoioptwtoi%20prosdiorismoi.htm#Η_παράθεση,

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
ονοματικούς δηλαδή αυτούς που είναι ονόματα και που προσδιορίζουν ονόματα.

ομοιόπτωτοι
ομοιόπτωτοι.ουσιαστικά
ομοιόπτωτοι.ουσιαστικά.παράθεση
ομοιόπτωτοι.ουσιαστικά.επεξήγηση
ομοιόπτωτοι.επίθετα
ομοιόπτωτοι.επίθετα.επιθετικό
ομοιόπτωτοι.επίθετα.κατηγορηματικό

ετερόπτωτοι
ετερόπτωτοι.γενική
ετερόπτωτοι.δοτική
ετερόπτωτοι.αιτιατική
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/prosdiorismoi.htm]

Ομοιόπτωτοι
Ουσιαστικό Επίθετο
Παράθεση Επιθετικός
Επεξήγηση Κατηγορηματικός
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/pinakas%20prosdiorismwn.htm]

Ετερόπτωτοι
γενική δοτική αιτιατική
κτητική αντικειμενική αναφοράς
δημιουργού αναφοράς
διαιρετική
ύλης
περιχόμενου
ιδιότητας
αξίας ή τιμήματος
αιτίας
υποκειμενική
αντικειμενική
συγκριτική
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/pinakas%20prosdiorismwn.htm]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.αιτιατική-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

_SPECIFIC:
* αιτιατική της αναφοράς,

Αιτιατική της αναφοράς
Η αιτιατική που προσδιορίζει ετερόπτωτα ένα όνομα δηλώνει αναφορά.
Μεταφράζεται: "ως προς" ή "στο"
Τυφλὸς τὰ τ' ὦτα τόν τε νοῦν τά τ' ὄμματ' εἶ
Παρατήρηση:
Συχνές αιτιατικές της αναφοράς είναι οι λέξεις: τὸν ἀριθμόν, τὸ βάθος, τὸ εὖρος. τὸ μέγεθος, τὸ μῆκος, τὸ πλῆθος, τὸ ὕψος κ.ά.
Πύργος στερὸς ’ῳκοδόμηται, σταδίου καὶ τὸ μῆκος καὶ τὸ εὖρος.
Τεῖχος πλίνθινον ’ῳκοδόμητο, τὸ μὲν εὖρος πεντήκοντα ποδῶν, τὸ δὲ ὕψος ἑκατόν.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/eteroptwtoi%20prosdiorismoi.htm]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.γενική-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

_SPECIFIC:
* γενική κτητική
* γενική του δημιουργού
* γενική διαιρετική ή του όλου
* γενική της ύλης
* γενική του περιεχομένου
* γενική της ιδιότητας
* Γενική της αξίας ή του τιμήματος
* Γενική της αιτίας
* Γενική υποκειμενική
* Γενική αντικειμενική
* Γενική συγκριτική
* αιτιατική της αναφοράς,

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΔΟΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΔΟΤΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.δοτική-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

_SPECIFIC:
* δοτική αντικειμενική
* δοτική της αναφοράς,

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ,
* McsElln.ομοιόπτωτος-προσδιορισμός,

_DESCRIPTION:
Οι ονοματικοί προσδιορισμοί όταν συμφωνούν στην πτώση με τη λέξη που προσδιορίζουν λέγονται ομοιόπτωτοι:
Μένων [ὁ Θετταλός] ἦν φίλος Ἀριαίου.
Θέλησον οὖν τούς [ἐμπροσθίους] πόδας ἐρεῖσαι τῷ τοίχῳ.
Ομοιόπτωτοι προσδιορισμοί είναι η παράθεση, η επεξήγηση, ο επιθετικός προσδιορισμός και ο κατηγορηματικός προσδιορισμός.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

_SPECIFIC:
* επίθετο.επιθετικός (μόνιμο)##
* επίθετο.κατηγορηματικός (παροδικό)##
* ουσιαστικό.επεξήγηση (ειδικό)##
* ουσιαστικό.παράθεση (γενικό)##

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟ.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟ.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ,
* McsElln.επιθετικός-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

Επιθετικός προσδιορισμός λέγεται το επίθετο που προσδιορίζει ένα ουσιαστικό και φανερώνει μια μόνιμη ιδιότητά του. Συμφωνεί με το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει, όπως και στη Ν.Ε., στο γένος, στον αριθμό και στην πτώση:
Ἀμφιεσάμενος δέ γυναικείαις ἀμπεχόναις.
Ἐφάνη γάρ ἡ κοινή βασιλεία.
Ως επιθετικοί προσδιορισμοί εκτός από τα επίθετα χρησιμοποιούνται:
1. Αντωνυμίες: Ὁ ἐμός πατήρ. Ἐν τοιούτῳ καιρῷ. Έλεγε δέ καί πρός ἡμᾶς τοιούτους λόγους.
2. Αριθμητικά: Τρεῖς ἄνδρες.
3. Μετοχές: Ὁ λάμπων ἥλιος.
4. Ουσιαστικά που δηλώνουν ηλικία, επάγγελμα, εθνικότητα: Γέρων ἀνήρ. Ἄνθρωποι γραμματεῖς. Ἀνήρ Πέρσης.
5. Κύρια ονόματα γεωγραφικών όρων, όταν είναι του ίδιου γένους και αριθμού και προτάσσονται με το άρθρο: Τό Πήλιον ὄρος. Ὁ Εὔξεινος πόντος. Ὁ Ἀχελῷος ποταμός.
6. Γενική πτώση ουσιαστικού ή επίρρημα ή εμπρόθετος προσδιορισμός με άρθρο: Ὁ του βασιλέως θρόνος. Οἱ κάτω θεοί. Ἡ κατά νόμον τιμωρία.
7. Πρόταση: Αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασίλισσα τῶν ἀρετῶν ἥ καί ἐξαιρήσεται ἡμᾶς τῆς τιμωρίας. (Δευτερεύουσα ονοματική αναφορική πρόταση ως επιθετικός προσδιορισμός στο αὕτη).
Ο έναρθρος επιθετικός προσδιορισμός πολλές φορές εκφέρεται χωρίς το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει, γιατί εύκολα εννοείται. Τότε ο επιθετικός προσδιορισμός παίρνει θέση ουσιαστικού, όπως:
Οἱ ἀθάνατοι (οι θεοί), οἱ θνητοί (οι άνθρωποι), τό ἱερόν (ο ναός), τά ἱερά (τα σφάγια, η θυσία), τό ἱππικόν (ενν. στράτευμα), ἡ ὑστεραία (ενν. ἡμέρα), ἡ μουσική, ἡ ‘ρητορική (ενν. τέχνη), ἡ εὐθεῖα (ενν. ὁδός), οἱ λέγοντες (οἱ ‘ρήτορες), ἡ ἐπιοῦσα (ενν. ἡμέρα) κτλ.
Σημείωση. Όταν ο προσδιορισμός έχει άρθρο, είναι πάντα επιθετικός προσδιορισμός:
Ἐν τῇ μέσῃ ὁδῷ.
Όταν μόνο το προσδιοριζόμενο όνομα έχει άρθρο, τότε ο προσδιορισμός είναι κατηγορηματικός.
Ἐν μέσῃ τῇ ὁδῷ.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟ.ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟ.ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ,
* McsElln.κατηγορηματικός-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

Κατηγορηματικός προσδιορισμός λέγεται ο ομοιόπτωτος προσδιορισμός που εκφέρεται με επίθετο ή μετοχή και αποδίδει στο ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει μια παροδική ιδιότητα:
Ἀγησίλαος φαιδρῷ τῷ προσώπῳ ἐκέλευσε.
Τούς δέ ταχεῖαν τήν ἀποχώρησιν ποιησαμένους…
Σημείωση. Όταν ο προσδιορισμός έχει άρθρο, είναι πάντα επιθετικός προσδιορισμός.
Κατέλαβον τήν ἔρημον πόλιν.
Όταν μόνο το προσδιοριζόμενο όνομα έχει άρθρο, τότε ο προσδιορισμός είναι κατηγορηματικός.
Κατέλαβον τήν πόλιν ἔρημον.
Τά δέ τελευταῖα πρό τοῦδε τοῦ πολέμου ὁ δῆμος αὐτῶν ἐξεδίωξε τούς δυνατούς (κατηγ. προσδ. στο τοῦ πολέμου, γιατί παρεμβάλλεται το άρθρο τοῦ).
Ως κατηγορηματικοί προσδιορισμοί χρησιμοποιούνται συνήθως τα επίθετα: ἄκρος, μέσος, ἔσχατος (τελευταίος), πᾶς, ἅπας, ὅλος (ὁλόκληρος), μόνος, αὐτός (ο ίδιος), ἕκαστος, ἔρημος, σύμπας:
Ἐν αἰθέρι μέσῳ κατέστη λαμπρός ἠλίου κύκλος.
Πᾶσαν ὑμῖν τήν ἀλήθεια ἐρῶ.
Καί σχεδόν ἅπαντα τά δι’ ἡμῶν μεμηχανημένα λόγος ἡμῖν ἐστιν ὁ συγκατασκευάσας.
Ἐν ταύταις ἥδιστ’ ἄν ἴδοιεν ἅπαντας ὄντας τούς πολίτας.
Οὐκοῦν εἰσέλθετε πάντες εἰς τήν χαράν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ.ΕΠΕΞΗΓΗΣΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ.ΕΠΕΞΗΓΗΣΗ,
* McsElln.επεξήγηση-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

Επεξήγηση είναι η λέξη που τοποθετείται κοντά σ’ ένα ουσιαστικό γενικό και αόριστο ως ομοιόπτωτος προσδιορισμός του και το επεξηγεί, δηλαδή το εξηγεί περισσότερο, το διασαφηνίζει. Επεξήγηση δέχονται και οι αντωνυμίες, κυρίως οι δεικτικές, αλλά και άλλα μέρη του λόγου ή και μια ολόκληρη πρόταση. Η επεξήγηση μεταφράζεται με το δηλαδή και την αντίστοιχη λέξη:
Ὁ κοινός ἰατρός θεραπεύσει σε, χρόνος.
Περικλῆς τούτων ἐγένετο μαθητής, Ἀναξαγόρου καί Δάμωνος.
Πρός ἕν ἐξαδυνατεῖ χρῶμα τό λευκόν ἀφομοιοῦν ἑαυτόν.
Τινές δέ καί πολλούς ἀποθέτους ἔχουσιν, οἱ πλούσιοι.
Η επεξήγηση είναι μια μερική έννοια, ενώ ο όρος που αυτή επεξηγεί είναι γενική? δηλαδή οι λέξεις χρόνος, Ἀναξαγόρου και Δάμωνος που είναι επεξηγήσεις στις λέξεις ἰατρός και τούτων είναι μερικές, στενότερες έννοιες, ενώ οι λέξεις ἰατρός και τούτων είναι γενικές, ευρύτερες, γιατί γιατροί υπάρχουν πολλοί και πολλών ειδών και η λέξη τούτων είναι πολύ γενική και αόριστη.
Ως επεξήγηση μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί όχι μόνο ουσιαστικό αλλά και άλλη λέξη ή και ολόκληρη πρόταση.
Εἷς οἰωνός ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περί πάτρης.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ.ΠΑΡΑΘΕΣΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΜΟΙΟΠΤΩΤΟΣ.ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ.ΠΑΡΑΘΕΣΗ,
* McsElln.παράθεση-ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός,

Παράθεση είναι το ουσιαστικό που τοποθετείται κοντά σ΄ ένα άλλο ουσιαστικό ως ομοιόπτωτος προσδιορισμός του και προσθέτει σ’ αυτό ένα κύριο και γνωστό γνώρισμα ή το χαρακτηρίζει απλώς με μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια. Η παράθεση είναι μια γενική έννοια, ενώ το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει είναι μερική έννοια. Εκτός από τα ουσιαστικά παράθεση δέχονται και οι αντωνυμίες, συνήθως οι προσωπικές και οι δεικτικές, αλλά και άλλα μέρη του λόγου ή και μια ολόκληρη πρόταση. Η παράθεση μπορεί να αναλύεται σε αναφορική πρόταση και κατά κανόνα βρίσκεται μετά από το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει:
Κῦρος ὁ βασιλεύς.
Ἐμέθυον, ἱκανή πρόφασις εἰς τό ἁμαρτάνειν.
Τοσαῦτα εἰπών καί διαλύσας τόν ξύλλογον ὁ Ἀρχίδαμος Μελήσιππον πρῶτον ἀποστέλλει ἐς τάς Ἀθήνας τόν Διακρίτου (παράθεση στο Μελήσιππον) ἄνδρα Σπαρτιάτην (δεύτερη παράθεση).
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]
===
Η διαφορά της παράθεσης από την επεξήγηση είναι ότι:
η παράθεση είναι γενική έννοια, η επεξήγηση είναι μερική έννοια,
σε σύγκριση με τη λέξη που προσδιορίζουν.
Αυτό θα πρέπει να το θυμάσαι πάντα!

_sntxElla: Ὁ Σωκράτης, Ὁ γλύπτης, καθεύδει
υποκείμενο|παράθεση γενική έννοια| ρήμα

_sntxElla: Ὁ γλύπτης, Ὁ Σωκράτης, καθεύδει
υποκείμενο|επεξήγηση μερική έννοια| ρήμα
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/omoioptwtoi%20prosdiorismoi.htm#Η_παράθεση]

Επιμεριστική λέγεται η παράθεση (η τοποθέτηση) των τμημάτων ενός συνόλου στην ίδια πτώση με αυτό:
Πολλή δέ βοή τῶν μέν ἀνακαλούντων ἀλλήλους, τῶν δέ παρακελευομένων, τῶν δέ θεούς ἐπικαλουμένων.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

Η παράθεση που προσδιορίζει μια ολόκληρη πρόταση κανονικά προτάσσεται, και γι’ αυτό λέγεται προεξαγγελτική παράθεση.
Ως προεξαγγελτικές παραθέσεις συχνότατα χρησιμοποιούνται οι εξής λέξεις ή φράσεις: τό μέγιστον, τό δεινότατον, τό ἔσχατον, ἀμφότερον, τοὐναντίον, τό λεγόμενον, τό κεφάλαιον, τεκμήριον, τό τοῦ Ὁμήρου, τό τῆς παροιμίας:
Ἀλλ' ἧ τό λεγόμενον, κατόπιν ἑορτῆς ἥκομεν καί ὑστεροῦμεν.
Ὅ πάντων θαυμαστότατον, Σωκράτη μεθύοντα οὐδείς, πώποτε ἑόρακεν.
Έστι δέ ἀξία ἡ χώρα καί ὑπό πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐπαινεῖσθαι, οὐ μόνον ὑφ' ἡμῶν, πολλαχῇ μέν καί ἄλλῃ, πρῶτον δέ καί μέγιστον ὅτι τυγχάνει οὖσα θεοφιλής.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ,
* McsElln.ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό,

Ονοματικοί λέγονται οι προσδιορισμοί όταν είναι ονόματα, ουσιαστικά ή επίθετα, ή άλλες λέξεις που έχουν θέση ονόματος και προσδιορίζουν επίσης ονόματα. Όταν συμφωνούν στην πτώση με τη λέξη που προσδιορίζουν λέγονται ομοιόπτωτοι και όταν δε συμφωνούν λέγονται ετερόπτωτοι.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕλα.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.αρxαιοελληνικός.πρόταση,
* McsElln.πρότασης-προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό,

mdfOnnoun.PERMANENT-PROPERTY-OF-NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.PERMANENT-PROPERTY-OF-NOUN,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.μόνιμο-xαρακτηριστικό,

Επιθετικός προσδιορισμός λέγεται το επίθετο που προσδιορίζει ένα ουσιαστικό και φανερώνει μια μόνιμη ιδιότητά του. Συμφωνεί με το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει, όπως και στη Ν.Ε., στο γένος, στον αριθμό και στην πτώση:
Ἀμφιεσάμενος δέ γυναικείαις ἀμπεχόναις.
Ἐφάνη γάρ ἡ κοινή βασιλεία.
Ως επιθετικοί προσδιορισμοί εκτός από τα επίθετα χρησιμοποιούνται:
1. Αντωνυμίες: Ὁ ἐμός πατήρ. Ἐν τοιούτῳ καιρῷ. Έλεγε δέ καί πρός ἡμᾶς τοιούτους λόγους.
2. Αριθμητικά: Τρεῖς ἄνδρες.
3. Μετοχές: Ὁ λάμπων ἥλιος.
4. Ουσιαστικά που δηλώνουν ηλικία, επάγγελμα, εθνικότητα: Γέρων ἀνήρ. Ἄνθρωποι γραμματεῖς. Ἀνήρ Πέρσης.
5. Κύρια ονόματα γεωγραφικών όρων, όταν είναι του ίδιου γένους και αριθμού και προτάσσονται με το άρθρο: Τό Πήλιον ὄρος. Ὁ Εὔξεινος πόντος. Ὁ Ἀχελῷος ποταμός.
6. Γενική πτώση ουσιαστικού ή επίρρημα ή εμπρόθετος προσδιορισμός με άρθρο: Ὁ του βασιλέως θρόνος. Οἱ κάτω θεοί. Ἡ κατά νόμον τιμωρία.
7. Πρόταση: Αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασίλισσα τῶν ἀρετῶν ἥ καί ἐξαιρήσεται ἡμᾶς τῆς τιμωρίας. (Δευτερεύουσα ονοματική αναφορική πρόταση ως επιθετικός προσδιορισμός στο αὕτη).
Ο έναρθρος επιθετικός προσδιορισμός πολλές φορές εκφέρεται χωρίς το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζει, γιατί εύκολα εννοείται. Τότε ο επιθετικός προσδιορισμός παίρνει θέση ουσιαστικού, όπως:
Οἱ ἀθάνατοι (οι θεοί), οἱ θνητοί (οι άνθρωποι), τό ἱερόν (ο ναός), τά ἱερά (τα σφάγια, η θυσία), τό ἱππικόν (ενν. στράτευμα), ἡ ὑστεραία (ενν. ἡμέρα), ἡ μουσική, ἡ ‘ρητορική (ενν. τέχνη), ἡ εὐθεῖα (ενν. ὁδός), οἱ λέγοντες (οἱ ‘ρήτορες), ἡ ἐπιοῦσα (ενν. ἡμέρα) κτλ.
Σημείωση. Όταν ο προσδιορισμός έχει άρθρο, είναι πάντα επιθετικός προσδιορισμός:
Ἐν τῇ μέσῃ ὁδῷ.
Όταν μόνο το προσδιοριζόμενο όνομα έχει άρθρο, τότε ο προσδιορισμός είναι κατηγορηματικός.
Ἐν μέσῃ τῇ ὁδῷ.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosiademo/ellinognosia3.php]

mdfOnnoun.PERMANENT.NO-PROPERTY-OF-NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.PERMANENT.NO-PROPERTY-OF-NOUN,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.μόνιμο-xαρακτηριστικό,
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΜνμΜη, {2012-10-14}

mdfOnnoun.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.SENTENCE,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.πρόταση, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΠρτ, {2012-10-14}

mdfOnnoun.SPECIFIC-OF-NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.SPECIFIC-OF-NOUN,
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.ειδικός, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΕιδ, {2012-10-14}

mdfOnnoun.SQUINTING-MODIFIER

name::
* McsEngl.mdfOnnoun.SQUINTING-MODIFIER,
* McsEngl.squinting-modifier,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ουσιαστικό.αλλήθορος, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.πρσδΣεουσΑλλθ, {2012-10-14}
* McsElln.ΑΛΛΗΘΟΡΟΣ-ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,

A squinting modifier is an ambiguously PLACED modifier that can modify either the word before it or the word after it. In other words, it is ``squinting'' in both directions at the same time:
[WRONG]
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore601i,

_ENGLISH:
** ADJECTIVE(attribute)-NOUN(concept) METHOD:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore686.2,

ADJECTIVE CORELATER ADJECTIVE:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore686.3,

_SPECIFIC:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore2012-10-12,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-επιρρήματος, {2012-10-10}
* McsElln.πρσδΕπρ, {2012-10-12}

sysAdv.ADVERB-SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.sysAdv.ADVERB-SENTENCE,

EXAMPLE:
· _sntxEngl: [Those residents of Ottawa who do not hold secure, well-paying jobs] _sntxVerb:{must resent} /the common portrayal of the city/ _sntxArgt:[as a land of opportunity].
[HyperGrammar]

sysNoun.APOSITIVES

name::
* McsEngl.sysNoun.APOSITIVES,
* McsEngl.appositives@cptCore686,

Appositives are two words or word groups which mean the same thing and are placed together. Appositives identify or explain the nouns or pronouns which they modify:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore645.7, {2012-10-11}

_GENERIC:
* system-of-nouns#cptCore645.1# 2012-08-31 because it is a noun and a conjunction denoting a relation.

_WHOLE:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

_DESCRIPTION:
1. "PREPOSITION is a FUNCTION-WORD that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word." [WordNet 1.6 1997]
2. "A preposition LINKS nouns, pronouns and phrases TO other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition." [HyperGrammar]
** examples:
· _sntxElln: _sntxArgt:[συχνά] [ο άνθρωπος] _sntxVerb:{μάχεται} _sntxObj1:[ΜΕ τη φύση].

* as predicatan:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1120,
* McsEngl.sysAdjectives@cptCore645.3, {2012-08-29}
* McsEngl.sysNauns.adjective,
* McsEngl.sysAdj@cptCore645.3, {2012-10-11}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΟΛΥΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ-ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟ,
* McsElln.ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ-ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟΥ,
* McsElln.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΙΚΗ-ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.σύστημα-επιθέτου@cptCore645.3, {2012-10-11}

_GENERIC:
* system-of-nauns#cptCore645.1#
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#

_WHOLE:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

_DESCRIPTION:
* προσδιορίζων (προσδιορισμός): οτιδήποτε
- προσδιοριζόμενο (προσδιορισμένο): επίθετο.
[hmnSngo.2012-10-14]
===
ADJECTIVAL = ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVEFIER.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-04_nikkas]
===
ADJECTIVAL (EXPRESSION) is a 'adjective' (monolectic or polylectic) OR a adjective plus direclty related to it words.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-11_nikkas]

Adjective'Modifier

name::
* McsEngl.Adjective'Modifier,
* McsEngl.adjectivefier@cptCore1120i,
* McsEngl.mdfOnadj, {2012-10-14}
* McsEngl.mdfAdj, {2012-10-12}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-επιθέτου, {2012-10-10}
* McsElln.πρσδΕπθ, {2012-10-12}

A modifier of an adjective.

SPECIFIC

EXAMPLES:
* adjective and adverb:
- very nice

sysNoun.WITH-CONJUNCTION

name::
* McsEngl.sysNoun.WITH-CONJUNCTION,

sysNoun.WITHOUT-CONJUNCTION

name::
* McsEngl.sysNoun.WITHOUT-CONJUNCTION,

lagHmnlingo'SENTENCE (lagHmnstc)

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo'SENTENCE (lagHmnstc),
* McsEngl.conceptCore557,
* McsEngl.lhn'sentence,
* McsEngl.lhnstc,
* McsEngl.sentence.lhn,
* McsEngl.stcLhn,

* McsEngl.entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLingo.nadLingSnt@cptCore557, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.sympan'societyHmn'setLingoHmn'lingWdvbase'lingHmnWdv'lingHmnView'lingHmnSentence@cptCore557, {2012-08-24}

* McsEngl.frasi@cptCore557, {2001-12-03}
* McsEngl.frasi@cptCore557, {2000-09-29}
* McsEngl.lhn'sentence,
* McsEngl.nado.lingo.sentence@cptCore557, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.name-structure,
* McsEngl.sentence.human,
* McsEngl.sentence@cptCore557,
* McsEngl.statement@cptCore557,
* McsEngl.statement-expression,
* McsEngl.phrase, {2000-10-03}
* McsEngl.stc@cptCore557, {2014-01-08}
* McsEngl.snt@cptCore557, {2012-09-05}
* McsEngl.sntc@cptCore557, {2012-08-30}
* McsEngl.nodLglSnt@cptCore557, {2012-08-22}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsSngo.fo-eto-sentenco,
* McsEngl.fo-eto-sentenco@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.sentensero@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.first-logo-unit@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.sentencer@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ@cptCore557,
* McsElln.πρόταση@cptCore557, {2012-10-09}
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ@cptCore557,
* McsElln.ΔΟΜΗ-ΛΕΞΕΩΝ@cptCore557,
* McsElln.ΛΕΚΤΙΚΟ-ΣΥΝΟΛΟ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.frazo@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.frazo,
====== lagoChinese:
ju4zi1; sentence,
ju4; (a measure word, for sentences or lines of verse); sentence,
zi1; 11 p.m.@cptCore1 a.m.; 1st earthly branch; child; midnight; son; child; seed; egg; small thing,
zi; (noun suff.)

_WIKIPEDIA: br:Frazenn, ca:Frase, cv:??????????, cs:Ve(ta (lingvistika), da:S?tning (grammatik), de:Satz (Grammatik), es:Oracio'n (grama'tica), eu:Perpaus, fa:????, fr:Phrase, gd:Rosg-rann, gl:Oracio'n (grama'tica), ko:??, hr:Rec(enica, id:Kalimat, is:Setning (setningafr??i), it:Frase, he:???? (??????), kk:??????, lt:Sakinys, ml:?????, nl:Soorten zinnen, ja:?, no:Setning, pl:Zdanie, pt:Frase, orac,a~o e peri'odo, ro:Propozit,ie, qu:Hunt'a rimay, ru:??????????? (???????????), simple:Sentence, sl:Poved, fi:Virke, sv:Mening, tl:Pangungusap, th:?????? (????), tr:Tu"mce, uk:???????, wa:Fra*ze, yi:???, zh:??, sk:Veta (filozofia),

I'll use the name FRASI that comes from the greek verb εκφράζω='express', because it is a 'statement'-expression.
I'm using the greek-spelling because in english with phrase mean a NP or a VP.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-27_nikkas]

DEFINITION

Sentence is one verb with its arguments.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-16]

A strukturo with one verbero (other verberos, if any, are dependent).

Πρότασις μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ λόγος καταφατικὸς ἢ ἀποφατικός τινος κατά τινος.
[Αριστοτέλης, Αναλυτικά πρότερα, 24α, 17]

Οὐκοῦν ἐξ ὀνομάτων μὲν μόνων συνεχῶς λεγομένων οὐκ ἔστι ποτὲ λόγος οὐδ' αὖ ‘ρημάτων χωρῖς ὀνομάτων λεχθέντων.
[Πλάτων, Σοφιστής, 262α, 9]

analytic

SENTENCER is a mapon-entity of a meaning-sentencer.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-03_nikkas]

FINAL-ANALYTIC-DEFINITION.

FRASI is a MAPPING-ENTITY of a PROPOSITION.
[hmnSngo.2003-10-26_nikkas]

FRASI is the UNIT of Logo that maps a statement#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-08_nikkas]

FRASI is the LOGO that DENOTES a statement#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

FRASI is a subsystem of LOGO that DENOTES a statement#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-02_nikkas]

SENTENCE is subsystem of LOGO that 'express' a statement.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-02_nikkas]

ΔΟΜΗ ΛΕΞΕΩΝ είναι το μερος ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ#cptCore531.a# που δεν περιέχει τη 'σημασια'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

synthetic

STARTING-SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION.

FRASI is a SYSTEM of WORDS that means a STATEMENT#cptCore531.s#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-13_nikkas]

ΔΟΜΕΣ ΛΕΞΕΩΝ ονομάζω υπερσυστήματα 'λέξεων#cptCore610#'.
[hmnSngo.1994.05_nikos]

ΦΡΑΣΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΕΝΑ 'ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ'.
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]

"ΒΑΣΙΚΗ ΔΟΜΗ ΤΟΥ 'ΛΟΓΟΥ' ΕΙΝΑΙ Η 'ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ'.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 92#cptResource191#]

ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ:
Με απλα λόγια 'προταση' είναι συστήματα ονομάτων, Ο,τι χωρίζουμε με τελεία στον γραπτο λόγο. Δηλαδή απλές και σύνθετες προτάσεις.
[hmnSngo.1994.08_nikos]

OTHER-VIEW

ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ λέγεται η οργανωμένη ομάδα λέξεων που εκφράζει μόνο ένα νόημα, με σύντομη συνήθως διατύπωση.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 12#cptResource311#]

Ο συνδυασμός NP+VP μέσα στη σύνθετη πρόταση ονομάζεται CLAUSE και μπορεί να είναι κύρια ή δευτερεύουσα πρόταση.
[Close et al, 1982, 82#cptResource338#]

lagHmnstc'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* entity.body.material.whole.system.sysStree.sysStwpe.lingoHmn#cptCore93.28#

* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLingo#cptCore93.34#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe#cptCore348.41#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree#cptCore348.12#
* entity.attribute.node#cptCore515.4#
* entity.attribute#cptCore398#
* entity#cptCore387#
* entity.whole.system.tree#cptCore348#
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#

lagHmnstc'WHOLE

_WHOLE#ql:cptCore557 attPar#:
* sympan'societyHmn'setLingoHmn'lingWdvbase'lingHmnWdv'lingHmnView#cptCore474#
* FRASER
* PARAGRAPHER
* ~~frasal-system#cptCore787~~#

lagHmnstc'PART

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'PART,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.21,
* McsEngl.part-of-sentence@cptCore557.21,
* McsEngl.partero'sentensero@cptCore557.21,

_DEFINITION:
The parts of a sentence are its verb and its verb's_arguments.
[hmnSngo.2008-10-29]

Parteros are the "outermost" children.
[hmnSngo.2006-11-05_nikkas]

_PART.sentence: _SPECIFIC:
* VERB#cptCore551#
* verb_argument#cptCore557.30#

lagHmnstc'WholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'WholeNo-relation,

ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΕΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ

name::
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΕΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ,

lagHmnstc'OTHER

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'OTHER,

lagHmnstc'predicate

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'predicate,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.43,
* McsEngl.predicate'in'grammar@cptCore557,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.κατηγόρημα@cptCore557.43,

_PARTIAL_COMPLEMENT:
* subject

_DEFINITION:
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar.[1]
Traditional grammar tends to view a predicate as one of two main parts of a sentence, the other part being the subject. The job of the predicate is to modify the subject.
The other understanding of predicates is inspired from work in predicate calculus (= predicate logic, first order logic) and is prominent in modern theories of syntax and grammar. On this approach, the predicate of a sentence corresponds mainly to the main verb and any auxiliaries that accompany the main verb, whereby the arguments of that predicate (e.g. the subject and object noun phrases) are outside of the predicate. The competition between these two concepts has generated confusion concerning the use of the term predicate in theories of grammar. This article considers both of these notions.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)] 2012-10-08,
===
a predicate (grammar) is one of the two immediate constituents of a sentence. It is the rest of the sentence apart from the subject. For instance, in the sentence "All good things come to an end" the "come to an end" is the predicate, whereas the subject is "all good things." Strictly speaking, the simple subject is "things" and "come" is the verb; the other words modify the key terms and comprise elements of the subjective phrase and the predicate phrase.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate]

lagHmnstc'nameLingo#cptCore453: attPar#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'nameLingo,

lagHmnstc'doing.CODING

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'doing.CODING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.4,
* McsEngl.logufino'sentensero@cptCore557.4,
* McsEngl.sentence'creating,
* McsEngl.sentensufino@cptCore557.4,
* McsEngl.sentensero'creation@cptCore557.4,
* McsEngl.sentensero'synthesis@cptCore557.4,

_DEFINITION:
* FRASI-CREATION is a function with a product of a HL-KNOWER which generates a frasi from a statement.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-17_nikkas]

_STEP:
* archetype choosing
* ORDER-CHOOSING
* SUBJECT-GENERATION
* VERB-GENERATION
* OBJECT-GENERATION
* VERBAN-GENERATION
* FRASI-GENERATION

lagHmnstc'doing.DECODING

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'doing.DECODING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.5,
* McsEngl.komprenufino'sentensero@cptCore557.5,
* McsEngl.sentence-interpretation, {2014-03-02}
* McsEngl.sentensero'analysis@cptCore557.5,
* McsEngl.parsing-of-frasi@cptCore557.5,
* McsEngl.sentensero'parsing@cptCore557.5#,

_DEFINITION:
* FRASI-PARSING is the function of a HL-KNOWER which analyses a frasi to generate the coresponding STATEMENT.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-17_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* FRASI-PROCESS
* KOMPRENUDINO-HOMO#cptCore93.59#

_STEP:
* WORD-ORDER-IDENTIFICATION
* 1ST WORD ANALYSIS

* KONSEPTERO IDENTIFICATION
* CONSTITUENT IDENTIFICATION (subjecter, verber, objecter1, objecter2, agenter, scomplement, vcomplement)

lagHmnstc'expression

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'expression,

_GENERIC:
* EKSPRESERO#cptCore474.33#

lagHmnstc'STRESS

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'STRESS,
* McsEngl.stress-of-frasi@cptCore557,

_DEFINITION:
The main question that is asked in studying sentence stress is which syllable (or word) of a particular sentence is most strongly stressed (or accented). We should be clear that in any given sentence of more than one syllable there is no logical necessity for there to be just one syllable that stands out from all the others. Much writing on this subject has been done on the basis of short, invented sentences designed to have just one obvious sentence stress, but in real life we often find exceptions to this. In a sentence of more than five or six words we tend to break the string of words into separate tone units, each of which will be likely to have a strong stress. For example:
If she hadn't been rich | she couldn't have bought it
In addition we find cases where syllables in two neighbouring words seem to be equally strongly stressed. For example:
I've \burnt /most of them. (with pitch fall on 'burnt' and pitch rise on 'most').
Given that (in English, at least), sentence stress is a rather badly-defined notion, is it at least possible to make generalisations about stress placement in simple sentences? It is widely believed that the most likely place for sentence stress to fall is on the appropriate syllable of the last lexical word of the sentence: in this case, "appropriate syllable" refers to the syllable indicated by the rules for word stress, while lexical word refers to words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. This rule accounts for the stress pattern of many sentences, but there is considerable controversy over how to account for the many exceptions: some linguists say that the sentence stress tends to be placed on the word which is most important to the meaning of the sentence, while others say that the placement of the stress is determined by the underlying syntactic structure.
Many other languages seem to exhibit very similar use of stress, but it is not possible in the present state of our knowledge to say whether there are universal tendencies in all languages to position sentence stress in predictable ways.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

lagHmnstc'Mapping-referent

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'Mapping-referent,

_GENERIC:
* MAPEOLO#cptCore474.36#

_LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_RELATION:
* semasio.sentence#cptCore531#

lagHmnstc'medium

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'medium,

lagHmnstc'modifier

_CREATED: {2012-10-11}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'modifier,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.71,
* McsEngl.modifier-in-sentence@cptCore557.71, {2012-10-11}
* McsEngl.stxMdf@cptCore557.71, {2012-10-11}

_DESCRIPTION:
Any PART of a sentence that ADDS information on another part.
[hmnSngo.2012-10-11]

_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.MODIFIED_PART:
* adjective-modifier##
* adverb-modifier##
* conjunction-modifier##
* naun-modifier##
* noun-modifier#cptCore645.5#
* verb-modifier#cptCore557.30#

_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.TYPE_OF_MODIFIER:
* adjective
* adverb
* noun
* system-of-nouns
* sentence

lagHmnstc'node (body)

_CREATED: {2012-08-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'node (body),
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.23,
* McsEngl.node-of-sentence@cptCore557.23, {2012-08-24}

_GENERIC:
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLingo#cptCore93.28#

_SPECIFIC:
* conjunction#cptCore1104#
* verb#cptCore551#
* verb_argument#cptCore557.30#

lagHmnstc'nodeNo (relation)

_CREATED: {2012-08-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'nodeNo (relation),
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.24,

_GENERIC:
* relation#cptCore546#

_SPECIFIC:
* subject-relation
* object-relation
* object2-relation
* subject-complement-relation
* time-relation

lagHmnstc'notation

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'notation,

see syntax_notation#ql:notation_text@cptCore1059i#

lagHmnstc'Order

_CREATED: {2012-09-04} {2003-03-29} {2003-03-02}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'Order,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.62,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.5,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.1,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.ORDER,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'syntax,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'codeLingo'order,
* McsEngl.lagHmn-syntax@cptCore93.62, {2012-09-04}
* McsEngl.lagHmn'WORD-ORDER,
* McsEngl.syntax-of-lagHmn@cptCore93.62, {2012-09-04}
* McsEngl.word-order-in-human-language@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.logo.order@cptCore35.5,
* McsEngl.order'logo@cptCore35.5,
* McsEngl.position'logo@cptCore35.1,
* McsEngl.position'logo@cptCore35.5,
* McsEngl.stx@cptCore93.62,

_DESCRIPTION:
Many languages such as Turkish, Japanese and Korean have SOV order.
There are also VSO languages, such as Arabic, Hebrew and Welsh, in which the verb starts the sentence.
[http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/chinese/aspect/wordorder.html]

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* ENGLISH: the predicator/predicaton

HEAD-FIRST-RULE

It is important to know that phrases that add information to a main phrase are always placed before the main phrase in Japanese. This is a consistent rule with no exception. Linguists call it head-last. English is a head-first language, where a main phrase is placed before additional phrases, but it is not so consistent as Japanese. That-clauses and preposition phrases are good examples of the head-first rule of English; both a dog that is white and a dog with white hair are dogs. But adjectives break the rule because they are placed before a main phrase. A white dog is a kind of dog, not a kind of whiteness.
[http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/counter.html#head-last]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* O-V-S
* S-V-O
* V-S-O

syntaxHmn.DOING

name::
* McsEngl.syntaxHmn.DOING,
* McsEngl.syntax-of-doing,

syntaxHmn.LANGO.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.syntaxHmn.LANGO.ENGLISH,
* McsEngl.lngEng'syntax,
* McsEngl.stxEng,

syntaxHmn.LANGO.ESPERANTO

name::
* McsEngl.syntaxHmn.LANGO.ESPERANTO,
* McsEngl.lngEpo'syntax,
* McsEngl.stxEpo,

syntaxHmn.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.syntaxHmn.LANGO.GREEK,
* McsEngl.lngEll'syntax,
* McsEngl.stxEll,

syntaxHmn.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.syntaxHmn.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,
* McsEngl.lngGrc'syntax,
* McsEngl.stxGrc,

resourceInfHmn#cptResource843#

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* ΜΟΥΜΖΑΚΗΣ-ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ: http://users.sch.gr/stava/m/arx-synt.pdf,

syntaxHmn.RELATION

name::
* McsEngl.syntaxHmn.RELATION,
* McsEngl.syntax-of-relation,

lagHmnstc'prepositional-phrase#cptCore645.7#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'prepositional-phrase,

lagHmnstc'standard

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'standard,

In a frasi, using "-" we can avoid the vageness of what is constituent and what is a state of constituents. eg:
a) "predicate-of-a-statement" is a constituent.
b) "predicate of a statement" is a state of "predicate" and "statement" constituents.
[hmnSngo.2001-01-20_nikkas]

lagHmnstc'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'structure,

_Structure.sentence:
* node#cptCore557.23#
* node.conjunction#cptCore1104#
* node.verb#cptCore551#
* node.verbargument#cptCore557.30#
* node.verbargument.subject#cptCore557.32#
* node.verbargument.object#cptCore557.36#
* node.verbargument.object2#cptCore557.37#
* node.verbargument.agent#cptCore557.33#
* node.verbargument.subject_complement#cptCore557.35#
* nodeNo#cptCore557.24#
===
* nameLingo#cptCore453#
NAUN#cptCore256#
NOUNER#cptCore256.3#
PROPERTER#cptCore256.19#
ADNOUNER#cptCore256.2#
ADVERBER#cptCore256.6#
PRONOMER#cptCore256.4#
VERBER#cptCore551#
* CONJUNCTION#cptCore1104#
===
ONOMER-STRUKTURO#cptCore645.1#
PREPOSITIONAL#cptCore557.29#
===
* LEKTERO-USED#cptCore643#
CAPTIVE-WORDUM/ΠΡΟΣΘΗΜΑ#cptCore1144# (not free)#cptCore59.10#
FREE-WORDUM-(WORD)/ΛΕΞΗ#cptCore610# (free)#cptCore59.9#
SYNTACTIC-WORD#cptCore59.24#
DERIVED-WORD,
ROOT-WORD,
===
* VERBER-STRUKTURO#cptCore551.18#

lagHmnstc'Phrase

_CREATED: {2012-10-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'Phrase,
* McsEngl.phrase,
* McsEngl.prs,
* McsEngl.phrase, {2012-10-26}

_DESCRIPTION:
In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.[1]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase]

lagHmnstc'VERB-STRUCTURE

_CREATED: {2004-10-07}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'VERB-STRUCTURE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.18,
* McsEngl.verber-structure@cptCore557.18,

_DEFINITION:
* VERBER-STRUCTURE is a logo-node which comprised of a VERBER and an ADVERBER inside the verber's expression.
[hmnSngo.2004-10-07_nikkas]

_EXAMPLE:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verb's-argument@cptCore641, {2008-10-29}
* McsEngl.vargument@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verbero's-argumento@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verbero's-argument@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verber-modifier,
* McsEngl.vcomplement@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verber'complement@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verber-complement, {2004-08-03}
* McsEngl.vargumenter@cptCore641, {2004-06-06}
* McsEngl.verber'argumenter@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verber'argumenter,
* McsEngl.verb'complement@cptCore641,
* McsEngl.verbnado@cptCore641, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.verbnode@cptCore641, {2012-08-22}
* McsEngl.argVrb,
* McsEngl.mdfOnverb@cptCore557.30, {2012-10-14}
* McsEngl.vrbmdf@cptCore557.30, {2012-10-11}
* McsEngl.vrbarg@cptCore641, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.vrbnod@cptCore641, {2012-08-22}

* McsEngl.verbalo@cptCore641, {2008-12-16}
* McsEngl.verbad@cptCore641,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEtoRinosAlo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-22}
* McsSngo.fo-eto-rinos-alo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.verbalero@lagoSngo, {2006-12-02} (verb-ero ==> verb-al(o)-ero)
* McsEngl.vargumento@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.όρισμα-ρήματος@cptCore557.30, {2012-09-05}
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore641, {2008-10-29}
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-ρήματος@cptCore557.30, {2012-10-15} {2012-10-11}
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-σε-ρήμα@cptCore557.30, {2012-10-15}
* McsElln.ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΜΑ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ@cptCore641,
* McsElln.τροποποιητής-ρήματος@cptCore557.30,
=== _Συντόμευση:
* McsElln.πρσδΣερημ@cptCore557.30, {2012-10-15}
* McsElln.ρμτορσ@cptCore557.30, {2012-09-06}

COMPLEMENT is not a good name because I use this word for partial and specific complements where I mean whole concepts. Here argument is one entity of a relation.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-17_nikkas]

A verb DENOTES an action, state, or process involving one or more PARTICIPANTS, which we refer to as the ARGUMENTS of the verb.
[Katz, Using English for Indexing and Retrieving, 1990, 149]

DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:

VERBER-COMPLEMENT is a logo-node that denotes a mverber-complement.

ARGUMENT-OF-VERB is a LOGO-NODE#cptCore474.9# that denotes an ARGUMENT-OF-SEMANTIC-VERB.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-08_nikkas]

~~VERB-COMPLEMENT is the CONCEPTUAL-WORD that denotes a PREDICATE-COMPLEMENT.~~
[hmnSngo.2002-05-26_nikkas]

~~VERB-COMPLEMENT is the LOGO that denotes a PREDICATE-COMPLEMENT~~.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

argVrb'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#

argVrb'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

argVrb'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb'wholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* VERBALETO#cptCore386#

* EXAMPLE that shows that the subjecter or objecter can denote any argument of a doing.

argVrb'Expression

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb'Expression,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.εκφορά-προσδιορισμού-σε-ρήμα, {2012-10-15}

_GENERIC:
* EKSPRESERO#cptCore474.33#

_DESCRIPTION:
It is the lingo-types used to express this modifier.
[hmnSngo.2012-10-15]

_SPECIFIC:
* ORDER: subject verb object
* INFLECTION (CASE):
* ADPOSITION: preposition, postposition.

Generally speaking, the fewer case markers (inflection and adpositions) a language has, the more sensitive the language is to the word order. Chinese is very sensitive to the word order because it doesn't have inflection at all and it has few prepositions.
...
In Japanese, cases including nominative and accusative are always shown by postpositions. You can easily see grammatical roles because all phrases are explicitely marked. Japanese has no noun inflections like English they, their, and them. Memorizing postpositions is much easier than memorizing noun inflections, because neither nouns nor postpositions change their spellings.
[http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/case.html]

argVrb'ReferentVerbarg

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb'ReferentVerbarg,

_GENERIC:
* MAPEOLO#cptCore474.36#

argVrb'Relation

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb'Relation,

argVrb'Syntax

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb'Syntax,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.σύνταξη-προσδιορισμού-σε-ρήμα, {2012-10-15}

_DESCRIPTION:
It is the semantic-identification of the modifiers, ie subject, object, object-complement, time-mdf, place-mdf, ...
[hmnSngo.2012-10-15]
===
The arguments of verbers identified from its position or case or from the meaning they denote. Prepositions are unary-corelaters and after its use the structure denotes a verber's argument.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-03_nikkas]

_ENGLISH:
* PRECEDES nothing:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore641.6,
* McsEngl.vbe,
* McsEngl.verbilo-of-verb@cptCore641.6,

_DEFINITION:
* Verbilo is the argument of action_verbs that denotes the entity on which the "verbolo" acts.
[2008-12-17]

argVrb.AGENT

_CREATED: {2003-12-24} {2000-10-09}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.AGENT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.33,
* McsEngl.conceptCore641.4,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1122,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1122,
* McsEngl.actor-of!~verb@cptCore557.33, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.verbolo@cptCore641.4, {2008-12-16}
* McsEngl.agent-of-sentence@cptCore641.4,
* McsEngl.logo'agent@cptCore641.4,
* McsEngl.agent-of-a-frasi,
* McsEngl.agent-of-a'frasi,
* McsEngl.stxAgent@cptCore557.33, {2012-09-11}
* McsEngl.stxAgnt@cptCore557.33, {2012-09-05}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.verbolo@lagoSngo, {2008-12-17}
* McsEngl.verbolero@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.agentero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΟ-ΑΙΤΙΟ-ΦΡΑΣΗΣ,
* McsElln.ποιητικό-αίτιο-πρότασης@cptCore557.30,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.agento@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.agento,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.agent-of-sentence@old,
* McsEngl.logo-agent@old,
* McsEngl.lagent@old@cptCore641.4,

_DEFINITION:
* AGENT OF SENTENCE is the verbar that denotes the semantic-agent (which describes the agent of an action or the entity that made the product of a passive-semantic-verb).
[hmnSngo.2003-11-08_nikkas]

* AGENT-OF-A-FRASI is the LOGO of PROCESSOR (process-predicate) if the processon expressed as subject.
([ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον ήλιο!)
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]
* AGENT-OF-A-FRASI is the LOGO of PROCESSOR (process-predicate) if the predicate is passive.
([ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον ήλιο!)
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]
* AGENT-OF-A-FRASI is the part of a FRASI that is the expression of an 'agent#cptCore1108.a#'.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-28_nikkas]
* AGENT-OF-A-STATEMENT is the PROCESSOR if the processor is the subject of the statement.
([ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον ήλιο!)
[hmnSngo.2001-02-07_nikkas]
* AGENT-OF-A-STATEMENT is a predicate-complement which is the agent of predicate with passive-voice.
([ο πάγος] {έλιωσε} !από τον ήλιο!)
[hmnSngo.2000-10-06_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC: EXAMPLE:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.41, {2012-09-05}

argVrb.cause.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.cause.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.54,
* McsEngl.cause-clause@cptCore557.54, {2012-09-09}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.αιτιολογική-πρόταση@cptCore557.54,

_GENERIC:
* dependent-sentence#cptCore557.25#

_DESCRIPTION:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.62, {2012-10-08}

argVrb.concessive.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.concessive.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.63,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.παραxωρητική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557.63,

_DESCRIPTION:
concessive clause concessive clause; concessive clauses
A concessive clause is a subordinate clause which refers to a situation that contrasts with the one described in the main clause. For example, in the sentence `Although he was tired, he couldn't get to sleep', the first clause is a concessive clause.
N-COUNT
(c) HarperCollins Publishers.
===
ΠΑΡΑΧΩΡΗΤΙΚΕΣ λέγονται οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις ΠΟΥ εισάγονται με τα: και αν, και να (και...να), που να, να, ας ... και ΚΑΙ ΦΑΝΕΡΩΝΟΥΝ εναντίωση και παραχώρηση. Η εναντίωση γίνεται, όπως και στις εναντιωματικές προτάσεις, προς αυτό που δηλώνει η πρόταση που προσδιορίζεται, το οποίο όμως δεν το θεωρούμε πραγματικό αλλά ενδεχόμενο ή και αδύνατο. Η παραχώρηση γίνεται σε κάτι που είναι αντίθετο από αυτό που δηλώνει η παραχωρητική πρόταση.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.58, {2012-09-06}

_SPECIFIC:
* QUERY#ql:_sntxeffect#

argVrb.effect.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.effect.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.59,
* McsEngl.effect-clause@cptCore557.59, {2012-09-09}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.αποτελεσματική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557.59,

Start

_LngGrc:
Με τους συμπερασματικούς συνδέσμους
ὥστε, ὡς

argVrb.GOAL

_CREATED: {2012-09-06}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.GOAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.55,
* McsEngl.goal-verb-argument@cptCore557.55, {2012-09-06}
* McsEngl.stxGoal@cptCore557.55, {2012-09-06}

_SPECIFIC:
* QUERY#ql:_sntxgoal#

argVrb.goal.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.goal.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.56,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.τελική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557.56,

_DESCRIPTION:
ΤΕΛΙΚΕΣ/ΣΚΟΠΟΥ λέγονται οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις που εισάγονται με τους τελικούς συνδέσμους (για να, να) ΚΑΙ ΔΕΙΧΝΟΥΝ σε ποιο σκοπό αποβλέπει αυτό που δηλώνει η πρόταση που προσδιορίζεται.
Εκφέρονται κανονικά με <υποτακτική>
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{ηρθε,} _sntxArgt:[αλλά δεν είχα χρήματα,] _sntxArgt:[ΓΙΑ ΝΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΔΙΝΑ].
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 141#cptResource311#]

Start

_LngGra:
Τελικές
Με τους τελικούς συνδέσμους
ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς

argVrb.HESITATION

_CREATED: {2012-09-09}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.HESITATION,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.64,
* McsEngl.hesitation-verb-argument@cptCore557.64, {2012-09-09}
* McsEngl.-stxHesitation@cptCore557.64, {2012-09-09}

argVrb.hesitation.SENTENCE

_CREATED: {2012-09-09}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.hesitation.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.65,
* McsEngl.hesitation-sentence-vrbmdf@cptCore557.65,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.επιρρηματικός-προσδιορισμός-ενδοιασμού@cptCore557.65, {2012-09-09}

_DESCRIPTION:
ΕΝΔΟΙΑΣΤΙΚΗ/ΔΙΣΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΥΣΑ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ:
λέγεται αυτή που εισάγεται με τους διστακτικούς συνδέσμους μη(ν), μήπως και φανερώνουν κάποι φόβο ή ανησυχία μήπως γίνει κάτι δυσάρεστο ή ανεπιθύμητο ή μήπως δε γίνει κάτι το επιθυμητό. Εχουν άρνηση δε(ν).

argVrb.MANNER (how)

_CREATED: {2012-08-31}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.MANNER (how),
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.42,
* McsEngl.manner-verb-argument@cptCore557.42, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.-stxManner@cptCore557.42, {2012-09-05}

argVrb.manner.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

_CREATED: {2012-09-05}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.manner.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.44,
* McsEngl.lngGrc'vrbmdf.manner@cptCore557.44,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'επιρρηματικός-προσδιορισμός-τρόπου@cptCore557.44, {2012-09-05}

_ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑ:
_sntxElla: Καλῶς ποιεῖ.

argVrb.OPPOSITE

_CREATED: {2012-08-31}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.OPPOSITE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.60,
* McsEngl.opposite-verb-argument@cptCore557.39, {2012-08-31}
_sntxOpposite@cptCore557.40, {2012-09-05}

argVrb.opposite.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.opposite.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.61,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.εναντιωματική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557.61,

_DESCRIPTION:
ΕΝΑΝΤΙΩΜΑΤΙΚΕΣ λέγονται οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις ΠΟΥ εισάγονται με τους αντιθετικούς συνδέσμους αν και, ενώ, μολονότι καθώς και με μόλο που, και που, που, και ας, ασ κτλ. ΚΑΙ ΦΑΝΕΡΩΝΟΥΝ εναντίωση, δηλαδή ισχυρή αντίθεση προς αυτό που δηλώνει η πρόταση που προσδιορίζεται και που το θεωρούμε πραγματικό.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.40, {2012-09-05}

argVrb.TIME (when)

_CREATED: {2012-08-31}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.TIME (when),
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.39,
* McsEngl.time-verb-argument@cptCore557.39, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.stxWhen@cptCore557.39, {2012-09-05}

argVrb.time.SENTENCE

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.time.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.57,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.22,
* McsEngl.time-vudero@cptCore474.22,
* McsEngl.time-subordinate-sentence@cptCore557.57, {2012-09-19}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.δευτερεύουσα-xρονική-πρόταση@cptCore557.57, {2012-09-19}
* McsEngl.xρονική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557.57, {2012-09-06}

_DEFINITION:
* denotes a time-scorelater among lnodes.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-24_nikkas]
===
* ΧΡΟΝΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ λέγονται οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις που εισάγονται
- με τους χρονικούς συνδέσμους όταν, σαν, ενώ, καθώς, αφού, αφότου, πριν (πριν να), μόλις, προτού, ώσπου, ωσότου, όσο που, όποτε, άμα ή με λέξεις και
- εκφράσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται ως χρονική σύνδεσμοι (όσο, ότι, εκεί που, όσο που να, έως ότου να, καθε που κ.τ.λ.)
ΚΑΙ προσδιορίζουν χρονικά μια άλλη πρόταση.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 148#cptResource311#]

Start

_LngGrc:
Με τους χρονικούς συνδέσμους
ὡς (όταν), ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ἔως, ἔστε (μέχρι), ἡνίκα, πρίν

Με τα χρονικά επιρρήματα
ὁσάκις, ὁποσάκις

Με τις αναφορικές εκφράσεις
ἐξ’ οὗ, ἐξ’ ὅτου, ἀφ’, ἀφ΄ ὁτου, ἐν ὧ, μέχρι οὗ, ἂχρι οὗ, ἓως οὗ

Με τις φράσεις
ἐπεί πρῶτον, ἐπεί τάχιστα, ἐπειδή τάχιστα, ὡς τάχιστα, οὐ πρότερον ...πρίν, οὐ πρόσθεν ...πρίν

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
· _sntxElln: [εσύ] _sntxVerb:{να μείνεις} _sntxArgt:[_sntxArgt:[εδώ]]_sntxArgt:[εδώ]@.
· _sntxElln: [παιδιά] _sntxVerb:{καθίστε} _sntxArgt:[_sntxArgt:[πλάι πλάι]].

mdfOnverb.PRONOUN:
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{βγήκε} _sntxArgt:[_sntxArgt:[περίπατο]].

mdfOnverb.CORELATER'AND'NOUNER'STRUCTURE:
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{εργάζεται} σε _sntxArgt:[_sntxArgt:[αποθήκη καπνού]].
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{εργάζεται} σε _sntxArgt:[_sntxArgt:[αποθήκη καπνού]]cptCore557.38, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.mdfVrb.adverbial@cptCore557.38, {2012-09-09}
* McsEngl.mdfVrb.MainNo@cptCore557.38, {2012-10-08}
* McsEngl.vrbarg.VERB-MODIFIER,
* McsEngl.stxVrbm@cptCore557.38, {2012-10-08}
* McsEngl.stxVrba@cptCore557.38, {2012-09-05}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.επιρρηματικός-προσδιορισμός@cptCore557.38, {2012-08-31}
* McsElln.μη-κύριος-προσδιορισμός-ρήματος@cptCore557.38, {2012-10-11}
* McsElln.ρήματος-προσδιορισμός@cptCore557.38, {2012-10-09}
* McsElln.προσδιορισμός-ρήματος@cptCore557.38, {2012-08-31}
* McsElln.στξΡημπ@cptCore557.32, {2012-10-09}

_DESCRIPTION:
Any other verb-argument, in relation to PERSON-OF-LANGUAGE, except, subject, subject-complement, objects.
[hmnSngo.2012-08-31]
===
Οι επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί στα αρχαία ελληνικά προσδιορίζουν κυρίως ρήματα αλλά και άλλα μέρη του λόγου, όπως επιρρήματα, αντωνυμίες και ονόματα.
Εκφράζουν ποικίλες σχέσεις: τόπο, χρόνο, ποσό, τρόπο, αιτία, μέσο ή όργανο, συνοδεία, αιτία, σκοπό, αναφορά, αποτέλεσμα, εναντίωση ή παραχώρηση, όρο ή προϋπόθεση, αξία ή ποσό, όργανο ή μέσο, καταγωγή, ύλη, συμφωνία, διαιρεμένο όλο, εχθρική κατεύθυνση, κατάσταση, εξουσία, ωφέλεια κ.ά.
Ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί χρησιμοποιούνται:
α) τα επιρρήματα > καθαρά επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί, οι οποίοι εκφράζουν τις σχέσεις του χρόνου, του τόπου, του τρόπου και του ποσού.
β) οι πλάγιες πτώσεις
γ) τα προθετικά σύνολα > εμπρόθετοι επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί
δ) το επιρρηματικό και το προληπτικό κατηγορούμενο
ε) το απαρέμφατο της αναφοράς και το απαρέμφατο του σκοπού
στ) οι επιρρηματικές μετοχές
ζ) οι επιρρηματικές προτάσεις
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/epirrimatikoi-prosdiorismoi.htm]

argVrbMainNo.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbMainNo.SENTENCE,

argVrbMainNo.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbMainNo.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,

Οι επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί προσδιορίζουν κυρίως ρήματα αλλά και άλλα μέρη του λόγου και εκφράζονται:
1. με τις πλάγιες πτώσεις
2. με το επιρρηματικό και το προληπτικό κατηγορούμενο
3. με τις επιρρηματικές προτάσεις
4. με τις επιρρηματικές μετοχές
5. με το απαρέμφατο της αναφοράς, του σκοπού ή του αποτελέσματος
6. με τους εμπρόθετους προσδιορισμούς
7. με τα επιρρήματα (καθαρώς επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί) ποσού, χρόνου, τόπου, τρόπου.
[Lexigram]

argVrb.WN'TYPES

name::
* McsEngl.argVrb.WN'TYPES,

Verb Frames:
Each verb synset contains a list of generic sentence frames illustrating the types of simple sentences in which the verbs in the synset can be used. For some verb senses, example sentences illustrating actual uses of the verb are provided. (See Verb Example Sentences in wndb(5WN) .) Whenever there is no example sentence, the generic sentence frames specified by the lexicographer are used. The generic sentence frames are entered in a synset as a comma-separated list of integer frame numbers. The following list is the text of the generic frames, preceded by their frame numbers:
1 Something ----s
2 Somebody ----s
3 It is ----ing
4 Something is ----ing PP
5 Something ----s something Adjective/Noun
6 Something ----s Adjective/Noun
7 Somebody ----s Adjective
8 Somebody ----s something
9 Somebody ----s somebody
10 Something ----s somebody
11 Something ----s something
12 Something ----s to somebody
13 Somebody ----s on something
14 Somebody ----s somebody something
15 Somebody ----s something to somebody
16 Somebody ----s something from somebody
17 Somebody ----s somebody with something
18 Somebody ----s somebody of something
19 Somebody ----s something on somebody
20 Somebody ----s somebody PP
21 Somebody ----s something PP
22 Somebody ----s PP
23 Somebody's (body part) ----s
24 Somebody ----s somebody to INFINITIVE
25 Somebody ----s somebody INFINITIVE
26 Somebody ----s that CLAUSE
27 Somebody ----s to somebody
28 Somebody ----s to INFINITIVE
29 Somebody ----s whether INFINITIVE
30 Somebody ----s somebody into V-ing something
31 Somebody ----s something with something
32 Somebody ----s INFINITIVE
33 Somebody ----s VERB-ing
34 It ----s that CLAUSE
35 Something ----s INFINITIVE
[wordnet 1.6, wninput.htm]

In order to TRANSLATE the logo from one language to another we NEED to know the syntax of verbs. Each language has a unique syntax for its verbs evethough they have the same meanings (predicates).
[hmnSngo.2001-11-25_nikkas]

lagHmnstc'verbargument.OBJECT

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc'verbargument.OBJECT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.36,
* McsEngl.conceptCore641.2,
* McsEngl.conceptCore555,
* McsEngl.frasi's-object,
* McsEngl.grammatical-object-641.2,
* McsEngl.linguistic-object,
* McsEngl.logo-object,
* McsEngl.logo-object-641.2,
* McsEngl.object-of-frasi,
* McsEngl.object-of-verb-641.2,
* McsEngl.objecter,
* McsEngl.objecter-641.2,
* McsEngl.object-grammatical-641.2,
* McsEngl.object-of!~verb,
* McsEngl.object-on-verb-modifier@cptCore557.36,
* McsEngl.verb's-object,
* McsEngl.verbon,
* McsEngl.verbon-641.2,
* McsEngl.obj,
* McsEngl.stxObj@cptCore557.36,
* McsEngl.ojr,
* McsEngl.mdfObj@cptCore557.36,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ-ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ,
* McsElln.αντικείμενο-ρήματος@cptCore557.36, {2012-09-23}
* McsElln.ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ-ΦΡΑΣΗΣ,
* McsElln.ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΟ-ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.γλωσσικό-αντικείμενο@cptCore557.36, {2012-09-23}
* McsElln.ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ-ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.στξΑνκ@cptCore557.36, {2012-10-09}

_DEFINITION:
Όλα τα ρήματα έχουν αντικείμενο;
Η απάντηση είναι ΟΧΙ. Αντικείμενο έχουν τα ρήματα που δηλώνουν ενέργεια και αυτή η ενέργεια φεύγει από το υποκείμενο και πηγαίνει κάπου αλλού.
Τα ρήματα αυτά λέγονται ενεργητικά μεταβατικά.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/antikeimeno01.htm]
===
* it is the argument of verb that express WHAT we talk about the subject.
[hmnSngo.2008-12-16]

* VERBON (OBJECT OF SENTENCE) is the verbar that denotes a semantic-object (which describes the acton or the product of an active--semantic-verb).
[hmnSngo.2003-11-08_nikkas]

* OBJECT of a frasi is the LOGO of the PREDICATON of a transitive-predicate#ql:predicate.transitive# which is expressed with an active-verb#ql:verb.active@cptCore1038#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-13_nikkas]

* OBJECT of a frasi is the LOGO of the PREDICATON of an active process predicate.
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]

* PREDICATE-OBJECT is a PREDICATE-COMPLEMENT that express where the 'action' of the subject takes place. (that is acted upon)
Without it, the statement's meaning is incomplete.
** examples:
_SYNTAX.LANGO.GREEK: 1. ([he] _sntxVerb:{closed} /the door/.)
3. (_sntxVerb:{Ρώτησαν} /(άν ο Πέτρος πήγε στη Δράμα/.)
2. ([Her secret admirer] _sntxVerb:{gave} \her\ /a bouquet of flowers/.)
[hmnSngo.2000-09-27_nikkas]

* Το πρόσωπο ή το πράγμα στο οποίο πηγαίνει η ενέργεια των 'ενεργητικών ρημάτων' λέγεται ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ.
===
* ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ονομάζεται το όνομα συνήθως ουσιαστικό ή ό,τι μπορεί να είναι ισοδύναμο με ουσιαστικό, που φανερώνει το πρόσωπο ή το πράγμα στο οποίο μεταβαίνει ή με το οποίο έχει σχέση η ενέργεια του υποκειμένου του 'μεταβατικού-ρήματος#cptCore677#'.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 56#cptResource311#]
===
* OBJECT-OF-A-FRASI is the part of a FRASI that is the expression of an 'object#cptCore555.a#'.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-28_nikkas]
* VERB-OBJECT is a VERB-COMPLEMENT that express a-statement's-the-predicate'object#cptCore555.a#.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]
* The object-of-a-verb is DIFFERENT in the languages of the world, BUT the object-of-a-predicate is the SAME in all languages.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]
* VERB-ON is the EXPRESSION of the PREDICAT-ON.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]
* VERB-ON is the logo, part of a frasi, that is the expression of the PREDICAT-ON.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]
===
***ONLY*** A STATEMENT with OBJECT can be expressed in active and passive voice. This is also the criterion to find the 'object' of a predicate.
The 'indirect-object' is just a predicatal.
[hmnSngo.2001-01-06_nikkas]
===
A statement has ONE object.
IF the predicate is a 'process' it is mapped to subject or object of the mapped frasi.
IF the predicate is a 'state' it is mapped to subjectcomplement of the coresponding frasi.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-03_nikkas]
===
In grammar, the object of a verb or a preposition is the word or phrase which completes the structure begun by the verb or preposition. N-COUNT (c) HarperCollins Publishers.

argObj'GENERIC:
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#
* VERBAR#cptCore641.1#

argObj'WHOLE:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

argObj'LOGO'TO'MEANING-KORELATEINO:
* SEMANTIC-OBJECT#cptCore474.54#

argObj'SYNTAX:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.37,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΙΠΛΟ-ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.διπλό-αντικείμενο@cptCore557.37,

argVrbObj.double.DIRECT

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbObj.double.DIRECT,

_DESCRIPTION:
Objects fall into classes: direct objects, adpositional objects, and non-prepositional indirect objects. A direct object answers the question "What?", while an indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?". An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. Some examples:
In "Mimi Heath ate fruit", fruit is a direct object of the verb ate. It corresponds to the accusative of languages with grammatical cases.
In "They sent him a postcard", him is a (non-prepositional) indirect object of the verb sent (which uses a double-object construction). It typically corresponds to the dative case.
In "I envied him his success", his success is an oblique object of the verb envied (it could be expressed for his success instead).
In "We listened to the radio", radio is the object of the preposition to, and the prepositional object of the simple past of the phrasal verb to listen to. It can correspond to a variety of cases and complements.
In many languages, including German, Latin, and Classical Arabic, objects can change form slightly (decline) to indicate what kind of object they are (their case). This does not happen in English (except for a few pronouns that do have separate subject and object forms, such as he versus him); rather, the type of object is indicated strictly by word order. Also, some objects are treated differently from others in particular languages. In Spanish, for example, human objects have to get a preposition 'a'. This is called differential object marking.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)]
===
* direct object direct object; direct objects In grammar, the direct object of a transitive verb is the noun group which refers to someone or something directly affected by or involved in the action performed by the subject. For example, in `I saw him yesterday', `him' is the direct object. Compare indirect object. N-COUNT = object (c) HarperCollins Publishers.

argVrbObj.double.DIRECT.NO

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbObj.double.DIRECT.NO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore641.3,
* McsEngl.indirect-objecter,
* McsEngl.indirect'objecter@cptCore641.3,
* McsEngl.objecter'indirect@cptCore641.3,
* McsEngl.sentence'vrbmdf.OBJECT.DIRECT.NO,
* McsEngl.vrbmdf.OBJECT.DIRECT.NO,
* McsEngl.stxObjDrctNo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΜΜΕΣΟ-ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.ΕΜΜΕΣΟ-ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ-ΦΡΑΣΗΣ,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.indirect-object@old,
* McsEngl.indirect'object@old@cptCore1075,
* McsEngl.frasi-indirect-object@old,
* McsEngl.indirect'object'of'a'frasi@old@cptCore1075,
* McsEngl.verb-indirect-object@old,
* McsEngl.verb'indirect'object@old@cptCore1075,

_DEFINITION:
* INDIRECT-OBJECT is the verban that denotes the indirect-semantic-object (which describes the entity that RECEIVES the semantic-object).
[hmnSngo.2003-11-08_nikkas]
===
* INDIRECT-OBJECT is the LOGO of the PREDICATAL#cptCore1125.a# that receives the 'object'.
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]
===
* INDIRECT-OBJECT is the PREDICATAL#cptCore1125.a# that receives the 'object'.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-29_nikkas]
===
* _sntxEngl: Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers.
The sentence above also contains an indirect object.
An indirect object (which, like a direct object, is always a noun or pronoun) is, in a sense, the RECIPIENT of the direct object. To determine if a verb has an indirect object, isolate the verb and ask to whom?, to what?, for whom?, or for what? after it. The answer is the indirect object.
[HyperGrammar]
===
* The INDIRECT-OBJECT can be thought of as another 'predicatal'.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-03_nikkas]
===
* INDIRECT-OBJECT-OF-A-FRASI is the part of a FRASI that is the expression of an 'indirect-object'.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-28_nikkas]
===
* VERB'S INDIRECT-OBJECT is a VERB-COMPLEMENT that mean a predicate's indirect-object.
===
* indirect object indirect object; indirect objects An indirect object is an object which is used with a transitive verb to indicate who benefits from an action or gets something as a result. For example, in `She gave him her address', `him' is the indirect object. Compare direct object. N-COUNT (c) HarperCollins Publishers.
===
Similarly, "Mary" is the indirect object of the first sentence because of her position in the word order. "John gave the book Mary," makes us pause mentally because the word order tells us that John is giving Mary to a book, which doesn't make much sense. Our mind immediately realizes that "John gave Mary the book" makes much more sense, so we go back over the sentence, seeing if we really read it correctly.
[http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Japanese/senstruc.html]

argVrbObj.double.LINGO

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbObj.double.LINGO,

_NOUN:
· _sntxElln: [Ο Γιάννης] _sntxVerb:{διδάσκει} _sntxArgt:[direction=στον Πέτρο] /χορό/. αιτιατική-αιτιατική
· _sntxEngl: ([Her secret admirer] _sntxVerb:{gave} _sntxArgt:[direction=her] /a bouquet of flowers/.)
· _sntxElln: (_sntxArgt:[direction=Του] _sntxVerb:{ζήτησα} /χρήματα/.) γενική-αιτιατική

NOUN-STRUCTURE:

CORELATER:
· _sntxEngl: _sntxArgt:[after the launch] [the commander] _sntxVerb:{will give} /additional instructions/ @direction=to the astronaut@.
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{έδωσε} /λουλούδια/ _sntxArgt:[direction=στον Πέτρο].

Στην αρχαία-ελληνική τα ρήματα που συντάσσονται με 2 αντικείμενα, εκφράζουν το άμμεσο-έμμεσο αντικείμενο με τους συνδυασμούς:
αιτιατική - αιτιατική,
_sntxElla: [Διογείτων] @direction=την θυγατέρα@ _sntxVerb:{έκρυπτε} /τον θάνατον του ανδρός/. [Μουμτζάκης 1999, 58] θεωρεί άμμεσο την αιτιατική που δείχνει πρόσωπο, που είναι λάθος.
αιτιατική - γενική,
_sntxElla: _sntxVerb:{Πληρώ} _sntxObj1:την υδρίαν#withwhat:ύδατος.
αιτιατική - δοτική,
_sntxElla: _sntxObj1:Πάσαν [_sntxTowhom:υμίν] την αλήθειαν _sntxVerb:{ερώ}.
γενική - δοτική.
_sntxElla: _sntxObj1:της των Ελλήνων ελευθερίας _sntxVerb:{παραχωρήσατε} _sntxTowhom:Φιλίππω.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-30_nikkas]

argVrbObj.double.DIRECT.NO

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbObj.double.DIRECT.NO,

argVrbObj.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbObj.LANGO.GREEK,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.αντικείμενο,
* McsElln.ανκΕλλ,

ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ΜΟΝΟΠΤΩΤΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ

ΜΟΝΟΠΤΩΤΑ λέγονται τα μεταβατικά ρήματα που συντάσσονται με ένα αντικείμενο, μία πτώση:
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 56#cptResource311#]

ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΤΩΣΗΣ:
τα περισσότερα μονόπτωτα ρήματα συντάσσονται με αιτιατική.

ΕΣΩΤΕΡΙΚΟ ή ΣΥΣΤΟΙΧΟ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ
λέγεται αυτό που έχει συγγενική σημασία ή έχει την ίδια ρίζα με το ρήμα.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 58#cptResource311#]

ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ΣΕ ΓΕΝΙΚΗ ΠΤΩΣΗ:
<μίλησα ΣΤΟΝ ΠΑΤΕΡΑ ΣΟΥ>

ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ ΔΙΠΤΩΤΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ

ΑΜΕΣΟ/DIRECT OBJECT:
σ' αυτό μεταβαίνει άμεσα η ενέργεια του ρήματος.

ΕΜΜΕΣΟ/INDIRECT OBJECT,

ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΝΙΚΗ:
<κανεις ΚΑΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΣΟΥ>

ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ:
<σήμερα εξετάζουν ΤΟΥΣ ΜΑΘΗΤΕΣ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΑ>

ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ & ΔΟΤΙΚΗ:

ΓΕΝΙΚΗ & ΔΟΤΙΚΗ:

THE CONFUSION:
Because the 'predicaton' is a subjective somehow entity, we see the grammarians to say different views on it, especially when we have 2 predicatad except the predicator:

1) hypergrammar:
(Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers.)
The sentence above also contains an indirect object.
An indirect object (which, like a direct object, is always a noun or pronoun) is, in a sense, the RECIPIENT of the direct object. To determine if a verb has an indirect object, isolate the verb and ask to whom?, to what?, for whom?, or for what? after it. The answer is the indirect object.
[HyperGrammar]

2) Μπαχαράκης:
Από τα 2 αντικείμενα των διπτώτων ρημάτων εκείνο που συμπληρώνει κατά κύριο λόγο την έννοια του ρήματος λέγεται άμεσο, και το άλλο έμμεσο. Γενικά, ΑΜΕΣΟ είναι το κατά αιτιατική αντικείμενο. στην περίπτωση αιτιατική+αιτιατική, άμεσο είναι αυτό που δηλώνει ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ. στην περίπτωση γενική+δοτική συνήθως η γενική.
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 53]

3) Συντακτικό Νέας:
Στις περιπτώσεις με 2 αιτιατικές, η αιτιατική του προσώπου είναι το ΑΜΕΣΟ αντικείμενο,
- Σήμερα εξετάζουν /τους μαθητές/ γεωγραφία.
Η αιτιατική αυτή είναι ΕΜΕΣΟ αντικείμενο μόνο άν μπορεί να αντικατασταθεί με εμπρόθετο προσδιορισμό:
- ο Γιάννης διδάσκει τον Πέτρο /χορό/ = ο Γιάννης διδάσκει στον Πέτρο χορό.

!εμπρόθετο αντικείμενο!
Στα δίπτωτα με αιτιατική και γενική, άμεσο είναι εκείνο που εκφέρεται με ΑΙΤΙΑΤΙΚΗ, ενώ έμμεσο αυτό σε γενική:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.32, {2012-09-04} {2003-11-03}
* McsEngl.subject-of-sentence@cptCore557.32, {2012-09-04}
* McsEngl.subject-of-verb@cptCore426,
* McsEngl.syntactic-subject@cptCore426,
* McsEngl.sbt,
* McsEngl.stxSbj@cptCore557.32, {2012-09-05}
* McsEngl.vrbsbj@cptCore557.32, {2012-08-31}
* McsEngl.stxSbj@cptCore557.32,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.sbj@old@cptCore557.32, {2012-09-04}
* McsEngl.sjt@old,
* McsEngl.frasi-subject@old,
* McsEngl.grammar-subject@old,
* McsEngl.language-subject@old,
* McsEngl.subjecter@old, {2004-01-22}
* McsEngl.subjecter@old,
* McsEngl.sabjektero@old@cptCore426, {2006-01-16}
* McsEngl.subject-of-frasi@old@cptCore426,
* McsEngl.conceptCore426@,
* McsEngl.verbor@old, {2003-12-21}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΟ-ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟ-ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.στξΥπκ@cptCore557.32, {2012-10-09}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.ola@lagoSngo, {2010-06-20}
* McsEngl.fo-eto-rinos-olo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.verbolero@lagoSngo@deleted@cptCore426, {2006-12-02} (verb-ero ==> verb-ol(o)-ero)
* McsEngl.subjektero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.subjekto@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.subjekto,
====== lagoChinese:
zhu3ci2; subject,
zhu3; to ,wn; to host; m,

=== _NOTES: ter; lord; primary
* ci2 works; phrases; classical Chinese poem; word; diction

DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:
ALL verbs have subject, which can be any argument-of-a-process-or-relation#ql:bodyno'argument#.
[hmnSngo.2010-04-13]
===
VERBOLERO is the dutolo, dufolo, duolo, deolo or dolo, and NOT the subject.
The subject is the verbalero we put before the verbero.
[hmnSngo.2008-06-23_HokoYono]

analytic

SUBJECT-OF-VERB is the argument of verb we talk about.
[2008-12-16]

VERBOLERO is the VERBALERO#cptCore641# we talk about.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-02_nikkas]
* Verbolero it is NOT a unique DINALO of the dino the verbero denotes.
[hmnSngo.2007-01-24_nikkas]

SUBJECTER is the verber-complement#cptCore641# that denotes a meaning-subjecter.

VERBOR is the entity (logo-node) of a verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-25_nikkas]

SUBJECT-OF-SENTENCE is the logo-node#cptCore474.9# that denotes a semantic-subject.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-08_nikkas]

SUBJECT (linguistic) is the part of a sentence#cptCore557# that denotes the semantic-subject.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-03_nikkas]

VERBOR is the logo, part of a frasi, that is the expression of the PREDICATOR.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]

SUBJECT-OF-FRASI is the CONCEPTUAL-WORD that denotes
- the predicator of an intransitive-predicate#ql:predicate.intransitive# (state-predicate or operation-predicate with no product)
- or
- the predicaton of a transitive-predicate#ql:predicate.transitive# and a passive-verb#ql:verb.passive@cptCore1186#.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-31_nikkas]

SUBJECT (OF A FRASI) is the LOGO of the frasi that denotes
- the predicator of the intransitive-predicate#ql:predicate.intransitive# or
- the predicaton of a transitive-predicate#ql:predicate.transitive# and a passive-verb#ql:verb.passive@cptCore1186#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

SUBJECT OF A FRASI is the LOGO of the frasi we talk about it. It can be the PREDICATOR or the PREDICATON of the statement being denoted. The verb is the logo that denotes if the subect is the predicator or the predicaton.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-15_nikkas]

SUBJECT OF A FRASI is the LOGO of
- the PREDICATOR or
- the PREDICATON if we express a transitive-predicate#ql:predicate.transitive# and we use a passive-verb#ql:verb.passive@cptCore1186#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-11_nikkas]

SUBJECT of a frasi is the LOGO of the predicator if
- the predicate is active or
- the predicate is a state one.
Else it is the LOGO of the predicaton.
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]

the subject is the predicator if the predicate is active else it is the predicaton. 2001-02-07 THEN, subject is a frasi-constituent, not a statement's. 2001-03-01

SUBJECT-OF-A-STATEMENT is the part of a STATEMENT#cptCore531.a# we talk about it. It is the predicator or the predicaton of the statement.
[hmnSngo.2001-02-07_nikkas]

STATEMENT-SUBJECT is the part of a STATEMENT#cptCore531.a# we talk/think about it.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

STATEMENT-SUBJECT is the CONCEPT we say something about it.
It is the most important part of a statement.
Only a subject is a concept.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-19_nikkas]

ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ ονομάζω το μερος ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ#cptCore531.a# ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

"ΤΟ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ, ΤΟ ΖΩΟ ή ΤΟ ΠΡΑΓΜΑ, ΠΟΥ ΓΙ'ΑΥΤΟ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΛΟΓΟΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ, ΛΕΓΕΤΑΙ 'ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ'.
'Η ΜΗΤΕΡΑ κεντά'
'ΤΟ ΔΕΝΔΡΟ ξεριζώθηκε'
'Η ΓΑΤΑ κοιμάται'
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 139#cptResource310#]

SUBJECT-OF-A-FRASI is the part of a FRASI that is the expression of a 'statement's-subject#cptCore558.a#'.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-28_nikkas]

~~FRASI-SUBJECT is the part of a FRASI that express the 'statement's-subject#cptCore558.a#'.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

synthetic

SUBJECT OF A STATEMENT is the processor or the object of a process and a statad of a state#cptCore546.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-01-06_nikkas]

STATEMENT'S-SUBJECT is a SIMPLE-SUBJECT or COMPLEX-SUBJECT#cptCore1090.s# or a COMPOUND-SUBJECT#cptCore1091.s#.
- my car
- my car which is too old
- my car and boat
[hmnSngo.2000-10-02_nikkas]

STATEMENT'S-SUBJECT is a SIMPLE-SUBJECT or a COMPOUND-SUBJECT.
- my car
- my car and boat
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

argVrbSbj'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#
* verb_argument#cptCore557.30#

argVrbSbj'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

argVrbSbj'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbj'wholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT:

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* SEMASIAL_SUBJECT#cptCore386.6#

argVrbSbj'Expression

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbj'Expression,

_GENERIC:
* EKSPRESERO#cptCore474.33#

_ΠΑΡΑΛΗΨΗ:
Οταν το υποκείμενο είναι πρώτου ή δεύτερου προσώπου, η αντωνυμία εγώ, εσύ, εμείς, εσείς συνήθως παραλείπεται, γιατί δηλώνεται από την κατάληξη του ρήματος. Οταν όμως θέλουμε να το αντιδιαστείλουμε από άλλο ή να το τονίσουμε τότε μπαίνει.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 16#cptResource311#]

_ΠΤΩΣΗ:
το υποκείμενο είτε είναι σύναρθρο είτε άναρθρο τοποθετείται ή εννοείται σε πτώση ονομαστική.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 14#cptResource311#]

_ORDER: BEFORE THE PREDICATE:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore426.1,

WHOLE:
* ENGLISH#cptCore569#

argVrbSbj.LANGO.ESPERANTO

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbj.LANGO.ESPERANTO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore711.1,
* McsEngl.esperant'subject@cptCore711.1,
* McsEngl.lngEpo'SUBJECT,
* McsEngl.stxSbj.esperanto@cptCore711.1,

_GENERIC:
* SUBJECTERO#cptCore558#

kell15. The person or thing whose action or condition the verb expresses is called the subject of the verb:
- La suno brilas, the sun shines (is shining), subject: suno.
- Knabo kuras, a boy runs (is running), subject: knabo.
[Kellerman, A COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO 1910, 5]

THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.
kell130. The infinitive may be used as the subject of a verb.* Any modifier of the infinitive is necessarily adverbial. An indefinite personal object (or pronominal complement of a preposition) after an infinitive used as subject is expressed by the reflexive pronoun si:
Promeni estas granda plezuro, to go walking is a great pleasure.
Promeni estas agrable, to go walking is pleasant.
CXu estas facile rigardi la plafonon? Is it easy to look at the ceiling?
Estas bone sin helpi, it is well to help onesef.
Paroli al si estas malsage, to talk to oneself is silly.
[Kellerman, A COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO 1910, 94]

argVrbSbj.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbj.LANGO.GREEK,
* McsEngl.conceptCore426.2,
* McsEngl.conceptCore426.2,
* McsEngl.greek'subject@cptCore426.2,
* McsEngl.argSbj.greek@cptCore426.2,

_WHOLE:
* GREEK-LANGUAGE#cptCore570#

Το υποκείμενο (που το βρίσκουμε αν απαντήσουμε στην ερώτηση ποιος-α-ο) μπορεί να είναι:
** ουσιαστικό <Ο ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ γράφει>,
** αντωνυμία <ΕΚΕΙΝΗ ήταν καλύτερη>,
** ουσιαστικοποιημένο επίθετο <ΟΙ ΝΕΟΙ διασκεδάζουν>,
καθώς και
** κάθε άλλη λέξη,
** ομάδα λέξεων ή
** πρόταση με το άρθρο ή χωρίς το άρθρο όταν παίρνουν τη θέση ουσιαστικού
<ΤΟ ΠΗΓΑΙΝΕ ΕΛΑ τον κούρασε>
<ΤΟ ΑΝ είναι σύνδεσμος>
<ΤΟ ΟΤΙ ΗΡΘΕΣ με ευχαρίστησε>
<απαγορεύεται ΝΑ ΚΑΠΝΙΖΕΤΕ>
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 16#cptResource311#]

argVrbSbj.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbj.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,
* McsEngl.lngGrc'subject, {2012-10-09}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'υποκείμενο, {2012-10-09}
* McsElln.υπκΕλα, {2012-10-09}

Υποκείμενο είναι το ονοματικό σύνολο που φανερώνει ποιος ενεργεί ή πάσχει ή βρίσκεται σε μία κατάσταση. Το υποκείμενο μιας πρότασης βρίσκεται με την ερώτηση, «ποιος / ποια / ποιο + ρήμα».
Το υποκείμενο είναι ένας από τους κύριους όρους της πρότασης και μπορεί να είναι ουσιαστικό (Ὁ παῖς γράφει), αντωνυμία (Σύ Ἕλλην εἰ), απαρέμφατο (τό λακωνίζειν ἐστί φιλοσοφεῖν) αλλά και κάθε άλλη λέξη ή ομάδα λέξεων ή και πρόταση ὁλόκληρη (Ὅσοι ἐδυνήθησαν ἔφυγον). Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε πτώση ονομαστική, το υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου σε ονομαστική (όταν έχουμε ταυτοπροσωπία) ή σε αιτιατική (όταν έχουμε ετεροπροσωπία}) και τέλος το υποκείμενο της μετοχής συμφωνεί με τη μετοχή στο γένος, στην πτώση και στον αριθμό.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

υπκΕλα'Αττική-σύνταξη

name::
* McsElln.υπκΕλα'Αττική-σύνταξη,

Όταν το υποκείμενο του ρήματος είναι όνομα ουδέτερου γένους πληθυντικού αριθμού, τότε το ρήμα συνήθως μπαίνει όχι σε πληθυντικό αλλά σε ενικό (γ’ ενικό). Η σύνταξη αυτή συναντάται στους αττικούς συγγραφείς, γι’ αυτό και ονομάζεται αττική σύνταξη:
Τά παιδία παίζει.
Καί τά χρήματα αὐτοῦ δημόσια ἔστω.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

υπκΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ

name::
* McsElln.υπκΕλα.ΕΤΕΡΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ,

Όταν το υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου δεν είναι ίδιο με το υποκείμενο του ρήματος, η σύνταξη λέγεται ετεροπροσωπία ή απαρεμφατική. Το υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου στην ετεροπροσωπία μπαίνει σε αιτιατική. Στα απρόσωπα ρήματα και στις απρόσωπες εκφράσεις που δέχονται υποκείμενο απαρέμφατο έχουμε πάντα ετεροπροσωπία, γιατί είναι αδύνατο το απαρέμφατο που είναι υποκείμενο του απρόσωπου ρήματος ή της απρόσωπης έκφρασης να είναι και υποκείμενο του εαυτού του.
Στην περίπτωση της ετεροπροσωπίας, όταν το υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου είναι γενικό και αόριστο και παραλείπεται, τότε εννοείται ως υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου η αιτιατική τινά ή τινάς. Την αιτιατική, όταν είναι υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου, τη μεταφράζουμε πάντοτε με ονομαστική:
Μαιεύεσθαί με ὁ θεός ἀναγκάζει.
Θεόπομπος ὁ Χῖος τήν ἄμπελον ἱστορεῖ εὑρεθῆναι ἐν Ὀλυμπί'α παρά τόν Ἀλφειόν.
Οἱ στρατιῶται ηὔχοντο εὐτυχῆσαι αὐτόν.
Κίνδυνος ἐστί ἀπόλλυσθαι πολλούς.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

υπκΕλα.ΤΑΥΤΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ

name::
* McsElln.υπκΕλα.ΤΑΥΤΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ,

Όταν το υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου είναι το ίδιο με το υποκείμενο του ρήματος από το οποίο εξαρτάται, η σύνταξη λέγεται ταυτοπροσωπία. Το υποκείμενο του απαρεμφάτου μπαίνει σε πτώση ονομαστική:
Ἅ πολλοί ἐπώλουν διά τό νομίζειν μή δύνασθαι ἄν φέρειν αὐτά καί τρέφειν.
Πάντες δέ ’'ώοντο ἀπολωλέναι, ὡς ἑαλωκυίας τῆς πόλεως.
Κῦρος ὑπέσχετο δώσειν πέντε μνᾶς.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

argVrbSbj.NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbj.NOUN,

· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1036.1,

_DEFINITION:
Ειδική πρόταση ως υποκείμενο παίρνουν <απρόσωπα ρήματα ή απρόσωπες εκφρασεις> που έχουν σημασία συγγενική με τη σημασία των ρημάτων αισθάνομαι, γνωρίζω, δείχνω,... όπως: διαδίδεται, φαίνεται, είναι κρίμα, είναι ψέμα, ...
· _sntxElln: _sntxSubj:[ένας ΝΕΟΣ άντρας] _sntxVerb:{μπήκε} _sntxArgt:[στο μαγαζί].
· _sntxElln: _sntxSubj:[ένας ΝΕΟΣ άντρας] _sntxVerb:{μπήκε} _sntxArgt:[στο μαγαζί].

- with-numerals#cptCore596#:
· _sntxEngl: _sntxSubj:[the planet WHICH Voyager photographed yesterday] _sntxVerb:{was shrouded} _sntxArgt:[in clouds] @this morning@.
· _sntxEngl: _sntxSubj:[the planet WHICH Voyager photographed yesterday] _sntxVerb:{was shrouded} _sntxArgt:[in clouds].
· _sntxEngl: _sntxSubj:[the planet WHICH Voyager photographed yesterday] _sntxVerb:{was shrouded} _sntxArgt:[in clouds]cptCore645.1,
* McsEngl.subjecter'complement@cptCore641.5,
* McsEngl.scomplement@cptCore641.5,
* McsEngl.mdfVrb.SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT,
* McsEngl.argSbjc,
* McsEngl.sbjc,
* McsEngl.stxSbjc@cptCore557.35, {2012-09-05}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.subjektelero@lagoSngo, {2006-11-25} (subjekt-ero + elo ==> subjekt-elero)
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.κατηγορούμενο@cptCore557.35, {2012-09-11}
* McsElln.ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΜΑ-ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ,
* McsElln.στξΚτγ@cptCore557.35, {2012-10-09}
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.verbor'complement@old@cptCore641.5,
* McsEngl.predicate-nominative@old,
* McsEngl.subject-complement@old,
* McsEngl.subject'complement@old@cptCore641.5,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ'ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ@old@cptCore685,
* McsEngl.verbar@old@cptCore641.1,
* McsEngl.predicatar-of-frasi@old,
* McsEngl.verbad@old@cptCore1080, {2001-11-17}

=== _NOTES: I chose the name "verbad" in analogy to "predicatad".
[hknu@cptCore2001-11-17_nikkas]

_DEFINITION:
* SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is the verbar of a corelation-verb.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-08_nikkas]

* SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is the VERBON#cptCore503.a# of a state-predicate#ql:predicate.state@cptCore14#.
[hmnSngo.2002-07-15_nikkas]

* SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is the LOGO of the PREDICATON#ql:predicaton@cptCore325# if the predicate is a state-predicate#ql:predicate.state@cptCore14#.
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]
* SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is the PREDICATON if the predicate is a state-predicate.
[hmnSngo.2001-02-07_nikkas]
* ~~SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is the PREDICATE-COMPLEMENT which identifies or describes the subject, express a PERMANENT PROPERTY of the subject.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]
* ~~The word (or phrase) which follows a linking verb is called not an object, but a subject complement.~~
[HyperGrammar]
* Κατηγορούμενο είναι ο όρος της πρότασης που αποδίδει στο υποκείμενο ή και στο αντικείμενο ενός ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟΥ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ μια ΔΙΑΡΚΗ ΙΔΙΟΤΗΤΑ, έτσι ώστε να το κάνει και να το αφήνει διαφορετικό από πρώτα. [56]
...
Συνδετικά ονομάζονται τα ρήματα με τη βοήθεια των οποίων συνδέεται το κατηγορούμενο με το χαρακτηριζόμενο ουσιαστικό...[57]
[Μ.Ι. ΜΠΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ. Συνειρμικό και Λειτουργικό Συντακτικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής. Τόμος πρώτος σύνολη θεωρία, Ε' έκδοση. Θεσσαλονίκη: Εκδόσεις Μ.Μπαχαράκη & ΣΙΑ, 1999, 56]
* ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ είναι το 'επίθετο' 'κατηγορήματος'.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 17#cptResource311#]
* Το ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑ μπορεί να εκφράζεται και με το ρήμα 'είναι' ή άλλο συγγενικό ΚΑΙ ένα επίθετο ή ουσιαστικό που φανερώνει ποιά ποιότητα ή ιδιότητα αποδίδεται στο υποκείμενο. ΤΟΤΕ το επιθετο ονομάζεται ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ και το ρήμα ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΟ.
ῃ μαρία ΕΙΝΑΙ ΜΑΘΗΤΡΙΑ'
'οι αιχμάλωτοι ΒΡΕΘΗΚΑΝ ΔΕΜΕΝΟΙ'
'ο αριστείδης ΕΓΙΝΕ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ'
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 17#cptResource311#]
* FRASI-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is a part of a FRASI that express a statement's subject-complement.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

* VERBAR is the VERB-COMPLEMENT that is the specific-complement of verbor.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-24_nikkas]

* PREDICATE-COMPLEMENT-OF-A-FRASI is the part of a FRASI that MEANS a 'predicate-complement'.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

* ~~VERB-COMPLEMENT is the part of a FRASI that express a 'predicate-complement'.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

Evolution#cptCore725#:
2003-12-17:
* I remove the "verban" (the specific-complement of verbon) because ONLY SOME verbs have verbans.

_SPECIFIC_COMPLEMENT:
* SUBJECTER#cptCore557.32#

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* SEMANTIC--SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT#cptCore386.2#

argVrbSbjc'Linking-verb#cptCore551.31#

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbjc'Linking-verb,

SPECIFIC

argVrbSbjc.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SIMPLICITY

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbjc.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SIMPLICITY,

SIMPLE-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is a SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT of ***ONE*** concept, (an identifiable concept) WITHOUT additional information on this concept.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

COMPOUND-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is a SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT which is NOT a conceptual-information UNIT (a single concept).
[hmnSngo.2001-11-04_nikkas]

COMPLEX-SUBJECT-OBJECT is a SUBJECT-OBJECT of ***ONE*** concept, (an idetifiable concept) BUT with additional information on this concept.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-16_nikkas]

COMPOUND-PREDICATE-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is a PREDICATE-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT#cptCore685# that is composed of MORE than one concept.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-16_nikkas]

STATEMENT-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT is a SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT that is a statement#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-28_nikkas]

argVrbSbjc.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.LANGERO#cptCore93.39#

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbjc.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.LANGERO,

An Adjective is used to express a property-state: He is good.
A noun is used to express a specific-state: He is a man.
[hmnSngo.2002-07-04_nikkas]

EXAMPLES:
· _sntxEngl: [Most 20th-century dictatorships] _sntxArgt:[also] _sntxVerb:{have} |constitutions|.
· _sntxEngl: [the Gaza Strip] _sntxVerb:{has} _sntxArgt:[yet] @to be determined@.
· _sntxEngl: [The cat's actions] _sntxVerb:{have} |no immediate relationship| to _sntxArgt:[anything occurring now in the present].

argVrbSbjc.NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbjc.NOUN,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.50,

_ENGLISH:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.48, {2012-09-05}
* McsElln.κτηΕλα@cptCore557.48, {2012-10-09}

κτγΕλλ'Πτώση

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλλ'Πτώση,

ΠΤΩΣΗ_ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟΥ:
Το κατηγορούμενο, όταν είναι πτωτικό, κανονικά μπαίνει στην ίδια πτώση με το υποκείμενο, δηλαδή στην ονομαστική
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{θα εκλέξουν} /τον παύλο/ _sntxArgt:[πρόεδρο]. 2000-11-29
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{θα εκλέξουν} /τον παύλο/ _sntxArgt:[πρόεδρο]cptCore557.66, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.κατηγορούμενο-αρxαίας-ελληνικής@cptCore557.66, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.κτηΕλα@cptCore557.66, {2012-10-09}

_DESCRIPTION:
ΤΟ ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ

ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓH
ΤΟ ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ΤΟΥ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ
ΤΑ ΣΥΝΔΕΤΙΚΑ ΡΗΜΑΤΑ
ΤΟ ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΟ
ΕΠΑΥΞΗΜΕΝΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ
§1.11. Το κατηγορούμενο είναι συνήθως, όπως και στα νέα ελληνικά, ένα επίθετο ή ουσιαστικό που μέσω ενός συνδετικού ρήματος αποδίδει κάποιο χαρακτηριστικό στο υποκείμενο.

ΛΥΣ 13.43 οὗτος ἁπάντων αἴτιός ἐστιν || αυτός είναι υπεύθυνος για όλα.

ΛΥΣ 28.1 τὰ μὲν κατηγορημένα οὕτως ἐστὶ πολλὰ καὶ δεινά οι κατηγορίες είναι τόσο πολλές και φοβερές.

ΘΟΥΚ 1.24.1 Ἐπίδαμνός ἐστι πόλις || η Επίδαμνος είναι πόλη.

ΞΕΝ Απομν 1.2.62 τούτοις θάνατός ἐστιν ἡ ζημία η ποινή γι' αυτούς είναι ο θάνατος.

§1.12. Ως κατηγορούμενο όμως μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν και όροι που ισοδυναμούν με επίθετο ή ουσιαστικό, όπως:

• Αντωνυμίες:

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 2.3.37 ὅστις μέντοι ὁ ταῦτα πράττων ἐστὶν οἶμαι ἂν ὑμᾶς κάλλιστα κρίνειν || νομίζω όμως πως εσείς θα μπορούσατε να κρίνετε καλύτερα απ' όλους ποιος είναι αυτός που τα κάνει αυτά.

ΞΕΝ ΚΠαιδ 5.1.8 εἰ τοιαύτη ἐστὶν (ἡ γυνὴ) οἵαν σὺ λέγεις || αν η γυναίκα είναι τέτοια που εσύ λες.

• Επιρρήματα ή εμπρόθετοι προσδιορισμοί:

ΙΣΟΚΡ 4.5 ὥστ' ἤδη μάτην εἶναι τὸ μεμνῆσθαι περὶ τούτων || ώστε να είναι πια μάταιο να κάνει κανείς λόγο γι'αυτά.

ΞΕΝ ΚΠαιδ 1.2.15 οἱ Πέρσαι ἦσαν ἀμφί τὰς δώδεκα μυριάδας || οι Πέρσες ήταν περίπου εκατόν είκοσι χιλιάδες.

• Ονοματική πρόταση:

ΔΗΜ 9.47 ὡς ἄρ' οὔπω Φίλιππός ἐστιν οἷοί ποτ' ἦσαν Λακεδαιμόνιοι || ότι τάχα ο Φίλιππος δεν είναι ακόμα τόσο δυνατός όσο ήταν κάποτε οι Λακεδαιμόνιοι.

§1.13. Συμφωνία του υποκειμένου με το κατηγορούμενο. Το κατηγορούμενο, αν είναι επίθετο συμφωνεί με το υποκείμενο στο γένος, τον αριθμό και την πτώση? αν είναι ουσιαστικό, τότε η συμφωνία του με το υποκείμενο περιορίζεται αναγκαστικά μόνο στον αριθμό και την πτώση, και μόνο τυχαία μπορεί να είναι η συμφωνία τους ως προς το γένος.

ΞΕΝ Απομν 4.4.13 ὁ μὲν ἄρα νόμιμος δίκαιός ἐστιν || όποιος επομένως τηρεί τους νόμους είναι δίκαιος.

ΔΗΜ 25.16 πᾶς ἐστι νόμος εὕρημα μὲν καὶ δῶρον θεῶν || κάθε νόμος είναι εύρημα και δώρο των θεών.

Σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις όμως, όταν το υποκείμενο είναι μια αφηρημένη ή γενική έννοια, το κατηγορούμενο βρίσκεται σε ουδέτερο γένος ενικού αριθμού, ανεξάρτητα από το γένος του υποκειμένου.

ΛΥΣ 19.5 πάντων δεινότατόν ἐστι διαβολή || η συκοφαντία είναι το πιο φοβερό απ' όλα.

ΔΗΜ 25.15 ἡ μὲν φύσις ἐστὶν ἄτακτον || η φύση είναι κάτι το απείθαρχο.

Στις περιπτώσεις αυτές εννοείται κανονικά ως κατηγορούμενο κάποιο ουσιαστικό: πρᾶγμα, χρῆμα, κτῆμα ή η αόριστη αντωνυμία τι, όπως φαίνεται από τις φράσεις στις οποίες το κανονικό κατηγορούμενο δεν έχει παραλειφθεί.

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 7.1.32 οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄρα χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν || τα δάκρυα λοιπόν είναι κάτι το τόσο κοινό στη χαρά και στη λύπη.

ΞΕΝ Απομν 1.5.1 ἐγκράτεια καλόν τε κἀγαθὸν ἀνδρὶ κτῆμά ἐστιν || η εγκράτεια είναι απόκτημα για τον ολοκληρωμένο άνδρα.

§1.14. Γενική κατηγορηματική. Πολλές φορές στη θέση ενός κατηγορουμένου που εκφέρεται σε όμοια πτώση με το υποκείμενο βρίσκουμε τη γενική ενός ουσιαστικού η οποία έχει επίσης κατηγορηματική λειτουργία, π.χ. η ομοιόπτωτη εκφορά ἡ οἰκία ἐστὶ πατρική, μπορεί να αντικατασταθεί από την ετερόπτωτη ἡ οἰκία ἐστὶ τοῦ πατρός, όπως συμβαίνει και στα νέα ελληνικά. Η γενική αυτή που έχει θέση κατηγορουμένου ονομάζεται γενική κατηγορηματική και μπορεί να δηλώνει:

(α) τον κάτοχο ενός πράγματος ή μιας ιδιότητας (γενική κατηγορηματική κτητική)

ΔΗΜ 15.26 (Χαλκηδών), ἣ βασιλέως μέν ἐστιν || η Χαλκηδόνα, η οποία ανήκει στον Πέρση βασιλιά.

ΛΥΣ 19.62 τῷ γ' ἔργῳ πάλαι <τῆς πόλεως> ταῦτ' ἐστί || στην πραγματικότητα αυτά από παλιά ανήκουν στην πόλη.

ΛΥΣ 33.4 φιλονικεῖν μέν ἐστιν εὖ πραττόντων || οι ανταγωνισμοί είναι γνώρισμα όσων ευημερούν.

ΔΗΜ 20.11 οὐδ' ἐστὶν ὅλως, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦ ἤθους τοῦ ὑμετέρου κύριον ποιῆσαι τοιοῦτον νόμον || δεν είναι καθόλου του χαρακτήρα σας, Αθηναίοι, να επικυρώσετε έναν τέτοιο νόμο.

ΘΟΥΚ 1.69.6 αἰτία μὲν γὰρ φίλων ἀνδρῶν ἐστὶν ἁμαρτανόντων, κατηγορία δὲ ἐχθρῶν ἀδικησάντων || το παράπονο ενός ανθρώπου αφορά τους φίλους του όταν σφάλλουν, η κατηγορία του όμως αφορά τους εχθρούς του που τον αδίκησαν.

(β) την καταγωγή (γενική κατηγορηματική της καταγωγής)

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 3.2.14 τοιούτων μέν ἐστε προγόνων από τέτοιους προγόνους κατάγεστε.

(γ) το σύνολο, μέρος του οποίου είναι το υποκείμενο (γενική κατηγορηματική διαιρετική)

ΘΟΥΚ 3.70.6 ἕως ἔτι βουλῆς ἐστί (Πειθίας) || όσο ήταν ακόμη ο Πειθίας μέλος της βουλής.

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 6.3.2 ἦν δὲ τῶν αἱρεθέντων Καλλίας Ἱππονίκου, Αὐτοκλῆς Στρομβιχίδου … || στους εκλεγμένους πρέσβεις ανήκαν ο Καλλίας ο γιός του Ιππόνικου, ο Αυτοκλής, ο γιος του Στρομβιχίδη

(δ) το υλικό από το οποίο έχει κατασκευαστεί κάποιο αντικείμενο (γενική κατηγορηματική της ύλης)

ΗΡΟΔ 1.93.6 ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων || το θεμέλιο είναι κατασκευασμένο από μεγάλες πέτρες.

(ε) μια ιδιότητα του υποκειμένου (γενική κατηγορηματική της ιδιότητας)

ΔΗΜ 54.22 ὅστις δ' ἐτῶν μέν ἐστιν πλειόνων ἢ πεντήκοντα || όποιος είναι μεγαλύτερος από πενήντα χρονών.

(στ) την αξία ενός πράγματος (γενική κατηγορηματική της αξίας)

ΔΗΜ 21.88 ἀλλὰχιλίων ἡ δίκη μόνον ἦν δραχμῶν όμως το πρόστιμο ήταν μόνο χιλίων δραχμών.

§1.15. Επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο. Εκτός από τα συνδετικά, και άλλα ρήματα, κυρίως όσα σημαίνουν κίνηση μπορούν να δεχθούν στο υποκείμενό τους κατηγορούμενο, το οποίο είναι συνήθως επίθετο και δηλώνει κάποια επιρρηματική σχέση: τόπο, χρόνο, τρόπο, σειρά, σκοπό κλπ., γι' αυτό ονομάζεται επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο και μπορεί να μεταφράζεται με επίρρημα ή εμπρόθετο προσδιορισμό.

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 7.6.25 ὑπαίθριοι δ' ἔξω ἐστρατοπεδεύετε || στρατοπεδεύατε έξω στο ύπαιθρο.

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 2.1.30 (Θεόπομπος) ἀφικόμενος τριταῖος ἀπήγγειλε (τὰ γεγονότα) || ο Θεόπομπος αφού έφτασε μετά από τρεις μέρες ανακοίνωσε όσα είχαν συμβεί.

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 2.1.16 ἐγώ σε, ὦ Φαλῖνε, ἄσμενος ἑόρακα || εγώ, Φαλίνε, με χαρά σε είδα.

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 6.3.3 πρῶτος ἔλεξεν αὐτῶν Καλλίας ὁ δ'αδοῦχος || πρώτος από τους πρέσβεις πήρε τον λόγο ο Καλλίας ο δαδούχος.

ΘΟΥΚ 1.53.4 Κερκυραίοις δὲ τοῖσδε ξυμμάχοις οὖσι βοηθοὶ ἤλθομεν || ήρθαμε για να βοηθήσουμε του Κερκυραίους αυτούς εδώ που είναι σύμμαχοί μας.

§1.16. Προληπτικό κατηγορούμενο ή του αποτελέσματος. Τα ρήματα που σημαίνουν εξέλιξη, όπως αὔξομαι, αὐξάνομαι, αἴρομαι (υψώνομαι), τρέφομαι, πνέω, ‘ρέω κ.τ.ό. δέχονται κατηγορούμενο το οποίο αποδίδει στο υποκείμενό τους μιαν ιδιότητα την οποία δεν έχει ακόμη, αλλά θα είναι το τελικό αποτέλεσμα της εξέλιξης που δηλώνει το ρήμα.

ΘΟΥΚ 2.75.6 ’'ήρετο δὲ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ τείχους μέγα || το ύψος του τείχους ανέβαινε και γινόταν μεγάλο (μεγάλωνε το τείχος σε ύψος).

ΔΗΜ 2.5 πάντα διεξελήλυθεν (Φίλιππος) οἷς πρότερον παρακρουόμενος μέγας ηὐξήθη || ο Φίλιππος χρησιμοποίησε όλα τα μέσα, με τα οποία εξαπατώντας έφτασε σε μεγάλη ακμή κατά το παρελθόν.

ΞΕΝ ΚΠαιδ 4.2.3 τὸ Κύρου ὄνομα μέγιστον ηὔξητο || η φήμη του Κύρου έφτασε στο ύψιστο σημείο της.

ΠΛ Πρωτ 327b ἀλλὰ ὅτου ἔτυχεν ὁ ὑὸς εὐφυέστατος γενόμενος εἰς αὔλησιν, οὗτος ἂν ἐλλόγιμος ηὐξήθη || αλλά όποιου ο γιος έτυχε να γεννηθεί εξαιρετικά προικισμένος για αυλητής, αυτός θα διακρινόταν και θα γινόταν φημισμένος.
[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/page_004.html]

κτγΕλα'Συνδετικό-ρήμα#ql:verb.linking.greek.ancient#

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα'Συνδετικό-ρήμα,

κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Όταν το κατηγορούμενο είναι ουσιαστικό, πολλές φορές δεν μπαίνει σε ονομαστική, σύμφωνα με τον κανόνα, αλλά σε γενική που λέγεται γενική κατηγορηματική.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΑΞΙΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΑΞΙΑΣ,

Γενική κατηγορηματική της αξίας:
Ἡ οἰκία ἐστίν εἴκοσι μνῶν.
Εἰ μηδενός ἀξίου πράγματος οὖσαν αὐτήν μετά πολλῆς σπουδῆς ἐμάνθανον.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΔΙΑΙΡΕΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΔΙΑΙΡΕΤΙΚΗ,

Γενική κατηγορηματική διαιρετική: φανερώνει ένα σύνολο, από το οποίο ένα μέρος είναι το υποκείμενο:
Σόλων τῶν ἑπτά σοφῶν ἐκλήθη.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΙΔΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΙΔΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ,

Γενική κατηγορηματική της ιδιότητας:
Ἐγώ δέ ἀγαθοῦ τρόπου εἰμί.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΚΤΗΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΚΤΗΤΙΚΗ,

Γενική κατηγορηματική κτητική: φανερώνει τον κτήτορα:
Ἡ ἡγεμονία ἐστί τῆς πόλεως.
Ὡς ὑμῖν δίδωσιν ἑαυτοῦ οὖσαν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΥΛΗΣ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΓΕΝΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ.ΥΛΗΣ,

Γενική κατηγορηματική της ύλης:
Πάντα ἐστί χρυσοῦ.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ,

Εκτός από τά συνδετικά ρήματα, καί άλλα ρήματα (συχνά όσα σημαίνουν κίνηση) μπορούν να συνδέσουν το υποκείμενο με ένα κατηγορούμενο που είναι συνήθως επίθετο, αλλά σημαίνει ό,τι καί ένα ἐπίρρημα, δηλαδή τόπο, χρόνο, τρόπο, σκοπό, σειρά κτλ. και γι΄ αυτό λέγεται επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο. Το επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο μεταφράζεται με επιρρηματική έκφραση.
Ως επιρρηματικά κατηγορούμενα χρησιμοποιούνται συνήθως οι εξής λέξεις: πολύς, μέγας, ἄφθονος, ἑκών, ἑκούσιος, ἐθελοντής, ἐθελούσιος, ἄκων, ἀκούσιος, ἄσμενος, ἥσυχος ὑπόσπονδος, πρῶτος, τριταῖος, τελευταῖος, σκοταῖος, πελάγιος, ἀπότομος, ἐναντίος, ἀντίος κ.ά.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΣΚΟΠΟΥ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΣΚΟΠΟΥ,

Επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο του σκοπού:
Πέμπουσιν οὖν Ἀγησίλαον πρεσβευτήν πρός τούς Μαντινέας.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΤΑΞΗΣ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΤΑΞΗΣ,

Συνήθη επιρρηματικά κατηγορούμενα χρoνικής σειράς ή χρονικής τάξης είναι: πρότερος, πρῶτος, ὕστερος, ὕστατος, τελευταῖος.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΤΟΠΟΥ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΤΟΠΟΥ,

Επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο του τόπου:
Οἱ στρατιῶται ἐσκήνουν ὑπαίθριοι.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΤΡΟΠΟΥ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.ΤΡΟΠΟΥ,

Επιρρηματικό κατηγορούμενο του τρόπου:
Οἱ στρατιῶται εἵποντο _sntxSbjc:ἄσμενοι.
Θηβαῖοι _sntxSbjc:ἑκόντες ἐπολέμησαν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.XΡΟΝΟΥ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ.XΡΟΝΟΥ,

Επιρρηματικό κατηγηγορούμενο του χρόνου:
Ἐπανελθών οἴκαδε _sntxSbjc:γηραιός ἐν τῇ αὑτοῦ πατρίδι ἀποθανεῖται.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

κτγΕλα.ΠΡΟΛΗΠΤΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.κτγΕλα.ΠΡΟΛΗΠΤΙΚΟ,

Με τα ρήματα που σημαίνουν εξέλιξη, όπως αὐξάνομαι, αἴρομαι, τρέφομαι, ‘ρέω, πνέω κ.τ.ό. το κατηγορούμενο λέγεται προληπτικό ή κατηγορούμενο του αποτελέσματος, γιατί προλαμβάνει και αποδίδει στο υποκείμενο από πριν μια ιδιότητα που δεν την έχει αποκτήσει ακόμη, αλλά πρόκειται να την αποκτήσει, όταν πραγματοποιηθεί εκείνο που σημαίνει το ρήμα. Το προληπτικό κατηγορούμενο ισοδυναμεί με συμπερασματική (αποτελεσματική) πρόταση:
Εἷς ὑπό του δήμου ἐτράφη μέγας. (Ένας ανατράφηκε από τον λαό, ώστε έγινε μέγας).
Ὁ ποταμός ἐρρύη μέγας (Το ποτάμι πλημμύρισε και έγινε μεγάλο).
Διά τούτων Φίλιππος ἤρθη μέγας.
Κατέστησαν αὐτούς κοινωνούς τῆς οὐσίας.
Καί μή λόγῳ μέν αὐτονόμους ἀφιῶμεν.
Καί ’'ήρετο τό ὕψος τοῦ τείχους μέγα.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

argVrbSbjc.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.argVrbSbjc.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.49,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1036.5,

??? a corelation-verb has only subject and complement???

_SPECIFIC:
· _sntxEngl: [This] is |(_sntxArgt:[how] [I] {solved} /the mystery/)|. [FRANKLIN LM-6000, 1991]

· _sntxEngl: besides _sntxArgt:[being pretty], [she] {is} |intelligent|.
= [she] {is} |intelligent besides (being pretty)|.

· _sntxElln: Ήρθε ένα πούλμαν από την Αθήνα. [ένα πούλμαν] _sntxVerb:{ήρθε} _sntxArgt:[από την Αθήνα].
· _sntxElln: Ήρθε ένα πούλμαν από την Αθήνα. [ένα πούλμαν] _sntxVerb:{ήρθε} _sntxArgt:[από την Αθήνα].

3) P, S, (T,) O, I:
· _sntxEngl: [Her secret admirer] _sntxVerb:{gave} _sntxArgt:[direction=her] /a bouquet of flowers/.
· _sntxEngl: _sntxArgt:[direction=Του] _sntxVerb:{ζήτησα} /χρήματα/.

4) P, S, (T,) C:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.12,

_DEFINITION:
* PROCESS-SENTENCE is a sentence with a process-verb#cptCore551.9# (denotes a process-concept#cptCore475#.)

_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.TRANSITIVE-VERB:
* acting
* functing

lagHmnstc.duino.DUDINO

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.duino.DUDINO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.13,

lagHmnstc.duino.DUTANO

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.duino.DUTANO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.14,

lagHmnstc.duino.dutano.DUTOLO

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.duino.dutano.DUTOLO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.15,

lagHmnstc.duino.dutano.DUTELO

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.duino.dutano.DUTELO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.16,
* McsEngl.sentensero'what@cptCore557.16,
* McsEngl.passive'sentence@cptCore557.16,

* McsElln.ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ@cptCore688,

_DEFINITION:
* SENTENSERO-DUTELO is a sentensero with a verbero-dutino#cptCore551.16# and verbolero#cptCore426# the what#ql:dutelo@cptCore475.200# of dutino.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-07_nikkas]

* ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore531.a# ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

_STRUCTURE:
* PASSIVE-VERB#cptCore551.12: attPar#
* LOGO-AGENT

ΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΟ ΑΙΤΙΟ ονομάζεται ο εμπρόθετος προσδιορισμός με την πρόθεση από που φανερώνει το πρόσωπο ή το πράγμα απο το οποίο προέρχεται το πάθημα του υποκειμένου.
<η γη θερμαίνεται ΑΠΟ ΤΟΝ ΗΛΙΟ>

lagHmnstc.RELATION

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.RELATION,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.11,
* McsEngl.corelation-sentence@cptCore557.11, {2012-07-20}
* McsEngl.deino-sentence@cptCore557.11, {2012-07-20}
* McsEngl.relation-sentence@cptCore557.11, {2012-07-20}

lagHmnstc.COMPLETE

_CREATED: {2003-12-24} ?

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.COMPLETE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.8,
* McsEngl.complete'sentence@cptCore557.8,
* McsEngl.frasi.complete@cptCore627,
* McsElln.ΑΚΕΡΑΙΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΛΗΡΗΣ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.εν.νΦΡΑΣΗ.ΑΚΕΡΑΙΗ@cptCore627,

_DEFINITION:
* ΑΚΕΡΑΙΗ ονομάζεται μια πρόταση#cptCore531.a# όταν έχει όλους τους όρους της ή όλους τους όρους της και τους προσδιορισμούς τους.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 22#cptResource311#]

_SPECIFIC_COMPLEMENT:
* INCOMPLETE FRASI#cptCore557.9#

lagHmnstc.COMPLETE.NO

_CREATED: {2003-12-24} ?

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.COMPLETE.NO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.68,
* McsEngl.incomplete'sentence@cptCore557.9,
* McsEngl.frasi.incomplete@cptCore4,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΙΠΗΣ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΕΙΠΤΙΚΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ.ΕΛΛΕΙΠΤΙΚΗ@cptCore4,

_DEFINITION:
* ΕΛΛΕΙΠΤΙΚΗ ονομάζεται η πρόταση#cptCore531.a#, όταν λείπουν απ'αυτήν ένας ή περισσότεροι όροι ή προσδιορισμοί, επειδή εννοούνται εύκολα από την άμεση αντίληψη και την κοινή πείρα των προσώπων που συνομιλούν ή από τα συμφραζόμενα.
<για πού; (πηγαίνεις)>

Στόν προφορικό λόγο χρησιμοποιούνται πολύ συχνά οι ελλειπτικές προτάσεις, γιατί η έκφραση του προσώπου ή άλλες κινήσεις και η κοινή πείρα των ανθρώπων διευκολύνουν τη συνεννόηση με σύντομες εκφράσεις.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 22#cptResource311#]

lagHmnstc.HAS-PART-SENTENCE

_CREATED: {2012-08-30} {2004-08-08} {2003-12-24} {2000-11-19}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.HAS-PART-SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.17,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.44,
* McsEngl.sentensero'simploco@cptCore557.17,
* McsEngl.complex-sentence@cptCore474.44, {2012-08-30}
* McsEngl.sentensero.compound@cptCore557.17,
* McsEngl.sentence.complex,
* McsElln.περίπλοκη-πρόταση,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.compound-sentence@old,
* McsEngl.main-frasi@old,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ@old,
* McsEngl.compound-sentence@old@cptCore635,
* McsEngl.frasi.compound@old@cptCore635,
* McsEngl.frasi.main@old@cptCore635,
* McsEngl.main'frasi@old@cptCore635,
* McsEngl.viewHmnLing.SENTENCE.WITH-DEPENDENT-SENTENCES,

_DEFINITION:
* COMPOUND is a sentencer that has as constituent another sentencer.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]
===
* MAIN-FRASI is a frasi with a subfrasis.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-19_nikkas]
===
ΕΠΑΥΞΗΜΕΝΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ λέγεται η πρόταση στην οποία υπάρχουν συμπληρώματα των κύριων όρων της (υποκείμενο, κατηγόρημα).
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore474.20,
* McsEngl.conditional-logero@cptCore474.20,
* McsEngl.conditional-proposition,
* McsEngl.conditional-sentence@cptCore474.20,
* McsEngl.sentence.condition@cptCore474.20,
* McsEngl.material-implication,
* McsEngl.conditional-frasi,
* McsEngl.inferenctial-superstatement,
* McsEngl.superstatement.inferential@cptCore695,
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ'ΣΥΝΕΠΑΓΩΓΣΗΣ,
* McsEngl.conditional'frasi,
* McsElln.ΥΠΕΡΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΥΠΕΡΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.υποθετικός-λόγος@cptCore474.20, {2012-09-06}
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ-ΛΟΓΟΣ@cptCore474.20,
* McsElln.επαγωγή,
* McsElln.υλική-συνεπαγωγή,

_DEFINITION:
A 'conditional-sentence' is NOT a sentence. It is a structure of sentences (= viewLingo).
[hmnSngo.2014-01-08]
===
* CONDITION-LMODEL is a causality-lmodel which is true only if the cause-lentity is true.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-27_nikkas]
===
* In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form these kinds of sentences.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence]
===
* A proposition is considered conditional if it has the structure "if a, then b"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 161#cptResource19#]
===
* ΣΥΝΕΠΑΓΩΓΗ: ΟΝΟΜΑΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΕΠΙΣΗΣ ΟΙ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΟΥ ΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΒΟΗΘΕΙΑ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΥ "ΑΝ...ΤΟΤΕ...". ΣΤΗ ΣΥΝΕΠΑΓΩΓΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΔΙΑΚΡΙΝΟΝΤΑΙ Η ΗΓΟΥΜΕΝΗ (ή ΟΡΟΣ)-Η ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΣΕΤΑΙ Η ΛΕΞΗ "ΑΝ", ΚΑΙ Η ΕΠΟΜΕΝΗ (Η ΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΙΑ)-Η ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ, Η ΟΠΟΙΑ ΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΕΙ ΤΗ ΛΕΞΗ "ΤΟΤΕ".
[ΗΛΙΤΣΕΦ ΚΛΠ, ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΟ ΛΕΞΙΚΟ 1985, Ε129#cptResource164#]

* INFERENTIAL-SUPERSTATEMENT is a superstatement where one statement is the inference of the other.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-17_nikkas]

* ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

** synthetic:
* ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ λέγεται η 'υπόθεση' και η 'απόδοση' μαζί.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 144#cptResource311#]

_PART:
* KORELATETO#cptCore323.17#ql:cptoldepistem323.17##
Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence]

wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* condition_relation#cptCore546.38#

_ENVIRONMENT.LINGO_TO_SEMASIO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* CONDITIONAL-SMODEL#cptCore593.7#

Condition-part (dependent)

_CREATED: {2012-09-06}

name::
* McsEngl.Condition-part (dependent),
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.47,
* McsEngl.condition-subsentence@cptCore474.47, {2012-09-06}
* McsEngl.protasis-clause@cptCore474.47, {2012-09-26}

=== _NOTES: Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence]
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.υποθετική-πρόταση@cptCore474.47, {2012-09-06}

_GENERIC:
* dependent-sentence#cptCore557.25#

Start

_LngGrc:
Με τους υποθετικούς συνδέσμους
εἰ, ἐάν, ἄν, ἠν

Consequence-part

_CREATED: {2012-09-06}

name::
* McsEngl.Consequence-part,
* McsEngl.apodosis-of-condition-sentence@cptCore474i, {2012-09-06}
* McsEngl.consequence-of-condition-sentence@cptCore474i, {2012-09-06}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.απόδοση-υποθετικού-λόγου@cptCore474ε, {2012-09-06}

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* REAL-CONDITION OF ENTITY#cptCore474.23#
* PRESENT--REAL-CONDITION OF ENTITY
* PAST--REAL-CONDITION OF ENTITY
* UNREAL-CONDITION OF ENTITY#cptCore474.27#
* PRESENT--UNREAL-CONDITION OF ENTITY
* PAST--UNREAL-CONDITION OF ENTITY

lagHmnlingo.causality.condition.REAL

_CREATED: {2003-12-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.causality.condition.REAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.23,

LOOK-AT#cptCore546.164#: corelaton-hypothesis.

lagHmnlingo.causality.condition.UNREAL

_CREATED: {2003-12-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.causality.condition.UNREAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.27,

LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.LANGO.GREEK,

GREEK (stc):
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{Δεν μπορεί} άν και _sntxArgt:[(_sntxArgt:[είναι νέος)]] _sntxObj1:[να τρέξει]. Δεν μπορεί να τρέξει, άν και είναι νέος.

** αιτιολογική (γιατί, επειδή, αφού ή που, καθώς, μια και, μια που, σαν...που κ.α.):
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.19,
* McsEngl.sentensero.simple@cptCore557.19,
* McsEngl.simple-sentence@cptCore557.19, {2012-07-20}

_DEFINITION:
* NOTCOMPOUND-SENTENCER is a sentencer which has NOT as constituent another sentencer.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-18_nikkas]

* ΑΠΛΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ λέγεται η πρόταση που αποτελείται μόνο απο το 'υποκείμενο#cptCore558#' και το 'κατηγόρημα#cptCore684#'.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 20#cptResource311#]

lagHmnstc.IS-VERBARGUMENT (dependent)

_CREATED: {2012-08-30} {2000-10-08}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.IS-VERBARGUMENT (dependent),
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.25,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1036,
* McsEngl.embedded-clause,
* McsEngl.sentencer.dependent,
* McsEngl.subsentence, {2003-11-04}
* McsEngl.sentencerd@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.clause@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.dependent-clause@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-19}
* McsEngl.dependent-sentence@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-19}
* McsEngl.dependent-sentencer@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.sentence-part-of-another@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-23}
* McsEngl.sentencer.dependent@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.subordinate-clause@cptCore557.25,
* McsEngl.subsentencer@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.subfrasis,
* McsEngl.subordinate-frasi,
* McsEngl.subfrasis@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.subsentence@cptCore1036,
* McsEngl.sntDpd@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-05}
* McsEngl.sntcDpnd@cptCore557.25, {2012-08-30}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.sentensero'dipendeino@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΥΣΑ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-05}
* McsElln.ΕΞΑΡΤΗΜΕΝΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.εξαρτημένη-πρόταση@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.ΕΞΑΡΤΗΜΕΝΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.πρόταση.εξαρτημένη@cptCore557.25, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ, {2003-11-04}
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΦΡΑΣΗ,

_GENERIC:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#
* it is a sentencer with verber, subjecter, varguments.

_WHOLE:
* COMPOUND-SENTENCE (has sentence as element)#cptCore474.44#

_DESCRIPTION:
* Dependent-sentencer is a sentencer that is another sentencer's constituent.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]
===
SUBSENTENCER is a sentencer which is an ELEMENT of another sentencer.
[hmnSngo.2004-08-08_nikkas]
===
SUBFRASIS is the expression of a SUBSTATEMENT.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-08_nikkas]

sntDpd'attribute#cptCore546.174#

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd'attribute,

_ATTRIBUTE:
§172 Για την αναγνώριση μιας δευτερεύουσας πρότασης, λαμβάνονται υπόψη τα παρακάτω:
* Πώς εισάγεται: με ποια λέξη αρχίζει η δευτερεύουσα πρόταση.
* Από πού εξαρτάται: τι δηλώνει το ρήμα της πρότασης από την οποία εξαρτάται η δευτερεύουσα και τίνος χρόνου είναι (αρκτικού ή ιστορικού).
* Πώς εκφέρεται: σε ποια έγκλιση τίθεται το ρήμα της δευτερεύουσας πρότασης.
* Ποιος είναι ο συντακτικός ρόλος της: πως χρησιμοποιείται στον λόγο η δευτερεύουσα πρόταση.
[Μπίλλα, Συντακτικό Αρχαίας, 2007, σ145#cptResource974#]

sntDpd'Start

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd'Start,

sntDpd'Syntax

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd'Syntax,

sntDpd'Verb

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd'Verb,

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC: sntDpd.alphabetically:
* sntDpd.verbarg
* sntDpd.verbarg

sntDpd.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.MEANING-CORELATER

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.MEANING-CORELATER,

_SPECIFIC:
* sntDpd.noun_argument#cptCore557.26#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb#cptCore557.27#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.subject#cptCore557.45#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.object#cptCore557.47#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.subject_complement#cptCore557.49#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.adverbial
===
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.agent
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.cause#cptCore557.54#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.effect#cptCore557.59#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.manner#cptCore557.42#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.noun#cptCore557.31#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.object.direct#cptCore557.36#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.object.directNo#cptCore557.37#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.place#cptCore557.40#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.product
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.quantity
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.subject#cptCore557.32#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.subject_complement#cptCore557.35#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.time#cptCore557.39#
* sntDpd.mdfOnverb.toWhom
* mdfOnverb.verb_modifier#cptCore557.38#

sntDpd.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.VERB-TERM

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.VERB-TERM,

_SPECIFIC:
* sntDpd.infinitive#cptCore557.28#
* sntDpd.infinitive
* sntDpd.participle

_SPECIFIC:
1) A sentence expressed with to+verbernamer is a subsentence.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle] @to express a thought@. ΓΙΑ'ΝΑ

· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {dashing} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: [Donna] _sntxVerb:{has dreamt} _conj.about _sntxArgt:[[frogs sitting in trees)] @every night this week@.
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /([Peter] {dashing} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle]cptCore557.53, {2012-09-05}
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'πρόταση.εξαρτημένη@cptCore557.53, {2012-10-08}
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα@cptCore557.53, {2012-10-09}

_DESCRIPTION:
Μια πρόταση ως προς τη σχέση της με άλλες προτάσεις λέγεται δευτερεύουσα ή εξαρτημένη, όταν δεν μπορεί να σταθεί μόνη της, αλλά εξαρτάται από μιαν άλλη πρόταση της οποίας και διευκρινίζει και συμπληρώνει το νόημα:
Λέγει ὁ κατήγορος ὡς ὑβριστής εἰμι.
Η σύνδεση των δευτερευουσών προτάσεων με κύριες ή με άλλες δευτερεύουσες διαφορετικού είδους λέγεται υποτακτική σύνδεση προτάσεων. Η δευτερεύουσα πρόταση με την πρόταση που προσδιορίζει συνδέεται με τους υποτακτικούς συνδέσμους (ειδικούς, αιτιολογικούς, τελικούς, υποθετικούς κτλ.) ή με αναφορικές αντωνυμίες και ερωτηματικά επιρρήματα.
Για την αναγνώριση μιας δευτερεύουσας πρότασης λαμβάνονται υπόψη τα εξής:
Πώς εισάγεται: με ποια λέξη αρχίζει.
Πώς εκφέρεται: σε ποια έγκλιση είναι το ρήμα της.
Ποιος είναι ο συντακτικός ρόλος της: πώς χρησιμοποιείται στον λόγο.
Οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις διακρίνονται σε δύο κατηγορίες:
1. σ' αυτές πού χρησιμοποιούνται όπως και τα ονόματα, ως υποκείμενα, κατηγορούμενα, αντικείμενα, ονοματικοί προσδιορισμοί, και λέγονται ονοματικές και
2. σ' αυτές που χρησιμοποιούνται ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί (χρόνου, αἰτίας, σκοπού κτλ.) και λέγονται επιρρηματικές.
Ονοματικές δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις είναι: οι ειδικές, οι ενδοιαστικές, οι πλάγιες ερωτηματικές ονοματικές).
Επιρρηματικές δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις είναι: οι αιτιολογικές, οι τελικές, οι αποτελεσματικές, οι υποθετικές, οι εναντιωματικές, οι παραχωρητικές, οι χρονικές και εν μέρει οι αναφορικές, που λέγονται επιρρηματικές αναφορικές.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα'Αρxή

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα'Αρxή,
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα'εισαγωγή,

Οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις εισάγονται (αρχίζουν) συνήθως με κάποιον από τους συνδέσμους, αλλά και με επιρρήματα ή αντωνυμίες.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm]

πρτΕξρΕλα'Ρήμα

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα'Ρήμα,

§174 Οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις ΕΚΦΕΡΟΝΤΑΙ με:
α) ΑΠΛΗ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ και δηλώνουν κάτι πραγματικό:
_sntxElla: Oἶδα ὅτι οἱ ἐλάχιστα μετέχουσι τῶν μεγίστων ἀγαθῶν.
β) ΔΥΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ (οριστική ιστορικού χρόνου + δυνητικό ἄν) και δηλώνουν κάτι που ήταν δυνατόν να πραγματοποιηθεί στο παρελθόν, αλλά δεν πραγματοποιήθηκε (το μη πραγματικό):
_sntxElla:
γ) ΔΥΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΕΥΚΤΙΚΗ (ευκτική, εκτός μέλλοντα, + δυνητικό ἄν) και δηλώνουν κάτι που είναι δυνατόν να γίνει στο παρόν ή στο μέλλον:
δ) ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ και δηλώνουν το προσδοκώμενο με βεβαιότητα:
ε) ΕΥΚΤΙΚΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΛΑΓΙΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΥ (αντί της οριστικής ή της υποτακτικής) ύστερα από ρήμα εξάρτησης ιστοκού χρόνου, και δηλώνουν γνώμη υποκειμενική για γεγονότα και απόψεις του παρελθόντος:

πρτΕξρΕλα'Σxέση-με-άλλους-όρους

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα'Σxέση-με-άλλους-όρους,

sntDpd'ResourceInfHmnn#cptResource843#

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd'ResourceInfHmnn,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/contents.html,
* http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm,

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
Οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις είναι συνολικά έντεκα (11) ειδών:
1) ειδικές
2) ενδοιαστικές
3) πλάγιες ερωτηματικές
4) αναφορικές
5) χρονικές
6) αιτιολογικές
7) τελικές
8) υποθετικές
9) εναντιωματικές
10) παραχωρητικές
11) συμπερασματικές
Από αυτές: οι ειδικές, οι ενδοιαστικές, οι πλάγιες ερωτηματικές και κάποιες από τις αναφορικές λειτουργούν σαν ονόματα, δηλαδή χρησιμοποιούνται ως υποκείμενο, αντικείμενο, κατηγορούμενο ή προσδιορισμός. Για το λόγο αυτό ονομάζονται ονοματικές.
Οι χρονικές, οι αιτιολογικές, οι τελικές, οι υποθετικές, οι εναντιωματικές, οι παραχωρητικές και οι συμπερασματικές, και κάποιες από τις αναφορικές λειτουργούν ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί. Για το λόγο αυτό ονομάζονται επιρρηματικές.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm]

πρτΕξρΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ,

Αιτιολογικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις, που αιτιολογούν το νόημα της κύριας πρότασης. Ακολουθούν κυρίως ύστερα από ρήματα ψυχικού πάθους σημαντικά.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι αιτιολογικές προτάσεις εισάγονται:
1. Με τους αιτιολογικούς συνδέσμους:
α) ὅτι, όταν δηλώνουν αντικειμενική αιτία.
Ἀλλά τοῦτον μάλιστα θρήνει, ὅτι καί νοσεῖ.
β) ὡς, όταν δηλώνουν υποκειμενική αιτία (ο ὡς μετά από τελεία ή άνω τελεία εισάγει κύρια πρόταση):
Καθίζουσιν ἐπί τόν βωμόν ἱκέται τόν ἐν τῇ ἀκροπόλει, ὡς ἐπιέζοντο.
γ) διότι, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή:
Ναύτης γοῦν οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἑκών ἐρῳδιόν ἀποκτείνειεν, ἐπειδή πιστεύονται τοῖς ἁλιεῦσιν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ σημαίνειν.
2. Με τους χρονικούς συνδέσμους ὅτε και ὁπότε (σπάνια).
3. Με το εἰ ως αιτιολογικό (αν, που), όταν το αίτιο μπορεί να αμφισβητηθεί.
Η πρόταση αυτή πρέπει να καλείται αιτιολογική υποθετικής ή υποτιθέμενης αιτιολογίας. Σ’ αυτή την περίπτωση η αιτιολογική πρόταση έχει υποθετική απόχρωση, γι’ αυτό και η άρνηση μπορεί να είναι: μή. Οι αιτιολογικές υποθετικής αιτιολογίας έπονται κύριας πρότασης:
Σωκράτης ἐθαύμαζεν, εἴ τις ἀρετήν ἐπαγγελλόμενος ἀργύριον πράττοιτο (έβρισκε παράδοξο, αν κανείς…)
Οὐ θαυμαστόν, εἰ μή τούτων ἐνεθυμήθησαν; (δεν είναι παράδοξο, που δεν…)
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Εκφέρονται με τις εγκλίσεις των προτάσεων κρίσης και με ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου (συχνά) όταν εξαρτώνται από ρήμα ιστορικού χρόνου.
Οι αιτιολογικές προτάσεις που εκφέρονται με δυνητική οριστική τυπικά μόνο είναι δευτερεύουσες, στην ουσία είναι προτάσεις ανεξάρτητες. Γι’ αυτό βρίσκονται στην αρχή περιόδου ή ημιπεριόδου.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι αιτιολογικές προτάσεις χρησιμεύουν ως:
α) Επιρρηματικός προσδιορισμός της αιτίας κυρίως σε ρήματα ψυχικού πάθους (ἥδομαι, θαυμάζω, χαίρω, χάριν ἔχω, ἀγαπῶ, ἐπιτιμῶ κ.τ.ό. ή μετά από τις φράσεις: αἰσχρόν ἐστί, δεινόν ἐστί, ἀγαπητόν ἐστί, θαυμαστόν κ.τ.ό.):
Χαίρω, ὅτι εὐδοκιμεῖς.
Μή θαυμάζεται ὅτι χαλεπῶς φέρω τοῖς παροῦσι πράγμασι.
β) Επεξήγηση.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'αναφορική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση, {2012-09-10}

_DESCRIPTION:

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]
===
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ
§12.0. Στο γενικό εισαγωγικό μέρος των εξαρτημένων επιρρηματικών προτάσεων (βλ. §11.0.) έγινε λόγος, σε συνάρτηση με τη διευκρίνιση της σχέσης τους προς την κύρια πρόταση, για την αντιστοιχία των δευτερευουσών προτάσεων εν γένει αφενός προς τις γραμματικές κατηγορίες του ουσιαστικού, του επιθέτου και του επιρρήματος, αφετέρου προς τις συντακτικές κατηγορίες του υποκειμένου, του αντικειμένου, του επιθετικού προσδιορισμού και του επιρρηματικού προσδιορισμού.

Με βάση τα όσα αναπτύχθηκαν εκεί οι εξαρτημένες αναφορικές προτάσεις, θα μπορούσε να πει κανείς, αντιστοιχούν προς τις γραμματικές κατηγορίες και τις συντακτικές λειτουργίες του επιθέτου ή της μετοχής, η οποία, όπως επίσης μνημονεύτηκε (βλ. §4.0. κ.εξ. και §5.0. κ.εξ., τα εισαγωγικά κεφάλαια για το απαρέμφατο και τη μετοχή), παρουσιάζει μορφολογικά και συντακτικά αναλογίες προς το επίθετο. Έτσι οι εξαρτημένες αναφορικές προτάσεις προσδιορίζουν κατά βάση, όπως και το επίθετο, ένα ουσιαστικό γι' αυτό αποκαλούνται, μεταξύ άλλων, και "προσδιοριστικές" ή "επιθετικές" προτάσεις?ενδέχεται όμως, όπως τα επίθετα και οι μετοχές, να ισοδυναμούν και με ένα ουσιαστικό, ενώ μπορούν να εκφέρονται σε όλες τις πτώσεις.

Η ανάλογη συντακτική λειτουργία αναφορικών προτάσεων από τη μια και επιθέτων ή μετοχών από την άλλη πλευρά, τεκμηριώνεται από τον παραλληλισμό και τη συμπαράταξή τους σε προτάσεις όπως π.χ.:

ΔΗΜ 18.35 τίνες οὖν ἦσαν οἱ παρὰ τούτου λόγοι τότε ‘ρηθέντες, καὶ δι' οὓς ἅπαντα ἀπώλετο; || ποιοι λοιπόν ήταν οι λόγοι που εκφωνήθηκαν τότε από αυτόν και εξαιτίας των οποίων χάθηκαν τα πάντα;

ΔΗΜ 20.121 μεγάλων μὲν οὖν εὐεργεσιῶν οὔθ' ὑμῖν συμφέρει συμβαίνειν πολλάκις καιρόν, οὔτ' ἴσως ‘ρ'άδιον αἴτιοι γενέσθαι? μετρίων δὲ καὶ ὧν ἐν εἰρήνῃ τις καὶ πολιτεί'α δύναιτ' ἂν ἐφικέσθαι, εὐνοίας, δικαιοσύνης, ἐπιμελείας, τῶν τοιούτων, καὶ συμφέρειν ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ καὶ χρῆναι διδόναι τὰς τιμάς || σε ό,τι αφορά τώρα στις μεγάλες ευεργεσίες ούτε σας ωφελεί να υπάρχουν πολλές ευκαιρίες να γίνεστε αποδέκτες τους, ούτε είναι ίσως εύκολο να τις παρέχει κανένας? τα καθημερινά καθήκοντα όμως και αυτά που μπορεί κανείς να επιτελέσει σε καιρό ειρήνης και στην καθημερινή ζωή - καλό λογισμό, δικαιοσύνη, φιλοπονία και τα όμοια - και ωφελούν, κατά τη γνώμη μου, και πρέπει να επιβραβεύονται.

§12.1. "Αναφορικές" ονομάζονται οι υπό συζήτηση προτάσεις επειδή εισάγονταιμε αναφορικές αντωνυμίες (ὅς, ἥ, ὅ, ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι, οἷος κ.λπ.) ή αναφορικά επιρρήματα (οὗ, ὅπου, ὅθεν, ὅστις, ὡς, ὅπως, κλπ.), και μέσω αυτών "αναφέρονται", δηλαδή αποδίδονται, προσδιορίζοντάς τον, σε κάποιον, ρητό ή υπόρρητο (εννοούμενο), όρο μιας άλλης, κύριας ή και δευτερεύουσας πρότασης. Από τις αναφορικές αντωνυμίες:

• Το ὅς δηλώνει ένα ορισμένο, μεμονωμένο αντικείμενο? ως η γενικότερη αναφορική αντωνυμία χρησιμοποιείται όμως ενίοτε και αντί του οἷος και του ὅστις.

• Το ὅστις (από το ὅς και την αόριστη αντωνυμία τις) δηλώνει ένα αντικείμενο από τη άποψη του γένους στο οποίο ανήκει, του είδους και της ουσίας του, της δύναμης ή της ικανότητάς του ("τέτοιος είδους"). Με τη σημασία του αυτή συνδέεται προφανώς και η χρήση του σε εξαρτημένες αναφορικές προτάσεις που περιέχουν μιαν αιτία ή έναν λόγο για την ενέργεια που δηλώνει το ρήμα της κύριας πρότασης, όπως π.χ.:

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 2.6.6 ταῦτα οὖν φιλοπολέμου μοι δοκεῖ ἀνδρὸς ἔργα εἶναι, ὅστις ἐξὸν μὲν εἰρήνην ἄγειν ἄνευ αἰσχύνης καὶ βλάβης αἱρεῖται πολεμεῖν || αυτά βέβαια είναι, κατά τη γνώμη μου, έργα φιλοπόλεμου ανθρώπου, ο οποίος, μολονότι μπορεί να ζει ειρηνικά χωρίς ντροπή και ζημία, προτιμά να κάνει πόλεμο.

Ήδη από τον Όμηρο, ωστόσο, το ὅστις χρησιμοποιείται και για ένα ορισμένο αντικείμενο και αργότερα παύει να γίνεται αισθητή η διαφορά μεταξύ ὅς και ὅστις, για να επικρατήσει τελικά το ὅστις.

Από τις υπόλοιπες αναφορικές αντωνυμίες:

• Το οἷος και το ὁποῖος δηλώνουν έναν αντικείμενο από την άποψη του ποιού του.

• Το ὅσος και ὁπόσος από την άποψη της ποσότητάς του, ενώ ο πληθυντικός ὅσοι είτε από την άποψη της ποσότητας εν γένει είτε, ειδικότερα, από την άποψη της αριθμητικής ποσότητας.

• Το ἡλίκος και ὁπηλίκος από την άποψη του ποιού μιας ιδιότητας σε σχέση προς το μέγεθος, την ισχύ, την ηλικία κλπ.

• Οι σύνθετοι τύποι ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος, ὁπηλίκος εμπεριέχουν, όπως και το ὅστις, την έννοια της αοριστίας και τη συναφή προς αυτήν καθολικότητα ή γενικότητα.

§12.2. Τα αναφορικά επιρρήματα όπως το ἔνθα, ‘ῇ (σπάνια και μόνο ποιητ. ὅπου), ὅθεν, οἷ χρησιμοποιούνται συνήθως τοπικά, σπάνια προσωπικά:

ΟΜ Ιλ 2.852 ἐξ Ἐνετῶν, ὅθεν [= ἐξ ὧν] ἡμιόνων γένος ἀγροτεράων || από τη χώρα των Ενετών, από όπου προέρχονται τα άγρια μουλάρια.

ΟΜ Οδ 4.220 εἰς οἶνον βάλε φάρμακον, ἔνθεν [= ἐξ οὗ] ἔπινον || έριξε στο κρασί, από όπου έπιναν, ένα βότανο.

ΣΟΦ Αντ 892 οἴκησις αἰείφρουρος, οἷ πορεύομαι || κατοικία αιώνια φυλαγμένη, όπου πορεύομαι.

ΣΟΦ Φιλ 456-458 ὅπου [= ἐν οἷς, το συσχετικό είναι το τούτους που ακολουθεί] θ' ὁ χείρων τἀγαθοῦ μεῖζον σθένει κἀποφθίνει τὰ χρηστὰ χὠ δειλὸς κρατεῖ, τούτους ἐγὼ τοὺς ἄνδρας οὐ στέρξω ποτέ || και όπου ο κακός είναι ανώτερος από τον καλό, και η αρετή μαραίνεται και επικρατεί ο δειλός, αυτούς τους άνδρες εγώ ποτέ δεν θα τιμήσω.

ΞΕΝ Ιερ 2.4 [ἡ τυραννὶς] τὰ χαλεπὰ ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς τῶν τυράννων κέκτηται ἀποκεκρυμμένα, ἔνθαπερ καὶ τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν καὶ τὸ κακοδαιμονεῖν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀπόκειται || η τυραννίδα κρατά κρυμμένα τα δυσάρεστά της μέσα στις ψυχές των τυράννων, όπου φωλιάζει και η ευτυχία και η δυστυχία των ανθρώπων.

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 4.2.20 ἤρξαντο καταβαίνειν ἀπὸ τοῦ μαστοῦ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἔνθα τὰ ὅπλα ἔκειτο || άρχισαν να κατεβαίνουν από τον λόφο προς τους άλλους [στο μέρος] όπου είχαν παραταχθεί οι ένοπλοι.

§12.3. Το ουσιαστικό στο οποίο αναφέρεται ή αποδίδεται η αναφορική πρόταση, από τη μια, και η ίδια η αναφορική πρόταση, από την άλλη, συνδέονται με μια σχέση αμοιβαίας παραπομπής. Ο αμφίδρομος αυτός συσχετισμός ενδέχεται, προπαντός σε περιπτώσεις έμφασης, να εκφράζεται με μια δεικτική αντωνυμία ή το άρθρο ὁ, ἡ, τό στην κύρια πρόταση, τα οποία παραπέμπουν σε μια αναφορική αντωνυμία της εξαρτημένης αναφορικής πρότασης, ενώ η αντωνυμία αυτή με τη σειρά της παραπέμπει αντίστροφα στο συσχετικό της στην κύρια πρόταση:

ΣΟΦ Αντ 1025-1027 κεῖνος οὐκέτ' ἔστ' ἀνὴρ ἄβουλος οὐδ' ἄνολβος, ὅστις ἐς κακὸν πεσὼν ἀκεῖται μηδ' ἀκίνητος πέλῃ || δεν λείπει αποφασιστικότητα και τύχη από εκείνον τον άνδρα, ο οποίος αφού πέσει στο κακό σηκώνεται ξανά όρθιος και δεν μένει αδρανής.

Μερικές φορές ωστόσο το απλό αναφορικό συσχετίζεται με ένα προηγούμενο τοιοῦτος, όπως π.χ.:

ΠΛ Γοργ 473e ὅταν τοιαῦτα λέγῃς, ἃ οὐδεὶς ἂν φήσειεν ἄνθρώπων || όταν λες τέτοια πράγματα τα οποία κανείς άλλος άνθρωπος δεν θα τα έλεγε.

Συχνά η εξαρτημένη αναφορική πρόταση προηγείται για λόγους έμφασης της κύριας πρότασης και της συσχετικής δεικτικής αντωνυμίας:

ΠΛ Ευθυδ 285c ὅ τι βούλεται, τοῦτο ποιείτω || ό,τι νομίζει, αυτό ας κάνει.

ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΗ: Το άρθρο ὁ, ἡ, τό είχε αρχικά δεικτική σημασία και λειτουργία, και μάλιστα όχι μόνον όταν εκφερόταν μόνο του, αλλά και όταν συνόδευε ένα ουσιαστικό. Επειδή το δεικτικό άρθρο ὁ, ἡ, τό και η αναφορική αντωνυμία ὅς, ἥ, ὅ συμπλέκονται μεταξύ τους με σχέση αμφίδρομης παραπομπής όντας, έτσι, αλληλένδετα, οι αρχαίοι Γραμματικοί τα αποκαλούσαν ἄρθρα, και ειδικότερα το πρώτο, επειδή προτασσόταν του ουσιαστικού, ἄρθρον προτακτικόν, το δεύτερο, επειδή επιτασσόταν, ἄρθρον ὑποτακτικόν.

§12.4. Πολύ συχνά, ωστόσο, απουσιάζει από την κύρια πρόταση μια δεικτική αντωνυμία που υποκαθιστά ένα ουσιαστικό, προς την οποία θα μπορούσε να συσχετίζεται η αναφορική. (Η απουσία αυτή παρατηρείται συνήθως όταν γίνεται λόγος για ένα αόριστο αντικείμενο ή όταν η εξαρτημένη αναφορική πρόταση προηγείται της κύριας). Στην περίπτωση αυτή δεν πρόκειται για έλλειψη της δεικτικής αντωνυμίας, αλλά η ίδια η αναφορική πρόταση είναι ισοδύναμη με την έννοια ενός ουσιαστικού ή με την "ουσιαστικοειδή" δεικτική αντωνυμία που θα μπορούσε να το υποκαθιστά, πράγμα που προκύπτει και από τον συχνό παραλληλισμό και τη συμπαράταξη της εξαρτημένης αναφορικής πρότασης με ουσιαστικά (βλ. το δεύτερο παράδειγμα):

ΣΟΦ Φιλ 957-958 θανὼν παρέξω δαῖθ' ὑφ' ὧν ἐφερβόμην, καί μ' οὓς ἐθήρων πρόσθε θηράσουσι νῦν [ενν. τούτοις ὑφ' ὧν, ἐκεῖνοι οὓς] || πεθαμένος [από την πείνα] θα γίνω τροφή σε εκείνα από τα οποία τρεφόμουν, και εκείνα που πριν κυνηγούσα εγώ τώρα θα κυνηγούν εμένα.

ΘΟΥΚ 2.41.4 οὐδὲν προσδεόμενοι οὔτε Ὁμήρου ἐπαινέτου οὔτε [ενν. τοιούτου ή ἄλλου τινός κτλ.] ὅστις ἔπεσιν μὲν τὸ αὐτίκα τέρψει, τῶν δ' ἔργων τὴν ὑπόνοιαν ἡ ἀλήθεια βλάψει || χωρίς να έχουμε ανάγκη ούτε κανέναν Όμηρο να μας υμνήσει ούτε κανέναν άλλον που με τους στίχους του θα προκαλέσει στιγμιαία ευχαρίστηση, αλλά που η αλήθεια θα καταστρέψει την εντύπωση που υποβάλλει για τις πράξεις μας.

ΞΕΝ Συμπ 4.42 οἷς γὰρ μάλιστα τὰ παρόντα ἀρκεῖ [ενν. οὗτοι] ἥκιστα τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ὀρέγονται || όσοι αρκούνται σε όσα έχουν δεν επιθυμούν καθόλου τα ξένα.

Εδώ ανήκουν και οι συνάψεις του τύπου (οὐκ) ἔστιν ὅς ή, συχνότερα, (οὐκ) ἔστιν ὅστις:

ΟΜ Ιλ 21.103 νῦν δ' οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅς τις θάνατον φύγῃ || τώρα όμως δεν υπάρχει αυτός που θα γλιτώσει τον θάνατο.

ΘΟΥΚ 2.62.2 καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις τῇ ὑπαρχούσῃ παρασκευῇ τοῦ ναυτικοῦ πλέοντας ὑμᾶς οὔτε βασιλεὺς οὔτε ἄλλο οὐδὲν ἔθνος τῶν ἐν τῷ παρόντι κωλύσει και με το ναυτικό που έχετε τώρα δεν υπάρχει κανείς που να μπορεί να σας εμποδίσει να πάτε όπου θέλετε, ούτε ο Μεγάλος Βασιλιάς ούτε κανένας λαός από όσους υπάρχουν σήμερα.

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 4.4.3 σπασάμενοι τὰ ξίφη ἔπαιον τὸν μέν τινα συνεστηκότα ἐν κύκλῳ, τὸν δὲ καθήμενον, τὸν δέ τινα ἐν θεάτρῳ, ἔστι δ' ὅν καὶ κριτὴν καθήμενον || βγάζοντας τα σπαθιά χτυπούσαν αδιάκριτα άλλον όρθιο μέσα σε μια ομάδα ανθρώπων, άλλον καθισμένο, άλλον στο θέατρο και άλλον που καθόταν ως κριτής των αγώνων.

ΠΛ Απολ 27b ἔσθ' ὅστις δαιμόνια μὲν νομίζει πράγματ' εἶναι, δαίμονας δὲ οὐ νομίζει; || υπάρχει κανένας που πιστεύει σε δαιμόνια πράγματα, αλλά όχι σε δαίμονες;

Παγιωμένες είναι οι συνάψεις ἔστιν (εἰσὶν, ἦσαν) οἵ, ἔστιν ὧν, ἔστιν οἷς, ἔστιν οὕς (= ἔνιοι "μερικοί"):

ΘΟΥΚ 7.44.8 ὅσοι ἦσαν τῶν προτέρων στρατιωτῶν ἐμπειρί'α μᾶλλον τῆς χώρας ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον διεφύγγανον, οἱ δὲ ὕστερον ἥκοντες εἰσὶν οἳ διαμαρτόντες τῶν ὁδῶν κατὰ τὴν χώραν ἐπλανήθησαν || όσοι από τους στρατιώτες ανήκαν στην προηγούμενη αποστολή διέφευγαν, γνωρίζοντας καλύτερα τον τόπο, στο στρατόπεδο, μερικοί όμως από αυτούς που είχαν έρθει αργότερα έχασαν τον δρόμο και τριγύριζαν στην πεδιάδα.

ΘΟΥΚ 7.11.2 ἦλθε Γύλιππος Λακεδαιμόνιος στρατιὰν ἔχων ἔκ τε Πελοποννήσου καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν Σικελί'α πόλεων ἔστιν ὧν || ήρθε ο Γύλιππος ο Λακεδαιμόνιος έχοντας μαζί του στρατό τόσο από την Πελοπόννησο, όσο και και από μερικές πόλεις της Σικελίας.

ΠΛ Αλκ2 143c εἴ γε μὴ προσθείημεν τὴν ἔστιν ὧν τε ἄγνοιαν καὶ ἔστιν οἷς καὶ ἔχουσί πως ἀγαθόν, ὥσπερ ἐκείνοις κακόν || αν δεν προσθέσουμε την άγνοια ορισμένων πραγμάτων και εκείνων που εμπεριέχουν κατά κάποιον τρόπο το καλό όπως τα άλλα το κακό.

§12.5. Τόσο στην συνήθη μορφή τους όσο και στις περιπτώσεις που οι εξαρτημένες αναφορικές πρότασεις υποκαθιστούν τον όρο της πρότασης, τον οποίον θα αντιπροσώπευε η απουσιάζουσα δεικτική αντωνυμία, οι πρώτες (δηλαδή οι αναφορικές προτάσεις) ισοδυναμούν με γνήσια ή ουσιαστικοειδή επίθετα και μετοχές και μπορούν, όπως άλλωστε διαφαίνεται και από τα προηγούμενα παραδείγματα, να λειτουργούν συντακτικά με ανάλογο τρόπο, δηλαδή:

Αφενός ως κύριοι όροι της πρότασης, π.χ.:

• ως υποκείμενο:

ΛΥΣ 31.23 ὅστις γὰρ περὶ τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ἀναγκαίους τοιαῦτα ἁμαρτάνει ἁμαρτήματα, τί ἂν περί γε τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους ποιήσειεν? || όποιος διαπράττει τέτοια αδικήματα σε βάρος συγγενών του, τι θα ήταν άραγε ικανός να κάνει στους ξένους;

ΠΛ Πολ 352e ἔσθ' ὅτῳ ἂν ἄλλῳ ἴδοις ἢ ὀφθαλμοῖς; [= ἔστιν τι ἄλλον, ὅτῳ κ.λπ.] || υπάρχει κάτι, με το οποίο μπορείς να βλέπεις, διαφορετικό από τα μάτια;

• ως κατηγορούμενο:

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 2.3.32 οὗτος δε τοί ἐστιν ὃς καὶ ταχθεὶς ἀνελέσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν στρατηγῶν τοὺς καταδύντας Ἀθηναίων ἐν τῇ περὶ Λέσβον ναυμαχί'α αὐτὸς οὐκ ἀνελόμενος ὅμως τῶν στρατηγῶν κατηγορῶν ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτούς || και είναι βέβαια ο ίδιος άνθρωπος ο οποίος, αν και διατάχτηκε από τους στρατηγούς να περισυλλέξει αυτούς τους Αθηναίους που ναυάγησαν στη ναυμαχία κοντά στη Λέσβο, όχι μόνο δεν τους περισυνέλεξε αλλά και σκότωσε τους στρατηγούς με τις κατηγορίες του.

Αφετέρου (οι εξαρτημένες αναφορικές προτάσεις μπορούν να λειτουργούν) και ως συμπληρωματικοί προσδιορισμοί των κύριων όρων της πρότασης, και ειδικότερα: είτε:

(α) ως προσδιορισμοί που συνοδεύουν το ρήμα, π.χ.:

• ως αντικείμενο:

ΠΛ Πρωτ 324c τιμωροῦνται δὲ καὶ κολάζονται οἵ τε ἄλλοι ἄνθρωποι οὓς ἂν οἴωνται ἀδικεῖν, καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα Ἀθηναῖοι, οἱ σοὶ πολῖται || έτσι και οι άλλοι άνθρωποι και πρώτα πρώτα οι Αθηναίοι, οι συμπολίτες σου, διώκουν και τιμωρούν αυτούς που νομίζουν ότι τους αδικούν.

ΣΟΦ Αι 967-968 ὧν γὰρ ἠράσθη τυχεῖν [ενν. ταῦτα] ἐκτήσασθ' αὐτῷ, θάνατον ὅνπερ ἤθελεν || αυτό που επιθυμούσε να του τύχει το απόκτησε: τον θάνατο που ήθελε.

• ως προσδιορισμός σε γενική (αφαιρετική):

ΘΟΥΚ 2.41.4 οὐδὲν προσδεόμενοι οὔτε Ὁμήρου ἐπαινέτου οὔτε [ενν. τοιούτου ή ἄλλου τινός κτό.] ὅστις ἔπεσιν μὲν τὸ αὐτίκα τέρψει, τῶν δ' ἔργων τὴν ὑπόνοιαν ἡ ἀλήθεια βλάψει || χωρίς να έχουμε ανάγκη ούτε κανέναν Όμηρο να μας υμνήσει ούτε κανέναν άλλον που με τους στίχους του θα προκαλέσει στιγμιαία ευχαρίστηση, αλλά που η αλήθεια θα καταστρέψει την εντύπωση που υποβάλλει για τις πράξεις μας.

• ως προσδιορισμός σε δοτική ("οργανική της κοινωνίας"):

ΞΕΝ Απομν 1.2.6 τοὺς δὲ λαμβάνοντας τῆς ὁμιλίας μισθὸν ἀνδραποδιστὰς ἑαυτῶν ἀπεκάλει διὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον αὐτοῖς εἶναι διαλέγεσθαι [τούτοις] παρ' ὧν λάβοιεν τὸν μισθόν || αυτούς που έπαιρναν αμοιβή για τη διδασκαλία τους αποκαλούσε υποδουλωτές του εαυτού τους, διότι ήταν υποχρεωμένοι να συζητούν με εκείνους από τους οποίους θα έπαιρναν την αμοιβή.

• ως επιρρηματικός προσδιορισμός (του τόπου):

ΞΕΝ ΚΑναβ 3.1.3 ἐπὶ δὲ τὰ ὅπλα πολλοὶ οὐκ ἦλθον ταύτην τὴν νύκτα, ἀνεπαύοντο δὲ ὅπου ἐτύγχανεν ἕκαστος || πολλοί δεν πήγαν αυτή τη νύχτα στο στρατόπεδο, αλλά πλάγιαζαν όπου τύχαινε ο καθένας.

είτε πάλι:

(β) ως προσδιορισμοί που συνοδεύουν το όνομα, π.χ.:

• ως παράθεση:

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 4.1.29 ἦν δε τις Ἀπολλοφάνης Κυζικηνός, ὃς καὶ Φαρναβάζῳ ἐτύγχανεν ἐκ παλαιοῦ ξένος ὢν καὶ Ἀγησιλάῳ κατ' ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον ἐξενώθη || ήταν και κάποιος Απολλοφάνης από την Κύζικο, ο οποίος και του Φαρνάβαζου φίλος ήταν από παλιά και του Αγησίλαου φίλος έγινε εκείνη την εποχή.

• ως επεξήγηση:

ΔΗΜ 7.38 φησὶ δὲ καὶ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους ἡμῶν, ὅσοι ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ ἑάλωσαν, ἀποδεδωκέναι || ισχυρίζεται επίσης ότι έχει επιστρέψει και τους δικούς μας αιχμάλωτους, όσοι συνελήφθηκαν στον πόλεμο.

• ως επιθετικός προσδιορισμός:

ΞΕΝ ΚΠαιδ 3.1.33 χρήματα […] σὺν τοῖς θησαυροῖς οἷς πατὴρ κατέλιπεν [= τοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καταλειφθεῖσι] ἔστιν εἰς ἀργύριον λογισθέντα τάλαντα πλείω τῶν τρισχιλίων || χρήματα μαζί με τους θησαυρούς που μας άφησε ο πατέρας, αν τα υπολογίσουμε σε ασημένιο νόμισμα, υπάρχουν περισσότερα από τρεις χιλιάδες τάλαντα.

• ως προσδιορισμός σε γενική ("του διαιρεμένου όλου", "κτητική"):

ΠΛ Απολ 37b ἀντὶ τούτου δὴ ἕλωμαι [τι] ὧν εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι κακῶν ὄντων, τούτου τιμησάμενος; || και αντί γι' αυτό να προτιμήσω κάτι από όσα γνωρίζω πως είναι κακά, προτείνοντάς το ως ποινή μου;

ΞΕΝ Ελλ 3.1.3 ἐπεὶ μέντοι Τισσαφέρνης […] σατράπης κατεπέμφθη ὧν τε αὐτὸς πρόσθεν ἦρχε καὶ ὧν Κῦρος, εὐθὺς ἠξίου τὰς Ἰωνικὰς πόλεις ἁπάσας ἑαυτῷ ὑπηκόους εἶναι || όταν ο Τισσαφέρνης στάλθηκε [από τον Αρταξέρξη] σατράπης τόσο των χωρών που εξουσίαζε πριν ο ίδιος όσο και εκείνων που εξουσίαζε ο Κύρος, απαιτούσε αμέσως να είναι υπήκοοί του όλες οι Ιωνικές πόλεις.
[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/page_083.html]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
Α. αναφορικές ονοματικές
Β. αναφορικές ονοματικές με επιρρηματική σημασία
Γ. αναφορικές παραβολικές
Δ. έλξη του αναφορικού
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Ονοματικές αναφορικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες αναφορικές προτάσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται ως ονόματα.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι ονοματικές αναφορικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με αναφορικές αντωνυμίες.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι ονοματικές αναφορικές προτάσεις εκφέρονται, ανάλογα με τη σημασία τους και τον χρόνο του ρήματος εξάρτησης (αρκτικό ή ιστορικό):
α) Όταν είναι προτάσεις κρίσης (άρνηση οὐ), με οριστική, δυνητική οριστική, δυνητική ευκτική και ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου (ύστερα από ρήμα εξάρτησης ιστορικού χρόνου).
β) Όταν είναι προτάσεις επιθυμίας (άρνηση μή), με υποτακτική, ευχετική ευκτική, προστακτική και ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου (ύστερα από ρήμα εξάρτησης ιστορικού χρόνου).
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Μια αναφορική πρόταση μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως:
1) Υποκείμενο:
Ἀμείβεται, ὅστις ἐργάζεται.
Ὅστις ἑαυτόν φιλεῖ μετ' ἐμοῦ μαχέσθω.
2) Κατηγορούμενο:
Οὗτος ἐστίν ὅς ἀπέκτεινε τούς στρατηγούς.
Οὗτοί εἰσίν οἵτινες τά ἐπιτήδεια ἔκλεπτον.
3) Αντικείμενο:
Τιμωροῦνται καί κολάζονται οὕς ἄν οἴωνται ἀδικεῖν. (αναφορική-υποθετική)
Ὡρμᾶτο ἔχων, οὕς εἴρηκα.
4) Ομοιόπτωτος προσδιορισμός, παράθεση:
Ξενοφῶν ἔγραψεν, ὅς στρατηγός ἦν.
Ἦν δέ τις Απολλοφάνης Κυζικηνός, ὅς Φαρναβάζῳ ἐτύγχανε ξένος ὤν.
5) Ομοιόπτωτος προσδιορισμός, επεξήγηση:
Ὦ Κλέαρχε, ἀπόφηναι γνώμην, ὅ,τι σοί δοκεῖ.
Οἶμαι ἄν ἡμᾶς παθεῖν τοιαῦτα, οἵα τούς ἐχθρούς οἱ θεοί ποιήσειαν.
6) Επιθετικός ή κατηγορηματικός προσδιορισμός:
Έτυχεν ἡ πρύμνα ἐστεμμένη του πλοίου, ὅ εἰς Δῆλον Ἀθηναῖοι πέμπουσιν.
7) Ετερόπτωτος προσδιορισμός:
Τισσαφέρνης σατράπης κατεπέμφθη ὧν αὐτός πρόσθεν ἦρχε καί ὧν Κῦρος.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ,

Αναφορικές αιτιολογικές. Έχουν άρνηση οὐ, εξαρτώνται από ρήματα ψυχικού πάθους, εισάγονται συνήθως με τις αναφορικές αντωνυμίες ὅς, ὅστις, ὅσος, οἷος, εκφέρονται με τις εγκλίσεις των προτάσεων κρίσης και με ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου και χρησιμοποιούνται ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί της αιτίας:
Ἄτοπα λέγεις, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὅς γε κελεύεις ἐμέ καθηγεῖσθαι.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΠΑΡΑΒΟΛΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΠΑΡΑΒΟΛΙΚΗ,

Μερικές επιρρηματικές αναφορικές προτάσεις δηλώνουν παρομοίωση ή σύγκριση (παραβολικές ή παρομοιαστικές):
Ὅπως γιγνώσκετε, οὕτω καί ποιεῖτε.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
α) Όταν εκφράζουν ποσό, με τις αναφορικές αντωνυμίες ὅσος, ὁπόσος, ἡλίκος, ὁπηλίκος και τα αναφορικά επιρρήματα ὅσον, ὅσῳ:
Ὅταν τά φυτά ὅσῳ ἥδεται, τοσούτῳ πίνῃ, μάλα ὁμαλῶς αὔξεται (όταν τα φυτά όσο τα ευχαριστεί, τόσο πίνουν, αναπτύσσονται πολύ ομαλά).
β) Όταν εκφράζουν ποιόν, με τις αναφορικές αντωνυμίες oἷος, ὁποῖος:
Τοιοῦτον ἐπιτηδείου, οἶον οὐδένα μήποτε εὑρήσω.
γ) Όταν εκφράζουν τρόπο, με τα αναφορικά επιρρήματα ὡς, ὥσπερ, ὅπως, καθάπερ, ‘ῇπερ, ‘ῇ, οἷον, οἵα, χωρίς συγκεκριμένο υποκείμενο: ὡς δοκεῖ, ὡς λέγεται, ὡς ἔοικε, ὡς φαίνεται.
Ὡς μέν ἐγώ γνώμην ἀποφαίνομαι.
Ἠσπάζετο αὐτόν, ὥσπερ ἄν γυνή γαμβρόν ἀσπάζοιτο.
Ὅπως γιγνώσκετε, οὕτω καί ποιεῖτε.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι αναφορικές παραβολικές προτάσεις εκφέρονται με:
α) Απλή οριστική, όταν δηλώνουν το πραγματικό.
β) Δυνητική οριστική, υποτακτική με ή χωρίς το αοριστολογικό ἄν, ευκτική με ή χωρίς το δυνητικό ἄν, όταν δηλώνουν το δυνατόν ή υποτιθέμενο.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι αναφορικές παραβολικές προτάσεις χρησιμοποιούνται στον λόγο ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί σύγκρισης-παρομοίωσης.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Αναφορικές συμπερασματικές ή αποτελεσματικές. Εισάγονται συνήθως με τις αναφορικές αντωνυμίες ὅς, ὅστις, ὅσος, οἷος, εκφέρονται με τις εγκλίσεις των προτάσεων κρίσης, με άρνηση οὐ ή όταν έχουν απαρέμφατο, με άρνηση μή. Συνήθως πριν από τις προτάσεις αυτές μπαίνουν τα δεικτικά: οὕτω (ς), τοσοῦτος, τοιοῦτος, τηλικοῦτος:
Οὐδείς ἐστιν οὕτω ‘ρ'άθυμος, _sntxEffect:ὅστις ἄν δέξαιτο παρά τῶν προγόνων τήν ἀρχήν ταύτην παραλαβεῖν μᾶλλον ἤ αὐτός κτήσασθαι.
Τίς ὑμῶν οὕτως εὐήθης ἐστίν, _sntxEffect:ὅστις ἀγνοεῖ τόν πόλεμον δεῦρο ἥξοντα (ώστε).
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΤΕΛΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΤΕΛΙΚΗ,

Αναφορικές τελικές. Έχουν άρνηση μή, εξαρτώνται από ρήματα κίνησης ή σκόπιμης ενέργειας, εισάγονται συνήθως με τις αναφορικές αντωνυμίες ὅς, ὅστις, εκφέρονται με οριστική μέλλοντα και χρησιμοποιούνται ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί του σκοπού:
Τριάκοντα ἄνδρας εἵλοντο, _sntxGoal:οἵ νόμοις συγγράψουσιν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΗ,

Αναφορικές υποθετικές. Εισάγονται με αναφορικές αντωνυμίες και αναφορικά επιρρήματα. Οι προτάσεις αυτές ισοδυναμούν με υπόθεση σ’ έναν υποθετικό λόγο, εκφέρονται όπως και οι υποθετικές προτάσεις, ανάλογα με το είδος του υποθετικού λόγου, και φανερώνουν:
α) Το πραγματικό:
_sntxHypothesis:(Ὅστις δέ τούτων σύνοιδεν ἑαυτῷ παρημεληκώς,) τοῦτον ἐγώ οὔποτε ἄν εὐδαιμονίσαιμι.
β) Το αντίθετο του πραγματικού:
Οὐκ ἄν ἐπεχειροῦμεν πράττειν, _sntxHypothesis:(ἅ μή ἠπιστάμεθα).
γ) Το προσδοκώμενο:
Τῷ ἀνδρί, _sntxHypothesis:(ὅν ἄν ἕλησθε,) πείσομαι.
δ) Αόριστη επανάληψη στο παρόν και στο μέλλον:
Τιμωροῦνται καί κολάζονται οἱ ἄλλοι ἄνθρωποι, _sntxHypothesis:οὕς ἄν οἴωνται ἀδικεῖν.
ε) Απλή σκέψη του λέγοντος:
_sntxHypothesis:(Τῶν βαρβάρων οὕς βουληθείης,) θᾶττον ἄν καταστρέψαιο.
στ) Αόριστη επανάληψη στο παρελθόν:
_sntxHypothesis:(Κῦρος οὕς ὁρ'ώη τά καλά διώκοντας,) πάσαις τιμαῖς ἐγέραιρε.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΙΔΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΙΔΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'ειδική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση, {2012-09-10}

_DESCRIPTION:
Ειδικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες ονοματικές προτάσεις που χρησιμεύουν για να ειδικεύσουν το γενικό και αόριστο νόημα ενός ρήματος ή μιας δεικτικής αντωνυμίας.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι ειδικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με τους ειδικούς συνδέσμους ὅτι και ὡς (ο ὡς συχνά διαφέρει στη σημασία από το ὅτι, ο ὅτι δείχνει κάτι που θεωρείται πραγματικό, ενώ ο ὡς δείχνει μια υποκειμενική γνώμη), είναι προτάσεις κρίσης και παίρνουν άρνηση οὐ.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι ειδικές προτάσεις εκφέρονται με:
α) Οριστική, όταν δηλώνουν κάτι πραγματικό.
β) Δυνητική οριστική, όταν δηλώνουν το δυνατόν στο παρελθόν ή το μη πραγματικό.
γ) Δυνητική ευκτική, όταν δηλώνουν το δυνατόν στο παρόν ή στο μέλλον.
δ) Ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου, ύστερα από ιστορικό χρόνο, και δηλώνουν υποκειμενική γνώμη.
Εξαίρεση: με οριστική και μετά από ιστορικό χρόνο (όταν το περιεχόμενο θεωρείται βέβαιο γεγονός):
Περικλεῖ ἠγγέλθη ὅτι Μέγαρα ἀφέστηκε.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]
===
Ειδικές λέγονται οι δευτερεύουσες ονοματικές προτάσεις που χρησιμεύουν για να ειδικεύσουν το γενικό και αόριστο νόημα ενός ρήματος ή μιας δεικτικής αντωνυμίας. Οι ειδικές προτάσεις αποτελούν μια μορφή του πλαγίου λόγου κρίσης.

Εισάγονται: κυρίως με τους ειδικούς συνδέσμους ὅτι και ὡς.

Ο σύνδεσμος ὅτι χρησιμοποιείται όταν το περιεχόμενο της ειδικής πρότασης είναι αντικειμενικό, πραγματικό.
Οἱ Ἀσσύριοι ἴσασιν ὅτι ἱππικόν στράτευμα ἐν νυκτὶ ταραχῶδές ἐστι καὶ δύσχρηστον.
(= Οι Ασσύριοι γνωρίζουν ότι το ιππικό κατά τη διάρκεια της νύκτας είναι ταραχώδες και δύσχρηστο.)
Ο σύνδεσμος ὡς χρησιμοποιείται όταν το περιεχόμενο της ειδικής πρότασης είναι υποκειμενικό ή ψευδές.
Πειρῶνται πείθειν ὑμᾶς ὡς δυνατός εἰμι.
(= Προσπαθούν να σας πείσουν ότι τάχα είμαι ικανός.)
Κατά το περιεχόμενό τους είναι προτάσεις κρίσης.

Δέχονται άρνηση οὐ

Εξαρτώνται από ρήματα:
λεκτικά: φημί, λέγω, ἀναγγέλλω, ἀπαγγέλλω, ἀποκρίνομαι, διδάσκω, βοῶ, διηγοῦμαι, κηρύττω, δηλῶ,
γνωστικά: γιγνώσκω, οἶδα, ἀναμιμνήσκομαι, μανθάνω, ἐπίσταμαι, λογίζομαι, ἐνθυμοῦμαι,
αισθητικά: αἰσθάνομαι, ὁρῶ, ἀκούω,
δεικτικά: δείκνυμι, ἀποδείκνυμι, ἐπιδείκνυμι

Χρησιμοποιούνται ως υποκείμενο των απρόσωπων ρημάτων ή εκφράσεων, αντικείμενο, επεξήγηση αντωνυμίας.
Οὐ γὰρ ἠγγέλθη αὐτοῖς ὅτι τεθνηκότες εἶεν. > υποκείμενο
(= Γιατί δεν ανακοινώθηκε σ' αυτούς ότι είχαν φονευτεί.)

Οὗτοι ἔλεγον ὅτι Κῦρος τέθνηκεν. > αντικείμενο
(= Αυτοί έλεγαν ότι ο Κύρος έχει πεθάνει.)

Ταῦτα λέγω, ὡς τὸ παράπαν οὐ νομίζεις θεούς. > επεξήγηση στην αντωνυμία ταῦτα
(= Αυτά ισχυρίζομαι, ότι δηλαδή δεν παραδέχεσαι εντελώς τους θεούς.
Εκφέρονται με:

οριστική, όταν δηλώνουν κάτι πραγματικό:
Λέγει Πτολεμαῖος ὅτι Περδίκας πρῶτος ἐνέβαλεν ἐς τῶν Θηβαίων τὴν προφυλακήν.
δυνητική οριστική, όταν δηλώνουν το δυνατό στο παρελθόν ή κάτι μη πραγματικό:
Δῆλον ἦν ὅτι ‘ρ'αδίως ἂν ἐδύναντο πολεμεῖν αὐτοῖς.
δυνητική ευκτική, όταν δηλώνουν το δυνατόν στο παρόν ή στο μέλλον:
Οἶδα ὅτι πάντες ἂν ὁμολογήσαιτε.
ευκτική του πλαγίου λόγου, όταν εξαρτώνται από ρήματα ιστορικού χρόνου και δηλώνουν υποκειμενική γνώμη:
Έλεγον ὅτι βασιλεὺς σφίσι φίλος ἔσοιτο.
Σημείωση: Οι εκφράσεις οἶδα ὅτι, εὖ οἶδα ὅτι απέκτησαν σταδιακά επιρρηματική σημασία· το οἶδα ὅτι = είμαι βέβαιος, το εὖ οἶδα ὅτι = είμαι εντελώς βέβαιος. Παρομοίως και το δῆλον ὅτι (χωρίς το ρήμα ἐστί) απέκτησε τη σημασία του βεβαίως.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΝΑΝΤΙΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΝΑΝΤΙΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Εναντιωματικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες επιρρηματικές προτάσεις που φανερώνουν ότι το υποκείμενο εκφράζει εναντίωση προς το περιεχόμενο της κύριας πρότασης.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι εναντιωματικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με τους συνδέσμους εἰ καί, ἄν/ἤν/ἐάν καί (αν και, μολονότι) και φανερώνουν εναντίωση προς κάτι που θεωρείται πραγματικό:
Εἰ καί αὐτός Ἑλένῃ συν'ώκει.
Εἰ καί μή βλέπεις, φρονεῖς δ’ ὅμως.
_sntxOpposite:(Εἰ καί θνητός ἦν,) ηὐτύχηκε διά βίου.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι εναντιωματικές προτάσεις είναι προτάσεις κυρίως υποθετικές με τους συνδέσμους καί ή οὐδέ ή μηδέ και τον υποθετικό σύνδεσμο, γι’ αυτό έχουν άρνηση μή και εκφέρονται όπως και οι υποθετικές προτάσεις:
α) Οριστική ή ευκτική, όταν ο σύνδεσμος εισαγωγής περιέχει το εἰ.
β) Υποτακτική, όταν ο σύνδεσμος εισαγωγής περιέχει τα ἄν, ἤν, ἐάν.
Σημείωση. Όταν μετά τους υποθετικούς συνδέσμους εἰ, ἐάν, ἄν, ἤν ακολουθεί ο καί ως προσθετικός, τότε δεν έχουμε εναντιωματική πρόταση αλλά υποθετική. Ο σύνδεσμος εἰ καί, όταν έχει τη σημασία τού «ακόμη κι αν», εισάγει παραχωρητική πρόταση.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι εναντιωματικές προτάσεις χρησιμοποιούνται ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί που δηλώνουν εναντίωση.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΝΔΟΙΑΣΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΝΔΟΙΑΣΤΙΚΗ,

Ενδοιαστικές ή διστακτικές προτάσεις ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες ονοματικές προτάσεις που εκφράζουν ενδοιασμό ή φόβο ή δισταγμό για κάποιο πιθανό κακό ή κάτι το ανεπιθύμητο.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι ενδοιαστικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με τους ενδοιαστικούς συνδέσμους:
α) μή ή όπως μή, όταν εκφράζουν φόβο μήπως γίνει κάτι:
Φοβεῖται μή τά ἔσχατα πάθῃ.
β) μή οὐ, όταν εκφράζουν φόβο μήπως δε γίνει κάτι:
Κίνδυνος ἐστί _sntxHesitation:μή οὐ δυνηθῶ ταῦτα πρᾶξαι.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι διστακτικές προτάσεις εκφέρονται κανονικά με υποτακτική, αλλά ύστερα από ιστορικό χρόνο εκφέρονται και με ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου, όπως και οι ειδικές προτάσεις:
Οὐ τοῦτο ἐφοβεῖτο, μή τινες πορεύσοιντο ἐπί τήν ἐκείνου δύναμιν.
Οι ενδοιαστικές προτάσεις όταν δηλώνουν κάτι πραγματικό και όχι ενδεχόμενο, εκφέρονται και με οριστική:
Δείδω μή δή πάντα θεά νημερτέα εἶπεν (Φοβάμαι μήπως η θεά τα είπε όλα σωστά).
Πολλές φορές οι ενδοιαστικές προτάσεις βρίσκονται στον λόγο ως ανεξάρτητες με υποτακτική ή οριστική μέλλοντα:
Οὐ μή εἴσει εἰς τήν οἰκίαν (Δεν υπάρχει περίπτωση να μπεις στο σπίτι).
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι ενδοιαστικές προτάσεις εξαρτώνται από ρήματα που σημαίνουν φόβο ή δισταγμό, υποψία, προφύλαξη όπως: φοβοῦμαι, δέδοικα ἤ δέδια, ὀκνῶ, διστάζω, ὑποπτεύω, φυλάττομαι κτλ. και χρησιμοποιούνται ως αντικείμενα των ρημάτων από τα οποία εξαρτώνται:
Ἐφοβεῖτο μή πάππος ἀποθάνῃ.
Οι ενδοιαστικές προτάσεις μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν:
- ως υποκείμενο, όταν εξαρτώνται από απρόσωπες εκφράσεις:
Δεινόν ἐφαίνετο εἶναι μή οἱ στρατιῶται δύσνοι (απουσία ρήματος).
Έλεγε ὡς κίνδυνος εἴη μή καί οἱ Ἕλληνες, εἰ ταῦτα αἴσθοιντο, συσταῖεν (η πρόταση μή καί οἱ Ἕλληνες συσταῖεν είναι υποκείμενο στο κίνδυνος εἴη).
- ως επεξήγηση:
Έστι μάλιστα τοῦτο δέος, μή πανοῦργος ὤν τρέψηται καί παρασπάσηται τι τῶν ἄλλων πραγμάτων.
Ὥστε οὐ τοῦτο δέδοικα, μή οὐκ ἔχω ὅ,τι δῶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν φίλων.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'επιρρηματική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.επιρρηματική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557ε,

Οι χρονικές, οι αιτιολογικές, οι τελικές, οι υποθετικές, οι εναντιωματικές, οι παραχωρητικές και οι συμπερασματικές, και κάποιες από τις αναφορικές λειτουργούν ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί. Για το λόγο αυτό ονομάζονται επιρρηματικές.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.γλσΕλα'ονοματική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση, {2012-09-09}
* McsElln.ονοματική-δευτερεύουσα-πρόταση@cptCore557ε,

_DESCRIPTION:
• Οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις που αντιστοιχούν προς ένα όνομα ουσιαστικό ή επίθετο και τις συντακτικές λειτουργίες αυτών των ονομάτων λέγονται ονοματικές δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις (βλ. κεφ. 10).
[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/page_072.html]
===
Από αυτές: οι ειδικές, οι ενδοιαστικές, οι πλάγιες ερωτηματικές και κάποιες από τις αναφορικές λειτουργούν σαν ονόματα, δηλαδή χρησιμοποιούνται ως υποκείμενο, αντικείμενο, κατηγορούμενο ή προσδιορισμός[ονοματος]. Για το λόγο αυτό ονομάζονται ονοματικές.
[http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/deutereuouses-protaseis.htm]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΠΑΡΑXΩΡΗΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΠΑΡΑXΩΡΗΤΙΚΗ,

Παραχωρητικές ή ενδοτικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες επιρρηματικές προτάσεις που φανερώνουν ότι το υποκείμενο παραδέχεται (παραχωρεί) κάτι ή υποχωρεί (ενδίδει) σε κάτι αντίθετο προς το περιεχόμενο της κύριας πρότασης. Δέχονται άρνηση μή.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι παραχωρητικές ή ενδοτικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με τους συνδέσμους:
α) καί εἰ, κεἰ, καί ἄν, καί ἐάν, κἄν, καί ἤν (ακόμη κι αν, έστω κι αν, κι αν ακόμα), ύστερα από καταφατική πρόταση:
Κεἰ μή πέποιθα, τό ἔργον ἐστί εργαστέον.
Καί εἰ ἀθάνατος ἦν, οὐκ ἄν ἐδύνατο κωλύσαι ἡμᾶς.
Γελᾷ ὁ μωρός, κἄν τι μή γελοῖον’ῇ.
β) οὐδ' εἰ, μηδ' εἰ, οὐδ' ἐάν, οὐδ' ἄν, οὐδ' ἥν, μηδ' ἐάν, μηδ' ἄν, μηδ' ἥν (ούτε κι αν), ύστερα από αρνητική πρόταση, όταν φανερώνουν κάτι που δε θεωρείται πραγματικό αλλά πιθανό ή και αδύνατο:
Οὐκ αθυμητέον τοῖς παροῦσι πράγμασι, οὐδ' εἰ πάνυ φαύλως ἔχειν δοκεῖ.
Οὐ ποιήσω τοῦτο, οὐδ' εἰ πάντα μοι διδόασιν.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι παραχωρητικές προτάσεις εκφέρονται όπως και οι υποθετικές με:
α) Οριστική ή ευκτική, όταν ο σύνδεσμος εισαγωγής περιέχει το εἰ.
β) Υποτακτική, όταν ο σύνδεσμος εισαγωγής περιέχει τα ἄν, ἤν, ἐάν.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι παραχωρητικές προτάσεις χρησιμοποιούνται ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί που δηλώνουν παραχώρηση.
Σημείωση. Σε μερικές περιπτώσεις ο σύνδεσμος καί βρίσκεται πριν από τον υποθετικό σύνδεσμο εἰ, ἄν (ἤν, ἐάν), χωρίς να εισάγεται πρόταση παραχωρητική:
Ἡμεῖς νικῶμεν τε βασιλέα καί εἰ μή ὑμεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἄν ἐπί βασιλέα.
Σ' αυτές τις περιπτώσεις ο καί είναι συμπλεκτικός ή επιδοτικός ή μεταβατικός και η πρόταση είναι υποθετική.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΠΛΑΓΙΑ-ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΠΛΑΓΙΑ-ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Πλάγιες ερωτηματικές είναι οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις που εκφράζουν μια ερώτηση σε πλάγιο λόγο, δηλαδή η ερώτηση δε διατυπώνεται κατευθείαν από αυτόν που ρωτάει, αλλά με τη μεσολάβηση κάποιου ρήματος εξάρτησης, γι’ αυτό και δεν έχουν στο τέλος ερωτηματικό.
Έχουν άρνηση οὐ ή μή.
Ευθεία ερώτηση: Οἶσθά τι ἀγαθόν, ὦ Σώκρατες;
Πλάγια ερώτηση: Ἀρίστιππος Σωκράτη ἤρετο εἴ τι εἰδείη ἀγαθόν.
Οι προτάσεις αυτές, ανάλογα με τον βαθμό άγνοιας που εμπεριέχουν, χωρίζονται σε:
α) Ολικής άγνοιας, όταν αφορούν όλη την πρόταση της οποίας το περιεχόμενο θέτουν σε αμφιβολία και μπορούν να απαντηθούν με ένα ναί ή ένα οὐ. Οι ολικής άγνοιας διακρίνονται και αυτές σε:
-Μονομελείς, όταν ζητείται απάντηση σε ένα μόνο ερώτημα.
-Διμελείς, όταν αποτελούνται από δύο ερωτήσεις.
β) Μερικής άγνοιας, όταν αφορά μέρος μόνο της πρότασης για το οποίο ζητεί κάποιος να μάθει λεπτομέρειες.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
1. Οι ολικής άγνοιας εισάγονται:
- όταν είναι μονομελείς με το ερωτηματικό μόριο εἰ (μήπως, αν) και σπάνια με τα ἐάν, ἄν, ἤν (αν):
Τόν θεόν ἐπήροντο εἰ παραδοῖεν Κορινθίοις τήν πόλιν.
Ἀλλ' ὅρα εἰ ἔχεις τε.
Θεασάμενος δέ αὐτήν ἐπυνθάνετο εἰ καλόν ἐστι τό ὕδωρ.
- όταν είναι διμελείς με τα ζεύγη: εἰ – ἤ (εάν – ή), εἴτε – εἴτε (εάν – ή), πότερον – (πότερα) –ἤ (ποιο από τα δύο - ή):
Κλέαρχος ἐβουλεύετο εἰ πέμποιέν τινας ἤ πάντες ἴοιεν ἐπί τό στρατόπεδον.
Ἐβουλεύετο πότερον μάχην συνάπτοι ἤ Λύσανδρον ἀναιροῖτο.
Πλαταιεῖς ἐβουλεύοντο εἴτε κατακαύσωσι Θηβαίους εἴτε ἄλλο τι χρήσωνται.
2. Οι μερικής άγνοιας εισάγονται:
με ερωτηματικές ή αναφορικές αντωνυμίες και με ερωτηματικά ή αναφορικά επιρρήματα:
Τήν δέ βουλήν προβουλεύσασαν εἰσενεγκεῖν ὅτῳ τρόπῳ οἱ ἄνδρες κρίνοιντο.
Ὁ δέ παριών καί παραπέμπων τῶν πελταστῶν τούς ἰσχυροτάτους ἐκέλευε σκέψασθαι τί εἴη τό κωλῦον.
Καίτοι ἐπιστάμεθα μέν δήπου τίνες εἰσί νέων διαφθοραί.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
Οι πλάγιες ερωτηματικές προτάσεις εκφέρονται με τις εγκλίσεις με τις οποίες εκφέρονται και οι ευθείες ερωτήσεις (οριστική, δυνητική οριστική, δυνητική ευκτική και υποτακτική). Όταν όμως εξαρτώνται από ρήμα σε ιστορικό χρόνο, τότε συνήθως εκφέρονται με ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου, όπως και οι ειδικές και οι ενδοιαστικές προτάσεις.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι πλάγιες ερωτηματικές προτάσεις εξαρτώνται από τα ρήματα που σημαίνουν ερώτηση, απορία (ἐρωτῶ, ἀπορῶ, θαυμάζω, πυνθάνομαι κ.τ.ό.), δείξη, ανακοίνωση (λέγω, δείκνυμι, δηλῶ, ἀποκρίνομαι κ.τ.ό.) γνώση, άγνοια (γιγνώσκω, αἰσθάνομαι, οἶδα, ὁρῶ, ἀγνοῶ κ.τ.ό.), απόπειρα, φροντίδα (ἐπιμελοῦμαι, πειρῶμαι, φροντίζω, παρασκευάζομαι, πράττω κ.τ.ό.), σκέψη, προσοχή (σκοπῶ ἤ σκοποῦμαι, εξετάζω, βουλεύομαι κ.τ.ό.) και χρησιμοποιούνται ως αντικείμενα των ρημάτων αυτών:
Σύ δέ εἰπέ εἴ τινα οἶσθα ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ γεγενημένον ἤ ἐξ εὐσεβοῦς ἀνόσιον ἤ ἐκ σώφρονος ὑβριστήν.
Επίσης μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως υποκείμενο, όταν εξαρτώνται από απρόσωπα ρήματα ή απρόσωπες εκφράσεις που έχουν την ίδια σημασία με τα προηγούμενα ρήματα καθώς και ως επεξήγηση συνήθως σε δεικτική αντωνυμία ουδέτερου γένους.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Συμπερασματικές ή αποτελεσματικές ή ακολουθίας ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες επιρρηματικές προτάσεις που φανερώνουν το συμπέρασμα ή το αποτέλεσμα της ενέργειας της πρότασης, από την οποία εξαρτώνται, γι’ αυτό κανονικά βρίσκονται μετά την κύρια πρόταση.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι συμπερασματικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με τους συμπερασματικούς συνδέσμους ὥστε, ὡς.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
α) Με τις εγκλίσεις των προτάσεων κρίσης και με ευκτική του πλάγιου λόγου), όταν φανερώνουν αποτέλεσμα που είναι ή θεωρείται πραγματικό και έχουν άρνηση οὐ:
Ἐνταῦθα ἐπιπίπτει χιών ἄπλετος, _stsEffect:ὥστε ἀπέκρυψε καί τά ὅπλα καί τούς ἀνθρώπους κατακειμένους.
Εὐθύς μέν ἡ Ἀριάδνη ἀκούσασα τοιοῦτόν τι ἐποίησεν, ὡς πᾶς ἄν ἔγνω ὅτι ἀσμένη ἤκουσεν (Η Αριάδνη αμέσως μόλις το άκουσε, ενήργησε έτσι, ώστε ο οποιοσδήποτε θα μπορούσε να καταλάβει ότι το άκουσε με ευχαρίστηση).
β) Με απαρέμφατο τελικό, όταν φανερώνουν αποτέλεσμα ενδεχόμενο ή δυνατό και έχουν άρνηση μή:
Πολλήν κραυγήν ἐποίουν, ὥστε καί τούς πολεμίους ἀκούειν.
Ο ὥστε με απαρέμφατο χρησιμοποιείται επίσης, όταν δηλώνεται:
1. Σκοπός (αποτέλεσμα που επιδιώκουμε):
Πᾶν ποιοῦσιν, ὥστε μή διδόναι δίκην.
Πάντα χρή ποιεῖν, ὥστε μοίρας τυχεῖν καλῆς.
2. Όρος ή συμφωνία:
Σπονδάς ἐποίουν, ὥστε μή στρατεύειν ἐπί τούς συμμάχους.
Συμμαχίαν ἐποιήσαντο ἐπί τοῖσδε, ὥστε μή στρατεύειν Ἀκαρνᾶνας ἐπ' Ἀθηναίους.
Αλλά συνήθως, όταν πρόκειται να δηλωθεί όρος ή συμφωνία, ἀντί γιά ὥστε χρησιμοποιεῖται το ἐφ' ‘ῷ ή ἐφ' ‘ῷτε (με την προϋπόθεση να) με απαρέμφατο ή με μέλλοντα οριστικής:
Ἀφίεμέν σε, Ὦ Σώκρατες, ἐπί τούτῳ μέντοι, ἐφ' ‘ῷτε μηκέτι ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ζητήσει διατρίβειν μηδέ φιλοσοφεῖν.
Μειδίας σύμμαχος ἐγένετο Δερκυλίδ'α, ἐφ' ‘ῷ τούς πολίτας ἐλευθέρους ἐᾶν.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι συμπερασματικές προτάσεις χρησιμοποιούνται ως:
α) Επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί του αποτελέσματος ή του συμπεράσματος (πραγματικού ή υποκειμενικού):
Οὐχ οὕτως ἄφρων εἰμί, ὥστ’ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι βούλεσθαι.
β) Επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί που δηλώνουν όρο ή συμφωνία:
Ὕστερον καί πρός τούς ἄλλους ἅπαντας τούς μετά Δημοσθένους ὁμολογία γίγνεται ὥστε τά ὅπλα παραδοῦναι.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.ΤΕΛΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.ΤΕΛΙΚΗ,

Τελικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες επιρρηματικές προτάσεις που εκφράζουν το τελικό αίτιο, δηλαδή τον σκοπό.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι τελικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με τους τελικούς συνδέσμους ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς (για να) και έχουν άρνηση μή.
Μικρόν ἐπάνειμι, _sntxGoal:ἵνα σαφέστερον δηλωθῇ πᾶσα ἡ Περσῶν πολιτεία.
Μή σπεῦδε πλουτεῖν, ἵνα μή πτωχός γένῃ.
Οι τελικές προτάσεις με άρνηση πολλές φορές, εισάγονται χωρίς τελικό σύνδεσμο παρά μόνο με το μή (για να μη):
Ἐδόκει αὐτοῖς ἀπιέναι, μή τις ἐπίθεσις γένηται.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
α) Με υποτακτική, όταν δηλώνουν σκοπό προσδοκώμενο με βεβαιότητα.
Ξυμπέμπουσί τε τῷ Μελησίππῳ ἀγωγούς, ὅπως μηδενί ξυγγένηται.
Τίμα τόν πατέρα καί τήν μητέρα σου ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται.
β) Με υποτακτική + ἄν αοριστολογικό, όταν δηλώνουν σκοπό επιδιωκόμενο υπό προϋποθέσεις.
γ) Με ευκτική πλάγιου λόγου, ύστερα από ιστορικό χρόνο, όταν δηλώνουν σκοπό υποκειμενικό και αβέβαιο στο παρελθόν.
Καί εὐθύς ἐξέφερε πρός τούς ἡγεμόνας τῶν νεῶν διακοσίαις ναυσίν ἀναχθέντας ἤδη διαζῶσαι τάς νήσους, ὅπως ἐκφύγοι μηδείς τῶν πολεμίων.
δ) Με οριστική ιστορικού χρόνου, για να φανερώσουν σκοπό που δεν μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί, όταν προηγείται κάτι που δεν έγινε ή ευχή ανεκπλήρωτη.
Έδει τά ἐνέχυρα τότε λαβεῖν ὡς μή ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν.
ε. Υποτακτική + ἄν όταν κρύβεται κάποια προϋπόθεση.
στ. Δυνητική ευκτική: Γύμναζε σεαυτόν πόνοις ἑκουσίοις ὅπως ἄν δύναιο καί τούς ἀκουσίους ὑπομένειν.
ζ. Με υποτακτική ύστερα από ιστορικό χρόνο (αντί ευκτικής). Στην περίπτωση αυτή δηλώνεται πως ο σκοπός που ξεκινάει απ’ το παρελθόν επεκτείνεται και στο παρόν: ἐκκλησίαν τούτου ἕνεκα ξυνήγαγον ὅπως ὑπομνήσω καί μέμψωμαι.
Εναλλαγή εγκλίσεων: Όπως και στις ειδικές υπάρχει περίπτωση ύστερα από ιστορικό χρόνο να εισάγονται δύο τελικές προτάσεις η μία κανονικά με ευκτική πλάγιου λόγου και η άλλη με υποτακτική (δηλώνεται ο αντικειμενικός σκοπός).
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι τελικές προτάσεις χρησιμοποιούνται ως:
α) Επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί του σκοπού κυρίως σε ρήματα που δηλώνουν κίνηση ή σκόπιμη ενέργεια:
β) Επεξηγήσεις σε εμπρόθετο προσδιορισμό του σκοπού και κυρίως στα διά τούτο, τούτου ένεκα.
Σημείωση. Μια τελική πρόταση εκφέρεται με ευκτική επίσης, και αν ακόμα δεν εξαρτάται από ιστορικό χρόνο, όταν δηλώνει μια απλή σκέψη ή όταν υπάρχει έλξη.
Τέλος οι προτάσεις που εισάγονται με το ὅπως ή ὅπως μή και εξαρτώνται από ρήματα που σημαίνουν φροντίδα, είναι κυρίως πλάγιες ερωτηματικές προτάσεις, αλλά μπορούν, ανάλογα με τα συμφραζόμενα, να χρησιμοποιούνται στον λόγο και ως τελικές ή ενδοιαστικές.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΕξρΕλα.XΡΟΝΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΕξρΕλα.XΡΟΝΙΚΗ,

Χρονικές ονομάζονται οι δευτερεύουσες επιρρηματικές προτάσεις, που εκφράζουν γενικά χρόνο. Δέχονται άρνηση οὐ ή μή.
Οι χρονικές προτάσεις δηλώνουν:
α) Το προτερόχρονο, όταν αυτό που δηλώνει η χρονική πρόταση γίνεται πριν από την πράξη της κύριας πρότασης.
α) Το σύγχρονο, όταν αυτό που δηλώνει η χρονική πρόταση γίνεται την ίδια στιγμή με την πράξη της κύριας πρότασης.
γ) Το υστερόχρονο, όταν αυτό που δηλώνει η χρονική πρόταση γίνεται ύστερα από την πράξη της κύριας πρότασης.
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ:
Οι χρονικές προτάσεις εισάγονται με:
α) Όταν δηλώνουν το προτερόχρονο:
με τους χρονικούς συνδέσμους ή τις χρονικές εκφράσεις ὡς (αφού, μόλις), ἐπεί, ἐπειδή (αφού, αφότου), ἐπεί (ἐπειδή) πρῶτον, ἐπεί (ἐπειδή) τάχιστα (αμέσως μόλις, όταν), πρίν + έγκλιση (παρά αφού):
Ἐπεί δέ τά πιστά ἐγένετο, εἶπεν ὁ Κλέαρχος.
β) Όταν δηλώνουν το σύγχρονο:
-με τους χρονικούς συνδέσμους ὅτε, ὁπότε (όταν, τότε που), ἕως, ἔστε, ἄχρι, μέχρι (μέχρις ότου, ώσπου), ἡνίκα, ὁπηνίκα (τη στιγμή που, ενώ).
-με τα χρονικά επιρρήματα ὁσάκις, ὁποσάκις (κάθε φορά που).
-με τις αναφορικές εκφράσεις ὅσον χρόνον, ἐν ‘ῷ, ἐν ὅσῳ (ενώ, καθώς, στο διάστημα που):
Ἕως ἐστί καιρός, ἀντιλάβεσθε τῶν πραγμάτων.
γ) Όταν δηλώνουν το υστερόχρονο:
-με τους χρονικούς συνδέσμους ἕως, ἔστε, ἄχρι, μέχρι, πρίν + απαρέμφατο (προτού να).
-με τις εμπρόθετες αναφορικές εκφράσεις μέχρι οὗ, ἄχρι οὗ, μέχρι ὅτου, ἄχρι ὅτου (μέχρις ότου, έως ότου):
Ἐμάχοντο, μέχρι οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἀπέπλευσαν.
ΕΚΦΟΡΑ:
α) Με οριστική, όταν φανερώνουν κάτι πραγματικό (άρνηση οὐ):
Ἡνίκα δείλη ἐγίγνετο, ἐφάνη κονιορτός.
Ἐπεί Κῦρος τέθνηκεν, Ἀριαῖος ἀπέστη πρός βασιλέα.
β) Με υποτακτική, όταν φανερώνουν το προσδοκώμενο ή μια πράξη που επαναλαμβάνεται αόριστα στο παρόν ή στο μέλλον (άρνηση μή):
Ὅταν πλεῖστά τις ἔχῃ, τότε πλεῖστοι καί φθονοῦσι καί ἐπιβουλεύουσι.
Μείνατε αὐτόθι ἕως ἄν φῶς γένηται.
Μή ἀπέλθητε, πρίν ἄν σπονδάς ποιήσωμεν.
Με αυτές τις χρονικές προτάσεις ύστερα από τον χρονικό σύνδεσμο ακολουθεί ο αοριστολογικός ἄν και έτσι οι χρονικοί σύνδεσμοι ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, καί ἐπειδή γίνονται: ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπάν, ἐπειδάν.
γ) Με ευκτική (επαναληπτική), όταν φανερώνουν απλή σκέψη του λέγοντος ή πράξη που επαναλαμβάνεται στο παρελθόν (άρνηση μή):
Ὁ ἑκών πεινῶν φάγοι ἄν, ὁπότε βούλοιτο.
Οἱ νέοι ἐγυμνάζοντο, ὁπότε βούλοιντο.
Σύνταξη χρονικού συνδέσμου πρίν. Ὁ χρονικός σύνδεσμος πρίν συντάσσεται συνήθως:
1. Με οριστική ιστορικού χρόνου ή υποτακτική, όταν η κύρια πρόταση είναι αρνητική:
Οὔτε Κῦρον ἰδεῖν ἤθελε, πρίν ἡ γυνή αὐτόν ἔπεισεν.
Μή ἀπέλθητε, πρίν ἄν ἀκούσητε.
2. Με απαρέμφατο, όταν η κύρια πρόταση είναι καταφατική, και σπάνια αρνητική:
Πρίν καταλῦσαι τό στράτευμα πρός ἄριστον, βασιλεύς ἐφάνη.
Ἀποπέμπουσιν οὖν αὐτόν πρίν ἀκοῦσαι.
3. Με ευκτική, όταν υπάρχει έλξη από την έγκλιση της κύριας πρότασης ή όταν υπάρχει στην κύρια πρόταση ρήμα ιστορικού χρόνου (όπως και με τις ειδικές, αιτιολογικές, τελικές κτλ. προτάσεις):
Ὄλοιο μή πω, πρίν μάθοιμ’ εἰ καί πάλιν γνώμην μετοίσεις.
Ἀστυάγης ἀπηγόρευσε μηδένα βάλλειν, πρίν Κῦρος ἐμπλησθείη θηρῶν.
ΧΡΗΣΗ:
Οι χρονικές προτάσεις χρησιμοποιούνται ως επιρρηματικοί προσδιορισμοί χρόνου.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

sntDpd.NOUN-ARGUMENT

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.NOUN-ARGUMENT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.26,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1036.7,
* McsEngl.adjectival-subfrasis,
* McsEngl.adjective-clause,
* McsEngl.clause.adjective@cptCore1040,
* McsEngl.relative-clause,
* McsEngl.sentencerd.adjective,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ-ΥΠΟΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΙΚΗ-ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟΥ-ΥΠΟΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ονοματικός-προσδιορισμός-δευτερεύουσας-πρότασης, {2012-09-09}

_DEFINITION:
* NOUNER-SUBSENTENCE is a subsentence corelated with a nouner or a pronouner.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-09_nikkas]
===
* Ειδική πρόταση ως επεξήγηση παίρνουν:
α) ουσιαστικά που έχουν σημασία παρόμοια των ρημάτων αισθάνομαι, γνωρίζω,... όπως: διάδοση, γνώμη, πληροφορία, ...
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /[Peter] ({dashing} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: {είδαμε} /[τον Πέτρο] ({τρέχοντα} μέσα από _sntxArgt:[την πλατεία])/.
· _sntxEngl: [Donna] _sntxVerb:{has dreamt} _conj.about _sntxArgt:[[frogs] (sitting in trees)] @every night this week@.

* WITH TO+VERBERNAMER:
· _sntxEngl: [We] _sntxVerb:{saw} /[Peter] ({to dash} across _sntxArgt:[the quadrangle])/.
· _sntxEngl: {είδαμε} /[τον Πέτρο] ({να τρέχει} μέσα από _sntxArgt:[την πλατεία])/.

* WITH CORELATER:
· _sntxEngl: [It] suddenly {occured} _sntxConj:(to) _sntxArgt:[me] (that he was deaf). [FRANKLIN LM-6000, 1991]
= [that (he was deaf)] suddenly {occured} to @me@.
· _sntxEngl: [I] _sntxVerb:{signed up} for _sntxArgt:[the course (which Prof. Shenton teaches)]. [FRANKLIN LM-6000, 1991]
· _sntxEngl: [The woman (who lives next door)] _sntxVerb:{feeds} /our cats/ when _sntxArgt:[we're away]. [FRANKLIN LM-6000, 1991]
· _sntxEngl: [The play] _sntxVerb:{ends} with _sntxArgt:[[an epilogue] (spoken by the fool)]. Uses participle.

· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.27,

_DESCRIPTION:
* TO + VERBERNAMER: express the verb in an argument-subsentence.
===
* A VERB-ARGUMENT--SUBSENTENCE is expressed with a participle or with the "to name" types. [hmnSngo.2003-12-14_nikkas]
· _sntxEngl: [The marketing team] _sntxVerb:{voted} _sntxArgt:[to run an anticipatory ad campaign] _sntxConj:(before) @they launched the new software@.
-[ A VERB] _sntxVerb:{combines} with @[a noun] or [pronoun]@ @to express a thought@. ΓΙΑ'ΝΑ
===
* the subsentence can be any verbar.[hmnSngo.2003-12-13_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* CLAUSES OF COMPARISON/ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΣΥΓΚΡΙΣΗΣ
* CLAUSES OF CONDITION/ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ
* CLAUSES OF TIME/ΧΡΟΝΙΚΕΣ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΟΥΣΕΣ ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ
* CLAUSES OF MANNER/ΤΡΟΠΙΚΕΣ
* CLAUSES OF REASON/ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ
* CLAUSES OF PLACE/ΤΟΠΙΚΕΣ
* CLAUSES OF PURPOSE AND RESULT/ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΚΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΛΙΚΕΣ

· _sntxElln: _sntxConj:(ΟΠΟΤΕ) _sntxArgt:[ΠΕΙΝΟΥΣΕ] _sntxVerb:{ζητούσε} _sntxConj:(να) /φάει/.

ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

_DESCRIPTION:
Any verb-argument except subjec, object, subject-complement,
[hmnSngo.2012-09-09]

ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ

_DESCRIPTION:
Any verb-argument of type subjec, object, subject-complement,
[hmnSngo.2012-09-09]

sntDpd.verbarg.AGENT

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.verbarg.AGENT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1036.6,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1036.6,

_SPECIFIC:

sntDpd.verbarg.OBJECT-CLAUSE

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.verbarg.OBJECT-CLAUSE,

sntDpd.verbarg.SUBJECT-CLAUSE

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpd.verbarg.SUBJECT-CLAUSE,

lagHmnstc.IS-NOT-VERBARGUMENT

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.IS-NOT-VERBARGUMENT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.20,
* McsEngl.sentensero.independent@cptCore557.20,
* McsEngl.independent-sentence@cptCore557.20, {2012-07-20}
* McsEngl.sntDpdNo@cptCore557.20,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ανεξάρτητη-πρόταση@cptCore557.20, {2012-10-09}
* McsElln.πρτΑνξ@cptCore557.20, {2012-10-09}

_DEFINITION:
* Independent-sentencer is a sentencer that is NOT another sentencer's constituent.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

_DESCRIPTION:
* An independent could be compound#cptCore557.17# or notcompound#cptCore557.19#.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-18_nikkas]

sntDpdNo.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.sntDpdNo.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.αρxαία-ελληνική-ανεξάρτητη-πρόταση, {2012-10-09}
* McsElln.αρxαία-ελληνική-κύρια-πρόταση, {2012-10-09}
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα, {2012-10-09}

_DESCRIPTION:
Μια πρόταση ως προς τη σχέση της με άλλες προτάσεις λέγεται κύρια ή ανεξάρτητη, όταν μπορεί να σταθεί μόνη της στο λόγο:
Ἀγησίλαος κατέλιπεν ἐν τῇ Ἀσί'α Εὔξενον ἁρμοστήν.
Οι κύριες προτάσεις συνδέονται μεταξύ τους με τους παρατακτικούς συνδέσμους (συμπλεκτικούς, αντιθετικούς, διαχωριστικούς κτλ.)
Η ΣΥΝΔΕΣΗ ΚΑΤΑ ΠΑΡΑΤΑΞΗ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΞΗΣ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΥΣ
ΔΙΑΖΕΥΚΤΙΚΟΙ: ἤ, εἴτε-ἤ, εἴτε-εἴτε, ἐάντε-ἐάντε, ἄν τε-ἄν τε, ἤντε-ἤντε
ΑΝΤΙΘΕΤΙΚΟΙ: μέν, δέ, μέντοι, ὅμως, ἀλλά, ἀλλά μήν, καίτοι, καίπερ, καί μήν
Ο ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΣ γάρ πάντα και πολύ σπάνια οι ὡς, ἐπεί
ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΟΙ: ἄρα, δή, οὖν, τοίνυν, οὔκουν, οὐκοῦν, τοιγάρτοι, τοιγαροῦν
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ,

Οι αιτιολογικές προτάσεις που εκφέρονται με δυνητική οριστική τυπικά μόνο είναι δευτερεύουσες, στην ουσία είναι προτάσεις ανεξάρτητες. Γι’ αυτό βρίσκονται στην αρχή περιόδου ή ημιπεριόδου.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΗ,

Οι αναφορικές αντωνυμίες και τα οὗ, ὅθεν, ὁπόθεν, ἔνθα, ἔνθεν στην αρχή μιας περιόδου ή ημιπεριόδου έχουν πολλές φορές δεικτική σημασία και δεν εισάγουν δευτερεύουσα αναφορική αλλά κύρια πρόταση, που συνδέεται παρατακτικά με τα προηγούμενα.
Οι αναφορικές προτάσεις διακρίνονται σε ονοματικές και επιρρηματικές.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΑΠΟΦΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΑΠΟΦΑΤΙΚΗ,

Αρνητική ή αποφατική λέγεται μια πρόταση, όταν εκφράζει άρνηση με το οὐ (προτάσεις κρίσης) ή το μή (προτάσεις επιθυμίας).
Οὐ γιγνώσκω.
Οὐκ ἀρνοῦμαι ταῦτα.
Μή βλάπτε μηδένα.
Μηδενί συμφοράν ὀνειδίσῃς.
Μή φύγῃς.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ,

Mε τις προτάσεις επιθυμίας εκφράζεται μια επιθυμία, μια ευχή, μια προσταγή κ.τ.ό.:
Μή πτύετε.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΠΙΦΩΝΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΠΙΦΩΝΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Επιφωνηματική είναι η πρόταση που εκφράζει ψυχικό πάθος, δηλ. θαυμασμό, λύπη, χαρά, έκπληξη. Στις επιφωνηματικές προτάσεις το ρήμα συνήθως παραλείπεται:
Ὦ δῖος αἰθήρ!
Ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Ερωτηματική είναι η πρόταση που εκφράζει ερώτηση. Οι ερωτηματικές είναι προτάσεις κρίσης (άρνηση οὐ) ή επιθυμίας με ερωτηματική μορφή (άρνηση μή). Ως προς τη σχέση τους με άλλες προτάσεις διακρίνονται σε κύριες (ευθείες ερωτήσεις) και σε δευτερεύουσες (πλάγιες ερωτήσεις).
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΥΘΕΙΑ-ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΕΥΘΕΙΑ-ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

Ευθείες ερωτηματικές ή αλλιώς ευθείες ερωτήσεις λέγονται οι κύριες προτάσεις με τις οποίες μια ερώτηση διατυπώνεται άμεσα από αυτόν που την υποβάλλει. Οι ευθείες ερωτήσεις, ανάλογα με τον βαθμό άγνοιας που δηλώνουν, διακρίνονται σε προτάσεις:
1. Ολικής άγνοιας στις οποίες η απάντηση μπορεί να είναι ένα ναί ή ένα οὐ ή κάποια άλλη αντίστοιχη λέξη: μάλιστα, οὐδαμῶς, πῶς γάρ οὐ, κομιδῇ μέν οὖν κτλ., γιατί η απάντηση αφορά όλο το περιεχόμενο της πρότασης:
– Ἄρα σύ εἶ Σωκράτης; – Ναί.
– Οὐκοῦν ἀποκρινεῖ; –πάνυ μέν οὖν.
Οι προτάσεις αυτές εισάγονται με ένα ερωτηματικό μόριο ἄρα, ἀρά γε οὐκοῦν, οὔκουν κτλ. ή απλώς η ερωτηματική τους μορφή δηλώνεται με τον τόνο της φωνής.
2. Μερικής άγνοιας στις οποίες η απάντηση δεν μπορεί να είναι ένα ναί ή ένα οὐ, γιατί αναφέρεται σ’ ένα μόνο μέρος του περιεχομένου της πρότασης:
– Πόσα ἄν μοι χρήματα δοίης; – Ὁπόσα ἄν δυναίμην.
– Τί δ' ἔστι τό κακόν τοῦτο καί ποῖ τείνει; – δῆλον ὅτι.
Οι ερωτήσεις που δηλώνουν μερική άγνοια εισάγονται με ερωτηματικές αντωνυμίες ή με ερωτηματικά επιρρήματα (τίς, ποῖος, πόσος κτλ. ή ποῦ, πόθεν, πῶς κτλ.)
Όταν οι ερωτηματικές προτάσεις είναι διμελείς, δηλαδή περιέχουν δύο ερωτήσεις, τότε στο α’ μέρος προτάσσεται συνήθως ή ερωτηματική αντωνυμία πότερον ή πότερα, ενώ στο β’ μέρος ο διαχωριστικός σύνδεσμος ἤ. Κατά τη μετάφραση στη Ν.Ε. η λέξη πότερον ή πότερα μπορεί να παραλείπεται:
Ἀπιόντες ἐνθένδε ἡμεῖς πότερον κακῶς τινας ποιούμεν ἤ οὐ;
Πότερον ἐγρήγορας ἤ καθεύδεις;
Σημείωση. Πολλές φορές, όπως και στη Ν.Ε., η ερώτηση διατυπώνεται, όχι για να πληροφορηθεί κανείς κάτι, αλλά για να εκφραστεί εντονότερα:
1. μια προτροπή ή μια παράκληση:
Οὐ περιμενεῖς; (αντί: περίμενε)
2. μια βεβαίωση ή μια άρνηση:
Τοῦτ' οὐκ ἔστι μεγάλη καί περιφανής ἀναισχυντία; (ἀντί: τοῦτ' ἔστι ἀναμφισβητήτως μεγάλη καί…)
3. μια υπόθεση:
Ἐξήμαρτέν τις ἄκων; (αντί: ἐάν τις ἐξαμάρτῃ ἄκων...)
Οι ερωτηματικές αυτές προτάσεις λέγονται ρητορικές.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΚΑΤΑΦΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΚΑΤΑΦΑΤΙΚΗ,

Καταφατική λέγεται μια πρόταση όταν δεν περιέχει άρνηση:
Ὁ σοφός ἐστιν εὐδαίμων.
Σύ Ἕλλην εἶ.
Περιέρρηξαν αὐτόν.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.ΚΡΙΣΗΣ

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.ΚΡΙΣΗΣ,

Mε τις προτάσεις κρίσης διατυπώνεται μια κρίση, μια σκέψη ή δίνεται μια πληροφορία κ.τ.ό.
Τά τῆς τύχης ἄδηλά ἐστι.
Πᾶσαι μεθίεσαν εἰς αὐτόν τάς αἰχμάς.
Οι προτάσεις κρίσης εκφέρονται με οριστική (απλή ή δυνητική) ή με δυνητική ευκτική και έχουν άρνηση οὐ.
[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

πρτΑνξΕλα.

name::
* McsElln.πρτΑνξΕλα.,

[lexigram, http://91.205.174.143/ellinognosia/ellinognosia3.php]

lagHmnstc.EXAMPLE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.EXAMPLE,

Ετσι ερευνώνται διαδικασίες δημιουργίας οργάνων για μεταμόσχευση, εμπλουτίζεται η κατανόηση μοριακών μηχανισμών που ελέγχουν διάφορες λειτουργίες του σώματός μας, τίθενται τα θεμέλια για μια νέα οικολογική βιοτεχνολογία, για την παραγωγή συμβατής με το περιβάλλον βιοενέργειας, «παντρεύεται» ο Η/Υ με τη Γενετική και γεννιούνται προσομοιώσεις για την καλύτερη κατανόηση της ζωής, επιχειρείται η κατανόηση του μυστηρίου των μυστηρίων, δηλαδή της ζωής, με πρωτοποριακό τρόπο στο εργαστήριο αφαιρώντας και προσθέτοντας γονίδια σε έναν πολύ απλό μονοκύτταρο οργανισμό, το μυκόπλασμα τζενιτάλιουν, δημιουργείται ήδη τεχνητό δέρμα, εισβάλλουν στην «ψυχή» με την εδραίωση ενός νέου κλάδου της Μοριακής Ψυχιατρικής που βασίζεται στην κατανόηση και τον έλεγχο των γονιδίων και των μορίων που επηρεάζουν τον ψυχισμό, την προσωπικότητα, τον ίδιο τον εγκέφαλο και προσπαθούν να αποκρυπτογραφήσουν τη βιολογική λειτουργία του, δημιουργούν ήδη νέα εξατομικευμένα φάρμακα για μια νέα αποτελεσματική προσωπική ιατρική, νέους διαγονιδιακούς οργανισμούς που με περίσσια προσοχή μπορεί να συμβάλουν στη λύση του προβλήματος της πείνας, προχωρούν σε νέες τεχνολογίες όπως η νανοτεχνολογία και η νανοϊατρική, υποβοηθούν ακόμη περισσότερο την υποβοηθούμενη αναπαραγωγή, πλησιάζουν πιο πολύ στην κατανόηση των διαφορών των δύο φύλων και καταρρίπτουν τη ρατσιστική αντίληψη, αναβαθμίζουν τη βιοηθική και τη δεοντολογία, μαθαίνουν περισσότερα για τον μίτο της εξέλιξης, για τους απόμακρους πρωτόγονους συγγενείς μας, τιθασεύουν την αφιλόξενη γη για να την καλλιεργήσουν, αρχίζουν να ελέγχουν την τρύπα του όζοντος κ.ά.
[Ο κ. Σταμάτης Ν. Αλαχιώτης είναι καθηγητής Γενετικής, πρόεδρος του Παιδαγωγικού Ινστιτούτου και πρώην πρύτανης του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών.
ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ , 12-01-2003
Κωδικός άρθρου: B13761H041 ]

lagHmnstc.EXCLAMATORY

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.EXCLAMATORY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.7,
* McsEngl.exclamation'sentensero,
* McsEngl.exclamatory-statement,
* McsEngl.statement.exclamatory@cptCore357,
* McsElln.ΕΠΙΦΩΝΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΕΠΙΦΩΝΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ@cptCore357,

_DEFINITION:
* Declears something strongly!

* ΕΠΙΦΩΝΗΜΑΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ονομάζονται οι προτάσεις#cptCore531.a# με τις οποίες εκφράζεται έκπληξη ή θαυμασμός και γενικά ένα έντονο συναίσθημα:
<αυτό είναι υπέροχο!>
Αυτές στο <γραπτό λόγο> συνοδεύονται από θαυμαστικό, ενώ στον <προφορικό λόγο> διακρίνονται από τον τόνο της φωνής.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 13#cptResource311#]

lagHmnstc.lango.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.lango.ENGLISH,

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ:
Η ΑΠΛΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΣΥΝΔΙΑΣΜΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ ΕΚΕΙΝΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΟΙ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΟΙ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΟΙ ΟΝΟΜΑΖΟΥΝ ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΦΡΑΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΦΡΑΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΔΥΟ ΑΥΤΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΤΑΣΣΟΝΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΗΣ ΣΕΙΡΑ:
ΟΦ + ΡΦ.
[Close et al, 1982, 31#cptResource338#]

_SPECIFIC:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557.69, {2012-09-23}
* McsEngl.question,
* McsEngl.question-statement@cptCore1164,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.demando@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.demando,
* McsEngl.kontesti@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.kontesti,
* McsEngl.esplordemandi@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.esplordemandi,

_GENERIC:
* entity.model.info#cptCore181#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* semasio-question#cptCore531.1#

_DESCRIPTION:
Question is the FRASI, the expression of an 'interrogative-statement#cptCore691.a#'.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]
===
A question may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or else the request itself made by such an expression. This information is provided with an answer.
Questions are normally put or asked using interrogative sentences. But they can also be put by imperative sentences, which normally express commands: "Tell me what 2 + 2 is"; conversely, some expressions, such as "Would you pass the butter?", have the grammatical form of questions but function as requests for action, not for answers. Although this interpretation may be a little more focused such a phrase as this, could theoretically, also be viewed not merely as a request, but as an observation of the other person's desire to comply with the request given.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question]
===
In grammar, most languages distinguish interrogative sentences, which put questions from declarative sentences that state propositions, by syntax. Some devices used by languages for marking questions include:
* A different tonal pattern (often a raised tone near the end of the sentence)
* A marked word order different from the usual word order in statements (see wh-movement)
* An interrogative mood or some other verb inflection such as the subjunctive mood
* A grammatical particle (cf. Japanese ka, Mandarin Chinese ma)
* (In written language) distinctive punctuation, such as the question mark
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
yes/no question
what question
when question
where question
why question

question.LANGO.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.question.LANGO.ENGLISH,

English create only affirmative questions. It uses

_SYNTAX:
· _sntxElln: _sntxArgt:[πότε] _sntxVerb:{θα πάμε} @στην Κρήτη@;
· _sntxElln: _sntxArgt:[που] _sntxVerb:{θα πάμε} @στην Κρήτη@;
· _sntxElln: /ποιόν/ _sntxVerb:{θα δούμε} _sntxArgt:[στην Κρήτη];
· _sntxElln: _sntxArgt:[πότε]cptCore22,
* McsEngl.frasi.one'meaning@cptCore22,
* McsEngl.monosemous-frasi,
* McsEngl.one-meaning-frasi,

* McsElln.ΜΟΝΟΣΗΜΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΜΟΝΟΣΗΜΑΝΤΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ.ΜΟΝΟΣΗΜΑΝΤΗ@cptCore22,

_DEFINITION:
* MONOSEME-FRASI is the FRASI that HAS one meaning/statement in no context.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-30_nikkas]

* ~~ΜΟΝΟΣΗΜΑΝΤΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι η ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore531.a# που έχει μία μόνο 'σημασια'.~~
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

lagHmnstc.semaso.MANY

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstc.semaso.MANY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore557.10,
* McsEngl.polysemous'sentence@cptCore557.10,
* McsEngl.frasi.polysemous@cptCore48,
* McsEngl.many-meanings-frasi,
* McsEngl.polysemous-frasi,

* McsElln.ΔΙΦΟΡΟΥΜΕΝΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΟΛΥΣΗΜΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ.ΠΟΛΥΣΗΜΗ@cptCore48,

=== _NOTES: The words monosymous/polysemous I found in wordnet 1.6
[hknu@cptCore2000-09-30_nikkas]

_DEFINITION:
* POLYSEME-FRASI is the FRASI that HAS more than one statements/meanings in no context.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-30_nikkas]

* ~~ΠΟΛΥΣΗΜΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ονομάζω την ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore531.a# με πολλές 'σημασιες'.~~
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

_EXAMPLE:
GREEK (stc):
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore557i,

_DEFINITION:
* Standard approaches to syntactic theory assume a set of syntactic atoms and a relatively small number of formal principles or constraints that determine how these atoms may be combined to form sentences. A sentence is assumed to be grammatical if it violates none of the formal constraints. An ungrammatical sentence is a sentence that violates one or more constraints. Some variants of syntactic theory have explored broader notions of what causes a sentence to be (un)grammatical.
[Phillips, Colling. Syntax. Univ Maryland USA, 2001]

lagHmnlingo'SENTENCE-SYSTEM.TITLESS

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo'SENTENCE-SYSTEM.TITLESS,

lagHmnlingo'COMPOUND-SENTENCE

_CREATED: {2014-01-08}.

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo'COMPOUND-SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.51,
* McsEngl.compound-sentence,
* McsEngl.compound-sentence@cptCore557.17,
* McsEngl.codeLngHmn.structure.SENTENCE-STRUCTURE,
* McsEngl.structure-of-sentences,
* McsEngl.lhnstcc,
* McsEngl.scsr, {2014-04-13}

_DESCRIPTION:
A structure of related 'independent-sentences' that look as one sentence eg "if s1 then s2".
[hmnSngo.2014-01-08]

COORDINATION

In linguistics, coordination is a frequently occurring complex syntactic structure that links together two or more elements, known as conjuncts or conjoins. The presence of coordination is often signaled by the appearance of a coordinator (= coordinating conjunction), e.g. and, or, but (in English). The totality of coordinator(s) and conjuncts forming an instance of coordination is called a coordinate structure. The unique properties of coordinate structures have motivated theoretical syntax to draw a broad distinction between coordination and subordination.[1] Coordination is one of the most studied fields in theoretical syntax, but despite decades of intensive examination, theoretical accounts differ significantly and there is no consensus about the best analysis.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)]

PARATAXIS

Parataxis (from Greek for 'act of placing side by side'; fr. para, beside + tassein, to arrange; contrasted to syntaxis) is a literary technique, in writing or speaking, that favors short, simple sentences, with the use of coordinating rather than subordinating conjunctions.[1] It can be contrasted with hypotaxis.[2]
It is also used to describe a technique in poetry in which two images or fragments, usually starkly dissimilar images or fragments, are juxtaposed without a clear connection. Readers are then left to make their own connections implied by the paratactic syntax. Ezra Pound, in his adaptation of Chinese and Japanese poetry, made the stark juxtaposition of images an important part of English language poetry.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parataxis]

lagHmnstcc.EQUIVALENCE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstcc.EQUIVALENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.17,
* McsEngl.equivalence@cptCore474.17, {2012-09-19}
* McsEngl.equivalence-vudero@cptCore474.17,
* McsEngl.if-and-only-if-sentence@cptCore474.17, {2012-09-19}
* McsEngl.iff-sentence@cptCore474.17, {2012-09-19}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ισοδυναμία@cptCore474.17, {2012-09-19}

_DESCRIPTION:
Kleene demonstrates what a wide range of means can be found in natural language to express equivalence:
1. <A IF AND ONLY IF B>.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore474i,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ.ΣΥΜΠΛΕΚΤΙΚΗ@cptCore474i,
* McsElln.σύζευξη@cptCore474.52, {2012-09-20}
* McsElln.συμπλεκτική-πρόταση@cptCore474.52, {2012-09-20}
* McsElln.ΣΥΜΠΛΕΚΤΙΚΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
* ΣΥΜΠΛΕΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΠΑΡΑΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore593# με 'συμπλεκτικους συνδεσμους'...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.LANGO.GREEK,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.συμπλεκτική-πρόταση,

_ENTITY:
* EllnLago#cptCore570#

_SYNTAX:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore474.19,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.διαζευκτική-πρόταση@cptCore474.19, {201.09.19}
* McsElln.ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ-ΦΡΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΦΡΑΣΗ.ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ@cptCore694,

_DEFINITION:
* ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ονομάζω ΠΑΡΑΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore593.a# με διαχωριστικούς συνδέσμους.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

Conjunction

ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΤΙΚΟΙ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΙ:
ή, ΕΙΤΕ.

LANGO.GREEK#cptCore570#

name::
* McsEngl.LANGO.GREEK,
* McsEngl.greek-disjunction-sentence,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.διαζευκτική-πρόταση,
* McsElln.ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΤΙΚΗ-ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,

_SYNTAX:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore474.50, {2012-09-19}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.σxήμα-με-συνδέσμους@cptCore474.50, {2012-09-19}

_SPECIFIC:

lagHmnstcc.WITHOUT-CONJUNCTION

_CREATED: {2012-09-19}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnstcc.WITHOUT-CONJUNCTION,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.49,
* McsEngl.without-conjunction-sentences@cptCore474.49, {2012-09-19}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ασύνδετο-σxήμα@cptCore474.49, {2012-09-19}

_DESCRIPTION:
ΧΩΡΙΣ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟ: απλή παράθεση που τη βρίσκουμε σε ζωηρό λόγο:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore593, {2012-03-14}
* McsEngl.semantic-model, {2003-10-28}
* McsEngl.semantic-model@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.semasio-view@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.semasio.view@cptCore593, {2012-08-25}
* McsEngl.view.human.SEMASIO,
* McsEngl.view.semasio@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.viewCptSemasio@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.viewSemasio@cptCore593,

* McsEngl.lagHmn'archetype.viewMIDDLE,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'referentLingo,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'semasio,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'entityMiddle,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'viewSemasio, {2014-01-03}
* McsEngl.lagHmn'viewMiddle, {2014-01-03}
* McsEngl.referentLingo@cptCore93.32, {2012-08-25}
* McsEngl.semasio@cptCore93.32, {2012-08-25}
* McsEngl.semasionHmn@cptCore93.32, {2012-09-28}
* McsEngl.sms@cptCore93.32, {2012-10-31}
* McsEngl.lhnsms, {2016-06-27}
* McsEngl.smsView@cptCore593, {2012-08-25}
* McsEngl.smsHview@cptCore593, {2012-09-03}
* McsEngl.viewHSms@cptCore593, {2012-09-23}
* McsEngl.viewSms@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.di@cptCore593, {2001-12-31}
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.ci@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.concept-system@,
* McsEngl.conceptual-information@, {2000-09-12}
* McsEngl.conceptual-information@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.conceptual-system@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.conceptual-structure@,
* McsEngl.concept-base@, {2001.04}
* McsEngl.concept-model@,
* McsEngl.conceptual-model@,
* McsEngl.descriptive-information@old@cptCore492, {2001-12-23}
* McsEngl.descriptive-information@old, {2001-12-31}
* McsEngl.descrInfo@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.descriptive'information@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.descriptive-information@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.descriptive-structure@old,
* McsEngl.descriptive-system@old,
* McsEngl.langemo-subworldview@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.langeto-view@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.mdmeaning@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.meaning-model@old, {2004-06-20}
* McsEngl.meaning-model@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.meaning-sentencer-strukturo@old,
* McsEngl.mineto'model@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.mmodel@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.mnm@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.model-meaning@old, {2004-09-12}
* McsEngl.msstructure@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.network-of-concepts@old,
* McsEngl.noto@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.notum@old,
* McsEngl.notum-593@old,
* McsEngl.propositional-structure@old,
* McsEngl.propositional-model@old, {2003-10-22}
* McsEngl.propositional'model@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.propositional-thought@old,
* McsEngl.semantic-sentence--structure@old, {2003-11-01}
* McsEngl.semasia@old@cptCore593, {2008-09-26}
* McsEngl.semasial-sentence-structure@old@cptCore492, {2008-10-05}
* McsEngl.sentenseto-structure@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.smodel@old@cptCore593,
* McsEngl.ss'structure@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.ssstructure@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.statement-structure-x@old,
* McsEngl.statement'structure'x@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.statement-system@old,
* McsEngl.statement'system@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.statemental-system@old,
* McsEngl.statemental'system@old@cptCore492, {2002-01-02}
* McsEngl.statemental-system-x@old,
* McsEngl.statemental'system'x@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.stmstrx@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.stmsysx@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.stmsys@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.ssx@old,
* McsEngl.system-of-statements@old@cptCore492,
* McsEngl.superstatement@old,
* McsEngl.superstatement-593@old,
* McsEngl.thought@old,
* McsEngl.thought--593@old, {2002-07-02}
* McsEngl.noto@old,
* McsEngl.notum-593@old,
* McsEngl.ENIMA@old,
* McsEngl.superstatement-593@old,
* McsElln.ΥΠΕΡΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ@old,
* McsEngl.thought-593@old, {2002-07-02}
* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ-ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ@old,
* McsElln.ΣΚΕΨΗ-593@old,
* McsEngl.mdm,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEdoVudo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-26}
* McsEngl.vudemo@lagoSngo, {2008-08-06}
* McsEngl.modilo-mineto@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modelo-mineto@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.mdm@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modilo'mineto@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modelo'mineto@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.FoEdoSentencosStrukto@lagoSngo, {2008-09-22}
* McsEngl.sentenseto-strukturo@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ@cptCore593, {2008-09-24}
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ-ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟ,
* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ-ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ,
* McsElln.ΔΟΜΗ-ΣΗΜΑΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΙΑΚΗ-ΔΟΜΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΙΑΚΟ-ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΩΝ,
* McsElln.ΒΑΣΗ-ΕΝΝΟΙΩΝ, {2001-05-11}
* McsElln.ΕΝΝΟΙΑΚΗ-ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ,
* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ-ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ,
* McsElln.Ο-ΕΝΟΣ,

_CREATION:
* I chose the name PROPOSITIONAL-MODEL, a) because its a kind of model and b)its unis are statemens/propositions but the word statement it is used and for the logo.
[hmnSngo.2003-10-22_nikkas]
* I chose the name "descriptive-information" than the "noto" because the first implies the function of this entity.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-31_nikkas]

LITERATURE-_NAME.ENGLISH::
* thinking:
- The unity of thinking and speech does not mean identity: the units of thinking and speech do not coincide.
[Tikhomirov, 1988, 192#cptResource458#]

DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:
ViewSemasio is a representation|interpretation of a viewConceptBrainin usings as units lingo-concepts.
[hmnSngo.2014-12-13]
===
Semasio is the outermost-node in a COMMUNICATION-INSTANCE, that is represented with a lingo#cptCore93.28#
[hmnSngo.2012-10-26]

DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is a SERIAL presentation (description) of the relations of concepts of the "conceptual-model". The relations of the conceptual-model are not serial are PARALEL.
[hmnSngo.2003-02-15_nikkas]

DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is NOT stored in our brain. Conceptual-Models are stored in our brains and we create 'descriptive-information' to EXPRESS them in order to communicate our conceptual-models with other people.
[hmnSngo.2002-12-18_nikkas]

analytic

Modilo-Mineto is ANY Part-Whole-Environment-Hierarchy of SENTESETOS#cptCore531.a#, that describes SERIALLY Homo-Modilo-Braineptos.
[hmnSngo.2007-07-06_nikkas]

SEMANTIC-MODEL is a PART-WHOLE-ENVIRONMENT-HIERARCHY of PROPOSITIONS#cptCore531.a#, that describes serially mental-models.
[hmnSngo.2003-10-28_nikkas]

~~DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is a PART-WHOLE-ENVIRONMENT-HIERARCHY of STATEMENTS that describes serially conceptual-models.~~
[hmnSngo.2003-03-01_nikkas]

DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is a MULTILEVEL-SYSTEM of STATEMENTS#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-24_nikkas]

DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is a RECURSIVE-SYSTEM of STATEMENTS#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-12_nikkas]

~~DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is HUMAN-INFORMATION#cptCore445.a# created as systems of statements#cptCore531.s#.~~
[hmnSngo.2002-01-02_nikkas]

~~superstatement = statement-structure = conceptual-information~~.
[hmnSngo.2001-01-14_nikkas]

SSENTENCE-STRUCTURE is ANY node of ssentences#cptCore531# in a semantic-model.
Description: the units of a semantic-model are the ssentences, but the units of ssentences are the sconcepts#cptCore567#.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-04_nikkas]

STATEMENTAL-SYSTEM is any system part of DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION#cptCore593.a#.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-02_nikkas]

What characterizes Noto is its 'DESCRIPTION' attribute. This attribute differentiate it from Mental-Models because both entities are composed of 'concepts'.
'Description' also is related with 'predicate'. We don't have description without predicate. Simple or Compound-Concepts are not 'description'.
THEN follows that NOTO is a system-hierarchy of STATEMENTS.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-29]

The Conceptual-Information describes a Concept-Base#ql:"conceptCore985"#. Concept-Base is a model of reality.
[hmnSngo.2001-07-16_nikkas]

in jSCS,
a) ConceptBase is a network of concepts organized in part-whole, generic-specific, and environmental hierarchies and
b) Conceptual-Information is any 'system' of concepts.
[hmnSngo.2001-07-13_nikkas]

NOTO is any 'human-information#cptCore445.a#' that is composed of concepts that DESCRIBES a MENTAL-MODEL#cptCore985.a#.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-24_nikkas]

CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION is 'human-information#cptCore445.a#' that is comprised of concepts.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-24_nikkas]

synthetic

STATEMENT-SYSTEM is ANY >>>SYSTEM<<< of STATEMENTS#cptCore531.s# that describes a Mental-Model#cptCore985.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

STATEMENTAL-SYSTEM-X is a SYSTEM of statemental-system-(x-1), where statemental-system -1 is a statement#cptCore531.s#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-25_nikkas]

STATEMENT-STRUCTURE-X is a SYSTEM of STATEMENT-STRUCTURE-(X-1), where statement-structure -1 is a system of statements#cptCore531.s#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-25_nikkas]

CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION is ANY >>>SYSTEM<<< of CONCEPTS that describes a Mental-Model#cptCore985.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION is ANY >>>SYSTEM<<< of CONCEPTS that describes a Conceptual-Model#cptCore985.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-18_nikkas]

CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION is a >>>SYSTEM<<< of CONCEPTS that describes a Conceptual-Model#cptCore985.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-09-05_nikkas]

CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION is ANY entity of concepts.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-08_nikkas]

Conceptual-System I call a SYSTEM of STATMENTS#cptCore531.s#.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-11_nikkas]

recursive

Any concept is CI. And any tlstates of ci is CI.
[hmnSngo.2001-07-15_nikkas]

synthetic

~~DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION is the outermost-system of a SYSTEM-OF-STATEMENTS.~~
[hmnSngo.2001-12-31_nikkas]

~~NOTUM is the outermost STATEMENT-STRUCTURE-X.~~
[hmnSngo.2001-12-25_nikkas]

~~NOTUM is a NOTO composed of statements. It is the outer system of notims that describe mental-models.~~
[hmnSngo.2001-12-24_nikkas]

NOTUM is a system of statements#cptCore531.s#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-24_nikkas]

whole-synthetic:
SUPERSTATEMENT is two or more CONNECTED statements#cptCore531.s#.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-08_nikkas]

SYNTHETIC-STATEMENT is a complex OR a compound statement.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

lagHmnsms'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe#cptCore348.41#
* entity.whole.system.information.view.human#cptCore1100.1#
* WHOLE-PART-ENVIRONMENT-HIERARCHY#cptCore1133.20#
* SEMASIALnODE#cptCore593.4#
* entity.whole.system.tree#cptCore348#

lagHmnsms'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* referentLingo-set#cptCore93.16#
* LANGUDINO.HOMO#cptCore93#

lagHmnsms'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'wholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT:
* lingoHmn#cptCore93.28#
* brainoHmn#cptCore93.33#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* view.human.conceptBrain#cptCore93.33#
* Frasal'System#cptCore787#

SINDAKTEN | SYNDAKTOR:
* Every mmodel is created by a person (or machine) and describes his brain-model or another's brain-model.
[hmnSngo.2004-07-28_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_BRAINO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* braino.human.view#cptCore93.33#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474#
* MODILO-MINETO--WRITTEN#cptCore447#

mineto'to'mineto MAPPING

_CREATED: {2004-09-24}

name::
* McsEngl.mineto'to'mineto MAPPING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.9,

The AAj BMM must know how to map a mmeaning to another mmeaning. The AAj must store information in ONE mmeaning form. Then must know the syntax of concepts in every language and of caurce the designaters of concepts in every language.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-07_nikkas]

EN'TO'EL:
* a negative-proadverber is a complement of an affirmative-mverber in english but with a negative in greek.
[hmnSngo.2004-09-24_nikkas]
- [I] _sntxVerb:{know} /nothing/.
- _sntxVerb:Δεν γνωρίζω#pv:τίποτα.

* the greek nouner has an extra inflection, the gender.

lagHmnsms'and'mdkonsepto#ql:conceptual'model'and'descriptive'information@cptCore757.2#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'and'mdkonsepto,

relation.lagHmnsms-LANGUAGE

name::
* McsEngl.relation.lagHmnsms-LANGUAGE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.1,
* McsEngl.di'and'language@cptCore593.1,
* McsEngl.language'and'di@cptCore593.1,
* McsEngl.smsHview-and-language@cptCore593.1,

DI in not language-dependent, di is PART of a language.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-26]

A language provides ONLY names in a conceptual-model. That's why we can create a language independent conceptual-model if we use eg numbers for names.
In contrast, descriptive-information is language dependent because its parts are directly corelated with linguistic entities. And if a language does not have an entity the same happens and for the coresponding di-entity.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-13_nikkas]

The Descriptive-Information is highly dependent on a language and eventhough descriptive-information is a type of information, we can think of it as PART of language which maps it with its other part, its logo.
The Conceptual-Models are language independent but subjective models of reality.
[hmnSngo.2002-08-15_nikkas]

Λιγότερο από ένα δευτερόλεπτο ο χρόνος μετατροπής της σκέψης σε λόγια
Αθήνα - Τετάρτη 21 Οκτωβρίου 2009 [εκτύπωση]

Μέσα σε λιγότερο από ένα δευτερόλεπτο ο ανθρώπινος εγκέφαλος μπορεί να σκεφτεί μια λέξη, να εφαρμόσει τους κανόνες της γραμματικής σε αυτήν και να τη στείλει στο στόμα ως λόγο. Για πρώτη φορά, οι νευροεπιστήμονες παρακολούθησαν σε πραγματικό χρόνο την επεξεργασία της γλώσσας στον εγκέφαλο, κατέγραψαν αναλυτικά αυτή την αστραπιαία διαδοχή καταστάσεων και την «έσπασαν» σε διακριτά βήματα.

Η ανακάλυψη έγινε μέσω ηλεκτροδίων που είχαν εμφυτευτεί σε εγκεφάλους εθελοντών επιληπτικών. Το «δίκτυο της γλώσσας» στον εγκέφαλο μελέτησε ομάδα επιστημόνων υπό τους κ.κ. Νεντ Σαχίν και Στίβεν Πίνκερ του Τμήματος Ψυχολογίας του πανεπιστημίου Χάρβαρντ των ΗΠΑ και η σχετική δημοσίευση έγινε στο περιοδικό «Science».

Με ποιο τρόπο η πρόθεσή μας να μιλήσουμε, μετατρέπεται σε πραγματικό λόγο; Στον εγκέφαλο δημιουργείται ένα προλεκτικό μήνυμα, που διαφέρει στους ανθρώπους, ανάλογα με τη συγκεκριμένη γλώσσα που μιλάει ο καθένας. Μέσα από διαδοχικά βήματα, το προλεκτικό μήνυμα γίνεται λόγος. Τα βήματα αυτά περιλαμβάνουν την ανάκληση από τον εγκέφαλο διαφορετικών ειδών πληροφοριών (σημασιολογικών, συντακτικών, φωνολογικών), που στη συνέχεια συνδυάζονται σε μεγαλύτερες δομές, μια διαδικασία που καλείται «ενοποίηση».

Αν και μέχρι εδώ οι επιστήμονες γενικά συμφωνούν, δεν υπάρχει συναίνεση από εκεί και πέρα για το πώς ακριβώς η σκέψη γίνεται λόγος. Μετά την ανακάλυψη από το γάλλο γιατρό Πολ Μπροκά, το 1865, του ρόλου του αριστερού κατώτερου μετωπιαίου φλοιού στην παραγωγή της γλώσσας, πολύ μικρή πρόοδος από τότε μέχρι σήμερα έχει γίνει για την κατανόηση της νευρωνικής υποδομής που υποστηρίζει την παραγωγή του λόγου. Ένας βασικός λόγος είναι ότι η γλώσσα αποτελεί αποκλειστικό προνόμιο του ανθρώπου, με συνέπεια να μην μπορεί να μελετηθεί η νευροβιολογία της γλώσσας σε πειράματα με ζώα. Ένα σημαντικό ερώτημα είναι αν τα διάφορα στάδια παραγωγής της γλώσσας λαμβάνουν χώρα παράλληλα μεταξύ τους ή διαδοχικά το ένα μετά το άλλο.

Η νέα έρευνα έδειξε ότι τα διαφορετικά είδη γλωσσικών πληροφοριών επεξεργάζονται με σειριακό (διαδοχικό) τρόπο μέσα στην περιοχή του Μπροκά. Τα ηλεκτρόδια που είχαν εμφυτευτεί στις περιοχές του εγκεφάλου που σχετίζονται με τη γλώσσα, έδειξαν μια ξεχωριστή και διαδοχική νευρωνική δραστηριότητα σε τρία διαφορετικά στάδια: λεξιλογική (σχετίζεται με τις φράσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται και όχι με τη γραμματική) διάρκειας 200 χιλιοστών του δευτερολέπτου, γραμματική-συντακτική με διάρκεια 320 χιλιοστών του δευτερολέπτου και φωνολογική (οργάνωση του ήχου) με διάρκεια 450 χιλιοστών του δευτερολέπτου (συνολικά 970 χιλιοστά του δευτερολέπτου). Οι χρόνοι αυτοί αφορούν την επεξεργασία των ουσιαστικών και των ρημάτων, από τη στιγμή που συλλαμβάνεται μια σκέψη μέχρι που γίνεται λόγος.

Links: Για τις πρωτότυπες επιστημονικές εργασίες στις διευθύνσεις:

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/326/5951/445

και http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/326/5951/372
[http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=33&artId=295143&dt=21/10/2009] 2009-10-21

lagHmnsms'attribute-of-domainSemasio#cptCore14#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'attribute-of-domainSemasio,

lagHmnsms'complexity-level

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'complexity-level,

_DEFINITION:
The SS as a system, is comprised of other systems. Then it has a complex#ql:complexity'level'of'syshier-348i#i#ql:complexity_level_of_tree_node@cptCore1133.1#ty-level#ql:complexity'level'of'syshier-348i# and a nesting-level#ql:nesting'level'of'system-348i#.
[hmnSngo.2002-06-07_nikkas]

lagHmnsms'doing

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'doing,

lagHmnsms'doing.INCTION

_CREATED: {2003-02-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'doing.INCTION,

_PART:
* DI-SYTHESIS
* DI-GENERATION (CM to DI)

lagHmnsms'doing.Functing#cptCore475.2#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'doing.Functing,

Every descriptive-information#ql:descriptive'information@cptCore593# expressed with a frasi or a book describes a PORTION of an individuals CONCEPTUAL-MODEL.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-18_nikkas]

lagHmnsms'Evaluation

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'Evaluation,

??? Can we eliminate the 'semantic-model' ???
[hmnSngo.2003-12-30_nikkas]
No. Because semantic-model is the portion of mental-model that is communicated. That's why mental and semantic are psych entities.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-30_nikkas]

lagHmnsms'Method.coding#cptCore93.58#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'Method.coding,

lagHmnsms'Method.decoding#cptCore93.59#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'Method.decoding,

lagHmnsms'node (body)

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'node (body),
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.semasio-node,

* McsEngl.nodemo@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.nodeto@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.mineto'nodo@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.meaning'node@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.mnode@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.snode@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.node-of-mdmeaning@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.semasial-node,
* McsEngl.semasio'body, {2014-01-06}
* McsEngl.semantic'node@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.sm-node@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.vudemo'node@cptCore593.4,
* McsEngl.vudemo'whole'node@cptCore593.4,

_GENERIC:
* entity.attribute.node.nodeSysStree#cptCore348.12#
* entity.attribute.node#cptCore515.4#
* entity.attribute#cptCore398#
* entity#cptCore387#

_DEFINITION:
* SM-NODE is a hierarchy-node of the semantic-model.

TEXTUAL-MAPEINO:
* SCSM-NODE#cptCore447.13#

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#
* conceptConjunctionNo-node#cptCore593.3#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptVerb-argument#cptCore386#
* semasio-naun-structure#cptCore362#
* semasio-agent#cptCore386.1#
* semasio-object#cptCore386.5#
* semasio-object.indirect#cptCore386.3#
* semasio-sentence#cptCore531#
* semasio-subject#cptCore386.6#
* semasio-subject-complement#cptCore386.2#

_SPECIFIC:
Every smodel is created from instance--semantic-concepts with concrete inflections.

* MMODEL#ql:mmodel_cpt*# (the outermost node)#cptCore1100.3#
* MEANING-SENTENCER--STRUKTURO#ql:meaning_sentencer_strukturo@cptCore##cptCore1100.3# any but one.
* MEANING-SENTENCER#ql:meaning_sentencer@cptCore##cptCore531# (the units).
* MEANING-KONSEPTERO#ql:meaning_konseptero@cptCore567# (UNIT)#cptCore567#
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* MEANING-ONOMER--STRUKTURO#ql:meaning_onomer_strukturo@cptCore##cptCore362#
* MEANING-VERBER--ARGUMENT#ql:meaning_verber_argument@cptCore##cptCore386#
* SEMASIAL_SUBJECT#cptCore386.6#
* MEANING-OBJECTER#cptCore386.5#
* MEANING--INDIRECT-OBJECTER#cptCore386.3#
* MEANING-AGENTER#cptCore386.1#
* MEANING--SUBJECTER-COMPLEMENT#cptCore386.2#

* ARGUMENT-NODE#ql:argument_meaning_node@cptCore##cptCore593.3#
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#

~~lagHmnsms'nodo.SUBFRASER~~ {2004-11-15}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'nodo.SUBFRASER@deleted,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.10@deleted,
* McsEngl.msubfraser@cptCore593.10,

_DEFINITION:
* MSUBFRASER is a meaning-node which is the maped entity of a subfraser.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-15_nikkas]

_EVOLUTING:
2005-12-19: I dissolve this concept.

_USAGE:
* We need this node to map meaning corectly to TEXT.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-15_nikkas]

lagHmnsms'node.ARGUMENT (smsConjunctionNo)

_CREATED: {2003-11-10}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'node.ARGUMENT (smsConjunctionNo),
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.3,
* McsEngl.argument-meaning-node,
* McsEngl.argument'node-of-mdmeaning@cptCore593.3,
* McsEngl.argument'semantic'node@cptCore593.3,
* McsEngl.conceptConjunctionNo-node,
* McsEngl.corelatad'semantic'node@cptCore593.3,
* McsEngl.object'semantic'node@cptCore593.3,
* McsEngl.semantic'nodo.object@cptCore593.3,
* McsEngl.semantic'argument@cptCore593.3,

_DEFINITION:
* ARGUMENT--MEANING-NODE is a meaning-node#cptCore593.4# which is NOT a meaning-corelater#cptCore323#.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-04_nikkas]

* ARGUMENT-NODE of a semantic-model is any node which is NOT a corelation-node.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-18_nikkas]

_DESCRIPTION:
* NOT all argument--semantic-nodes are arguments of corelation--semantic-nodes.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-23_nikkas]

SMODEL-TO SCCSM-CORELATION:
* ARGUMENT-NODE-OF-SCSM#cptCore447.20#

_SPECIFIC:
* ARGUMENT--SEMANTIC-CONCEPT
* ARGUMENT--SEMANTIC-CONCEPT-STRUCTURE

lagHmnsms'nodo.KONSEPTERO#cptCore567#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'nodo.KONSEPTERO,

lagHmnsms'node.CONJUNCTION#cptCore567.6: attPar#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'node.CONJUNCTION,

lagHmnsms'NodeNo (relation)

_CREATED: {2003-11-10}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'NodeNo (relation),
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.corelation-of-smodel,
* McsEngl.hierarchy'corelaton-of-mdmeaning@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.hierarchy'korelateino.mdmeaning@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.semantic'hierarchy'corelaton@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.smsView'relation,
* McsEngl.vudemo'hierarchy'corelaton@cptCore593.2,

_DEFINITION:
CORELATION-OF-SMODEL is any whole-part-environment HIERARCHY-CORELATION the semantic-model uses in its creation.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-10_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* HIERARCHY-CORELATION#cptCore1133.5#

lagHmnsms'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'structure,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.11,

MEANING-MODEL is an ORDERED-HIERARCY. This means that the order of nodes inside a node is important. This eliminates the use of many mcorelaters among the nodes.
[hmnSngo.2005-11-26_nikkas]

A DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION (noto) is composed of 2 system-hierarchies:
1st: A system of Statements that describe a Conceptual-Model.
2nd: A system of Concepts that maps the Conceptual-Systems of the CptMdl.
3nd: A system of diktims that creates diktums to create wordims.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-31_nikkas]

* MEANING-ENTITY#cptCore14# (any)#cptCore50.27#

* MM-NODE#cptCore593.4#
* MM (the outermost node)
* SSENTENCE-STRUKTURO#cptCore1100.3# any but one.
* MEANING-SENTENCER#cptCore531# (the units).
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* MEANING-NOUN-STRUKTURO#cptCore362#
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#

* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#
* NODE--MEANING-CONCEPT#cptCore593.2#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#

* SM-NODE#cptCore593.4#
* DI
* D-SENTENCE-STRUKTURO#cptCore1100.3# any but one.
* D-SENTENCE#cptCore531# (the units).
* DNOUN-STRUKTURO#cptCore362#
* SEMANTIC-CONCEPT#cptCore567#
* DI-CORELATION-NODE#cptCore546.2#

lagHmnsms'worldview#cptCore1099.10#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'worldview,

lagHmnsms'worldviewbase#cptCore402.2#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms'worldviewbase,

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.artpSms.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
* artpSms.titled_structure##
* artpSms.paragraph#cptCore492.4#
* artpSms.sentence_structure##
* artpSms.sentence#cptCore531#
* artpSms.smsconcept_structure#cptCore362#
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#

_SPECIFIC: artpSms.alphabetically:
* artpSms.real#cptCore593.5#
* artpSms.relaNo#cptCore593.6#

FRASIS:
αντιθετικη-προταση#cptCore693###
διαχωριστικη-προταση#cptCore694###
inferenctial-superstatement /συμπερασματικη#cptCore695###
συμπλεκτικη-προταση#cptCore689###

ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΧΡΟΝΙΚΩΝ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ:

ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΑΙΤΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΟΣ:

ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΑΝΤΙΘΕΣΗΣ:

ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΜΕΤΑΒΑΣΗΣ ΝΟΗΜΑΤΩΝ:
<Εκεί ζούσε ένα γενναίο παλικάρι. ΚΑΙ μια μέρα ξεκίνησε να πάει να βρεί την τύχη του>

ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑΣ:
<βοήθησέ με ΚΑΙ θα σου δώσω ό,τι θέλεις>

lagHmnsms.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.referent

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.referent,

_SPECIFIC:
* artpSms.real#cptCore593.5#
* artpSms.relaNo#cptCore593.6#

lagHmnsms.REAL

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.REAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.5,
* McsEngl.real'vudemoeaning@cptCore593.5,

_GENERIC:
* REAL-HI

_ENVIRONMENT:
* REAL-HUMAN-MENTAL
* REAL-LOGO-MODEL

_SPECIFIC:

_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.REFERENT:
* TRUE-SMODEL
* FALSE-SMODEL

_SPECIFIC:
* FACT
* NONFACT
* BEHAVIORAL
* FEELING

lagHmnsms.real.FACT

_CREATED: {2003-12-23}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.real.FACT,
* McsEngl.fact'mdmeaning@cptCore492.1,

_DEFINITION:
* FACT-SMODEL is an smodel that denotes a FACT#cptCore399.6# (historic or current real-relation).
[hmnSngo.2003-12-24_nikkas]

* The noun fact has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (415) fact -- (a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case") 2. (91) fact -- (a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts") 3. (30) fact -- (an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell") 4. (27) fact -- (a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts")
[WordNet 2.0]

lagHmnsms.real.fact.AXIOM

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.real.fact.AXIOM,
* McsEngl.assumption,
* McsEngl.axiom,
* McsEngl.fundamental-assertion,
* McsEngl.postulate,
* McsElln.ΑΞΙΩΜΑ@cptCore372,

_DEFINITION:
* "AXIOMS are JUDGEMENTS accepted as arguments without proof, since they have been confirmed by many centuries of human practice"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 222#cptResource19#]

* 2. axiom -- (in logic: a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof; its truth is assumed to be self-evident)
[WordNet 1.6]

lagHmnsms.REAL.NO

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.REAL.NO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.6,
* McsEngl.unreal'mdmeaning@cptCore593.6,

lagHmnsms.structure.TITLED-STRUCTURE (section)

_CREATED: {2014-03-03}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.structure.TITLED-STRUCTURE (section),
* McsEngl.smssection, {2014-04-13}
* McsEngl.titled-structure-semasio-archetype,

lagHmnsms.structure.PARAGRAPH (untitled sentence relations)

_CREATED: {2004-11-14}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.structure.PARAGRAPH (untitled sentence relations),
* McsEngl.conceptCore492.4,
* McsEngl.smsparagraph, {2014-04-03}
* McsEngl.semasial-paragraph@cptCore492.4,
* McsEngl.mparagrafer@cptCore492.4,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEdoParagrafo@lagoSngo, {2008-10-02}
* McsEngl.paragrafemo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.paragrafeto@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
* MParagrafer is a SEQUENCE of msentencers or msupersentencers with a common meaning.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-18_nikkas]
===
* MPARAGRAFER is a sequence of mfrasers. Its text we separate with blank lines.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-14_nikkas]

_STRUCTURE:
* It starts with a topic sentence, and the sentences that follow are clearly related to the topic sentence.

...
Look at the following paragraph:
The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies by making mummies of them. Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. The skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails, and facial features of the mummies were evident. It is possible to diagnose the disease they suffered in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies. The process was remarkably effective. Sometimes apparent were the fatal afflictions of the dead people: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head, and polio killed a child king. Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages.

The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies by making mummies of them. In short, mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. And the process was remarkably effective. Indeed, mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. Their skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails, and facial features are still evident. Their diseases in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies, are still diagnosable. Even their fatal afflictions are still apparent: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head; a child king died from polio.

In the language of writing, the paragraph is unified (i.e., it contains no irrelevant details). However, the paragraph is not coherent. The sentences are disconnected from each other, making it difficult for the reader to follow the writer's train of thought.
Below is the same paragraph revised for coherence.

[http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/transitions.htm]

lagHmnsms.structure.SENTENCE-STRUCTURE

_CREATED: {2004-11-14}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.structure.SENTENCE-STRUCTURE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore492.3,
* McsEngl.semasial-supersentence@cptCore492.3,
* McsEngl.smsView.SmSUPERSENTENCE,
* McsEngl.supersentensemo@cptCore492.3,
* McsEngl.msupersentencer@cptCore492.3, {2005-09-18}
* McsEngl.mfraser@cptCore492.3,

_DEFINITION:
* MSuperSentencer is corelated (not just sequence) of independent-msentencers.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-18_nikkas]

* MFRASER is corelated msentencers. Its text ends with a period or ? or ! or :.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-14_nikkas]

* ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ ονομάζεται ένας ολοκληρωμένος λόγος, που αποτελείται από μία ή περισσότερες προτάσεις και καταλήγει σε τελεία ή βρίσκεται ανάμεσα σε δύο τελείες, όταν είναι γραπτός.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 26#cptResource311#]

* ΠΑΡΑΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΗ ονομάζεται η σύνδεση προτάσεων όπου τοποθετούμε ισοδύναμες προτάσεις τη μία δίπλα στην άλλη.
με συμπλεκτικούς-συνδέσμους#cptCore689#,
με αντιθετικούς-συνδέσμους#cptCore693#,
με διαχωριστικούς-συνδέσμους#cptCore694#,
με συμπερασματικούς-συνδέσμους#cptCore695#,

* ΠΑΡΑΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore593.a# αποτελουμενη απο 'κυριες υποπροτασεις'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ονομάζεται μια πρόταση#cptCore531.a# που έχει περισσότερα απο ένα 'υποκείμενα#cptCore558.a#' ή 'κατηγορούμενα'.
'ΟΙ ΜΑΘΗΤΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΜΑΘΗΤΡΙΕΣ κάθονταν ήσυχοι'
'ο αριστείδης ήταν ΑΦΟΒΟΣ, ΤΙΜΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣ'
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 20#cptResource311#]

_SPECIFIC:
* CONJUNCTION/ΣΥΖΕΥΞΗ: <A AND B>
* DISJUNCTION/ΔΙΑΖΕΥΞΗ: <A OR B>
INCLUSIVE:
EXCLUSIVE: (NOT BOTH)
* IMPLICATION: <IF A THEN B>
* EQUIVALENCE: <A EQUIVALENCE>

* ΣΥΖΕΥΞΗ: ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΕΙΑ ΕΝΝΟΙΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΠΟΥ ΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΒΟΗΘΕΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΥ "ΚΑΙ".
[ΗΛΙΤΣΕΦ ΚΛΠ, ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΟ ΛΕΞΙΚΟ 1985, Ε107#cptResource164#]

lagHmnsms.CONDITIONAL

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.CONDITIONAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.7,
* McsEngl.conditional-semasio-sentence-593.7,
* McsEngl.conditional'modilo'mineto-593.7,
* McsEngl.conditional-statement,
* McsEngl.meaning.conditional-667,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΣΥΝΘΗΚΗΣ-667,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΘΗΚΗΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΗ-667,
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ-ΛΟΓΟΣ-ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ-667,

_DEFINITION:
* ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

** synthetic:
* ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ λέγεται η 'υπόθεση' και η 'απόδοση' μαζί.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 144#cptResource311#]

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* conditional-sentence#cptCore474.20#

sufficient-and-necessary

_DESCRIPTION:
To say that P is necessary and sufficient for Q is to say two things:
* that P is necessary for Q, {P <= Q}, and that P is sufficient for Q, {P =>Q}
* equivalently, it may be understood to say that P and Q is necessary for the other, P=>Q AND Q=>P, which can also be stated as each is sufficient for or implies the other.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency#Simultaneous_necessity_and_sufficiency]

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/60701.html,

Cause-part

ARGUMENT: cause-CONDITION:
DEZG
* McsEngl.assumption-667i,
* McsEngl.antecedent-667i,
* McsEngl.,sufficient'condition-667i,,
* McsElln.ΙΚΑΝΗ_ΣΥΝΘΗΚΗ-667,
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ-667,

DEFINITION:
* 1. premise, premiss, assumption -- (a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play ")
[WordNet 1.6]
* 1. assume, presume, take for granted -- (take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof; "I assume his train was late")
[WordNet 1.6]
===
* ΥΠΟΘΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ/ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ: λέγονται οι <δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις> που εισάγονται με τον υποθετικό συνδεσμο αν (εάν) και περιέχουν την προϋπόθεση (τον όρο) που πρέπει να ισχύει, για να γίνει αυτό που δηλώνει η πρόταση που προσδιορίζεται.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 144#cptResource311#]

Effect-part

name::
* McsEngl.necessary-condition-667i,
* McsEngl.consequent-667i,
* McsEngl.conclusion-667i,
* McsElln.ΑΝΑΓΚΑΙΑ-ΣΥΝΘΗΚΗ,
* McsElln.ΑΠΟΔΟΣΗ-667ε,

ARGUMENT: effect-CONDITION:
DEFINITION:
* ΑΠΟΔΟΣΗ: λέγεται η προταση που προσδιορίζεται απο την <υπόθεση>
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 144#cptResource311#]
===
* if A then B.
* A implies B.
* B is a necessary condition for A.
* B is implied from A.

lagHmnsms.EQUIVALENCE

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.EQUIVALENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore593.8,
* McsEngl.judgement'equivalence@cptCore511,
* McsEngl.statement.EQUIVALENCE,
* McsEngl.equivalence-judgment,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΚΡΙΣΗ-ΙΣΟΔΥΝΑΜΙΑΣ@cptCore511,

_DEFINITION:
* if A then B and if B then A.
===
* ΚΡΙΣΗ ΙΣΟΔΥΝΑΜΙΑΣ είναι ΚΡΙΣΗ έκφρασης 'ταυτοτητας'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

_GENERIC:
judgment#cptCore#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* EQUIVALENCE-LMODEL#cptCore474.17#

lagHmnsms.structure.SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.structure.SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531,
* McsEngl.node.semaso.sentence@cptCore531, {2012-08-25}
* McsEngl.proposition@cptCore531,
* McsEngl.semacial-sentence@cptCore531, {2012-07-20}
* McsEngl.semasio-sentence@cptCore531,
* McsEngl.semasio.sentence@cptCore531,
* McsEngl.smsSentence@cptCore531, {2012-08-27}
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.main-clause@old,
* McsEngl.meaning-of-frasi@old,
* McsEngl.meaning-sentencer@old,
* McsEngl.predication@old,
* McsEngl.proposition@old,
* McsEngl.proposition-531@old,
* McsEngl.semantic-sentence@old, {2003-11-01}
* McsEngl.simple-statement@old,
* McsEngl.statement@old,
* McsEngl.statemental-system-with-complexity-level-zero@old,
* McsEngl.ssentence@old,
* McsEngl.ssentence-531@old,
* McsEngl.statement.simple-531@old,
* McsEngl.statement-531@old,
* McsEngl.SS0@old,
=== _ABBREVIATION
* McsEngl.msentencer@lagoSngo,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.meaning-sentencer@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.msentencer@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.sentenseto@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.sentensemo@lagoSngo, {2008-04-12}
* McsEngl.sentenseno@lagoSngo, {2008-03-08}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΠΛΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΣΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΑΠΛΗ-531,
* McsElln.ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΚΥΡΙΑ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ-531,

_PREDICATION:
is a good name for this concept because shows its association with 'predicate'. Without a predicate we can't have a 'statement'.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-14_nikkas]

basic bloc of human information, premise in syllogism,
η πιο απλή ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΗ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ,

DEFINITION

Definition
Semasial-sentence is any DESCRIPTION of a process-or-relation IN-TIME of an ENTITY of a human-brainual--sub-worldview.
Description
Semasial-sentences are the UNITS of a semasial--sub-worldview. because any semasial--sub-worldview is more complex structure of semasial-sentences.
A semasial--sub-worldview is whole-part--tree-structures of semasial-sentences and describes serially a brainual--sub-worldview.
[file:///D:/File1a/SBC-2010-08-23/hSbc/lango_ho.html#h0.12.10.1p1]

analytic

FINAL-ANALYTIC-DEFINITION.

PROPOSITION is any DESCRIPTION|MAPPING-ENTITY of a RELATION IN-TIME of an ENTITY, of a human--mental-model.
[hmnSngo.2003-10-26_nikkas]

STATEMENT is the UNIT of DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION#cptCore593#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-31_nikkas]

STATEMENT is any RELATION-IN-TIME of an ENTITY, we perceive in our minds#cptHBody002#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-16_nikkas]

STATEMENT is any RELATION of an ENTITY, we perceive in our minds#cptHBody002#.
Concept is any relation OR thing we perceive in our minds.
[hmnSngo.2001-01-12_nikkas]

STATEMENT is any RELATION of a THING, we perceive in our minds#cptHBody002#.
Concept is any relation OR thing we perceive in our minds.
[hmnSngo.2001-01-02_nikkas]

STATEMENT is a SUBSYSTEM of 'conceptual-information' with at least a subject and a predicate.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-24_nikkas]

Η ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι υποσύστημα ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΣ#cptCore445.a#.
[hknu-nikos_1994]

ΑΝΑΔΡΟΜΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ/ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ:
'ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ' είναι ΤΟ ΔΟΜΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΤΟΥ 'ΕΝΝΟΙΑΚΟΥ-ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ#cptCore445#'.
ΕΝΑ 'ΟΝΟΜΑ'/'ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΔΟΜΗ'
Η 'ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ' ΤΟΥΣ (ΤΟ ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΙΚΟ)
ΕΝΑ 'ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΟ' (ΤΟ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΙΚΟ)
ΕΙΝΑΙ ΜΙΑ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.
ΜΙΑ ΣΚΕΤΗ ΛΕΞΗ, ΣΕ ΕΝΑΝ ΔΕΙΚΤΙΚΟ'ΟΡΙΣΜΟ, ΕΙΝΑΙ ΜΙΑ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.
ΤΩΡΑ ΤΗΝ 'ΕΝΝΟΙΑ' ΤΗ ΘΕΩΡΩ ΥΠΕΡΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ.
Η 'ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ' ειναι ΕΙΔΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ 'ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ' ΚΑΙ ΜΠΟΡΕΙ ΝΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ Ο ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ, ή ΜΙΑ ΙΔΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ ή ΜΙΑ ΣΧΕΣΗ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ.
[hmnSngo.1993-11-20_nikos]
This logo shows my strugle to clarify the relations of 'concept' and 'statement'. [hmnSngo.2002-05-20_nikkas]

It is a truism that two speakers can say the same thing by uttering different sentences, whether in the same or different languages. For example, when a German speaker utters the sentence ‘Schnee ist weiss’ and an English speaker utters the sentence ‘Snow is white’, they have said the same thing by uttering the sentences they did. Proponents of propositions hold that, speaking strictly, when speakers say the same thing by means of different declarative sentences, there is some (non-linguistic) thing, a proposition, that each has said.
[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-structured/]

ΚΥΡΙΑ/ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ λέγεται μια πρόταση που μπορεί να σταθεί μόνη της στο λόγο.
<ΗΡΘΑΜΕ ΧΤΕΣ ΒΡΑΔΥ και ΦΕΥΓΟΥΜΕ ΑΥΡΙΟ ΤΟ ΠΡΩΙ>
Οι κύριες προτάσεις συνδένονται μεταξύ τους με συνδέσμους συμπλεκτικούς, αντιθετικούς, διαχωριστικούς κτλ., και η σύνδεση αυτή λέγεται παρατακτική.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 14#cptResource311#]

synthetic

STARTING-SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION.

A PREDICATOR#cptCore324# and a PREDICATE with or without PREDICATADS make up a STATEMENT.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-24_nikkas]

We DESCRIBE CptSys by thinking Relations-InTime of them.
[Nikkas_2002-01-01]

~~A SUBJECT#cptCore558.s# and a PREDICATE make up a STATEMENT.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

~~STATEMENT is a whole of a concept (subject) and a concept-relation (predicate) about it.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-09-26_nikkas]

~~STATEMENT is a simple-statement or a complex-statement or a compound-statement.~~
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

STATEMENT is a SYSTEM (not set) of at least 2 concepts, a subject#cptCore558# and a predicate.
Subject is the entity we talk/think about.
Predicate is a 'relation' of the subject.
* ([Nikkas] {runs})
[hmnSngo.2000-09-24_nikkas]

RECURCIVE DEFINEFINO:
STATEMENT is
1. a simple-statement (clause)
2. a complex-statement (a simple with elements simple-statements)
3. a compound-statement (with and...)
[hmnSngo.2000-04-24_nikkas]

η σημασία της προτασης είναι κατι περισσότερο απο το σύνολο των σημασιων των στοιχειων της.

ΣΥΝΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ:
'ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ' είναι ένα 'σύστημα#cptCore348#' 'ΟΝΟΜΑΤΩΝ'
[hmnSngo.1994.04]

αρχικος ορισμος συνθεσης για την ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΗ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ. Είναι η ΔΟΜΙΚΗ-ΜΟΝΑΔΑ της.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

~~Ο ορισμός της πρότασης ΠΡΕΠΕΙ να είναι αναδρομικός γιατί πρόταση είναι και συστήματα προτάσεων.~~
[hmnSngo.1994.05_nikos]

OTHER-VIEW

(proposition) Common usage
Different sentences express the same proposition when they both have the same meaning. For example, Snow is white (in English) and Schnee ist weiss (in German) are different sentences, but both say the same thing, namely, that snow is white. Hence they express the same proposition. Two different sentences in the same language may also express the same proposition. For example, Tiny crystals of frozen water precipitation are white is in English, but is said to be the same proposition as snow is white by virtue of the definition of snow.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition]

smsSentence'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* SEMASIALnODE#cptCore593.4#
* entity.whole.system.tree#cptCore348#

smsSentence'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* artpSms#cptCore1100.3#

smsSentence'WholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'WholeNo-relation,

TEXTUAL-MAPEINO:
* ScsmSentencer#cptCore447.1#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* SENTENCER#cptCore557#

~~Σαν σύστημα έχει περιβάλλον. Αυτο το περιβαλλον δημιουργεί καινούργιο σύστημα, την ανθρωπινη πληροφορία.~~
[hmnSngo.1994-08-22_nikos]

ΣΧΕΣΗ με άλλη πρόταση.

smsSentence'Lingoperson

_CREATED: {2012-09-23}

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'Lingoperson,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.12,
* McsEngl.lingoperson,

_GENERIC:
* person-of-language#cptCore387.13#

smsSentence'Lingoperson.first

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'Lingoperson.first,

Every statement is ALWAYS created by somebody. This is the 'person' of the statement's-predicate and the 'person' of the statement.
[hmnSngo.2002-06-23_nikkas]

smsSentence'Lingoperson.Second

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'Lingoperson.Second,

smsSentence'notation

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'notation,

TSCStmSys#ql:tscstmsys@cptCore593# is a notation (a textual representation of Statemental-Systems).
[hmnSngo.2002-01-04_nikkas]

This is a FRASI notation.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-29_nikkas]

Notation for the statement-parts:
(statement )
[ subject ]
{ predicate }
| subject-complement |
/ object direct /
\ object indirect \
! agent !
@ predicatal @
[hmnSngo.2000-10-23_nikkas]

Notation for the statement-parts:
(statement )
[ subject ]
{ predicate }
| subject-complement |
/ object direct /
\ object indirect \
! agent !

nounial
verbial
" adverbial "
' adjectival '
prepositional
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

Notation for the statement-parts:
( ) statement
[ ] subject
{ } predicate
| | subject-complement
/ / object direct
\ \ object indirect
" " adverbial
' ' adjectival
[hmnSngo.2000-09-25_nikkas]

smsSentence'smsConcept#cptCore567#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'smsConcept,

smsSentence'smsNaun-structure#cptCore362#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'smsNaun-structure,

smsSentence'smsVerb#cptCore567.8#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'smsVerb,

smsSentence'smsVerb-argument#cptCore386#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'smsVerb-argument,

smsSentence'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence'structure,

_Structure.smsSentence:
* conceptConjunction#cptCore323#
* conceptConjunctionNo-node#cptCore593.3#
* conceptNaun#cptCore617#
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptVerb'argument#cptCore386#
* semasioNaun_structure#cptCore362#
* semasioNode#cptCore593.4#
* semasioNodeNo#cptCore593.2#
* semasioSubject#cptCore386.6#
* semasioObject#cptCore386.5#
===
* PREDICATOR-CORELATION##
* PREDICATON-CORELATION##
* PREDICATAN-CORELATION##
===
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#
* CONCEPT-CORELATION#cptCore546.4#
* CONCEPTUAL-STRUKTURO#cptCore531.1#
===
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
PREDICATE-ARGUMENT#cptCore386#
* SEMASIAL_SUBJECT#cptCore386.6#
* SEMANTIC-VERBAR#cptCore386.4#
* SEMANTIC-VERBON#cptCore386.5#
CORELATION:
PREDICATOR-CORELATION##
PREDICATON-CORELATION##
PREDICATAN-CORELATION##

CONCEPT-WPHIERARCHY:
CONCEPT
CONCEPT-CORELATION#cptCore546.4#
[hmnSngo.2003-02-24_nikkas]

CONSTITUENT OF STATEMENT:
The elements of statements are concepts, one of them must be a predicate.
If a statement is part of another statement this construct is a compound statemental-system
[hmnSngo.2002-05-21_nikkas]

CONSTITUENT-OF-STATEMENT is a CONCEPT or a STATEMENT that make up a statement.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-20_nikkas]

CONSTITUENT is any 'system' that make up a statement, not the states that relate them.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-27_nikkas]

CONSTITUENT-OF-A-STATEMENT is ANY functional-component that makes-up a statement.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

A subject#cptCore558.s#, a predicate, a predicatal#cptCore1125.s#, an object#cptCore555.s#, a subject-complement, or an agent#cptCore1108.s# are called STATEMENT'S-CONSTITUENTS.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-10_nikkas]

STATES:
predicator-state,
predicaton-state,
predicatan-state (many).
[hmnSngo.2002-05-28_nikkas]

The core INGREDIENTS of any sentence are a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE. The subject names the person, place or thing we are talking about; the predicate makes a statement about the subject.
<<A violent storm> <disrupted rush hour traffic>>.
[Franklin Language-Master, LM-6000, 1991]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.specific,

SUBGENERAL'OBJECTS#ql:generic'concepts cptCore531# (level 3) = 14

_SPECIFIC: smsSentence.alphabetically:
* smsSentence.interrogative#cptCore531.1#
* smsSentence.interrogativeNo#cptCore531.2#
===
* ΑΠΡΟΣΩΠΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ
* ΕΠΙΦΩΝΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ

smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.msINTERRROGATION#cptCore567.34#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.msINTERRROGATION,

_SPECIFIC:
* smsSentence.interrogative#cptCore531.1#
* smsSentence.interrogativeNo#cptCore531.2#

smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.smsMOOD#cptCore567.27#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.smsMOOD,

_SPECIFIC:
* smsSentence.
===
* JUDGMENT/ΚΡΙΣΗ#cptCore531.7# (fact)
* IMPERATIVE-STATEMENT#cptCore531.9# (behavioral)
* SUBJUNCTIVE-STATEMENT#cptCore531.8# (else)

smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.whole

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.whole,

_SPECIFIC:
* smsSentence.has#cptCore531.5#
* smsSentence.dependentNo#cptCore531.5#
===
* DEPENDENT (it is a constituent of another msentencer)#cptCore531.5#
* INDEPENDENT(it is NOT a constituent of another)#cptCore531.6#

smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.part

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.part,

_SPECIFIC:
* smsSentence.partSmsSentence#cptCore531.11#
* smsSentence.partSmsSentenceNo#cptCore531.10#
===
· _sntxEngl: ([The children] _sntxVerb:{climbed} _sntxArgt:[without fear] /the mountain/.)
· _sntxEngl: ([The children] _sntxVerb:{climbed} _sntxArgt:[without fear]old, {2003-11-04}
* McsEngl.compound-statement@old,
* McsEngl.matrix-statement@old,
* McsEngl.statemental-system-with-complexity-level-one@old,
* McsElln.ΜΗΤΡΑΣ-ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ@old,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΣΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ@old, {2003-11-04}
* McsEngl.compound'ssentece@old@cptCore659,
* McsEngl.compound'statement@old@cptCore659,
* McsEngl.matrix-statement@old@cptCore659,
* McsEngl.statement.compound@old@cptCore659,
* McsEngl.statement.matrix@old@cptCore659,
* McsEngl.StmSys.1@old@cptCore659,
* McsEngl.ss1@old,
* McsEngl.matrix:,
* McsEngl.embedding---embedded,
* McsEngl.main---subordinate,
* McsElln.ΕΜΦΩΛΕΥΟΥΣΑ---ΕΜΦΩΛΕΥΜΕΝΗ,
* McsElln.ΚΥΡΙΑ---ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΥΣΑ,

_DEFINITION:
* COMPOUND-STATEMENT is a STATEMENT#cptCore531.a# with a constituent another statement.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-19_nikkas]

STATEMENTS I call the UNITS. "~~Compound-statements", the one that have other statements as elements, I treat as Statetmental-Systems~~.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-20_nikkas]

* Stament-System with Complexity-Level 1 is a Statement-System with subsystems 'Statements#cptCore531#'.
(Παρατακτική Σύνδεση σύμφωνα με την Ελληνική Γραμματική).
Statement that have as constituent another one is a 'compund-statement'. The internal-statement is related with a "conceptual-state" with the other parts. In contrast in StmSys.1 the statements are related with "statemental-states".
[hmnSngo.2002-01-03_nikkas]
* MAIN-STATEMENT is a STATEMENT#cptCore531.a# that a constituent has/is a substatement.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-24_nikkas]
* ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι η ΠΕΡΙΠΛΟΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ που περιέχει 'υποπρόταση'.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-17_nikkas]
* ~~ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι η ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore593.a# που περιέχει 'δευτερεύουσα υποπροταση'.~~
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΗ ονομάζεται η <σύνθετη πρόταση> όπου μία πρόταση εξαρτάται από άλλη.

** synthetic:
* Complex-constituents make up a COMPLEX-STATEMENT.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-11_nikkas]

_STRUCTURE:
* DEPENDENT-STATEMENT#cptCore531.5#. Always a compound msentencer has a dependent-msentencer.

A compound-statement will have "compound-elements" ie additional information on concepts or statements about them.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-28_nikkas]
COMPOUND-CONCEPT#cptCore (383)#
COMPOUND-PREDICATE#cptCore (684)#
COMPOUND--PREDICATE-ARGUMENT#cptCore (386)#
COMPOUND-PREDICATOR#cptCore (324)#
COMPOUND-PREDICATAR#cptCore (1074)#
COMPOUND-PREDICATON#cptCore (325)#
COMPOUND-PREDICATAN#cptCore (1125)#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* COMPOUND-SENTENCER#cptCore474.44#

_SPECIFIC:
** that the computer ignored the message angered Kirk:
[TStmSys.1:
[Predicate: *x1 "anger"]
[TStmSys.0: *x2
[Predicate: *x3 "ingore"]
(por ?x3 [Computer])
(pon?x3[Message])
]
(por ?x1 ?x2)
(pon ?x1 [Kirk])
]

EXAMPLES

- the truth is that he didn' t want to do it. [WordNet 1.6]

ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΙ ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ:
ονομάζονται τα επίθετα που προσδιορίζουν ουσιαστικά, με τα οποία συμφωνούν στην πτώση, στο γένος και στον αριθμό και δίνουν σ'αυτά μια ιδιότητα ΠΑΡΟΔΙΚΗ στο ουσιαστικό.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore531.10,

_DEFINITION:
* NONCOMPOUND-SSSTRUCTURE is an ssstructure in which there is no ssentnce as part of another.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-24_nikkas]

smsSentence.HAS-WHOLE-SENTENCE

_CREATED: {2003-12-23} {2001-11-05}

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.HAS-WHOLE-SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.5,
* McsEngl.dependent'sentensemo@cptCore531.5,
* McsEngl.dependent-statement,
* McsEngl.embedded-statement, {2000-11-26}
* McsEngl.statement.dependent@cptCore633,
* McsEngl.statement-constituent,
* McsEngl.statement'constituent@cptCore633,
* McsEngl.subordinate-statement,
* McsEngl.substatement,
* McsEngl.constituent.statement@cptCore633,
* McsEngl.smsSentence.DEPENDENT,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΥΣΑ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΥΣΑ-ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΕΞΑΡΤΗΜΕΝΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΙΑΚΟΣ-ΟΡΟΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* DEPENDENT-STATEMENT is a statement if any of its 'supersystems' is a STATEMENT#cptCore531.a#.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-05_nikkas]

* ~~ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι μέρος ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗΣ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗΣ#cptCore593.a# που είναι 'προταση#cptCore531.a#'.~~
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* ~~ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΟΥΣΑ ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι η μη κύρια ΥΠΟΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.~~
[hmnSngo.1998-08-14_nikos]
* ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΥΣΑ ή ΕΞΑΡΤΗΜΕΝΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ λέγεται μια πρόταση που δεν μπορεί να σταθει μόνη της στο λόγο, αλλά χρησιμεύει για να προσδιορίσει μια άλλη πρόταση ή έναν όρο προτάσεως.
'δεν πήγε στο σχολείο, ΓΙΑΤΙ ΗΤΑΝ ΑΡΡΩΣΤΟΣ'
'πρόβαλε ένας άνδρας, ΠΟΥ ΦΟΥΡΟΥΣΕ ΣΚΟΥΦΟ'
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 14#cptResource311#]
* A subject and a predicate that serve as a statement's constituent make up a SUBSTATEMENT.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-08_nikkas]

_WHOLE:
* Compound-Statement#cptCore659###

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* SUBSSENTENCE#cptCore557.25#

_SPECIFIC:
ΤΡΟΠΙΚΕΣ
ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ
ΑΝΤΙΘΕΤΙΚΕΣ

smsSentence.HAS-WHOLE-SENTENCE.NO

_CREATED: {2003-12-23} {2001-11-05}

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.HAS-WHOLE-SENTENCE.NO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.6,
* McsEngl.independent'sentensemo@cptCore531.6,
* McsEngl.independent-sentensemo@cptCore531.6,
* McsEngl.independent-statement,
* McsEngl.smsSentence.DEPENDENT.NO,
* McsEngl.statement.independent@cptCore31,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
* ~~INDEPENDENT-STATEMENT is a statement that has NO statement as constituent~~.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-04_nikkas]

* INDEPENDENT-STATEMENT is a statement if any of its 'supersystems' are not 'statements#cptCore531.a#'.
[hmnSngo.2001-07-08_nikkas]

smsSentence.ENGLISH#cptCore569#

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.ENGLISH,

Η απλή πρόταση είναι συνδυασμός των στοιχείων εκείνων που οι σύγχρονοι γλωσσολόγοι ονομάζουν noun phrase και verb phrase και τα δύο αυτά στοιχεία πρέπει να υπάρχουν στην πρόταση και συντάσονται με την εξης σειρά: NP+VP.

Υπάρχουν 7 τύποι προτάσεων στην Αγγλική και κάθε πρόταση αυτής της γλώσσας υπάγεται σε έναν από τους ακόλουθους τύπους:
1. S+V: <(my head)(aches)>
2. S+V+A: <(we)(live)(in greece)>.
3. S+V+C: <(greece)(is)(a small country)>.
4. S+V+O: <(we all)(enjoy)(a party)>.
5. S+V+O+A: <(I)(put)(my car)(in the garage)>.
6. S+V+Oind+Odir: <(my father)(gave)(me)(this watch)>.
7. S+V+O+C: <(work)(makes)(me)(tired)>
Οι μονάδες της πρότασης λέγονται "στοιχεία δομής της πρότασης" και είναι τα:
Subject,
Verb,
Adverbial,
Complement,
Object.
[Close et al, 1982, 31#cptResource338#]

smsSentence.INDICATIVE (fact)

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.INDICATIVE (fact),
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.7,
* McsEngl.indicative'statement@cptCore376,
* McsEngl.judgment@cptCore376,
* McsEngl.proposition,
* McsEngl.thesis,
* McsEngl.indicative'proposition@cptCore531.7,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΘΕΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΚΡΙΣΗ@cptCore376,

_DEFINITION:
* JUDGMENT is a STATEMENT with a predicate in indicative mood.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-15_nikkas]

* ~~ΚΡΙΣΗ είναι ΑΦΗΓΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ με την οποία ΔΕΝ εκφράζουμε συναίσθημα επιθυμιας, εκπληξης, θαυμασμου, ...~~
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* Υπάρχουν προτάσεις με τις οποίες ο ομιλητής θέλει
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore691,
* McsElln.ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ@cptCore691,

_DEFINITION:
* ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΕΣ ονομάζονται οι προτάσεις#cptCore531.a# με τις οποίες ο ομιλητής διατυπώνει μια ερώτηση, για να πληροφορηθεί κάτι που δεν ξέρει. Αυτές οι προτάσεις συνοδεύονται στο γραπτό λόγο από ερωτηματικό και στον προφορικό με ανέβασμα του τόνου της φωνής:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore336,
* McsElln.ΜΗ-ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΜΗ'ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ@cptCore336,

_NameOld:
narrative,
ΑΦΗΓΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

_DEFINITION:
* ΑΦΗΓΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore531.a#... που ΔΕΝ είναι 'ερωτηματικη#cptCore691.a#'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

DIVISION ON NEGATION:
* AFFIRMATIVE-STATEMENT#cptCore531.3: attSpe#
* NEGATIVE-STATEMENT#cptCore531.4: attSpe#

smsSentence.interogativeNo.AFFIRMATIVE

_CREATED: {2003-12-23} {2000-09-30}

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.interogativeNo.AFFIRMATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.3,
* McsEngl.affirmative-sentensemo@cptCore531.3,
* McsEngl.affirmative-statement,
* McsEngl.statement.affirmative@cptCore1088,
* McsElln.ΚΑΤΑΦΑΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
* Κάθε πρόταση μπορεί να είναι ΚΑΤΑΦΑΤΙΚΗ, δηλαδή το ρήμα της να είναι θετικό, ή ΑΡΝΗΤΙΚΗ/ΑΠΟΦΑΤΙΚΗ, δηλαδή το ρήμα της να συνοδεύεται απο άρνηση.
<θα πάμε στην Κρήτη>
<ΔΕΝ θα πάμε στην κρήτη>
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 13#cptResource311#]

smsSentence.interogativeNo.NEGATIVE

_CREATED: {2003-12-23} {2000-09-30}

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.interogativeNo.NEGATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.4,
* McsEngl.negative'sentensemo@cptCore531.4,
* McsEngl.negative-statement,
* McsEngl.statement.negative@cptCore1087,
* McsElln.ΑΡΝΗΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
*

smsSentence.IMPERATIVE (behavioral)

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.IMPERATIVE (behavioral),
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.9,
* McsEngl.imperative'msentencer@cptCore531.9,
* McsEngl.imperative-statement,
* McsEngl.statement.imperative@cptCore69,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΡΕΠΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΠΡΟΤΡΕΠΤΙΚΗ@cptCore69,

_DEFINITION:
* Don't Smoke.
* The noun imperative has 2 senses (no senses from tagged texts)
1. imperative mood, imperative, jussive mood -- (a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior) 2. imperative -- (some duty that is essential and urgent)
The adj imperative has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (2) imperative -- (requiring attention or action; "as nuclear weapons proliferate, preventing war becomes imperative"; "requests that grew more and more imperative") 2. imperative -- (relating to verbs in the imperative mood)
[WordNet 2.0]

* IMPERATIVE-STATEMENT is a STATEMENT with a predicate in 'imperative-mood'.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-04_nikkas]

smsSentence.SUBJUNCTIVE (else){2003-12-23|2000-10-11}

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.SUBJUNCTIVE (else){2003-12-23|2000-10-11},
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.8,
* McsEngl.subjunctive'msentencer@cptCore531.8,
* McsEngl.statement.subjunctive@cptCore1129,
* McsEngl.subjunctive-statement, {2000-10-19}
* McsEngl.subjunctive'statement@cptCore1129,
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
* SUBJUNCTIVE STATEMENT is a statement#cptCore531.a# with a predicate in 'subjunctive-mood'.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-19_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* WISH-STATEMENT/ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore#
WISH (would)
POSSIBLE (SUBJUNCTIVE)

smsSentence.subjunctive.WISH

name::
* McsEngl.smsSentence.subjunctive.WISH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore531.10,
* McsEngl.wish'sentensemo@cptCore531.10,
* McsEngl.statement.wish@cptCore690,
* McsEngl.wish-statement,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ-ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ@cptCore690,

_DEFINITION:
* ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ είναι ΑΦΗΓΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ εκφρασης επιθυμιας...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑΣ ονομάζονται οι προτάσεις#cptCore531.a# με τις οποίες ο ομιλητής θέλει να εκφράσει
παράκληση,
προτροπή,
προσταγή,
ευχή κ.τ.ο. και
γενικά επιθυμία του:
'έλα τότε μαζί μας'
'πάρε και τη φωτογραφική μηχανή σου'
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 12#cptResource311#]

_GENERIC:
* narrative statement#cptCore#

_SPECIFIC:
* ΠΡΟΤΡΕΠΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore#

lagHmnsms.structure.NOUN-SYSTEM

_CREATED: {2002-05-20}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsms.structure.NOUN-SYSTEM,
* McsEngl.conceptCore362,
* McsEngl.naun-structure@cptCore362,
* McsEngl.semasio-naun-structure@cptCore362,
* McsEngl.smsView'naun-structure@cptCore362,
* McsEngl.smsView'node.naun-structure@cptCore362,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.compound'concept-362@old,
* McsEngl.compound-concept@old,
* McsEngl.descriptive'conceptual'structure-362@old,
* McsEngl.descriptive-noun--structure@old, {2003-03-30}
* McsEngl.dnoun'structure-362@old,
* McsEngl.information.human.semasio.SYSTEM-OF-SMSCONCEPTS@old,
* McsEngl.meaning-onomer-strukturo@old,
* McsEngl.meaning-onomer--structure@old, {2004-09-29}
* McsEngl.semantic'noun'structure-362@old,
* McsEngl.smsView'node.SYSTEM.NAUN@old,
* McsEngl.snoun'structure-362@old,
* McsEngl.descriptive-conceptual-structure@old, {2003-03-27}
* McsEngl.snstructure-362@old,
* McsEngl.snouner'structure-362@old,
* McsEngl.semantic-nouner-structure@old, {2003-12-21}
* McsEngl.semasial-noun-structure@old,
* McsEngl.strukturo.onometo@old@cptCore362,
* McsEngl.system-of-naun-structure@old,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑΚΗ-ΔΟΜΗ,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑ,

DEFINITION

analytic

SNOUN-STRUCTURE is a snode with a snoun#ql:snoun@cptCore617# another snode#ql:snode@cptCore593.4# and a scorelation between them that are part of a ssentence.
- Description: the other snode could be a snoun, a ssentence or another snoun-structure.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-12_nikkas]

Semasial-noun-structure is a semasial-node#ql:semasial_node@cptCore# with a semasial-noun and another semasial-node and a semasial-conjunction between them.
Description
A language create whole-part--tree-structures of semasial-nouns and these are corelated with semasial-verbs. SEMASIAL-NOUN--SEMASIAL-CONJUNCTION is a semasial-conjunction inside a semasial-noun-structure.
[file:///D:/File1a/SBC-2010-08-23/hSbc/lango_ho.html#h0.12.8.2p1]

* CONCEPTUAL-STRUCTURE is a WHOLE of CONCEPTS that a DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION uses.
Conceptual-structure are like the concepts in a CONCEPTUAL-MODEL, but they don't have NAMES.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-10_nikkas]

* CONCEPTUAL-STRUCTURE I call parts of a CONCEPTUAL-MODEL comprised of concepts and conceptual-corelations, a language express with no frasis.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-02_nikkas]

COMPOUND-CONCEPT is a CONCEPT that is not UNIT#ql:unit'of'system-348i#.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-20_nikkas]

smsNaunSys'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* SEMASIALnODE#cptCore593.4#

smsNaunSys'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* semasio.sentence#cptCore531#

smsNaunSys'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.smsNaunSys'wholeNo-relation,

TEXTUAL-MAPEINO:
* SCSMNounStructure#cptCore447.2#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* ONOMER-STRUKTURO#cptCore645.1#

MENTAL-TO-LOGO-CORELATION:
*

smsNaunSys'MCORELATER#cptCore323.3: attPar#

name::
* McsEngl.smsNaunSys'MCORELATER,

smsNaunSys'SNOUNOR

_CREATED: {2001-11-19}

name::
* McsEngl.smsNaunSys'SNOUNOR,
* McsEngl.conceptCore362.1,
* McsEngl.conceptor, {2002-05-27}
* McsEngl.conceptor@cptCore362.1,
* McsElln.ΕΝΝΟΙΖΟΜΕΝΟ@cptCore362.1,
* McsEngl.conceptfiad@,

_DEFINITION:
* CONCEPTFIAD is any CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION that is the RELAT-OR of another conceptual-information, the conceptfier.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-19_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#

PARTIAL-COMPLEMENT:
* SNOUNAR#cptCore362.2#

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* NOUNOR#cptCore645.6#

smsNaunSys'SNOUNAR

_CREATED: {2001-11-19}

name::
* McsEngl.smsNaunSys'SNOUNAR,
* McsEngl.conceptCore362.2,
* McsEngl.conceptar@cptCore675, {2002-05-27}
* McsElln.ΕΝΝΟΙΖΩΝ,
* McsEngl.conceptfier,

_DEFINITION:
* CONCEPTFIER is any CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION that is the RELAT-ON of another conceptual-information, the conceptfiad.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-19_nikkas]

KOMPLETEINO_SPESIFEINO:

_ENVIRONMENT.SEMASIO_TO_LINGO_MAPPING_RELATION:
* NOUNAR#cptCore645.5#

RESTRICTIVE/NONRESTRICTIVE MODIFIER

A non-restrictive modifier is a phrase or clause that does not restrict or limit the meaning of the word it is modifying. It is, in a sense, interrupting material that adds extra information to a sentence. Even though removing the non-restrictive element would result in some loss of meaning, the sentence would still make sense without it. You should usually set off non-restrictive elements with commas:
· _sntxEngl: [Those residents of Ottawa who do not hold secure, well-paying jobs] _sntxVerb:{must resent} /the common portrayal of the city/ _sntxArgt:[as a land of opportunity].
[HyperGrammar]

lagHmnlingo'SEMASIO.SENSIBLE

_CREATED: {2003-03-04}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo'SEMASIO.SENSIBLE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447,
* McsEngl.altm@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.artificial-langeto-model@cptCore447, {2007-12-13}
* McsEngl.artificial-mineto-model@cptCore476,
* McsEngl.langesto-view@cptCore447, {2008-01-23}
* McsEngl.information.view.human.SEMASIO.SENSIBLE,
* McsEngl.modilo-mineto-written@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.mdmw@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.sensorial-semasia@cptCore447, {2008-12-23}
* McsEngl.sensorial-semasial-subworldview@cptCore447, {2008-10-12}
* McsEngl.view.human.semasial.sensorial@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.view.human.SEMASIO-SENSIBLE,
* McsEngl.written-mineto-model@cptCore447, {2007-08-04}
* McsEngl.wmdm@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.ssm@cptCore447,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEdoSeoVudo@lagoSngo, {2008-10-12}
* McsEngl.vudesmo@lagoSngo, {2008-08-06}
* McsEngl.vudesno@lagoSngo, {2008-03-08}
* McsEngl.mdlo-langeto-artificio@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modilo.mineto.artificio@lagoSngo,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.artificial-modelmeaning@old,
* McsEngl.ammd@old@cptCore447, {2006-05-31}
* McsEngl.amm@old@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.mdma@old@cptCore447, {2006-05-31}
* McsEngl.scmm@old@cptCore447, {2004-09-12}
* McsEngl.structured-concept--meaning-model@old,
* McsEngl.structured-concept--semantic-model@old,
* McsEngl.structured-concept-descriptive-information@old,
* McsEngl.TDI@old@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.TextualStrCptDescriptiveInformation@old@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.SCDI@old@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.scmnm@old@cptCore447,
* McsEngl.scsm@old@cptCore447, {2003-10-28}
* McsEngl.di'SCDI@old,
* McsEngl.di'TSCDI@old,
* McsEngl.TStmSys@old@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.tscnoto@old@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.tscnoto'language@old@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.tscnoto'grammar@old@cptCore593.2,
* McsEngl.tscstmsys@old@cptCore593.2,

DEFINITION

We could use also XML to represent di.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-10_nikkas]

analytic

Modilo-Mineto--Artificio is a modilo-mineto#cptCore593.a# that describes a modilo-brainepto--artificio#cptCore452.a2#.
[kas-nik, 2007-08-06]

* START-ANALYSIS:
SCSM ::= "[SCSM:" Designator#ql:scsm'designator#? (ScsmSStructure#ql:scsm'scstmsys.x# | ScsmCorelater#ql:scsm'sccorelation# )+ Comment#ql:scsm'Comment#? "]"

~~SCDI ::= "[SCDI:" Designator#ql:scsm'designator#? (SCStmStructure#ql:scsm'scstmsys.x# | SCCorelation#ql:scsm'sccorelation# )+ Comment#ql:scsm'Comment#? "]"~~

* Structured-Concept--Semantic-Model is a textual mapping-entity of a sc--mental-model, organized in whole-part-environment-hierarchy of scsm--semantic-concepts.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-01_nikkas]

* Structured-Concept--Semantic-Model is a textual mapping-entity, organized in whole-part-environment-hierarchy of sc--semantic-concepts, that describes a sc--mental-model.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-01_nikkas]

* SCDI is a TEXTUAL--DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION#cptCore593.a#, organized in part-whole-hierarchy of scstatements, that describes a sc-model#cptCore0#.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-05_nikkas]

* The SCDI is a TEXTUAL entity as a structured-concept. Programmatically, I create another java-entity to represent it.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-03_nikkas]

* I'll rename it to TNoto (Textual-Noto), because it is a textual representation of Noto.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-23_nikkas]

* SCCI is a CONVENSION (based on CGIF) to textualy represent Conceptual-Information that describes a Conceptual-Model based on Structured-Concepts.
[hmnSngo.2001-09-22_nikkas]

* SCCI (structured-concept conceptual-information) is conceptual-information created with structured-concepts.
[hmnSngo.2001-02-02_nikkas]

* SCDI is a PURE-WHOLE-PART-HETEROGENOUS-HIERARCHY of SCStatements#ql:scsm'scstatement#, that describes (maps) serially a Conceptual-Model.
[hmnSngo.2003-02-21_nikkas]

* Structured-Concept-Descriptive-Information is a textual representation (mapping) of DescrInfo which is a system of SCStatements based on SC.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-05_nikkas]

* A Textual-Descriptive-Information (TDI) is a textual convension to represent (map) Descriptive-Information that describes the SCCptMdl#cptCore0#.
Like DescrInfo, TDI is A system-hierarchy#cptCore1111# of TStatements#ql:scsm'scstatement#.
It is composed of one or more TStatementSystemX, or TimelessStatementalStates among them and comments.

* STOP-SYNTHESIS: partof: it is the outermost system of statements.

** We could use as 'type' the nesting-level [integration-level] of each system. [hmnSngo.2001-12-31_nikkas]

** It contains: StmStr or Statement or CptStr or SystemUnit or TStates. 2001-06-27

lagHmnsmss'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* entity.whole.system.information.view.human#cptCore1100.1#
* ScsmNode#cptCore447.12#

lagHmnsmss'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'wholeNo-relation,

_MAPPING:
* VUDESPTO#cptCore1100.4#
* VUDENO--ARTIFICIO#cptCore#
* VUDERO--ARTIFICIO#cptCore474.53#

* view-brainual-animal#cptCore1100.2#
* smsView#cptCore1100.3#
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474#

lagHmnsmss'Notation

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'Notation,

notation:
- a? = one or nothing a.
- a+ = one or more a.
- a* = zero or more a.
- a b c = begins with a and follows b and then c.
- {a, b, c} = any order of a, b, c.
- a | b = a or b.

lagHmnsmss'Relation

_CREATED: {2003-11-12}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'Relation,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.18,

_DEFINITION:
* HIERARCHY-CORELATION of a SCSM is any corelation of old and new nodes. Its position inside the old shows the hierarchy-corelations.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-12_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* TREESTRUCTURE_DEINO#ql:trs'deino###

lagHmnsmss'Node

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'Node,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.12,
* McsEngl.altm'node@cptCore447.12,
* McsEngl.node-of-altm@cptCore447.12,

_DEFINITION:
* NODE-OF-SCDI is >>>ANY<<< ENTITY we use as node in the part-whole-hierarchy, NOT only the 'statements' and the 'statemental-structures'. In the same way Node-of-logo are any node from characters to words, frasis etc.
Also as in Logo, scdi is organized in 2 diferent hierarchies. The lower creates statements and the higher creates the scdi.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-08_nikkas]

_ATTRIBUTES:
* NAME= TYPE
* LABEL= an internal identifier
* DESIGNATOR= the identification of the brain's model conept the node denotes.
* MATTR= the attributes of the concept that are denoted.
* LOGO= the logo of the node.
* LANG= the language is used to create the node.
* ARGUMENTS= the mcorelater-nodes have arguments.
* PARENT= WHOLE. Every node has a unique parent.
* COMMENT=

_JAVA-CLASS:
* mmeaning/MNode.java#pl:/JAVA/AAj/WORKING/docs/mmeaning/MNode.html#:

lagHmnsmss'node'LabelDefining

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node'LabelDefining,
* McsEngl.altm'LabelDefining,
* McsEngl.altm'LabelDef,
* McsEngl.altm'DefiningLabel,

_DEFINITION:
* DefLabel ::= "*" Identifier.

* A Defining-Label consists of an asterisk "*" followed by an identifier#ql:scsm'identifier#.
* It is a short-identifier of argument-nodes. We need them in corelation-node-arguments and in dummy'nodes.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-17_nikkas]

_WHOLE:
* partof: StmStrX, Statement, Predicate#ql:scsm'Predicate#, CptStr, SCNotim,

_DESCRIPTION:
* We use defining-labels in the whole-nodes when we refer to them more than one time. All arguments refer to wholenodes we have use.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-08_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss'node'LabelBound

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node'LabelBound,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.8,
* McsEngl.bound'label@cptCore447.8,
* McsEngl.altm'LabelBound,
* McsEngl.altm'BoundLabel,

_DEFINITION:
* ScsmLabelBound ::= "?" Identifier

* A bound label consists of a question mark "?" followed by an identifier.

_WHOLE:
* ARGUMENT
* partof: CorefLinks#ql:scsm'CorefLinks#

_USAGE:
We need bound-labels
a) to denote allready created NODES as arguments of corelation-nodes, eg (SCorelation: "of" ?x1 ?x2) and
b) to create dummy-nodes, e.g. [?x1].
[hmnSngo.2003-11-17_nikkas]

_EXAMPLE:
* (PREDICATOR: ?x1 ?x2)
* [?x1]

lagHmnsmss'node'DESIGNATOR

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node'DESIGNATOR,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.19,
* McsEngl.altm'designator,
* McsEngl.altm'Designator,
* McsEngl.altm'DesignatorCorelation,
* McsEngl.altm'DesignatorState,

_DEFINITION:
* Designator ::= "\"" Identifier ("@" Identifier)? "\""

* A unique textual (not label) identifier of a scdi-node.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-06_nikkas]
* The id of a sc.
* The designator can point to a corelation.
* Not all nodes have a designator.

_WHOLE:
* all nodes.

_SPECIFIC:
* The designator of a scsm-concept is always the formal-name of sc.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-17_nikkas]

_EXAMPLE:
* "Calling@phil-17"
* "Book1"

lagHmnsmss'node'NAME

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node'NAME,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.13,
* McsEngl.type-of-altm'node@cptCore447.13,
* McsEngl.altm'type-of-node@cptCore447.13,

_DEFINITION:
* The type is a string that denotes the diferent entities we use to make a scdi:
[hmnSngo.2003-03-06_nikkas]

_DESCRIPTION:
* ALL nodes have a type.

_SPECIFIC:
* SCSM = the outermost node.
* SSStructure = consists of ssentencers.
* SSentencer = a sverber and its sargumenters.
* SVAStructure = contains snouners.
* SVerber = denotes a SC which is a relation in time.
* SNouner = denotes any SC not in time.
* SCorelater= denotes a semantic-corelater node.
[hmnSngo.2004-02-28_nikkas]

* SCSM = the outermost node.
* SSentenceStructure = consists of propositions.
* SSentence = a statement (has a predicate).
* SNounStructure = contains snouns.
* SUnit = denotes a semantic-concept.
* SVerb = denotes a SC which is a relation in time.
* SNoun = denotes any SC not in time.
* SCorelation= denotes a semantic-corelation node.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-17_nikkas]

* SCSM = the outermost node.
* SSentenceStructure = consists of propositions.
* SSentence = a statement (has a predicate).
* SNounStructure = contains snouns.
* SUnit = denotes a semantic-concept.
* SVerb = denotes a SC which is a relation in time.
* SNoun = denotes any SC not in time.
* semantic-corelation does not need a type.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-15_nikkas]

* SCSM = the outermost node.
* PropStructure = consists of propositions.
* Proposition = a statement (has a predicate).
* SVerb = denotes a SC which is a relation in time.
* SNoun = denotes any SC not in time.
* SNounStructure = contains snouns.
[hmnSngo.2003-10-31_nikkas]

* The type is a string that denotes the diferent entities we use to make a scdi:
* SCDI = the outermost node
* SCStmStructure = consists of statements
* SCStatement = a statement (has a predicate).
* SCPredicate
* SC = a concept in the scmodel. All the corelations have this type.
* SCStructure = contains concepts.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-06_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss'node.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node.SPECIFIC,

* SCSM
* ScsmSentenceStructure#cptCore447.5: attSpe#
* ScsmSentence#cptCore447.1: attSpe#
* ScsmNounStructure#cptCore447.2: attSpe#
* ScsmUnit#cptCore447.6: attSpe#
* ScsmNoun#cptCore447.3: attSpe#
* ScsmVerb#cptCore447.4: attSpe#
* ScsmCorelation#cptCore447.14: attSpe#

DIVISION-ON-CORELATION:
* CORELATION-NODE#cptCore447.14# (if it is a semantic-corelation)#cptCore447.14: attSpe#
* ARGUMENT-NODE#cptCore447.20# (if it is NOT a semantic-corelation)#cptCore447.20: attSpe#
* DEFINING-NODE#cptCore447.22: attSpe#
* DUMMY-NODE#cptCore447.21: attSpe#
[hmnSngo.2003-11-15_nikkas]

Every argument-node has ONE parent. If an argument-node has many-parents (language uses pronouns for them), we create dummy-nodes of them and then EVERY NODE HAS ONE PARENT. The dummy-nodes and the real (the defining) belong to a coreference-set.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-15_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* StatementOutNode:
* WholeNode#cptCore447.13#
SCDI
SCStmStructure
SCStatement#cptCore447.6#
* CorelationNode#cptCore447.14#
SCCorelation
* StatementInNode:
* WholeNode#cptCore447.13#
SCPredicate
SC
SCStructure
SCStatement
* CorelationNode#cptCore447.14#
SCCorelation#cptCore447#
SCCorelationPor
SCCorelationPon
SCCorelationPan
[hmnSngo.2003-03-05_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss'node.ARGUMENT

_CREATED: {2003-11-16}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node.ARGUMENT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.20,
* McsEngl.altm'argument'node@cptCore447.20,
* McsEngl.argument'node-of-altm@cptCore447.20,
* McsEngl.altm'argument,
* McsEngl.argument-of-corelation'node@cptCore447.20,
* McsEngl.altm'Argument-of-corelation'node@cptCore447.20,

_DEFINITION:
* ScsmArgument ::= LabelBound#ql:scsm'LabelBound# | ScsmSStructure | ScsmSentencer#ql:scsm'statement# | ScsmVerber
| ScsmNStructure | ScsmNouner

* The argument of a state. A bound-label, a Predicatad or a Statement. The predicate is always a bound-label.

* ARGUMENT-NODE is any node which is not a corelation-node.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-16_nikkas]

_WHOLE:
* partof: ScsmCorelater#ql:scsm'sccorelation#

_GENERIC:
* ScsmNode#cptCore447.12#

SCSM-TO-SMODEL-CORELATION:
* ARGUMENT-NODE-OF-SMODEL#cptCore593.3#

_JAVA-CLASS:
* I have not created a java class with this functionality because java does not support multiple-inheritance and a snoun and a sverb are both argument-nodes and semantic-concepts. Then I have put this functionality on jSNode and I don't use it (!!!) for the semantic-corelation.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-18_nikkas]

ARGUMENT-NODE & CORELATION-ARGUMENT:
* The argument-node is a node.
* The corelation argument may be a bound-label (not a node) or an argument-node ALWAYS inside a corelation-node.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-16_nikkas]
* Not ALL argument-nodes are corelation-argument.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-18_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss'node.DEFINING

_CREATED: {2003-11-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node.DEFINING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.22,
* McsEngl.defining'node@cptCore447.22,

_DEFINITION:
* DEFINING-NODE is any argument-node with a defining-label, a real node which a dummy denotes.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-17_nikkas]

_DESCRIPTION:
* We need defining and dummy nodes, ONLY when we want to repeat a node in the hierarchy.
[hmnSngo.2004-02-29_nikkas]

* Only the nodes that have dummy are defining. All defining have defining-labels.
An argument-node which is not defining may have not a defining-label.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-17_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss'node.DUMMY

_CREATED: {2003-11-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'node.DUMMY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.21,
* McsEngl.dummy'node@cptCore447.21,
* McsEngl.fake-node,

_DEFINITION:
* SCSMDummyNode ::= "[?" SCSMBoundLabel "]"

* DUMMY-NODE is an argument-node that represents another argument-node already created.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-14_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss'Concept#cptCore663#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'Concept,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.6,

lagHmnsmss'NOUN-STRUCTURE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'NOUN-STRUCTURE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.2,
* McsEngl.altm'nounstructure@cptCore447.2,
* McsEngl.scstructure@cptCore447.2,
* McsEngl.altm'SCH,
* McsEngl.altm'SCSys,

_DEFINITION:
* ScsmNStructure ::= "[SVAStructure:" LabelDef? Designator? (ScsmNouner#ql:scsm'nouner#)+ (ScsmNStructure |ScsmSentencer)+ ScsmCorelater#ql:scsm'statetl# comment? "]"

* inside the scdi, there is another whole-part-hierarchy. That of SC of the Conceptual-Model. With this we describe concept-relations that are not in our Model as full-concepts with a name. In our logo we express the majority of relations in this way, for economy reasons. It would be unefficient to remember diferent words for all these concepts.
[hmnSngo.2003-02-21_nikkas]

* A hierarchy of Concepts, which are NOT a node in the Conceptual-Model.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-19_nikkas]

* ANY SC part of a SCStmNode.

_GENERIC:
* ScsmNode#cptCore447.12#

_WHOLE:
* ScsmSentencer#cptCore447.1#

_JAVA-CLASS:
* scmmodel/jSCSMNounStructure.java#ql:aa'api'scsmodel#

_RELATION.MAPPING:
*

_EXAMPLE:
* "any unit of conceptual-information":
[SCStructure: *x4
[SC: *x5 "Information.Conceptual@phil-6" ;indefinite;singular]
[SC: *x6 "Unit@phil-11" ;indefinite:any;singular])
(of: x5 x6)
]

* "any unit of conceptual-information":
[SCH-1: *x4
[SCH-0: *x5 "Information.Conceptual@phil-6" ;indefinite;singular]
[SCH-0: *x6 "Unit@phil-11" ;indefinite:any;singular])
(of: x5 x6)
]

lagHmnsmss'SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'SENTENCE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.1,
* McsEngl.written'sentenseto@cptCore447.1,
* McsEngl.altm'sentence@cptCore447.1,
* McsEngl.altm'statement@cptCore447.1,
* McsEngl.scstatement@cptCore447.1,
* McsEngl.altm'SCStatement,
* McsEngl.altm'TStatement,
* McsEngl.altm'SCStmNode.0,
* McsEngl.altm'Statement,

_DEFINITION:
*ScsmSentencer ::= "[SSentence:" LabelDef#ql:scsm'labeldef#? Designator#ql:scsm'designator#? ScsmVerber#ql:scsm'scpredicate#
(ScsmNouner#ql:scsm'nouner# |ScsmNStructure#ql:scsm'nouner'structure# |ScsmSenterncer)*
ScsmCorelaterSubj ScsmCorelaterObj? ScsmCorelaterArg* comment? "]"
* A TStatement is the unit of TDI.
* A statement is a list of a predicate, predicator, cptstr, statements*, states.
* A Compound-Statement has parts other statements. [2001-12-30]

_GENERIC:
* ScsmNode#cptCore447.12#

_WHOLE:
* SCDI,
* SCStmStructure#cptCore447.5#
* SCStatement,

_PART:
* SCPredicate#cptCore447.4: attPar#
* SC
* SCStatement
* SCStructure
* SCCorelation
* SCCorelationPor
* SCCorelationPon
* SCCorelationPan

_MAPPING:
* semasio.sentence#cptCore531#

_JAVA-CLASS:
* smodel/jSSentence.java

_SPECIFIC:
* Dependent is a statement that has a statement-supersystem. 2001-07-08
* Independent is a not-dependent statement. 2001-07-08

_EXAMPLE:
- Concept is called any-unit of Conceptual-Information.
[SCDI:
[Statement: *s1
[Predicate: *x1 "Calling@phil-17" ;indicative;passive;present;imperfect
;instant;noninterrogative;affirmative;singular;third]
[SC: *x2 "Person@phil-12=nikkas" ;definite;singular]
[SC: *x3 "Concept@phil-1" ;indefinite;singular]
[CptStr: *x4 (of: [SC: "Information.Conceptual@phil-6";indefinite;singular]
[SC: "Unit@phil-11" ;indefinite=any;singular]) ]
(predicator: ?x1 ?x2)
(predicaton: ?x1 ?x3)
(what: ?x1 ?x4)
;Έννοια ονομάζεται κάθε-μονάδα εννοιακής-πληροφορίας.
]
]

- We call concept any relation or thing we perceive in our minds = Concept is any relation or thing we perceive in our minds:
[Predicate: *x1 "call"]
(por ?x1 [*x6 "we"])
(pon ?x1 [Concept])
[*x2 [*x3 "relation"] [*x4 "thing"] (disj ?x3 ?x4) ]
(pon ?x1 ?x2)
[Statement: [Predicate: *x5 "perceive"]
(por ?x5 ?x6)
(pon ?x5 ?x2)
[*x7 [*x8 "mind"] (part ?x6 ?x8)]
(in ?x5 ?x7)]
-----
[*a"we"]
[*b[*c"relation"][*d"thing"](disj?c?d)]
[Predicate:*e"call"]
[Concept:*f]
[Statement:[Predicate:*g"perceive"][?a][?b][*h[*i"mind"][?a](part?a?i)]
(por?g?a)(pon?g?b)(in?g?h)]
(por?e?a)(pon?e?f)(pon?e?b)
example: A cat is sitting on a mat.
[Statement: [Predicate: *x1;Sit@phil-xxx;Present,Interval,Imperfect]
(Por ?x1 [Cat;Singular])
(On ?x1 [Mat;Singular]) ].
-------
[Statement: [Predicate: *x1;Sit@phil-xxx;Present,Interval,Imperfect]
[*x2;Cat@phil-xxx;Singular] [*x3;Mat@phil-xxx;Singular]
(Por ?x1 ?x2)
(On ?x1 ?x3) ].

lagHmnsmss'SENTENCER'STRUCTURE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'SENTENCER'STRUCTURE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore447.5,
* McsEngl.altm'sentence'strucure@cptCore447.5,
* McsEngl.SCStmStructure@cptCore447.5,
* McsEngl.altm'SCStmNode.1,
* McsEngl.altm'SCStmSys.1,
* McsEngl.altm'SCStmNode.X,
* McsEngl.altm'SCStmSys.X,
* McsEngl.altm'StatementStructureX,

_DEFINITION:
* ScsmSStructure := "[SSStructure:" LabelDef? designator
(ScsmSStructure ScsmSentencer#cptCore447.1# ScsmCorelater#ql:scsm'scstatetl#)* comment? "]"

* Any WholeNode textual system of statements.

_GENERIC:
* ScsmNode#cptCore447.12#

_WHOLE:
* SCDI, SCStmSturcture,

_JAVA-CLASS:
* mmeaning/MNode.java#pl:/JAVA/AAj/WORKING/docs/mmeaning/MNode.html#:

lagHmnsmss'MISC

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'MISC,

archetypeSs'Comment:
* A comment is a sequence of zero or more characters that begin with ";".
* Comment ::= ";" Character*

archetypeSs'CommentSNouner:
* A comment is a sequence of zero or more characters that begin with ";".
* Comment ::= ;definiteness;number

archetypeSs'CommentSVerber:
* A comment is a sequence of zero or more characters that begin with ";".
* Comment ::= ;mood;voice;tense;perfectiveness;instantness;interrog;affirm;number;person

archetypeSs'Digit:

archetypeSs'Identifier:
* An identifier is a string beginning with a letter and continuing with zero or more letters, digits, or underscores.
* partof:,
* Identifier ::= Letter (Letter | Digit | "_")*

archetypeSs'Letter:
* partof: Identifier#ql:scsm'identifier#

archetypeSs'Number:
* A number is a sequence of characters that represents an integer or a floating-point number as defined in ANSI X3.42.

archetypeSs'String:
* A string is a sequence of zero or more characters as specified in ISO/IEC 10646-1. The first eight escape sequences must be used to represent the characters they define; a Unicode escape sequence must be used for all characters outside the 8-bit subset of ISO/IEC 10646-1. Characters in the 8-bit subset may be represented by a Unicode escape sequence. The backslash "\\", double quote "\"", or single quote "\'" or their Unicode representations "\u005c", "\u0022", and "\u0027" may only occur in valid escape sequences.

archetypeSs'WhiteSpace:
* White space is a sequence of one or more characters that represent a space, a horizontal tab, a carriage return, a line feed, or a form feed.

archetypeSs'SCPredicatar:
* The relation-elements of a predicate, except predicator.
* there is no need to create this entity.
* partof: Statement#ql:scsm'Statement#,
Predicatad ::= "[" LabelDef? (Concept#ql:scsm'concept# | PreCom#ql:scsm'precom#) Comment? "]"
example: I like cars.
[Statement: [Predicate: *x1;like@phil-xxx]
(Por ?x1 [I@people-xxx])
(Pon ?x1 [Car;Plural]) ]
example: I like red cars.
[Statement: [Predicate: *x1 like]
(Por ?x1 [I])
(Pon ?x1 [ [*x2 Car;Plural] [*x3 redness] (Property ?x2 ?x3) ]) ]
** example: I like the cars that you drive.
[Statement:
[Predicate: *x1 like]
(Por ?x1 [I])
(Pon ?x1 [SC:
[SC: *x2 Car; Plurals]
[Statement: *x3 [Predicate: *x4 Drive] (Por ?x4 [You])(Pon ?x4 ?x2) ]
(Property ?x2 ?x3)
])
] 2001-01-23

archetypeSs'SUBCOMMENT:
* example: /* comment */
* we put it inside argument-nodes.

lagHmnsmss'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss'structure,

* SCSM-NODE#cptCore447.12: attPar#
* SCSM--HIERARCHY-CORELATION#cptCore447.18: attPar#

_UNITS:
* the units of scsm are the scsm verbs, nouns and corelations.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-12_nikkas]

* ~~The UNITS of scsm are the scsm nouns and verbs.~~
[hmnSngo.2003-10-30_nikkas]

The scdi consists of nodes#cptCore447.12# with part-whole corelations.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-08_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

MDMW-ARTIFICIO

lagHmnsmss.XML'VERSION

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss.XML'VERSION,

<SSMA LABEL="ex1" LNG="eng">



<SmSentence LABEL="s1">
<SmVerb LABEL="x1" SrCPT="Naming@HoKoNoUmo.simb-17" SmATTR="ind,pre,ins,pass,iper,ning,aff,sin,3"/>
<SmNoun LABEL="x2" SrCPT="Person@HoKoNoUmo.simb-12" INSTANCE="nikkas" SmATTR="individual,sin"/>
<SmNoun LABEL="x3" SrCPT="Concept@HoKoNoUmo.simb-1" SmATTR="general,sin"/>
<SmNounStructure LABEL="x4">
<SmNoun LABEL="a" SrCPT="Subworldview_conceptual@HoKoNoUmo.simb-6" SmATTR="random,sin"/>
<SmNounStructure LABEL="b">
<SmNoun LABEL="b1" SrCPT="Tree-network_s_node@HoKoNoUmo.simb-11" SmATTR="random,sin"/>
<SmSpecialNoun LABEL="b2" SrCPT="Quantity@HoKoNoUmo.simb-18" SmATTR="idef-every,any"/>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="Properteino@HoKoNoUmo.simb-24#1" ARGS="b1,b2"/>
</SmNounStructure>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="parteino" ARGS="a,b"/>
</SmNounStructure>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="sm_subjecteino" ARGS="x1,x3"/>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="sm_agenteino" ARGS="x1,x2"/>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="sm_objecteino" ARGS="x1,x4"/>
</SmSentence>
</SSMA>

<SSMA LNG="eng">
<SmVerb001 LABEL="x1" SrCPT="Naming@HoKoNoUmo.simb-17"/>
<NameNounCase LABEL="x7" TxEXP="Concept" TRMRULE="rlEngTrmNnCs11"/>
<SmNounStructure LABEL="x6">
<SmNoun LABEL="x5" SrCPT="Subworldview_conceptual@HoKoNoUmo.simb-6" SmATTR="idef,sin"/>
<SmNounStructure LABEL="x4">
<SmNoun1 LABEL="x2" SrCPT="Tree-network_s_node@HoKoNoUmo.simb-11"/>
<SmNoun1 LABEL="x3" SrCPT="Number_every@HoKoNoUmo.simb-19#1"/>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="Quantiteino@HoKoNoUmo.simb-23" ARGS="x2,x3"/>
</SmNounStructure>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="Parteino@HoKoNoUmo.simb-24" ARGS="x5,x4"/>
</SmNounStructure>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="SmObjekteino@" ARGS="x1,x7"/>
<SmConjunction SrCPT="SmObjekteino2@" ARGS="x1,x6"/>
</SSMA>

<MDMA LABEL="ex1" LANG="eng">



<Sentenseto LABEL="s1">
<Verbeto LABEL="x1" DZR="Calling@bbKasNik.simb-17" MATRB="ind,pre,ins,pass,iper,ning,aff,sin,3"/>
<Nouneto LABEL="x2" DZR="Person@bbKasNik.simb-12" INSTANCE="nikkas" MATRB="def,sin"/>
<Nouneto LABEL="x3" DZR="Konsepto@bbKasNik.simb-1" MATRB="none,sin"/>
<StrukturoNnt LABEL="x4">
<Nouneto LABEL="a" DZR="Konsepto-Model@bbKasNik.simb-6" MATRB="idef,sin"/>
<StrukturoNnt LABEL="b">
<Nouneto LABEL="b1" DZR="Hierarchy-Node@bbKasNik.simb-11" MATRB="idef,sin"/>
<Pronometo LABEL="b2" DZR="Quantity@bbKasNik.simb-18" MATRB="idef-every,any"/>
<Korelateto DZR="properteino" ARGS="b1,b2"/>
</StrukturoNnt>
<Korelateto DZR="parteino" ARGS="a,b"/>
</StrukturoNnt>
<Korelateto DZR="verboleteino" ARGS="x1,x3"/>
<Korelateto DZR="vbteino.agenteto" ARGS="x1,x2"/>
<Korelateto DZR="verbeleteino" ARGS="x1,x4"/>
</Sentenseto>
</MDMA>

<SCMM LABEL="ex1" LANG="en">

<MSentencer LABEL="s1">
<MVerber LABEL="x1" DEZG="Calling@phil-17" INFL="ind,pre,ins,pass,iper,ning,aff,sin,3" />
<MNouner LABEL="x2" DEZG="Person@phil-12" INSTANCE="nikkas" INFL="con,sin" />
<MNouner LABEL="x3" DEZG="Concept@phil-1" INFL="gen,sin" />
<MNStructure LABEL="x4">
<MNouner LABEL="a" DEZG="Concept-Model@phil-6" INFL="ran,sin" />
<MNStructure LABEL="b">
<MNouner LABEL="b1" DEZG="Hierarchy-Node@phil-11" INFL="ran,sin" />
<MPronomer LABEL="b2" DEZG="Quantity@phil-18" INFL="idef-any,any" />
<MCorelater DEZG="att.int.property.mnouner" ARGS="b1,b2" />
</MNStructure>
<MCorelater DEZG="att.internal.mnouner" ARGS="a,b" />
</MNStructure>
<MCorelater DEZG="mverber.msubjecter" ARGS="x1,x3" />
<MCorelater DEZG="mverber.magenter" ARGS="x1,x2" />
<MCorelater DEZG="mverber.objecter" ARGS="x1,x4" />
</MSentencer>
</SCMM>

<SCMM LABEL="ex1">

<MSentencer LABEL="s1">
<MVerber LABEL="x1" DESIGNATOR="Calling@phil-17" INFL="ind,pre,ins,pass,iper,ning,aff,sin,3" />
<MVArgumenter LABEL="x2" DESIGNATOR="Person@phil-12" INSTANCE="nikkas" INFL="def,sin" />
<MVArgumenter LABEL="x3" DESIGNATOR="Concept@phil-1" INFL="idef,sin" />
<MVAStructure LABEL="x4">
<MVArgumenter LABEL="a" DESIGNATOR="Concept-Model@phil-6" INFL="idef,sin" />
<MVAStructure LABEL="b">
<MVArgumenter LABEL="b1" DESIGNATOR="Hierarchy-Node@phil-11" INFL="idef,sin" />
<MVArgumenter LABEL="b2" DESIGNATOR="Quantity@phil-18" INSTANCE="any" INFL="idef,sin" />
<MCorelater DESIGNATOR="property" ARGUMENTS="b1,b2" />
</MVAStructure>
<MCorelater DESIGNATOR="of" ARGUMENTS="a,b" />
</MVAStructure>
<MCorelater DESIGNATOR="msubjecter" ARGUMENTS="x1,x3" />
<MCorelater DESIGNATOR="magenter" ARGUMENTS="x1,x2" />
<MCorelater DESIGNATOR="vcomplement" ARGUMENTS="x1,x4" />
</MSentencer>
</SCMM>
[2004-09-12]

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<SCSM LABEL="example1">
<SSENTENCER LABEL="s1">
<SVERBER LABEL="x1" DESIGNATOR="Calling@phil-17"
MOOD="indicative"
VOICE="passive"
TENSE="present"
PERFECTIVENESS="imperfect"
INSTANTNESS="instant"
INTERROGATION="noninterrogative"
AFFIRMATION="affirmative"
NUMBER="singualar"
PERSON="third"/>
<SARGUMENTER LABEL="x2" DESIGNATOR="Person@phil-12" INSTANCE="nikkas"
DEFINITNESS="definite"
NUMBER="singular"/>
...
<MCORELATER DESIGNATOR="ssubjecter" ARGUMENT="x1,x2" />
<MCORELATER DESIGNATOR="sagenter" ARGUMENT="x1,x3" />
<SCORELATER DESIGNATOR="what" ARGUMENT="x1,x4" />
</SSENTENCER>
</SCSM>
[hmnSngo.2004-06-04_nikkas]

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<SCDI>
<SCSTATEMENT>
<SCPREDICATE LABEL="x1" DESIGNATOR="Calling@phil-17"
MOOD="indicative"
VOICE="passive"
TENSE="present"
PERFECTIVENESS="imperfect"
INSTANTNESS="instant"
INTERROGATION="noninterrogative"
AFFIRMATION="affirmative"
NUMBER="singualar"
PERSON="third"/>
<SC LABEL="x2" DESIGNATOR="Person@phil-12" INSTANCE="nikkas"
DEFINITNESS="definite"
NUMBER="singular"/>
...
<CORELPREDICATOR PE="x1" POR="x2" />
<CORELPREDICATON PE="x1" PON="x3" />
<CORELPREDICATAN DESIGNATOR="what" PE="x1" PAN="x4" />
</SCSTATEMENT>
</SCDI>
[hmnSngo.2003-03-10_nikkas]

lagHmnsmss.EXAMPLE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnsmss.EXAMPLE,

* EXAMPLE: "Concept is called any-unit of Conceptual-Information":
[SCSM:
[SSentence: *s1
[SVerb: *x1 "Calling@phil-17" ;indicative;passive;present;imperfect;instant;noninterrogative;affirmative;singular;third]
[SNoun: *x2 "Person@phil-12=nikkas" ;definite;singular]
[SNoun: *x3 "Concept@phil-1" ;indefinite;singular]
[SNounStructure: *x4 (SCorelation: "of" [SNoun: "Information.Conceptual@phil-6";indefinite;singular]
[SNoun: "Unit@phil-11" ;indefinite=any;singular]) ]
(SCorelation: "sverbor" ?x1 ?x2)
(SCorelation: "sverbon" ?x1 ?x3)
(SCorelation: "what" ?x1 ?x4)
;Concept is called any-unit of Conceptual-Information.
;Έννοια ονομάζεται κάθε-μονάδα εννοιακής-πληροφορίας.
]
]
[hmnSngo.2003-11-16_nikkas]

[SCSM:
[SSentence: *s1
[SVerb: *x1"Calling@phil-17"
;indicative;passive;present;imperfect;instant;noninterrogative;affirmative;singular;third]
[SNoun: *x2"Person@phil-12=nikkas"
;definite;singular]
[SNoun: *x3"Concept@phil-1"
;indefinite;singular]
[SNounStructure: *x4
[SNoun: *a"Information.Conceptual@phil-6"
;indefinite;singular]
[SNoun: *b"Unit@phil-11"
;indefinite=any;singular]
[SCorelation: "of"]
(SCorelation: "of" ?a?b)
]
[SCorelation: "sverbor"]
[SCorelation: "sverbon"]
[SCorelation: "what"]
(SCorelation: "sverbor" ?x1?x2)
(SCorelation: "sverbon" ?x1?x3)
(SCorelation: "what" ?x1?x4)
;Concept is called any-unit of Conceptual-Information. ;?½½??± ?½??¬¶µ?±? ?¬?µ-??½¬?± µ½½??±?®?-?»·??????±?. ] ]

* EXAMPLE: "Concept is called any-unit of Conceptual-Information":
[SCDI:
[SCStatement: *s1
[SCPredicate: *x1 "Calling@phil-17" ;indicative;passive;present;imperfect;instant;noninterrogative;affirmative;singular;third]
[SC: *x2 "Person@phil-12:nikkas" ;definite;singular]
[SC: *x3 "Concept@phil-1" ;indefinite;singular]
[SCStructure: *x4 (of: [SC: "Information.Conceptual@phil-6";indefinite;singular]
[SC: "Unit@phil-11" ;indefinite:any;singular]) ]
(predicator: ?x1 ?x2)
(predicaton: ?x1 ?x3)
(what: ?x1 ?x4)
;Concept is called any-unit of Conceptual-Information.
;Έννοια ονομάζεται κάθε-μονάδα εννοιακής-πληροφορίας.
]
]

* EXAMPLE: "If the whether is good I'll go for a walk":
[SCDI:
[SCStatement: *x1
[Predicate: *x2"is"]
(por ?x2 [whether])
(pon ?x2 [good])
]
[SCStatement: *x2
[Predicate: *x3"go"]
(por?x3[I])
(for ?x3[walk])
]
(ifthen: ?x1 ?x2)
]

* EXAMPLE: "That the computer ignored the message angered Kirk":
[CptInfo:
[jNodeStatement:
[jSCPredicate: *x1 "anger"]
[jNodeStatement: *x2
[jSCPredicate: *x3 "ingore"]
(por ?x3 [StrCpt:"Computer"])
(pon?x3 [StrCpt:"Message"])
]
(por ?x1 ?x2)
(pon ?x1 [StrCpt:"Kirk"])
]
]
[hmnSngo.2001-02-02_nikkas]

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC,
* McsEngl.codeLngHmn.specific#cptCore546.23#,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'code.SPECIFIC,
* McsEngl.lingoHmn.specific,,

_SPECIFIC: codeLngHmn.alphabetically:
* lingHview.dialog#cptCore474.42#
* lingHview.direct#cptCore474.48#
* lingHview.directNo#cptCore474.21#
* lingHview.monolog#cptCore474.43#
* lingHview.polylog#cptCore474.41#

_SPECIFIC: lingoHmn.alphabetically:
* conjunction#cptCore1104#
* lingHmn.nameLingo#cptCore453#
* lingHmn.sentence#cptCore557#
* lingHmn.system_of_lingoconcepts#cptCore645#
* lingHmn.system_of_lingounits#cptCore59#
* lingHmn.unit#cptCore78#
* lingHmn.view#cptCore474#
* lingHmn.worldview#cptCore1099.10#
* lingHmn.worldviewbase#cptCore402.2#
* name#cptCore678#
* nameLingo#cptCore453#
* naun#cptCore256#
* verb#cptCore551#
* word#cptCore59.9#

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHmn.worldviewbase#cptCore402.2#
* lingHmn.worldview#cptCore1099.10#

* lingHmn.view#cptCore474#
* lingHmn.sentence#cptCore557#

* lingHmn.system_of_nameLingos#cptCore645#
* lingHmn.nameLingo#cptCore453#

* lingHmn.system_of_lingounits#cptCore59#
* lingHmn.unit#cptCore78#

_SPECIFIC:
* LOGO-NODE#cptCore93.34#
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474# (outermost)
* SENTENCER-STRUKTURO#cptCore787# (any)#cptCore787#
* COMPOUND-SENTENCE#cptCore635# (with subsentence)#cptCore787.3#
* SUBSENTENCE#cptCore557.25#
* SENTENSERO#cptCore557# (1st unit)#cptCore557#
* verb_argument#cptCore557.30#
* SUBJECTER#cptCore557.32#
* OBJECTER#cptCore557.36#
* INDIRECT-OBJECTER#cptCore557.37#
* AGENTER#cptCore557.33#
* SUBJECTER-COMPLEMENT#cptCore557.35#
* ONOMER--STRUKTURO#cptCore645.1#
* POLYWORD--LOGO-UNIT#cptCore512#
* nameLingo#cptCore453# (2nd unit)
* VERB#cptCore551#
* CONJUNCTION#cptCore1104#
* NAUN#cptCore256#
* WORDERO#cptCore59.9#
* AFIXERO#cptCore59.10#
* lingHmnSysUntsMain#cptCore59.1#
* SILABERO#cptCore612#
* lingHmnCluster#cptCore59.3#
* lingoHmnUnitMain#cptCore78.1#
* LOGO--HIERARCHY-CORELATION#cptCore474.5#

* LEKTERO-USED#cptCore643#
* CAPTIVE-WORDUM/ΠΡΟΣΘΗΜΑ#cptCore1144# (not free)#cptCore59.10#
* PREFIX/ΠΡΟΘΕΜΑ#cptCore59.13#
* INFIX/ΕΝΘΕΜΑ#cptCore59.14#
* SUFIX/ΕΠΙΘΕΜΑ#cptCore59.15#

* WORD-(noncaptive-wordum)#cptCore59.9#
FORM-WORD#cptCore364#
POLYFORM-WORD#cptCore1147###
MONOFORM-WORD#cptCore1148###

* FUNCTION-WORD#cptCore59.24#
* nameLingo#cptCore453# (2nd unit)
* CORELATADER#cptCore449#
* NOUNER#cptCore256.3#
* PRONOMER#cptCore256.4#
* VERB#cptCore551#
* CONJUNCTION#cptCore1104#
CONJUNCTION#cptCore563#
PREPOSITION#cptCore560###
* CORELATERDER#cptCore427#
ADJECTIVE#cptCore256.2#
ADVERBER#cptCore256.6#
GENDERER#cptCore453.29#
SYNONYM#cptCore616#
* ONOMER--STRUKTURO#cptCore645.1#
Cpt-Wordor#cptCore645.6#
Cpt-Wordar-(wordfiar)#cptCore645.5#

* DIKTAL-NODE#cptCore59.1#
* lingHmnSysUntsMain#cptCore59.1#
* LEKTERO-USED#cptCore643#
* UNUSED-LEKTERO#cptCore1066#
-------------------------------------------------------------
* CAPTIVE-LEKTERO-(affix)#cptCore34###
* NONCAPTIVE-LEKTERO#ql:free'diktum-32i#,
-------------------------------------------------------------
* DERIVED-LEKTERO#ql:diktum.derived#,
* ROOT-LEKTERO#ql:diktum.root#,
-------------------------------------------------------------
* SPOKEN-LEKTERO#ql:diktum.spoken#,
* WRITTEN-LEKTERO#ql:diktum.written#,
* SYLLABLE#cptCore612#
* lingHmnCluster#cptCore59.3#
* lingoHmnUnitMain#cptCore78.1#

MISC:
* PREPOSITIONAL#cptCore557.29#

_SPECIFIC:
* viewLingoNameCptBrainin
* viewLingoNameCptLingo

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.referent

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.referent,

_CREATED: {2007-10-21}

_SPECIFIC:
* REALERO#cptCore5.3
* REALERO'CO

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.medium

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.medium,

_SPECIFIC:
* haptic-lingo#linkL#
* LOGEGRO (gestural_logo)#cptCore35.10#
* LOGESRO (spoken_logo)#cptCore35.11#
* LOGETRO (textual_logo)#cptCore35.12#

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.emocero

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.emocero,

_SPECIFIC:
* EMOCERO
* KOGNERO

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.creator

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.creator,

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHview.direct#cptCore474.48#
* lingHview.directNo#cptCore474.21#

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.affirmation-negation

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.affirmation-negation,

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHview.affirmative
* lingHview.affirmativeNo (negative)

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.medium

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.medium,

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHview.sign#ql:viewHmnLing.medium.SIGN#
* lingHview.speech#cptCore1060#
* lingHview.text#cptCore474.56#

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.implementor

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.implementor,

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHview.dialog#cptCore474.42#
* lingHview.monolog#cptCore474.43#
* lingHview.polylog#cptCore474.41#

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.CONJUNCTION

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.CONJUNCTION,

The same corelater DENOTES diferent CORELATONS.
[hmnSngo.2005-01-09_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* In concept "corelater#ql:corelater'specific#" I have the examples.
* lingHview.with_conjunction
* lingHview.without_conjunction#

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.structure

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.structure,

_SPECIFIC:
* book
* section-structure
* section
* paragraph
* sentence-structure
* sentence
* name-structure
* name
===
* BOOKER
* PARTER
* CHAPTER
* SECTER
* PARAGRAFER
* SUPERSENTENCER
===
* CHAPTER (titler and corelated-secters|chapters)
* SECTER (titler, and corelated-paragrphers)
* PARAGRAPHER (corelated sentencers)
[hmnSngo.2004-08-08_nikkas]

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.logero

_CREATED: {2003-12-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.logero,

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHview.
* SStructure-LMODEL
* SENTENCER-LMODEL
* OStructure-LMODEL
* KONSEPTERO-LMODEL

lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.relation-process-denoted#cptCore399#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.relation-process-denoted,

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHview.equivalence_sentence#cptCore474.17#
[2003-12-24]

The same corelaton IS EXPRESSED with diferent corelaters.
[hmnSngo.2005-01-09_nikkas]

lagHmnlingo.CALQUE

_CREATED: {2014-12-27}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.CALQUE,
* McsEngl.calque,
* McsEngl.loan-translation,

_DESCRIPTION:
In linguistics, a calque (/'kζlk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: verbum pro verbo) or root-for-root translation.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque]

lagHmnlingo.EMOCERO

_CREATED: {2007-11-05}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.EMOCERO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.7,
* McsEngl.emocero@cptCore35.7,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.EMOCERO,

_DEFINITION:
* Emocero is LOGERO that denotes EMOCEPTO#cptCore498#.
[hmnSngo.2007-11-05_KasNik]

_GENERIC:
* EMOCO_INFO#cptCore181.16#

ENVIRONMENTEINO:
* EMOCEPTO#cptCore498#

lagHmnlingo.INDEX

_CREATED: {2003-01-23}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.INDEX,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.7,
* McsEngl.leksiko@cptCore93.7, {2007-07-03}
* McsEngl.lexicon-of-hl@cptCore93.7,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ'ΛΕΞΙΛΟΓΙΟ@cptCore631,
* McsElln.ΛΕΞΙΛΟΓΙΟ-ΜΙΑΣ-ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* LEKSIKO is any LIST of items a language supporsts.
[kas-nik, 2007-07-03]
===
* LEXICON of a language is the list of WORDS its supports,
- the synonyma for each word,
- the synosyma for each word and
- the forms for each word.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-23_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* cptBrnHmn-index#cptCore93.11#
* nameHmn-index#cptCore93.10#
* wordHmn-index#cptCore59.27#

lagHmnlingo.IDIOM

_CREATED: {2003-03-02}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.IDIOM,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.40,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.4,
* McsEngl.idiom@cptCore35.4,
* McsEngl.irregular-lagHmn-attribute,
* McsEngl.specialero-langero@cptCore35.4,
* McsEngl.specialero@cptCore35.4,
* McsEngl.specialo'langero@cptCore35.4,
* McsEngl.special'logo@cptCore35.4,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.idiomero@lagoSngo, {2008-02-22}

_GENERIC:
* attribute-of-lagHmn#cptCore93.39#

_DEFINITION:
Idiom I call any attribute NOT following the main RULES of the language.
[hmnSngo.2012-08-30]
===
An idiom (Latin: idioma, "special property", f. Greek: ?d??µa – idioma, "special feature, special phrasing", f. Greek: ?d??? – idios, "one’s own") is an expression consisting of a combination of words that has a figurative meaning. The figurative meaning is comprehended in regard to a common use of the expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made.[1] Idioms are numerous and they occur frequently in all languages. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in the English language.[2]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom]
===
Every language uses some 'expressions=frasises or parts of frasises' that their meaning is diferent than the one you can create from the language rules.
[hmnSngo.2001-10-12_nikkas]
===
S: (n) idiom, idiomatic expression, phrasal idiom, set phrase, phrase (an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up)
[wn, 2008-02-22]

_SPECIFIC:
* SPECIALERO_KONCEPTERO
* SPECIALERO_STRUCTURE

idiom.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.idiom.SPECIFIC,

_SPECIFI:
* idiom.noun#cptCore256.4#

idiom.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.idiom.ENGLISH,

_out_of_thin_air:
out of thin air
Fig. out of nowhere; out of nothing. Suddenly—out of thin air—the messenger appeared. You just made that excuse up out of thin air.
[http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/out+of+thin+air]

_OUT_AND_ABOUT:
* If someone is out and about, they are going out and doing things, especially after they have been unable to for a while.
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore35# maps KOGNEPTO and kognepto "maps" the universe and itself. Then as "kognero" we can define the langero that maps the kognepto-itself.
[hmnSngo.2007-12-11_KasNik]

* Kognero is LOGERO that denotes KOGNEPTO#cptCore365#.
[hmnSngo.2007-11-05_KasNik]

_GENERIC:
* KOGNO_INFO#cptCore181.23#

_SPECIFIC:
* PRIKONCERO
* SENSERO#cptCore35.9#ql:cptoldepistem35.9##
* KONCERO

_ENVIRONMENTEINO:
* infoBrainin#cptCore181.61#

lagHmnlingo.medium.GESTURAL

_CREATED: {2008-09-22}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.GESTURAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.10,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.LOGO.GESTURAL,
* McsEngl.gestural-logo@cptCore35.10,
* McsEngl.sign-lingo@cptCore35.10, {2013-11-30}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEtoFo@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
Gestural_logo is the first LOGO created by animals for communication that uses gestures.
[hmnSngo.2008-09-22]

lagHmnlingo.medium.HAPTIC

_CREATED: {2013-11-30}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.HAPTIC,
* McsEngl.haptic-human-lingo,

lagHmnlingo.medium.TEXT

_CREATED: {2008-09-22}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.TEXT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.70,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.12,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.LOGO.TEXTUAL,
* McsEngl.lingHmn.textual,
* McsEngl.text@cptCore93.70,
* McsEngl.textual-logo@cptCore35.10, {2008-09-24}
* McsEngl.written-logo@cptCore35.10,
* McsEngl.lingHmnTxt,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEtoTo@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
Written_logo is the third LOGO created by animals for communication that uses symbols.
[hmnSngo.2008-09-22]

_SPECIFIC:
* text.view#cptCore474.56#
* text.sentence#cptCore557.70#
* text.word#cptCore59.39#
* text.unit#cptCore78.26#

text.SECTION

name::
* McsEngl.text.SECTION,
* McsEngl.section.text,
* McsEngl.text.titled-part,
* McsEngl.text-section,

* McsEngl.txtScn, {2014-11-15}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.τμήμα.κείμενο,

_DESCRIPTION:
* SECTION is ANY titled part of text.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-14]

txtScn'heading (title)

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'heading (title),
* McsEngl.section'heading,
* McsEngl.section'title,

=== _NOTES:
id1H (level1 dot 0)
id1.1H (level2 dot 1)
id1.2H (level2 dot 1)
id2H (level1 dot 0)
id2.1H (level2 dot 1)
id2.1.1H (level3 dot 2)
id2.1.2H (level3 dot 2)
id2.2H (level2 dot 1)
id3H (level1 dot 0)
===
idNameH1 (level1)
idNameH2 (level2)
idNameH3 (level3)
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

txtScn'level

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'level,
* McsEngl.nesting-level-of-a-section,
* McsEngl.section'level,

_DESCRIPTION:
Sections are structured in a whole-part structure. Then we have nesting-levels. The outer is 1. The inner 9.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

txtScn'name (id)

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'name (id),
* McsEngl.section'id,
* McsEngl.section'name,

_DESCRIPTION:
Sections must have unique-names (id) in order to refer to them unambiguously.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

_HTML:
Because html supports only ONE id attribute, we can put the second id, on 'class' attribute with name 'id...'.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

txtScn'name.CUSTOM

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'name.CUSTOM,
* McsEngl.section'custom-name,

_DESCRIPTION:
idCustom_name

txtScn'name.LEVEL

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'name.LEVEL,
* McsEngl.section'level-name,

_DESCRIPTION:
id1 (level1)
id1.1 (level2)
id1.2 (level2)
id2 (level1)
id2.1 (level2)
id2.1.1 (level3)
id2.1.2 (level3)
id2.2 (level2)
id3 (level1)

txtScn'paragraph

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'paragraph,
* McsEngl.section'paragraph,
* McsEngl.text-paragraph,

_NOTATION:
id1P1
id1P2
id1.1P1
id1.2P1
id1.2P2
id2P1
id2.1P1
id2.1.1P1
id2.1.2P1
id2.1.2P2
id2.2P1
id3P1

idNameP1
idNameP2
idNameP3
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

_DESCRIPTION:
Text-paragraph is text PART of a text-section WITHOUT title|heading, SEPARATE of them.
Paragraphs can only be NUMBERED or have its FIRST line as title ending with (:).
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

txtScn'subparagraph

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'subparagraph,
* McsEngl.section'subparagraph,
* McsEngl.text-subparagraph,

_NOTATION:
id1P1.1
id1P1.2
id1P2
id1.1P1
id1.2P1
id1.2P2
id2P1
id2.1P1
id2.1.1P1
id2.1.2P1.1
id2.1.2P1.2
id2.1.2P2
id2.2P1
id3P1

idNameP1
idNameP2.1
idNameP2.2
idNameP3
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

_DESCRIPTION:
Text-subparagraph is text PART of a paragraph.
They are separated with BLANK-LINES.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

_HTML:
They can implemented in html with <span> elements.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

txtScn'unit

name::
* McsEngl.txtScn'unit,
* McsEngl.section'unit, {2014-11-15}
* McsEngl.text-unit, {2014-11-15}

_NOTATION:
id1P1.1U1
id1P1.1U2
id1P1.2
id1P2
id1.1P1
id1.2P1
id1.2P2
id2P1
id2.1P1
id2.1.1P1
id2.1.2P1.1
id2.1.2P1.2U1
id2.1.2P1.2U2
id2.1.2P2
id2.2P1
id3P1

idNameP1U1
idNameP1U2
idNameP2.1
idNameP2.2U1
idNameP2.2U2
idNameP3
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

_DESCRIPTION:
Text-units are MAINLY the sentences inside paragraphs/subparagraphs.
They begin in a new line, for the eyes to see them quickly.
End in (. ! ? :) in english text.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

_HTML:
They can be implemented as span elements.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-15]

SPECIFIC

* txtScn.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
* book##
* chapter##
* part##

lagHmnlingo.medium.SPEECH

_CREATED: {2008-09-22}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.SPEECH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.11,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.LOGO.SPOKEN,
* McsEngl.lingHmn.spoken,
* McsEngl.oral-logo@cptCore35.11,
* McsEngl.spoken-logo@cptCore35.11,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEtoQo@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
[Speech]Gestural_logo is the first LOGO created by animals for communication that uses sound.
[hmnSngo.2008-09-22]

lagHmnlingo.REAL

_CREATED: {2007-10-21}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.REAL,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.3,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.RIALERO,
* McsEngl.rialero@cptCore35.3,
* McsEngl.real'langero@cptCore35.3,

_DEFINITION:
* REAL_LOGERO is a LOGERO whose referent exists.
[hmnSngo.2007-10-21_KasNik]

_GENERIC:
* REAL_INFO##

_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.CORRECT_MAPPING (truthvalue):
* 3 = Strong True
* 2 = TRUE#cptCore35.4#
* 1 = Weak True
* 0 = --------------
* -1 = Weak False
* -2 = FALSE#cptCore#
* -3 = Strong False

lagHmnlingo.SENSERO

_CREATED: {2007-11-05}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SENSERO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.9,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.SENSERO,
* McsEngl.sensero@cptCore35.9,

_DEFINITION:
* SENSERO is the LANGERO that describes the sensory_system.
[hmnSngo.2007-12-11_KasNik]

* SENSERO is kognero that denotes SENSEPTO.
[hmnSngo.2007-11-05_KasNik]

_GENERIC:
* KOGNERO#cptCore35.8#ql:cptoldepistem35.8##

ENVIRONMENTEINO:
* information.brainal.preconceptal#cptCore181.66#

lagHmnlingo.SYNLINGO-SET

_CREATED: {2012-08-30} {2004-03-23}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SYNLINGO-SET,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.38,
* McsEngl.conceptCore4,
* McsEngl.sinlangero,
* McsEngl.synexpression@cptCore4,
* McsEngl.synlingo@cptCore4, {2012-08-30}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.lagHmn'SINLANGERO@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.sinlangero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ,

_GENERIC:
* set#cptCore545.4#
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#

_DESCRIPTION:
SINLANGERO is a SET of langeros#cptCore35# that denote the same brainepto.
[hmnSngo.2007-12-12_KasNik]
===
SYNEXPRESSION of an expression is any expression that denotes the same mental-entity with the first expression.
[hmnSngo.2004-03-23_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* SINSENTENSERO
* SINKONCEPTERO##
* SINDEZIGNEPTERO
* SINAMERO##

lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNLINGOCONCEPT

_CREATED: {2003-11-08}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNLINGOCONCEPT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.63,
* McsEngl.conceptCore4.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore509,
* McsEngl.sinkonceptero@cptCore4i, {2007-12-12}
* McsEngl.synconcepter, {2004-02-24}
* McsEngl.synconcepter@cptCore509,
* McsEngl.synkonseptero@cptCore509,
* McsEngl.synlingoconcept@cptCore4.1, {2012-08-26}
=== _OLD:
* McsElln.ΛΟΓΗΜΑ@old@cptCore509,
* McsEngl.loger@old@cptCore509,
* McsElln.ΛΟΓΗΜΑ@old,
* McsEngl.loger@old, {2004-02-04}
* McsEngl.logim@old@cptCore509,
* McsEngl.logim@old,

_DEFINITION:
SYNCONCEPTERS differ because denote diferent inflections or mcorelaters.
One synconcepter have instances that denote diferent values in inflections.
[hmnSngo.2004-09-16_nikkas]

LOGER is ANY concepter a language creates from ONE concept.
[hmnSngo.2004-02-24_nikkas]

LOGIM is any CONTENT-WORD a language uses for the SAME concept but different semantic-concept.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-09_nikkas]

_File.excel:
* synconcepters.xls#pl:excel::\DATA1\data-OFFICE\SSHEET\excel\LEXEMES.XLS# (excel file)

_SPECIFIC:
* VERBER-SYNCONCEPTER
* VERBER-ARGUMENTER
* NOUNER-SYNCONCEPTER (denotes subjecter|objecter)
* ADNOUNER-SYNCONCEPTER (usally denotes properties of semantic-nouners)
* ADVERBER-SYNCONCEPTER (usally denotes properties of semantic-verbers)
* PROVERBERARGUMENTER
* CORELATER-SYNCONCEPTER (denotes semantic-corelaters)

* GERUND#cptCore669# (the english abjecter created from the verber)#cptCore669#
* INFINITIVE/ΑΠΑΡΕΜΦΑΤΟ#cptCore680# (the verber-former that is used and as abjecter)#cptCore680#
* PARTICIPLE/ΜΕΤΟΧΗ#cptCore681# (the verber-former that is used and as adnouner)#cptCore681#

lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNDEZIGNATOR

_CREATED: {2007-11-29}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNDEZIGNATOR,
* McsEngl.sindezigneptero-on-koncepto, {2008-01-03}
* McsEngl.sindezigneptero, {2007-12-13}
* McsEngl.dezignoset, {2007-11-29}

_DEFINITION:
* SINDEZIGNEPTERO is a SET of dezignepteros that denote the same koncepto#cptCore383#.
[hmnSngo.2007-12-13_KasNik]

DEZIGNOSET is the SET of dezignepteros in any human-language use for a KONCEPTO of a brainepto_base (atomic of social).
[hmnSngo.2007-11-29_KasNik]

_WHOLE:
* concept.human.brain#cptCore66#

lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNAME.NO

_CREATED: {2004-04-21}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNAME.NO,

_DEFINITION:
* any former of synonymer.
[hmnSngo.2004-04-21_nikkas]

lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNNAME#cptCore93.42#

_CREATED: {2007-12-12} {2000-09-05}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.synlingo.SYNNAME,
* McsEngl.concept's-synamer,
* McsEngl.synamer,
* McsElln.ΣΙΝΕΪΜΕΡ,
* McsEngl.sinamero-616,
* McsEngl.synamer-616,
=== _OLD:
* McsElln.ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ'ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΟ-616@old,
* McsEngl.syn-616@old,
* McsEngl.synonym-616@old,
* McsElln.ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ'ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΟ-616@old,
* McsEngl.syn-616@old,
* McsEngl.synonym-616@old,
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΟ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ@old, {1998-08-29}
* McsEngl.concept's-word@,

=== _NOTES: first-language-unit is the STATEMENT. Then the Conceptual-Word (concept's-word) is the second-language-unit, and the diktim (grafim|fonim) is the third-language-unit.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-05_nikkas]

_DEFINITION:
* SINAMERO is a SET of nameros#cptCore494# that denote the same koncepto.
[hmnSngo.2007-12-12_KasNik]

SYNONYM-OF-EXPRESSION is any other expression that MEANS the same 'meaning'.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-24_nikkas]

SYNAMER is ANY namer of synconcepters.
[hmnSngo.2004-02-24_nikkas]

SYNONYM is ANY content-word a language uses to denote the semantic-concepts of ONE concept.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-03_nikkas]

SYNONYM is any SEMANTIC-WORD a language uses to MEAN one attribute of a concept. Thus we have name-synonyms, short-name-synonyms, noun-synonyms, verbs-synonyms etc.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-13_nikkas]

~~SYNONYM OF CONCEPT is ANY semantic-word a language uses for its logims.~~
[hmnSngo.2002-06-18_nikkas]

SYNONYM is ANY conceptual-word a language uses to express ONE concept and any of its inflections.
[hmnSngo.2002-05-29_nikkas]

SYNONYM is ANY concept-word a language uses to denote the SAME CONCEPT.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-05_nikkas]

SYNONYM (CONCEPT-WORD) is ANY WORD a language uses to DENOTE a CONCEPT.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-12_nikkas]

SC SYNONYM is ANY noun/verb/adjective/adverb/operator form (lexeme) of the SC in any language.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-05_nikkas]

SYNONYM of a sc I call any 'content-word' of this cpt. This definition conforms with the java classes I have created for a sc. Then we have noun-synonyms, verb-synonyms etc.
[2000-04-28]

In everyday practice we used to call SYNONYMS, all the words OF THE SAME TYPE [lexeme] (noun/verb/...) that refer to the same concept.
I have expanded this concept and I have and noun-synonyms, verb-synonyms,... of a concept.
[hmnSngo.2001-03-23_nikkas]

SYNONYM we use to say ALL the content-words of a noun (a verb, an adjective, an adverb) of a concept.
[hmnSngo.2000-12-07_nikkas]

SYNONYM is any 'content-word' a language uses for the SAME concept.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-19_nikkas]

ONE lexeme can have many instances. Any one of them is called SYNONYM.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-08_nikkas]

ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΑ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ ονομάζω το ΣΥΝΟΛΟ των ΟΝΟΜΑΤΩΝ της έννοιας.
[hmnSngo.1997.03_nikos]

ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΑ δομημένης πληροφοριας είναι ΛΕΞΕΙΣ που χρησιμοποιούνται για την ίδια δομημένη πληροφορία σε όλες τις γλώσες.
[hmnSngo.1994-09-12_nikos]

synonym, equivalent word -- (two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context)
[WordNet 1.6 1997]

ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΑ Ή ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΕΣ ΛΕΞΕΙΣ λέγονται λέξεις διαφορετικές αναμεταξύ τους που έχουν την ίδια ΠΕΡΙΠΟΥ σημασία.
<ξημερώνει, χαράζει, γλυκοχαράζει, φέγγει, φωτίζει, ασπρογαλιαζει>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 67#cptResource310#]

αρχικος ορισμός σύνθεσης.
ΣΥΝΩΝΥΜΑ ΔΟΜΗΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΣ. Απο δώ ξεκινώ, άρα δεν τα ορίζω. Τα χαρακτηριστικά τα δίνω αργότερα ορίζοντας τις άλλες έννοιες.
[hmnSngo.1995.03_nikos]

sinamero'WHOLEFINO:
* nameLingo#cptCore453#

_GENERIC:
* termSemasioGeneric#cptCore453.17#

synterm'COMMENT

name::
* McsEngl.synterm'COMMENT,

In a concept's synonyms I can hold and information such as:
** evolution of names: Historically what names we used for this entity.
** other meanings: In literature, what other concepts denote with the same names.
[hmnSngo.2000-07-22_nikkas]

Θα μπορούσαμε στο όνομα εννοιας να εκφράσουμε και άλλες πληροφορίες όπως 'μέρος' και 'γενικότητα'.
- με τελεία να εκφράσουμε γενικότητα:
πχ 'κοινωνια.εδαφικη' σημαίνει ότι εδαφικη (κοινωνία) είναι μερική έννοια της 'κοινωνιας'
- με (') να εκφράζουμε μέρος ολότητας ή γενικώς όνομα.
πχ εδαφικη'κοινωνια = όνομα
ή οικονομια'κοινωνίας = η οικονομια είναι μερος κοινωνιας.
[hmnSngo.1996.05_nikos]

synterm'EVOLUTION#cptCore546.171#

name::
* McsEngl.synterm'EVOLUTION,

2002-01-05:
I separated 'synonym' and 'concept-word'. Now synonym is ANY concept-word that denotes the SAME concept.
[nikkas]

2001-05-13:
I merge the 'synonyms', 'synonym', 'content-word' concepts.

synterm.SPECIFIC#cptCore546.23#

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.SPECIFIC,

TYPE:
It is relative (to context) what we mean 'type' of a synonym.
If we have a 'greek' one, then its 'type' is noun/verb... and its 'specific type' is eln1a1...
If we have a 'greek-noun', then its 'type' is the 'elna1' for example.
[hmnSngo.2001-05-13_nikkas]

synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.LOGIM

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.LOGIM,

* NAME-SYNONYM#cptCore383.3#
* NOUN-SYNONYM
* VERB-SYNONYM
* ADJECTIVE-SYNONYM
* ADVERB-SYNONYM
* CORELATER-SYNONYM

synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SOUND

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SOUND,

sinamero.SPOKEN

sinamero.WRITTEN

synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.LANGUAGE

_CREATED: {2001-05-13}

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.LANGUAGE,

ENGLISH
GREEK

synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.MONOLECTICITY

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.MONOLECTICITY,

MONOLECTIC CONTENT-WORD
POLYLECTIC CONTENT-WORD

synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.CORELATONS

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.CORELATONS,

synterm.ANTONYMS

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.ANTONYMS,

(DIFFERENT NAME, OPPOSITE MEANING)

synterm.HOMOGRAPHS

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.HOMOGRAPHS,

Ιδια ορθογραφία, διαφορετική προφορά/σημασία.

synterm.HOMOPHONES

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.HOMOPHONES,
* McsEngl.homophone@cptCore616,

_DEFINITION:
If two different words are pronounced identically, they are homophones. In many cases they will be spelt differently (e.g. 'saw' - 'sore' - 'soar' in BBC English ), but homophony is possible also in the case of pairs like 'bear' (verb) and 'bear' (noun) which are spelt the same.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

peace & piece.
wear = φορώ, & where = που.

synterm.HOMONYMS

name::
* McsEngl.synterm.HOMONYMS,
* McsEngl.homonyms,
* McsElln.ομωνυμα-ονοματα,
* McsElln.ομοηχα-ονοματα,

_DEFINITION:
ΟΜΩΝΥΜΑ λέγονται δύο ή περισσότερες λέξεις, ΟΤΑΝ προφέρονται το ίδιο, έχουν όμως διαφορετική σημασία.
<κλείνω- κλίνω>
<σήκω - σύκο>
<κλήμα - κλίμα>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 66#cptResource310#]

ΠΑΡΩΝΥΜΑ-ΟΝΟΜΑΤΑ

name::
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΩΝΥΜΑ-ΟΝΟΜΑΤΑ,
* McsElln.παρωνυμα-ονοματα,

ΠΑΡΩΝΥΜΑ ονομάζονται οι λέξεις που έχουν διαφορετική σημασία και ΚΑΠΩΣ όμοια προφορά.
<στερώ - υστερώ>
<αχόρταγος - αχόρταστος>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 66#cptResource310#]

ΤΑΥΤΟΣΗΜΑ-ΟΝΟΜΑΤΑ

name::
* McsElln.ΤΑΥΤΟΣΗΜΑ-ΟΝΟΜΑΤΑ,

ΤΑΥΤΟΣΗΜΑ ΛΕΓΟΝΤΑΙ οι λέξεις που η σημασία τους είναι ΕΝΤΕΛΩΣ η ίδια.
<αραποσίτη - καλαμπόκι>

lagHmnlingo.TRUE

_CREATED: {2007-10-21}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.TRUE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore35.6,
* McsEngl.infHmnLgl.TRUERO,
* McsEngl.truero@cptCore35.6,
* McsEngl.true'langero@cptCore35.3,

_DEFINITION:
* TRUE_LOGERO is a REAL_LOGERO that reflects correct its referent.
[hmnSngo.2007-10-21_KasNik]

_GENERIC:
* REAL_LOGERO##

_SPECIFIC:
* AXIOM#ql:axiom-*# (logero true by consensus)#cptCore555i#
* HYPOTHESIS
* LAW_OF_THOUGHT
* THEOREM (logero proved true)#cptCore691#

lagHmnlingo.TRUELIKE

_CREATED: {2015-03-12}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.TRUELIKE,
* McsEngl.truelike-hmnlingo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.αληθοφανής-λόγος,

_DESCRIPTION:
Case1: uses relative names without refering its 'subject - the-related-entity'.
Example: 'do the right thing'. 'right' in relation to whom?
[hmnSngo.2015-03-12]

lagHmnlingo.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ#attOther#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ,
* McsEngl.grammatical-category,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.γραμματική-κατηγορία,

_DESCRIPTION:
προς τις γραμματικές κατηγορίες του ουσιαστικού, του επιθέτου και του επιρρήματος, αφετέρου προς τις συντακτικές κατηγορίες του υποκειμένου, του αντικειμένου, του επιθετικού προσδιορισμού και του επιρρηματικού προσδιορισμού.
[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/page_083.html]
===
A grammatical category is an analytical class within the grammar of a language, whose members have the same syntactic distribution and recur as structural unit throughout the language, and which share a common property which can be semantic or syntactic.[1]
Each grammatical category has several "exponents", at most one of which marks a constituent of an expression: a noun or noun phrase cannot be marked for singular and plural at the same time, nor can a verb be marked for present and past at the same time.
For example, the category number has the exponents [singular] and [plural] in English and many other languages. In English, the number of a noun such as bird in:
The bird is singing.
The birds are singing.
is either singular or plural, which is expressed overtly by the absence or presence of the suffix -s. Furthermore, the grammatical number is reflected in agreement between the noun and verb, where the singular number triggers is, and the plural number, are.
Exponents of grammatical categories are often expressed in the same position or 'slot' in the word (such as prefix, suffix or enclitic). An example of this is the Latin cases, which are all suffixal: rosa, rosae, rosae, rosam, rosa. ("rose", in nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative)

Grammatical categories
Agency
Aspect
Case
Clusivity
Definiteness
Degree of comparison
Evidentiality
Focus
Gender
Mirativity
Modality
Mood
Noun class
Number
Person
Polarity
Tense
Topic
Transitivity
Valency
Voice
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_category] {2012-10-26}

_SPECIFIC:
* noun#cptCore256.3#
* adjective#cptCore256.2#
* adverb#cptCore256.6#

lagHmnlingo.ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ#attOther#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ,
* McsEngl.syntactic-category,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.συντακτική-κατηγορία,

_DESCRIPTION:
προς τις γραμματικές κατηγορίες του ουσιαστικού, του επιθέτου και του επιρρήματος, αφετέρου προς τις συντακτικές κατηγορίες του υποκειμένου, του αντικειμένου, του επιθετικού προσδιορισμού και του επιρρηματικού προσδιορισμού.
[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/ancient_greek/tools/composition/page_083.html]
===
A syntactic category is a type of syntactic unit that theories of syntax assume.[1] The traditional parts of speech (e.g. noun, verb, preposition, etc.) are syntactic categories, and in phrase structure grammars, the phrasal categories (e.g. noun phrase NP, verb phrase VP, preposition phrase PP, etc.) are also syntactic categories. Phrase structure grammars draw an important distinction between lexical categories and phrasal categories. Dependency grammars, in contrast, do not acknowledge phrasal categories (at least not in the traditional sense), which means they work with lexical categories alone. Many grammars also draw a distinction between lexical categories and functional categories. In this regard, the terminology is by no means consistent. The one opposition (lexical category vs. phrasal category) and the other opposition (lexical category vs. functional category) are orthogonal to each other.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_category]

lagHmnlingo.CAUSALITY

_CREATED: {2003-12-24}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.CAUSALITY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.24,
* McsEngl.causal'logero@cptCore474.24,
* McsEngl.causality'vudero@cptCore474.24,
* McsEngl.entailment'logero@cptCore474.24,
* McsEngl.implication@cptCore474.24,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.kozero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.αιτιώδης-άποψη-λόγου, {2012-09-20}
* McsElln.ΣΥΝΕΠΑΓΩΓΗ,
* McsElln.εννΕπιστημη474.24,

_DEFINITION:
* CAUSALITY-LMODEL is an LMODEL that denotes a causality-corelation.

* ΣΥΝΕΠΑΓΩΓΗ είναι ΚΡΙΣΗ έκφρασης 'αιτιώδους σχεσεως'...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι η 'παρατακτική-πρόταση#cptCore593.a#' όπου έχουμε σύνδεση δύο 'κύριων προτάσεων' όπου η μία είναι συμπέρασμα της άλλης.

* ~~ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ είναι ΠΑΡΑΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ-ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ#cptCore593.a# με συμπερασματικούς συνδέσμους...~~
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

KOZEINO#cptCore546.8#

ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΟΙ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΙ:
ΛΟΙΠΟΝ, ΩΣΤΕ, ΑΡΑ, ΕΠΟΜΕΝΩΣ, ΠΟΥ.

_GENERIC:
* KOZO_INFO#cptCore181.14#

_SPECIFIC:

GREEK#cptCore570#:
Η ΣΥΝΔΕΣΗ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΜΕ:
- συμπερασματικούς (αποτελεσματικούς) συνδέσμους: λοιπόν, ώστε, άρα, επομένως,
- επιρρήματα που χρησιμοποιούνται ως συμπερασματικοί σύνδεσμοι: τώρα, τότε, έπειτα, ύστερα,
- το εμπρόθετο γι'αυτό κ.α.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 128#cptResource311#]

* <όπως φαίνεται, ήρθαν όλοι. ΛΟΙΠΟΝ, τι περιμένουμε;>
<Οι γωνίες σε κάθε τρίγωνο έχουν άθροισμα δύο ορθές. ΑΡΑ στο ορθογώνιο τρίγωνο οι δυο οξείες γωνίες είναι ίσες με μία ορθή>
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 128#cptResource311#]

_SPECIFIC:
* conditional-sentence#cptCore474.20#
* CONDITIONLESS--CAUSALITY-LMODEL
* CAUSE-OF-LENTITY (entity=effect)#cptCore474.25#
* EFFECT-OF-LENTITY (entity=cause)#cptCore474.26#

lagHmnlingo.causality.CAUSE-OF-LENTITY

_CREATED: {2003-12-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.causality.CAUSE-OF-LENTITY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.25,
* McsEngl.cause-of-lentity'logo@cptCore474.25,

EXAMPLE#cptCore546.35#

lagHmnlingo.causality.EFFECT-OF-LENTITY

_CREATED: {2003-12-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.causality.EFFECT-OF-LENTITY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.26,
* McsEngl.effect-of-lentity'vudero@cptCore474.26,

EXAMPLE#ql:effect'corelaton'of'entity@cptCore546.36#

lagHmnlingo.DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:
· DEFINITION is info that UNIQLY identifies a-concept.
* my last-view,
_CREATED: {2012-09-01}

name::
* McsEngl.conceptCore487,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.46,
* McsEngl._DEFINITION,
* McsEngl.DEFINITION,
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.DEFINITION,
* McsEngl.definition,
* McsEngl.definition-of-brnHcpt@cptCore474.46, {2012-09-01}
* McsEngl.definition-statement@cptCore487,
* McsEngl.definition'vudero,
* McsEngl.definition-frasi,
* McsEngl.dfn,
* McsEngl.logal-definition@cptCore487, {2012-03-22}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.definero@lagoSngo, {2007-09-25}
* McsEngl.definero@lagoSngo, {2006-12-02} {2006-11-14} (definero is not the product of definufino)
* McsEngl.defineino@lagoSngo, {2007-09-20}
* McsEngl.definufero@lagoSngo, {2006-11-29} (from defin-ufino => definuf-ulo => definuf-ero)
* McsEngl.definulero@lagoSngo, {2006-11-24} (defin-uino => defin-ulo =>defin-ulero)
* McsEngl.definito@lagoSngo, {2006-11-10}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,
* McsElln.ορισμός,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.difino@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.difino,
====== lagoChinese:
ding4yi4; definition,
ding4; to set; to fix; to determine; to decide; to order,
yi4 ; justice; righteousness; meaning,

_WIKIPEDIA: bs:Definicija, ca:Definicio, cs:Definice, da:Definition, de:Definition, et:Definitsioon, es:Definicion, eo:Difino, fa:?????, fr:Definition, gl:Definicion, hr:Definicija, id:Definisi, it:Definizione, he:?????, hu:Definicio, mk:??????????, ms:Definisi, nl:Definitie, ja:??, no:Definisjon, nds:Definitschoon, pl:Definicja, pt:Definicao, ro:Definitie, ru:??????????? (??????), qu:Sut'ichay, simple:Definition, sl:Definicija, sr:??????????, sh:Definicija, fi:Maaritelma, sv:Definition, tl:Katuturan, ta:????????????, te:?????????, vi:D?nh nghia, uk:?????????, fiu-vro:Arqseletus, yi:?????????, zh:??,

DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:
Every brnHcpt has attributes. Some of them UNIQUELY IDENTIFY the concept. Any set of such attributes is the braino-definition of the brnHcpt. The lingo that 'express' a braino-definition' is the 'definition-of-brnHcpt'.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-01]

analytic

DEFINERO is the LOGERO#cptCore35# which describes a definufino#cptCore475.243#.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-25_KasNik]

DEFINITION is not a PROCESS. It is the RELATION of this concept with the others that UNIQLY DISTIGUISHES it from the other concepts. Of course, the definition-process creates this relation.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-19_nikkas]

DEFINITION OF A CONCEPT is the CREATION-PROCESS of the concept. As everything, we express it with sentences.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-17_KasNik]

CONCEPT-DEFINITION is the SEMANTIC-ENTITY and its mapping LOGO-ENTITY that describes a CONCEPT-CREATING#cptCore475.254# process.
[hmnSngo.2004-03-21_nikkas]

* DEFINITION-FRASI is a FRASI that denotes a definition-statement.
[hmnSngo.2003-04-18_nikkas]

DEFINITION-OF-A-CONCEPT is one or more 'statements#cptCore531.a#' that [UNIQUELY] identify the concept and give it a name.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-12_nikkas]

ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΔΟΜΗΜΕΝΗΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ ονομάζω την ΚΡΙΣΗ με την οποία εκφράζω τη 'δημιουργια' μιας καινούργιας 'δομημενης εννοιας'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ είναι η 'πρόταση#cptCore531#' με την οποία διατυπώνουμε τη 'σημασία#cptCore384#' μιας 'έννοιας' ή ενός 'ονόματος#cptCore383#'.
[hmnSngo.1994.05_nikos]

Το σύστημα δομημένων πληροφοριών πρεπει να χτίζεται με ΕΝΑ είδος ορισμου ή παραγωγικος ή επαγωγικός. Ομως το όλο σύστημα πρεπει να μπορεί να χτιστεί και με τους δύο τύπους.
[hmnSngo.1995.01_nikos]

ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η 'ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ' ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΟΥΜΕ ΜΙΑ ΝΕΑ ΕΝΝΟΙΑ. ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ ΝΟΗΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΡΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΝΕΙ ΤΑ ΒΑΣΙΚΑ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ, 'ΟΝΟΜΑ', 'ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΟ', 'ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ'.
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]

"ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ: ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΤΗΣ ΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΠΙΤΡΕΠΕΙ
1) ΤΗ ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΗ ΚΡΙΤΗΡΙΩΝ ΔΙΑΚΡΙΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΥΠΟ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΑΛΛΑ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ (ΔΗΛΑΔΗ, ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΤΗΣ ΙΔΙΟΤΥΠΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ), ΚΑΘΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΙΔΙΚΟΥΣ ΤΡΟΠΟΥΣ ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ-ΤΟΥ,
2) ΤΗΝ ΕΚ ΝΕΟΥ ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΙΣΑΓΟΜΕΝΗΣ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΙΚΗΣ ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗΣ ή ΤΟΝ ΑΚΡΙΒΕΣΤΕΡΟ ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟ ΤΗΣ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΧΕΙ Η ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΣΕ ΚΑΠΟΙΑ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ (ΦΥΣΙΚΗ, ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΙΔΕΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΙΣΜΟΥ ή ΤΥΠΟΠΟΙΗΜΕΝΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΤΗΣ ΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ). ΕΦΟΣΟΝ ΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ ΤΗΣ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ ΑΠΕΙΚΟΝΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΕΣ, ΟΡΙΣΜΕΝΕΣ ΦΟΡΕΣ Ο ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΘΕΩΡΕΙΤΑΙ ΩΣ ΣΑΦΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟΥ ΤΩΝ ΕΝΝΟΙΩΝ"
[ΗΛΙΤΣΕΦ ΚΛΠ, ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΟ ΛΕΞΙΚΟ 1985, Δ183#cptResource164#]

"a definition of a concept may be formulated FOLLOWING a comprehensive study of the object to which it refers, and although we never fully achieve it, comprehensiveness protects us from errors and denaturalisation; it is essential to study the object not in a static state but in a dynamic one, in the process of its development. One needs to take account of the criterion of practice and the concreteness of truth"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 56#cptResource19#]

'THE LION IS THE KING OF THE ANIMAL WORLD' it is not a definition.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 51#cptResource19#]

definition'Creator

name::
* McsEngl.definition'Creator,
* McsEngl.definufolo@cptCore487,

_DEFINITION:
The entity with a brain which creates the definufulo.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-23_KasNik]

definition'Definiendum (brnHCpt)

name::
* McsEngl.definition'Definiendum (brnHCpt),
* McsEngl.definiendum@cptCore487,
* McsEngl.dfd@cptCore487,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.definufulo@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
"The concept whose content is to be revealed is called the DEFINIENDUM (Dfd for short) whilst the concept used to define it is called the DEFINIENS (Dfn for short)"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 46#cptResource19#]

definition'Definien (attributes)

name::
* McsEngl.definition'Definien (attributes),
* McsEngl.definien@cptCore487,
* McsEngl.dfn@cptCore487,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.definudilo@lagoSngo, {2008-08-21}
* McsEngl.definufelo@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
"The concept whose content is to be revealed is called the DEFINIENDUM (Dfd for short) whilst the concept used to define it is called the DEFINIENS (Dfn for short)"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 46#cptResource19#]

definition'EVOLUTION#cptCore546.171#

name::
* McsEngl.definition'EVOLUTION,

METHODS SIMILAR TO DEFINITION PROCESS:
CHARACTERIZATION
CLARIFICATION BY MEANS OF AN EXAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
DIFFERENTIATION
ERRORS IN THE DEFINITION PROCESS:
VICIOUS CIRCLE

DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION is a method allowing the object in question to be separated from similar objects.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 56#cptResource19#]

KONSEPTO

{time.2007-09-25:
* I merged this concept as "defineino" with "definero" created 2007-09-23

definition'Importance#cptCore781#

name::
* McsEngl.definition'Importance,

...ΠΡΟΣΠΑΘΕΙΑ ΓΙΑ ΟΡΙΣΜΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΑΠΑΡΑΙΤΗΤΗ ΣΑ ΒΑΣΗ ΠΑΡΑΠΕΡΑ ΣΥΖΗΤΗΣΗΣ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 44#cptResource191#]

definition'Position

name::
* McsEngl.definition'Position,

starting/middle/ending or initial/middle/final

definition'Relation-to-Definiendum#cptCore546.183#

name::
* McsEngl.definition'Relation-to-Definiendum,

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.definition.specific,

_SPECIFIC: definition.alphabetically:

===
* ANALYTIC-DEFINEFINO#cptCore1070###
* SYNTHETIC-DEFINEFINO#cptCore1071###
* COMPARISON,
* GENETIC
* FINAL
* FORMAL
* FUNCTIONAL
* NEGATIVE#cptCore487.1#
* RECURCIVE
* STARTING
* STRUCTURAL
* WORKING-DEFINEFINO#cptCore487.2#

The main logical approaches to the formation of concepts, are analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction and generalisation...
Analysis is the division of objects into their component parts and the identification of their features.
Synthesis is the combination of the component parts of an object, or its features, obtained in eh course of analysis, to form a single whole.
Comparison is the establishment of similarity or dissimilarity between objects in terms of their substantive and insubstantive features.
Abstraction is the selection of certain properties of an object and their isolation from others. The task involved is frequently to single out the substantive properties of an object and isolate them from those which are insubstantive and of secondary importance.
Generalization is the amalgamation of individual objects in one or another concept.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 36#cptResource19#]

definition.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.START-END-BCONCEPT

name::
* McsEngl.definition.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.START-END-BCONCEPT,

_SPECIFIC:
Starting - Ending definition
Beginning - Final definition
ΑΡΧΙΚΟΣ - ΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,
===
NO-AXIOMATIC-DEFINITION???

definition.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.ANALYSIS-SYNTHESIS

name::
* McsEngl.definition.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.ANALYSIS-SYNTHESIS,

_SPECIFIC:
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO#cptCore1070###
* DEFINERO_SINTEZUDINO#cptCore1071###
* DEFINERO_ENVIRONMENT##

We define/create a concept by perceiving **all** the RELATIONS with other known concepts:
internal:
part,
external:
whole,
general, specific,
environment,
[hmnSngo.2000-09-23_nikkas]

definition.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.CONCLUSIVENESS

name::
* McsEngl.definition.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.CONCLUSIVENESS,

_SPECIFIC:
Conclusive
working

definition.ANALYTIC

_CREATED: {2000-09-26} {2007-09-25}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.ANALYTIC,
* McsEngl.conceptCore487.3,
* McsEngl.conceptCore487.3,
* McsEngl.analytic-definition,
* McsEngl.analytic'definition@cptCore1070,
* McsEngl.definition.analytic@cptCore1070,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.definero'analizo@lagoSngo, (analiz-ufino)
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΟΣ-ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
DEFINERO-ANALIZUDINO is the definero which creates a parto or spesifepto konsepto from an entepto.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-28_KasNik]

ANALYTIC-DEFITION is the DEFINITION with which we create a concept by
- partial division
- specific divsion and
- environmental-analysis.
We have a whole-concept and we identify internal and external characteristics.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-26_nikkas]

ANALYTIC-DEFINITION I call the DEFINITION with which we create concepts by DIVISION of another concept (partial and spesific-division).
[hmnSngo.2000-07-28_nikkas]

ΕΝΩ ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΟ ονομάζω τον ορισμο έννοιας που δημιουργείται απο την ΔΙΑΙΡΕΣΗ άλλης έννοιας.
[hmnSngo.1997.10_nikos]

ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΟ ονομάζω το ορισμο με τον οποίο δημιουργούμε ΜΕΡΗ ολότητας.
[hmnSngo.1995.01_nikos]

ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΟ ονομάζω τον ορισμο έννοιας που δημιουργείται απο την ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ/ΔΙΑΙΡΕΣΗ άλλης έννοιας.
[hmnSngo.1994.05_nikos]

EXAMPLES by spesific-division:
1) HUMAN-INFORMATION is the 'living-organism's-information' of 'humans'.
2)

EXAMPLES by partial-division:

EXAMPLES by environment-analysis:

_GENERIC:
* DEFINITION#cptCore474.46#

_SPECIFIC:
_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.ATRIBO ====
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO_PARTO##
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO_SPESIFEPTO##
* ENVIO-ANALYTIC-DEFINEINO#cptCore1070.3#
_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.DIRECTION ====
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO_FINAL##
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO_STARTING##
_SPECIFIC_DIVISION.DIVIZUDINO ====
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO_DIVIZUDINO##
* DEFINERO_ANALIZUDINO_DIVIZUDINO_CO

_ENVIRONMENTEINO:
ORUDINO#cptCore475.254#

definition.anal.PARTO

name::
* McsEngl.definition.anal.PARTO,
* McsEngl.definero'analizufino'parto@cptCore487i,

_DEFINITION:
The creation of ONE parto from an entepto.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-28_KasNik]

definition.anal.SPESIFEPTO

name::
* McsEngl.definition.anal.SPESIFEPTO,
* McsEngl.definero'analizufino'spesifepto@cptCore487i,

_DEFINITION:
The creation of ONE spesifepto from an entepto.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-28_KasNik]

ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ:
Κάθε παραγωγικός ορισμός πρέπει να δίνει ξεκάθαρα το χαρακτηριστικό βάσει του οποίου δημιουργούνται οι μερικές έννοιες απο την αρχικη γενική έννοια.
[ΝΙΚΟΣ, 14 ΦΕΒ. 1995]

definition.anal.DIVIZUDINO

name::
* McsEngl.definition.anal.DIVIZUDINO,
* McsEngl.definition-by-division@cptCore487i,
* McsEngl.definero'analizufino'divizufino@cptCore487i,

_DEFINITION:
The definero that describes a definufino_analizufino_divizufino#ql:definufino'analizufino'divizufino-*#.
[hmnSngo.2007-09-28_KasNik]

_SPECIFIC:
* PARTO-ANALYTIC-DEFINEINO##
* SPESIFEPTO-ANALYTIC-DEFINEINO##

definition.divizudino.PARTO

_CREATED: {2000-09-29}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.divizudino.PARTO,
* McsEngl.analytic'definition.partial@cptCore1070.1,
* McsEngl.definition.analytic.partial@cptCore1070.1,
* McsEngl.Partial-Analytic-Definition,
* McsEngl.Partial'Analytic'Definition@cptCore1070.1,
* McsEngl.partial-division-definition,
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ-ΜΕΡΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΑΙΡΕΣΗΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* PARTIAL-ANALYTIC-DEFINITION is the definition that creates a concept by dividing a concept into PARTS.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-12_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* ANALYTIC-DEFINITION#cptCore487.3#

WHOLE-CPT:
Every partial-analytic definition takes a cpt and divide it into parts, created thus new cpts.
The cpt we divide is the WHOLE-CPT of the definition.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-15_nikkas]

definition.divizudino.SPESIFEPTO

name::
* McsEngl.definition.divizudino.SPESIFEPTO,
* McsEngl.definition-by-specific-division@cptCore487i,
* McsEngl.analytic'definition.specific@cptCore540,
* McsEngl.concept-limitation,
* McsEngl.concept'limitation@cptCore540,
* McsEngl.deduction@cptCore540,
* McsEngl.deductive-classification,
* McsEngl.deductive-definition,
* McsEngl.deductive-reasoning,
* McsEngl.deductive-thinking,
* McsEngl.definition.analytic.specific@cptCore540,
* McsEngl.LIMITATION,
* McsEngl.specialization@cptCore540,
* McsEngl.specific-analysis-definition,
* McsEngl.specific-analytic-definition,
* McsEngl.specific-division-definition@cptCore487i,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ'ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ@cptCore540,
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ@cptCore540,
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΙΚΗ-ΤΑΞΙΝΟΜΗΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΙΚΟΣ-ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* SPESIFEPTO-ANALYTIC-DEFINITION is the definition that creates a concept by dividing a concept into SPECIES.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-12_nikkas]
* ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ είναι ΓΕΝΝΗΣΗ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ κατά την οποία η 'παλια οντοτητα' είναι 'γενικη εννοια' και το 'δημιουργημα' 'μερικη της εννοια'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* deductive ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ:
Με αυτό δημιουργούμε μία ΜΕΡΙΚΗ εννοια, απο μία ΓΕΝΙΚΗ.
<ΙΝΔΙΑΝΟΙ ειναι οι ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΙ που ζούσαν στην αμερική όταν ανακαλύφθηκε>
* ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΙΚΟΣ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΣ είναι η δημιουργία μερικής πληροφορίας απο γενικη.
* ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑΣ ΜΙΑΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ ΕΙΔΟΣ, ΠΟΥ ΜΠΟΡΕΙ ΝΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΕΙΤΕ ΓΕΝΙΚΗ ΕΙΤΕ ΣΥΓΚΕΚΡΙΜΕΝΗ.
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]
* LIMITATION is a logical operation involving a transition from a generic concept to a specific one by adding species-forming features to the said generic concept.
Limitation cannot go any further than the unique [concrete] concept.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 65#cptResource19#]
* CLASSIFICATION is the division of objects into classes where each class occupies a fixed, defined place.
NATURAL CLASSIFICATION is the division of objects into classes on the basis of their essential features.
ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION is the division of objects into groups (classes) on the basis of their non-essential properties.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 65#cptResource19#]

Genus-differentia definition
Traditionally, a definition consists of the genus (the family) of thing to which the defined thing belongs, and the differentia (the distinguishing feature which marks it off from other members of the same family). Thus 'triangle' is defined as 'a plane figure (genus) bounded by three straight sides (differentia).[4]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition]

_SPECIFIC:
* Dichotomous-KLASUDINO##

** EXAMPLES:
* ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ είναι η [ΓΕΝΙΚΗ]-ΕΝΝΟΙΑ που δε μπορεί να ΓΕΝΙΚΕΥΤΕΙ άλλο.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ονομάζω την ΟΛΟΤΗΤΑ που έχει χαρακτηριστικά που κανένα απο τα μέρης της ΔΕΝ έχει μόνο του.
[hmnSngo.1995.02_nikos]
* Ζωντανος οργανισμος είναι το ΔΥΝΑΜΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ που αυτοεξελίσσεται και αυτοαναπαραγεται.
[hmnSngo.1995.02_nikos]
* ΖΩΟ ειναι ο ΖΩΝΤΑΝΟΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΣ που μπορεί και κινείται ελεύθερα στο χώρο.
* ΦΑΝΤΑΣΤΙΚΗ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ είναι η ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ#cptCore445.a# που ΔΕΝ έχει ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΟ.
[hmnSngo.1995.03_nikos]
* ΛΟΓΙΚΗ είναι 'διαδικασια-σκέψης#cptCore494#', ΣΕ ΑΝΤΙΘΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΤΟ 'ΜΥΣΤΙΚΙΣΜΟ#cptCore529#', ΑΥΘΕΝΤΙΑ, 'ΔΙΑΙΣΘΗΣΗ#cptCore523#'.
Μπορεί να είναι αληθινή ή ψευδής.
[hmnSngo.1994.05_nikos]

definition.anal.FINAL

name::
* McsEngl.definition.anal.FINAL,
* McsEngl.final'analytic'definition@cptCore1070i,

_DEFINITION:
* FINAL-ANALYTIC is a definition we create by analysis BUT we can't divide it any more.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-08_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT:
* A final-analytic-definition has an "EMPTY" STARTING-SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION. In other words this concepts is defined ONLY analytically.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-08_nikkas]

definition.anal.STARTING

name::
* McsEngl.definition.anal.STARTING,
* McsEngl.starting'analytic'definition@cptCore1070i,

_DEFINITION:
STARTING-ANALYTIC-DEFINITION is an "empty" definition, because the concept that denotes is defined by a FINAL-SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-08_nikkas]

definition.SYNTHETIC

_CREATED: {2000-09-26} {2007-09-25}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.SYNTHETIC,
* McsEngl.synthetic-definition,
* McsEngl.synthetic'definition@cptCore1071,
* McsEngl.definition.SYNTHETIC@cptCore1071,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.definero'sintezo@lagoSngo, (sintez-ufino)
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ.ΣΥΝΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION is the DEFINITION by which we create a concept by UNIFICATION of other concepts:
- part unification,
- species unification,
- environmental synthesis,
[hmnSngo.2000-09-26_nikkas]

ΣΥΝΘΕΤΙΚΟ ονομάζω τον ορισμό με τον οποίο δημιουργούμε μια έννοια με ΕΝΩΣΗ άλλων εννοιών.
[hmnSngo.1997.10_nikos]

ΣΥΝΘΕΤΙΚΟ ονομάζω τον ορισμο με τον οποίο δημιουργούμε ΟΛΟΤΗΤΑ απο μέρη.
[hmnSngo.1995.01_nikos]

ΣΥΝΘΕΤΙΚΟ ονομάζω τον ορισμό με τον οποίο δημιουργούμε μια έννοια με ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ/ΕΝΩΣΗ άλλων εννοιών.
[hmnSngo.1994.05_nikos]

_GENERIC:
* DEFINERO#cptCore474.46#

SPESIFEPTO:
* WHOLE--SYNTHETIC-DEFINEINO#cptCore1071.3#
* GENERIC--SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION#cptCore1071.2#
* ENVIRONMENTAL--SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION#cptCore1071.1#

definition.sintezo.GENEREPTO

name::
* McsEngl.definition.sintezo.GENEREPTO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1071.2,
* McsEngl.definition-by-generalization,
* McsEngl.definition.synthetic.general@cptCore1071.2,
* McsEngl.general-creation,
* McsEngl.general-synthetic-definition,
* McsEngl.general'synthetic'definition@cptCore1071.2,
* McsEngl.inductive-definition,
* McsEngl.specific-synthetic-definition, {2000-09-27}
* McsEngl.synthetic'definition.general@cptCore1071.2,
* McsEngl.FORMAL-NAME:,
* McsEngl.generic'synthetic'definition@cptCore1071.2,
* McsElln.ΕΠΑΓΩΓΙΚΟΣ-ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,

_DEFINITION:
* ΓΕΝΙΚΕΥΣΗ ονομάζω τη ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ στην οποία το 'δημιουργημα' είναι 'γενικη εννοια'
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* ΕΠΑΓΩΓΗ είναι ΛΟΓΙΚΗ με την οποία δημιουργούμε 'γενικη εννοια'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* ΓΕΝΙΚΕΥΣΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η 'ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ' ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑΣ ΜΙΑΣ 'ΓΕΝΙΚΗΣ-ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ#cptCore374#'
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]

_NOTATION:
* STATEMENT'S-SUBJECT is a SIMPLE-SUBJECT or a COMPLEX-SUBJECT#cptCore1090.s# or a COMPOUND-SUBJECT#cptCore1091.s#.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-02_nikkas]

* CONCEPTUAL-INFORMATION is ANY entity of concepts.

* WORD is a 'monolectic' or a 'polylectic-word'.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-15_nikkas]

definition.sintezo.WHOLE

_CREATED: {2000-09-29}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.sintezo.WHOLE,
* McsEngl.definition.synthetic.partial@cptCore1071.3,
* McsEngl.partial-synthetic-definition,
* McsEngl.synthetic'definition.whole@cptCore1071.3,
* McsEngl.whole-creation-definition,
* McsEngl.whole-synthetic-definition,
* McsEngl.whole'synthetic'definition@cptCore1071.3,

_DEFINITION:
* WHOLE-SYNTHETIC-DEFINITION is a 'synthetic-definition' with which we create a whole concept (system or set).
[hmnSngo.2000-09-29_nikkas]

_GENERIC:

_NOTATION:
(DEFINUDINO_SINTEZO_TUTO tuto parto1 parto2 ...)

eng: parto1 and parto2 make up a tuto.

* A SUBJECT and a PREDICATE make up a STATEMENT.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-07_nikkas]

* A sequence of characters, that follow the rules of a language, make up a SYLLABLE.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-15_nikkas]

definition.border.BROAD

_CREATED: {2015-08-06}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.border.BROAD,
* McsEngl.broad-definition,
* McsEngl.broad-sense,

definition.border.NARROW

_CREATED: {2015-08-06}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.border.NARROW,
* McsEngl.narrow-definition,
* McsEngl.narrow-sense,
* McsEngl.strict-definition,
* McsEngl.strict-sense,

definition.ENVIRONMENTAL [2000-09-29|2007-09-27]

name::
* McsEngl.definition.ENVIRONMENTAL [2000-09-29|2007-09-27],
* McsEngl.environmental'definero@cptCore487i,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.analytic'definition.environmental@old@cptCore1077,
* McsEngl.definition.analytic.environmental@old@cptCore1077,
* McsEngl.environment-analysis-definition@old,
* McsEngl.environmental-analytic-definition@old,
* McsEngl.environmental'analytic'definition@old@cptCore1077,
* McsEngl.definition.synthetic.environmental@old@cptCore1099,
* McsEngl.environment-creation@old,
* McsEngl.environmental-synthetic-definition@old,
* McsEngl.environmental'synthetic'definition@old@cptCore1099,
* McsEngl.synthetic'definition.environmental@old@cptCore1099,

_EXAMPLE:
* A language maps/express concepts with 'words' which we call CONTENT-WORDS.
[hmnSngo.2000-11-19_nikkas]
* PREDICATE-OF-A-STATEMENT is the RELATION of a statement's subject.
[hmnSngo.2000-10-02_nikkas]

* Living-Organism Information is the PRODUCT of the 'INFORMATION-SYSTEM' of the living-organism. [hmnSngo.1995.04_nikkas]

definition.AXIOMATIC

name::
* McsEngl.definition.AXIOMATIC,

definition.CHARACTERIZATION

name::
* McsEngl.definition.CHARACTERIZATION,

CHARACTERIZATION is the listing of just some of the INNER properties of a person, phenomenon or object, and not its external appearance, as is the case with description.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 53#cptResource19#]

definition.CIRCULAR

name::
* McsEngl.definition.CIRCULAR,
* McsEngl.Circular-definition@cptCore487i,
* McsEngl.vicious-circle-definition@cptCore487i,
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ-ΦΑΥΛΟΥ-ΚΥΚΛΟΥ@cptCore487i,

_DEFINITION:
* A circular definition is one that assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined. By using the term(s) being defined as a part of the definition, a circular definition provides no new or useful information; either the audience already knows the meaning of the term(s), or the definition is deficient in including the term(s) to be defined in the definition itself. If someone wants to know what a cellular phone is, telling them that it is a "phone that is cellular" will not be especially illuminating, nor is defining dialectical materialism as "materialism that is dialectical". For another example, we can define "oak" as a tree which has catkins and grows from an acorn, and then define "acorn" as the nut produced by an oak tree. To someone not knowing which trees are oaks, nor which nuts are acorns, the definition is fairly useless.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_definition] 2009-08-20

* "This is the case when the Dfd is defined by means of Dfn and Dfn was previusly defined by Dfd.
A vicious circle is also formed when the concept to be defined is described in terms of itself, just using different words, or when the concept being defined forms part of the defining concept. Such definitions are called tautologic"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 50#cptResource19#]

_EXAMPLE:
1) OBJECT I call the ENTITY which is not a RELATION.
[hmnSngo.1998-02-22_nikos]
RELATION I call the ENTITY which is not an OBJECT.
[hmnSngo.1998-04-22_nikos]

definition.CLARIFICATION-BY-EXAMPLE

name::
* McsEngl.definition.CLARIFICATION-BY-EXAMPLE,
* McsEngl.ostensive'definition@cptCore487i,
* McsEngl.definition'by'pointing@cptCore487i,

_DEFINITION:
An ostensive definition conveys the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. This type of definition is often used where the term is difficult to define verbally, either because the words will not be understood (as with children and new speakers of a language) or because of the nature of the term (such as colors or sensations). It is usually accompanied with a gesture pointing out the object serving as an example, and for this reason is also often referred to as "definition by pointing." Ostensive definitions rely on an analogical or case-based reasoning by the subject they are intended to.[citation needed]
For example, defining "red" by pointing out red objects -- apples, stop signs, roses -- is giving ostensive definition, as is naming.
It is thought that children may learn a great deal of their language ostensively.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostensive_definition] 2007-09-25

CLARIFICATION BY MEANS OF AN EXAMPLE is employed when it is easier to give one or more examples to illustrate the concept in question than to strictly define it by reference to the genus and specific distinction
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 55#cptResource19#]

definition.DESCRIPTION

name::
* McsEngl.definition.DESCRIPTION,

Description is the listing of the external features of an object with a view to its non-rigorous distinction from similar objects.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 52#cptResource19#]

definition.FORMAL

name::
* McsEngl.definition.FORMAL,

definition.FUNCTIONAL

name::
* McsEngl.definition.FUNCTIONAL,
* McsEngl.functional-definition@cptCore487i,
* McsElln.λειτουργικός-ορισμός,

"...the functionally defined concept of a cup, something form which to drink liquids, especially hot ones"
[Winston et al, 1990, 75#cptResource112#]

Every definition is either a structure-definition or a process-definition. Every <system> must have both of them.
[hmnSngo.1990.08_nikos]

definition.INDICATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.definition.INDICATIVE,

definition.PRECISE

_CREATED: {2008-01-01}

name::
* McsEngl.definition.PRECISE,
* McsEngl.precise-definition@cptCore487.4, {2008-01-01}
* McsEngl.clear-definition@cptCore487.4,

_DEFINITION:
Precise_definition is a definition whose used terms are NOT ambiguous (= no boundaries) or vague (= clear boundaries).
[hmnSngo.2008-01-01_KasNik]

_DESCRIPTION:
Today the majority of definitions are not precise. Actually they are not definitions at all, because a definition must UNIQULY distiguishe the entity from the others, to set clear boundaries.
[hmnSngo.2008-01-01_KasNik]

definition.NEGATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.definition.NEGATIVE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore487.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore487.1,
* McsEngl.definero.negative@cptCore487.1,
* McsEngl.negative-definition,
* McsElln.ΑΡΝΗΤΙΚΟΣ-ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ'ΑΡΝΗΤΙΚΟΣ@cptCore487.1,

_DEFINITION:
* ΑΡΝΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ είναι ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
* "NEGATIVE concepts are those which indicate the absence of a certain quality, (eg, "elliterate person")"
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 40#cptResource19#]

_GENERIC:
* definition#cptCore474.46#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* positive definition

definition.STRUCTURAL

name::
* McsEngl.definition.STRUCTURAL,

definition.WORKING

name::
* McsEngl.definition.WORKING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore487.2,
* McsEngl.conceptCore487.2,
* McsEngl.definero.working@cptCore487.2,
* McsEngl.working'definition@cptCore487.2,
* McsEngl.working-definition,
* McsEngl.definition'working@cptCore487.2,
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ-ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ,
* McsElln.ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ'ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ@cptCore487.2,

_DEFINITION:
* ΟΡΙΣΜΟ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ονομάζω ΟΡΙΣΜΟ μη οριστικοποιημένος.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* H ΠΡΩΤΗ ΣΥΛΛΗΨΗ ΜΙΑΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ, ΘΕΩΡΕΙΤΑΙ ΣΑΝ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ.
ΑΠΟ ΜΙΑ ΑΛΛΗ ΑΠΟΨΗ, ΕΠΕΙΔΗ Η ΓΝΩΣΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΚΑΤΙ ΤΟ ΑΙΩΝΙΑ ΕΞΕΛΙΣΣΟΜΕΝΟ, ΟΛΟΙ ΟΙ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ ΘΕΩΡΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ.
[hmnSngo.1993.11_nikos]

_GENERIC:
* definition#cptCore474.46#

lagHmnlingo.DIRECT

_CREATED: {2012-09-10}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.DIRECT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.48,
* McsEngl.direct-speech@cptCore474.48, {2012-09-10}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ευθύς-λόγος@cptCore474.48, {2012-09-10}

LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT

name::
* McsEngl.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Theoria%20arxaia/euthys-plagios-logos.htm,

lagHmnlingo.DIRECT.NO

_CREATED: {2003-12-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.DIRECT.NO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.21,
* McsEngl.conceptCore700,
* McsEngl.indirect-speech@cptCore474.21,
* McsEngl.reported-speech@cptCore474.21,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΝΑΜΕΤΑΔΙΔΟΜΕΝΟΣ-ΛΟΓΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΠΛΑΓΙΟΣ'ΛΟΓΟΣ@cptCore474.21,
* McsElln.πλάγιος-λόγος@cptCore474.21, {2012-09-10}
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.indirect'subfrasi@old@cptCore700,
* McsElln.ΠΛΑΓΙΑ-ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΥΠΟΦΡΑΣΗ@old,

_DEFINITION:
* ΠΛΑΓΙΕΣ ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ Ή ΠΛΑΓΙΕΣ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΕΙΣ λέγονται οι δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις που περιέχουν ερώτηση και εισάγονται με
ερωτηματικές αντωνυμίες (ποιός, πόσος, τι ...)
ερωτηματικά επιρρήματα (που, πότε, πως, ...)
συνδέσμους (αν, γιατί, μήπως...)
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 137#cptResource311#]

ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ: μου είπε
ΔΗΛΩΣΗ : είμαι ευτυχής που σας βλέπω.

ΟΤΑΝ η εισαγωγή είναι σε ενεστώτα ή μέλλοντα ΤΟΤΕ το ρήμα της δήλωσης παραμένει στον ίδο χρόνο.
<he says: I am hungry.
He says he is hungry>
<they will say: we can't do it.
they will tell you they can't do it.

ΟΤΑΝ η εισαγωγή είναι σε παρελθόντα χρόνο ΤΟΤΕ η δήλωση αλλάζει
ενεστώτα >>> παρατατικός will >> would.
αόριστος >>> υπερσυντέλικος.
<he said: I am hungry.
he said he was hungry>.
<John said: my father went away an hour ago.
john said his father had gone away an hour ago>

_GENERIC:
* INDIRECT_INFO#cptCore181.18#

lagHmnlingo.FIGURE-OF-SPEECH

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.FIGURE-OF-SPEECH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.16,
* McsEngl.figurative'language@cptCore474.16,
* McsEngl.figure-of-speech@cptCore474.16,
* McsEngl.trope@cptCore474.16,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΣΧΗΜΑ-ΛΟΓΟΥ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.tropo@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.tropo,

_DEFINITION:
* trope, figure of speech, figure, image -- (language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense)
[wordnet 2.0]

ΣΧΗΜΑΤΑ ΛΟΓΟΥ λέγονται όλες οι ιδιορρυθμίες/αποκλίσεις από:
1. τη θέση που παίρνουν οι λέξεις στη σειρά του λόγου.
2. απο τη γραμματική συμφωνία των όρων.
3. από την ποσότητα των λέξεων με τις οποίες εκφράζουμε μια σκέψη και
4. απο την ιδιαίτερη σημασία που δίνουμε στις λέξεις ή στις προτάσεις σε μια ορισμένη περίπτωση.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 168#cptResource311#]

QUANTITY:
During the Renaissance, a time when scholars in every discipline had a passion for classifying all things, writers expended a great deal of energy in devising all manner of classes and sub-classes of figures of speech. Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence (1577) enumerated 184 different figures of speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech]

_GENERIC:
* FIFURATIVE_INFO#cptCore181.30#

_SPECIFIC:
* Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes.
- Schemes (from the Greek sche-ma, form or shape) are figures of speech in which there is a deviation from the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition.
- Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) involve changing or modifying the general meaning of a term. An example of a trope is the use of irony, which is the use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So, are they all, honorable men").
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech]

=> irony -- (a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs)
=> hyperbole, exaggeration -- (extravagant exaggeration)
=> kenning -- (conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry)
=> metaphor -- (a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity)
=> metonymy -- (substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads'))
=> oxymoron -- (conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence'))
=> personification, prosopopoeia -- (representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature)
=> simile -- (a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as'))
=> synecdoche -- (substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa)
=> zeugma -- (use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one; "`Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave' is an example of zeugma")

lagHmnlingo.TROPE (meaning)

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.TROPE (meaning),
* McsEngl.trope@cptCore474i,

_DEFINITION:
- Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) involve changing or modifying the general meaning of a term. An example of a trope is the use of irony, which is the use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So, are they all, honorable men").
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech]

ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑ:

ΣΧΗΜΑ ΚΑΤΕΞΟΧΗΝ:

ΣΥΝΕΚΔΟΧΗ:

ΜΕΤΩΝΥΜΙΑ:
ΛΙΤΟΤΗΤΑ,
ΕΙΡΩΝΕΙΑ
ΕΥΦΗΜΙΣΜΟΣ,

ΑΝΤΙΦΡΑΣΗ:

ΥΠΕΡΒΟΛΗ:

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ:

ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ:

lagHmnlingo.trope.IRONY

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.trope.IRONY,
* McsEngl.irony@cptCore474i,
* McsEngl.sarcasm@cptCore474i,
* McsElln.ΕΙΡΩΝΕΙΑ@cptCore474i,

_DEFINITION:
irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech]

* (n) sarcasm, irony, satire, caustic remark (witty language used to convey insults or scorn) "he used sarcasm to upset his opponent"; "irony is wasted on the stupid"; "Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own"--Jonathan Swift
[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=sarcasm&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=]

lagHmnlingo.trope.SIMILE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.trope.SIMILE,
* McsEngl.simile,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.παρομοίωση,
* McsElln.ΠΑΡΟΜΟΙΩΣΗ,

_DEFINITION:
A simile is a comparison of two unlike things, typically marked by use of "like", "as", "than", or "resembles".
Common examples are "Curley was flopping like a fish on a line"(extract of Mice and Men) etc.
A simple way to remember is to say "A simile is similar"
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile]

lagHmnlingo.SCHEME (word-pattern)

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.SCHEME (word-pattern),

_DEFINITION:
Schemes (from the Greek sche-ma, form or shape) are figures of speech in which there is a deviation from the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech]

lagHmnlingo.ΘΕΣΗ-ΤΩΝ-ΛΕΞΕΩΝ

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.ΘΕΣΗ-ΤΩΝ-ΛΕΞΕΩΝ,

ΥΠΕΡΒΑΤΟ:

ΠΡΟΘΥΣΤΕΡΟ:

ΧΙΑΣΤΟ:

ΚΥΚΛΟΣ:

ΠΑΡΟΝΟΜΑΣΙΑ/ΠΑΡΗΧΗΣΗ/ΕΤΥΜΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ:

ΟΜΟΙΟΤΕΛΕΥΤΟ/ΟΜΟΙΟΚΑΤΑΛΗΚΤΟ:

ΑΣΥΝΔΕΤΟ:

ΠΟΛΥΣΥΝΔΕΤΟ:

lagHmnlingo.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ-ΤΩΝ-ΛΕΞΕΩΝ

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ-ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ-ΤΩΝ-ΛΕΞΕΩΝ,

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟ ΝΟΟΥΜΕΝΟ:

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΣΥΜΦΥΡΣΕΩΣ (ΣΥΜΦΥΡΣΗ):

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΑΝΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΙΑΣ (ΑΝΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΟ):

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΟΛΙΚΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΡΙΚΟΥ:

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΕΛΞΕΩΣ (ΕΛΞΗ):

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΥΠΑΛΛΑΓΗΣ:

ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΠΡΟΛΗΨΕΩΣ (ΠΡΟΛΗΨΗ)

lagHmnlingo.ΠΛΗΡΟΤΗΤΑ-ΤΟΥ-ΛΟΓΟΥ

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.ΠΛΗΡΟΤΗΤΑ-ΤΟΥ-ΛΟΓΟΥ,

ΕΛΛΕΙΨΗ:
ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΑΠΟ ΚΟΙΝΟΥ,
ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΕΞ ΑΝΑΛΟΓΟΥ,
ΤΟ ΖΕΥΓΑΡΙ,

ΠΛΕΟΝΑΣΜΟΣ:
ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΗΛΙΑΣ,
ΠΕΡΙΦΡΑΣΗ,
ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΕΝΑ ΜΕ ΔΥΟ,
ΕΠΑΝΑΦΟΡΑ,
ΤΟ ΣΧΗΜΑ ΥΠΟΦΟΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΟΦΟΡΑΣ,
Η ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΘΩΣΗ Ή ΠΡΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ,
Η ΑΝΑΔΙΠΛΩΣΗ,

lagHmnlingo.implementor.DIALOG

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.implementor.DIALOG,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.42,
* McsEngl.dialog@cptCore474,
* McsEngl.dialogue@cptCore474,
* McsEngl.duologue,

definition'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.definition'wholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT.definition:
* DEFINEMENT#cptCore475.254# (The dufino#ql:dufino@cptCore475.2# of concept-creation)
* DEFINUFOLO (who)##
* DEFINUFULO (the product a new CONCEPT#cptCore66#)
* DEFINUFELO (from what, the old CONCEPTS#cptCore66#)

* concept.brain.sensorial#cptCore50.28#
* DEFINERO##

definition'OTHER-VIEW#cptCore505#

name::
* McsEngl.definition'OTHER-VIEW,

Norman Swartz 1997

8 THEORIES OF DEFINITION
8.1 Theory of 'real' definition
Early philosophers, in particular Plato and Aristotle, advanced a theory of real definition. To them, definitions were something to be discovered in some absolute metaphysical realm. Words had a 'true' (or 'correct') meaning which could be discovered. It would make sense, therefore, to say that everyone misused a word - a conception which can hardly be countenanced today.
We all know that the term, "pound", in North American (typically) is used to refer to a standard measure of weight, while in England it is also used to refer to the standard unit of the monetary system. But suppose someone in reflecting on this fact were to ask us, "Which is the real meaning of 'pound', that having to do with weight or that having to do with money? What does 'pound' really mean?" We in turn would have to reply that such a question was badly confused. "Pound" does not 'really mean' the one or the other; there simply are no such things as 'real meanings' independent of the ways persons use terms. The meanings of terms are relativized to groups of language users - one group may use a term in one way and another group in another. A small group may use a term in a nonstandard way; but not a very large group. Large groups of persons, especially if they contain well-educated persons, set the norms of usage and consequently of meaning. The answer to the question, "What does the term 'pound' mean?", can be answered only by reference to a group of language users. Simply, it means one thing to North Americans and another to the English. There is no one 'real' or common meaning. It means what we (or others) make it mean and nothing else.
On this modern theory, when we talk of 'discovering the definition of a term' we mean discovering what criteria (what rules or formulas [perhaps intension]) the bulk of language users actually use in applying the term. [ Return to Table of Contents ]

8.2 The Classical Theory of Definition
The so-called 'Classical' theory of Definition is a theory of modern philosophy. (It should not be confused with the theory of 'real' definition above. The Classical theory rejects the theory of 'real' definition.)
The Classical Theory of Definition has two principal tenets: (1) that a 'proper' intensional definition states in the definiens the logically necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the definiendum; and (2) that there are intensional definitions for each of the class terms (e.g. "horse", "house", "musical instrument", "educated person", etc.) which we use.
Since we have been able to offer examples of intensional definitions above, there are, obviously, some clear-cut and relatively unproblematic cases readily available that satisfy this theory of definition. Paradigm cases are readily found in mathematics; there (as we have already seen) we find intensional definitions laid out as logically necessary and sufficient conditions for the definiendum: (to repeat) "'triangle' means 'a plane, closed figure, bounded by three straight lines'". Each of the conditions specified in the definiens is individually logically necessary; and the conditions taken altogether (i.e. jointly) are logically sufficient. The definiens tells us precisely under what conditions something is properly called a "triangle", and under what conditions something is not to be called a "triangle".
There is an important relationship between the two pairs of concepts, breadth and narrowness, on the one hand, and necessary and sufficient conditions on the other. Consider the various necessary conditions just listed. The first necessary condition specified for a thing's being properly called a "triangle", i.e. lying in a plane, is obviously in and of itself far too broad to serve as a definition of "triangle". But as more and more other necessary conditions are added to the intension of the definiens, the extension of the definiens systematically diminishes. The definiens shrinks to the requisite degree of narrowness when it first lists enough conditions to comprise a sufficient condition for a thing's being properly called a "triangle". Any definition which specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the definiendum has precisely the right 'width': it is neither too broad nor too narrow; it 'fits' the extension perfectly.
The example of a triangle is well suited for an analysis in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. For many persons, over many many years, geometry and mathematics have always provided the paradigm examples of knowledge and techniques of reasoning. Somewhat uncritically, on the basis of this model, people believed that comparable definitions could be constructed in more ordinary contexts, that definitions of ordinary class terms - not just those in mathematics and science - ought to specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the definiendum. [ Return to Table of Contents ]

8.3 The Logic of Criteria and the 'Cluster-Concept'
It is only in relatively recent times - in the last half-century or so - that the Classical Theory of Definition has been challenged. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) criticized this theory in his Philosophical Investigations ([23]). There he asks what are the necessary and sufficient conditions for a thing's being a game. [Note 26] §66. Consider for example the proceedings that we call "games". I mean board-games, card-games, ball-games, Olympic games, and so on. What is common to them all?--don't say: "There must be something common, or they would not be called 'games'"--but look and see whether there is anything common to all.--For if you look at them you will not see something that is common to all, but similarities, relationships, and a whole series of them at that. To repeat: don't think, but look!-- Look for example at board games, with their multifarious relationships. Now pass to card-games; here you will find many correspondences with the first group, but many common features drop out, and others appear. When we pass next to ball-games, much that is common is retained, but much is lost. --Are they all 'amusing'? Compare chess with noughts and crosses [tic-tac-toe]. Or is there always wining and losing, or competition between players? Think of patience. In ball games there is winning and losing; but when a child throws his ball at the wall and catches it again, this feature has disappeared. Look at the parts played by skill and luck; and at the difference between skill in chess and skill in tennis. Think now of games like ring-a-ring-a-roses; here is the element of amusement, but how many other characteristic features have disappeared! And we can go through the many, many other groups of games in the same way; can see how similarities crop up and disappear. And the result of this examination is: we see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss-crossing: sometimes overall similarities, sometimes similarities of detail. As we can see, Wittgenstein examines many possible suggestions - winning or losing, being amusing, requiring skill, requiring luck, requiring more than one player, etc. - as to the common element in games and finds them all wanting in one way or another. Boldly he concludes that there simply are no necessary conditions which are common to all games, i.e. which each and every game must have in order for it to be a game. Instead of there being a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, common to all games, Wittgenstein suggests (§67) that what is involved is a set of 'family resemblances': threads of common features running among the many things we call "games". Some of these threads overlap with others, some crisscross, some are long, some are short, etc.
Let's try to work out our own case to see what sort of thing Wittgenstein's metaphor amounts to. I propose we try to define the term "lemon" [Note 27]. We begin by listing some of the characteristics lemons typically exhibit. Lemons typically:

1. are yellow 10. are internally segmented 2. are sour 11. are pulpy 3. are ovoid 12. have a pocked surface 4. grow on trees 13. are green prior to maturation 5. are as big as a ten-year old's fist 14. grow in a semitropical climate 6. are juicy 15. have a waxy skin 7. have internal seeds 16. contain vitamin C 8. have a peculiar (lemony [Note 28]) aroma 17. are edible 9. have a thick skin 18. other ... ?

With this rather long list before us, can we proceed to construct a definition of "lemon" that satisfies the classical theory?
First we ask whether there is any item on the list which is a necessary condition for calling a thing a "lemon". Is being yellow? Suppose we find something which in all other respects except its color, which happens to be pink, is just like all the lemons we have ever encountered. Would we call it a "lemon"? More than likely. But if so, being yellow is not a necessary condition for a thing's being called a "lemon". Similarly for virtually any other item in the list. If a thing resembled lemons as we now know them save it were sweet instead of sour, we probably would still call it a "lemon". And so on and so on. The upshot of the argument is that few, if any, items on the list are necessary conditions. Virtually any one could be abandoned and we might still call the object which exemplified all the rest a "lemon". Perhaps we might even let some pairs of items be deleted, or maybe even some threesomes. (Even so, obviously some items are more important than others.)
Clearly if an object exemplifies every item on the list it properly can be called a "lemon": the entire list is jointly sufficient. But the list is overdetermined; something less than the entirety might also be jointly sufficient.
In summary, few, if any, items in our list are necessary and something less than the entirety is jointly sufficient.
It would seem, then, that what it is to be properly called a "lemon" is to score fairly well in most of the various categories.
But if this is so, how are we to construct a precise (more exactly, an intensional) definition? How are we going to capture in our definitions the vague notions of "score fairly well" and "most"? The classical theory did not allow the intrusion of these vague qualifying terms; yet they seem to be unavoidable in the present case.
The answer favored by many (perhaps most) philosophers nowadays is that we cannot construct a classical definition for "lemon". The term, "lemon", is a so-called 'cluster-concept' [Note 29] - it is made up of a number of conditions which generally are not singly necessary and are jointly oversufficient.
There is no doubt that all of us are able successfully to use the word "lemon" and we could 'go on' classifying various things as lemons or not. But because all the lemons we have ever seen have been yellow, we have never had to ask ourselves whether something which is orange could properly be called a "lemon". We have not had to ask whether being yellow is a strictly necessary condition for a thing's being called a "lemon". Thus in one sense we do not know the definition of "lemon": that is, we cannot give a classical intensional definition for it. Yet it would be absurd to say that we do not know what "lemon" means. Of course we do. The concept, lemon, is a cluster concept, and we know the conditions in the cluster and we are fairly well agreed on their relative importance.
It should be clear that classical definitions are possible for only a relatively minute number of terms. Virtually all the sophisticated classificatory terms that we use mark out 'clusters' of characteristics and not hard-and-fast lists of characteristics. Typically we know very well what "lemon" means, what "religion" means, what "school" means, what "table" means, what "story" means, etc. But any attempt to define "lemon", "religion", "school", "table", or "story" by means of a specification of necessary and sufficient conditions will do violence to the accepted extension. If we attempt to specify a single list of necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the definiendum, we will be faced with this dilemma: Either (1) the list of conditions will be too long (the intension will be too narrow) and consequently will eliminate from the extension various members which properly belong in the extension but which fail to exemplify every necessary condition mentioned, or (2) the list of conditions will be too short (the intension will be too broad) and thus will admit into the extension various things which properly belong outside of it but which do succeed in satisfying the set of jointly sufficient conditions specified. There is little prospect of specifying a single set of individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions which marks out the same extension as a cluster-concept constructed from those same conditions.
In short, very often we know the extension of a term very well, we can even 'go on' reasonably well, yet we are unable to specify the intension, and moreover ought on many occasions to resist the demand that we try to give an intensional definition for the term. [ Return to Table of Contents ]

8.4 The Possibility of an Overabundance of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
We have just seen in the preceding case study (of "lemon") that it is sometimes impossible to find a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the application (i.e. proper use) of a given term. Much less remarked in the philosophical literature is the possibility of finding more than one set of necessary and sufficient conditions, a possibility which raises further doubts - but from the 'opposite direction' as it were - about the thesis that there is a (i.e. exactly one) proper intensional definition for each class noun.
Consider the case of "square". What is 'the' intensional definition of "square"? Here are five competing candidates, i.e. sets of logically necessary and jointly sufficient conditions.

"square" =df "a plane closed figure that has exactly four sides all of which are straight and equal to one another and whose interior angles each measure 90o"

"square" =df "a plane closed figure having four straight sides and whose diagonals are both equal in length to one another and bisect one another at right angles"

"square" =df "a straight-sided, plane, closed figure, every diagonal of which cuts the figure into two right isoceles triangles"

"square" =df "an equilateral parallelogram containing no (interior) acute angles"

"square" =df "an equilateral parallelogram containing four axes of symmetry" The first of these may be the closest (fairest) representative of what most persons 'have in mind' when they use the term "square", but the other four 'definitions' also 'pick out' the identical extension. If the former is to be privileged as being the one to earn the accolade "'the' intensional definition", it cannot be on its logical features alone: it can be regarded as 'the' intensional definition only by invoking empirical data about language-users' tacit rules.
[Copyright © Norman Swartz 1997 URL http://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/swartz/definitions.htm This revision: September 27, 1997 Department of Philosophy Simon Fraser University ]

NAIVE-VIEW

Many persons persist with the earlier, naive, view that the role of a definition is only to offer a synonym for the term to be defined. These persons have in mind such examples as: "'hypostatize' means (or, is a synonym for) 'reify'".
[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm]

Purdue-OWL (Online Writing Lab)

name::
* McsEngl.Purdue-OWL (Online Writing Lab),

Writing Definitions

This resource was written by Purdue OWL.
Last full revision by Mark Pepper.
Last edited by Dana Lynn Driscoll on October 4th 2006 at 10:42AM

Summary: This handout provides suggestions and examples for writing definitions.

* Get Help for Using OWL Resources
* Get All Pages of This Resource for Quick Printing
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* Tell the OWL You're Linking to This Resource
* Report an Error in This Resource
* Share General Comments with the OWL Staff

Writing Definitions

A formal definition is based upon a concise, logical pattern that includes as much information as it can within a minimum amount of space. The primary reason to include definitions in your writing is to avoid misunderstanding with your audience. A formal definition consists of three parts.

1. The term (word or phrase) to be defined
2. The class of object or concept to which the term belongs.
3. The differentiating characteristics that distinguish it from all others of its class

For example:

* Water (term) is a liquid (class) made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 to 1 (differentiating characteristics).
* Comic books (term) are sequential and narrative publications (class) consisting of illustrations, captions, dialogue balloons, and often focus on super-powered heroes (differentiating characteristics).
* Astronomy (term) is a branch of scientific study (class) primarily concerned with celestial objects inside and outside of the earth's atmosphere (differentiating characteristics).

Although these examples should illustrate the manner in which the three parts work together, they are not the most realistic cases. Most readers will already be quite familiar with the concepts of water, comic books, and astronomy. For this reason, it is important to know when and why you should include definitions in your writing.
When to Use Definitions

* When your writing contains a term that may be key to audience understanding and that term could likely be unfamiliar to them

"Stellar Wobble is a measurable variation of speed wherein a star's velocity is shifted by the gravitational pull of a foreign body."

* When a commonly used word or phrase has layers of subjectivity or evaluation in the way you choose to define it

"Throughout this essay, the term classic gaming will refer specifically to playing video games produced for the Atari, the original Nintendo Entertainment System, and any systems in-between."

Note: not everyone may define "classic gaming"within this same time span; therefore, it is important to define your terms

* When the etymology (origin and history) of a common word might prove interesting or will help expand upon a point

"Pagan can be traced back to Roman military slang for an incompetent soldier. In this sense, Christians who consider themselves soldiers of Christ are using the term not only to suggest a person's secular status but also their lack of bravery.'

Additional Tips for Writing Definitions

* Avoid defining with "X is when" and "X is where" statements. These introductory adverb phrases should be avoided. Define a noun with a noun, a verb with a verb, and so forth.
* Do not define a word by mere repetition or merely restating the word.

"Rhyming poetry consists of lines that contain end rhymes."

Better:

"Rhyming poetry is an artform consisting of lines whose final words consistantly contain identical, final stressed vowel sounds."

* Define a word in simple and familiar terms. Your definition of an unfamiliar word should not lead your audience towards looking up more words in order to understand your definition.
* Keep the class portion of your definition small but adequate. It should be large enough to include all members of the term you are defining but no larger. Avoid adding personal details to definitions. Although you may think the story about your Grandfather will perfectly encapsulate the concept of stinginess, your audience may fail to relate. Offering personal definitions may only increase the likeliness of misinterpretation that you are trying to avoid.

Legal Information

Copyright ©1995-2009 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The Writing Lab & OWL at Purdue University care about accessiblity and content quality. Contact Dana Driscoll to share your comments and concerns. The OWL at Purdue now conforms to W3C.org-validated XHTML 1.0 Strict and CSS 2.0 standards. Additionally, the site passes the Cynthia Says test for ADA Section 508 compliance. We also recommend updating your Web browser to the very latest version available (the OWL at Purdue recommends the free, open-source Mozilla Firefox). Please report any technical problems you encounter.
Copyright ©1995-2009 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Please report any technical problems you encounter.

lagHmnlingo.implementor.MONOLOG

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.implementor.MONOLOG,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.43,
* McsEngl.monolog@cptCore474,
* McsEngl.monologue@cptCore474,

lagHmnlingo.implementor.POLYLOG

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.implementor.POLYLOG,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.41,
* McsEngl.polylog@cptCore474,
* McsEngl.polylogue@cptCore474,
* McsEngl.conversation@cptCore474,

_DESCRIPTION:
The interest in conversation for the phonetics specialist lies in the differences between conversational speech and monologue. Much linguistic analysis in the past has concentrated on monologue or on pieces of conversational speech taken out of context. Specialised studies of verbal interaction between speakers look at factors such as turn-taking, the way in which interruptions are managed, the use of intonation to control the course of the conversation and variations in rhythm.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

lagHmnlingo.medium.SENSIBLE-BRAINO

_CREATED: {2012-09-23} {2003-11-22}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.SENSIBLE-BRAINO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.53,
* McsEngl.conceptCore767,
* McsEngl.artificial-langero-model@cptCore767, {2007-12-13}
* McsEngl.artificial-logero-model@cptCore767,
* McsEngl.almd@cptCore767,
* McsEngl.mdla@cptCore767,
* McsEngl.model.concept-structured.logo, {2004-09-13}
* McsEngl.structured-concept-logo-model,
* McsEngl.mcsl@cptCore767,
* McsEngl.sclm@cptCore767,
* McsEngl.sclm@cptCore767,
* McsEngl.text-of-sensorial-brain-subwordview,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.modilo-logero-artificio@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.mdla@lagoSngo,

_GENERIC:
* PART-WHOLE-ENVIRONMENT-HIERARCHY#cptCore1133.20#

_DESCRIPTION:
Every logo-model is a mapping-entity of a mental-model and finally of reality.
My sclm is a mapping-entity of my scmm.
The main diference of my sclm from any other logo-model is that mine uses hyphens in periphrastic logo-concepts.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-26_nikkas]
=== analytic
Artificial--Logero-Model is a logero-model that descrbes an artificial--brainepto-model.
[kas-nik, 2007-07-29]
===
* ~~Structured-Concept--Logo-Model is a textual mapping-entity of sc--semantic-model (that describes a sc--mental-model) organized in whole-part-entivonment hierarchies of sclm-sentences.~~
[hmnSngo.2003-11-22_nikkas]
=== synthetic
SCLM is a SCSpeechModel or a SCTextM.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-15_nikkas]

mdla'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.mdla'wholeNo-relation,

SCLM-TO-JAVA-CORELATION:
* Parsing a sclm, means it creates its jSCSM. [2003-11-26]

mdla'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.mdla'structure,

A logo-model is relying on ORDER.
[hmnSngo.2004-10-10_nikkas]

We need clear cut logo-tokens (titler, chapter, secter, paragrapher, fraser) and then we will create meaning-mappings on them.
[hmnSngo.2004-09-13_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* MDLSA#cptCore474.54#
* MDLTA#cptCore474.55#

lingHviewSblBrn.SPEECH

_CREATED: {2012-09-23} {2004-11-15} {2004-10-10}

name::
* McsEngl.lingHviewSblBrn.SPEECH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.54,
* McsEngl.conceptCore325,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'MODILO.LOGESRO.ARTIFICIO,
* McsEngl.MDLSA,
* McsEngl.SCSM,
* McsEngl.structured-concept-speech-model,
* McsEngl.structured'concept'speech'model@cptCore325,
* McsEngl.scsm@cptCore325,

_GENERIC:
* ARTIFICIAL--LOGERO-MODEL#cptCore474.53#
* SPEECH-MODEL#cptCore1060#

_DESCRIPTION:
SCSpeechModel is a SpeechModel that maps StructuredConcept Brain-Models.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-15_nikkas]

lingHviewSblBrn.TEXT

_CREATED: {2012-09-23} {2004-11-15} {2004-10-10}

name::
* McsEngl.lingHviewSblBrn.TEXT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.55,
* McsEngl.conceptCore324,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'MODILO.LOGETRO.ARTIFICIO,
* McsEngl.MDLTA,
* McsEngl.model-textero--artificial,
* McsEngl.mdta@cptCore324,
* McsEngl.SCTM,
* McsEngl.structured-concept-text-model,
* McsEngl.structured'concept'text'model@cptCore324,
* McsEngl.sctm@cptCore324,
* McsEngl.scmt@cptCore324,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.modilo-logetro-artificio@lagoSngo,

_GENERIC:
* ARTIFICIAL--LOGERO-MODEL#cptCore474.53#
* MODEL-TEXTERO#cptCore474.56#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* MODILO-MINETO--WRITTEN#cptCore447#

_DESCRIPTION:
SCTextModel is a TextModel#cptCore1059# that maps StructuredConcept Brain-Models.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-15_nikkas]

lagHmnlingo.medium.SIGN

_CREATED: {2014-03-02}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.SIGN,
* McsEngl.codeLh.medium.SIGN,
* McsEngl.LANGEGRO-VIEW,
* McsEngl.gestural-subworldview,

lagHmnlingo.medium.SPEECH (hspch)

_CREATED: {2000-09-15}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.SPEECH (hspch),
* McsEngl.conceptCore1060,
* McsEngl.hspch, {2017-05-03}
* McsEngl.human-speech,
* McsEngl.information.view.human.SPEECH,
* McsEngl.lingo.speech.human,
* McsEngl.speech-signal,
* McsEngl.sound.speech,
* McsEngl.speech,
* McsEngl.speech.human,
* McsEngl.spoken-logo,
* McsEngl.spoken-subworldview, {2008-09-25}
* McsEngl.utterance,

* McsEngl.langesro-view,
* McsEngl.logesro-view, {2008-01-31}
* McsEngl.logo.spoken,
* McsEngl.oral-logo,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.foEtoQoVudo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-23}
* McsEngl.modilo'logepro@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modlepro@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.model-spoken@lagoSngo, {2004-09-15}
* McsEngl.modelo.parolero@lagoSngo, {2006-10-23}
* McsEngl.model.speech@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.mspoken@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.speech'model@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.λόγια,
* McsElln.ΟΜΙΛΙΑ,
* McsElln.ομιλία,
* McsElln.ΠΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΟΣ-ΛΟΓΟΣ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.parolo@cptCore1060@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.parolo@cptCore1060,

... the speech-signal we are listening ...

DEFINITION

analytic

Speech is Logo#cptCore474# that uses sound to denote meaning.

SPEECH is the AUDIO part of LOGO.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-15_nikkas]

Physically the speech-signal (actually all sound) is a series of pressure changes in the medium between the sound source and the listener.

Speech is normally looked upon as a physical process consisting of two parts:
** a product of a sound source (the vocal chords) and
** filtering (by the tongue, lips, teeth etc).

synthetic

SPEECH is a SYSTEM of SPOKEN-LOGIMS#ql:spoken'logim@cptCore643#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-09_nikkas]

SPEECH is any SYSTEM of phonemes.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-08_nikkas]

mdp'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* sound#cptCore11#
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474#
* DATO#cptCore181.62#

hspch'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'wholeNo-relation,

RELATIONS:
any-system: CptInfo#cptCore492#, Logos#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-system: konsum, logum (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: konsim|concept#cptCore383#, logim#cptCore643# (sp-logim, rt-logim)
outer-system: diktum#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
system: syllable#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
unit: diktim#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-13/2001-12-11_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC_COMPLEMENT (on writting):
* MODEL-TEXTERO#cptCore474.56#

hspch'SPOKEN'LANGUAGE#cptCore629#

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'SPOKEN'LANGUAGE,

hspch'SPEAKER

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'SPEAKER,
* McsEngl.speaker@cptCore1060i,
* McsEngl.speech-generator@cptCore1060i,

_DESCRIPTION:
The most direct form of language communication happens when one human, the generator, speaks to one or more humans, the receptors.
===
speaker is the speech creator.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-20_nikkas]

hspch'LISTENER

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'LISTENER,
* McsEngl.listener@cptCore1060i,
* McsEngl.mdp'receptor@cptCore1060i,

hspch'CODING#ql:ds'coding#

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'CODING,

part of sound-coding.

hspch'CREATION

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'CREATION,
* McsEngl.speech'generation@cptCore1060i,
* McsEngl.mdp'synthesis@cptCore1060i,
* McsEngl.mdp'production@cptCore1060i,

_DEFINITION:
Speech synthesis is produced by means of computer software.
Many phonetics-experts have worked on a special application of speech synthesis known as speech synthesis by rule, in which a computer is given a written text and must convert it into intelligible speech with appropriate contextual allophones, correct timing and stress and, if possible, appropriate intonation. Synthesis-by-rule systems are useful for such applications as reading machines for blind people, and computerised telephone information systems like "talking timetables". This technology is also used for less serious applications such as talking toys and computer games.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

SYNTHETIC-SPEECH#ql:speech.synthetic#

mdp'SYNTHESIZER

mdp'TTS-(mspeech'Text'To'Speech-synthesis)#cptIt541#

hspch'FREQUENCY#cptCore1013#

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'FREQUENCY,

In response to varying muscle tension, the vocal cords vibrate at frequencies between 50 Hz and 1 kHz, resulting in periodic pulses of air which excite the vocal tract.
[http://library2.usask.ca/theses/available/etd-12202003-142739/unrestricted/0105Thesis.pdf]

Has a frequency range of 300 to 3000 Hz.

The audible sound has a rage of 20 to 20.000 Hz.

SPEECH'PITCH:
When we speak, however, we change the pitch by loosening and tightening our vocal chords.
[Joseph P. Olive, The Talking Computer]

hspch'JUNCTURE

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'JUNCTURE,
* McsEngl.juncture@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.word'boundary@cptCore1060,

Since the position of juncture (or word boundary) can cause a perceptual difference, and therefore potential misunderstanding, it is usually recommended that learners of English should practise making and recognising such differences, using pairs like 'pea stalks/peace talks' and 'great ape/grey tape'.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'NODE-SPEECH

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'NODE-SPEECH,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1060.1,
* McsEngl.nodepro@cptCore1060.1,
* McsEngl.node-of-mdparolero@cptCore1060.1,
* McsEngl.nodSpch@cptCore1060.1, {2012-08-22}

_GENERIC:
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLingo#cptCore93.34#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe#cptCore348.41#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree#cptCore348.12#
* entity.attribute.node#cptCore515.4#
* entity.attribute#cptCore398#
* entity#cptCore387#

_EKSPRESEPRO:
The audio-signal of a node.

_SPECIFIC:
* PERIODEPRO
* SENTESEPRO
* VERBEPRO
* VERBOLEPRO
* VERBALEPRO (any)

* KONSEPTEPRO
* YORDEPRO
* LEKTEPRO
* SILABEPRO
* KLASTEPRO
* LETEPRO#cptCore78.8#

* STOPEPRO#cptCore1060.5#
* TOKENEPRO

hspch'PERIODEPRO (UTTERANCE)

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'PERIODEPRO (UTTERANCE),
* McsEngl.conceptCore1060.2,
* McsEngl.utterance@cptCore1060,

_DEFINETRO:
* PERIODEPRO, in contrast to periodetro, is undestood through its meaning and not only acoustically.
[hmnSngo.2007-04-09_nikkas]

* The sentence is a unit of grammar, not of phonology, and is often treated as an abstract entity. There is a need for a parallel term that refers to a piece of continuous speech without making implications about its grammatical status, and the term utterance is widely used.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

_GENERIC:
* TOKENERO#cptCore474.34#

hspch'TOKENEPRO

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TOKENEPRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1060.5,
* McsEngl.tokenepro@cptCore1060.5,

_DEFINETRO:
* Tokenepro is any nodero created by stopepros#cptCore1060.4#.
[hmnSngo.2007-04-07_nikkas]

Εκφώνηση: Είναι μέρος “προφορικού” κειμένου που εκφέρεται χωρίς καμμιά ενδιάμεση σημαντική παύση π.χ στην φράση “καλημέρα σας, τί κάνετε;” διακρίνουμε δύο εκφωνήσεις: /kalimerasas/ + /tikanete/
[http://web.media.mit.edu/~aggelos/papers/diplomatiki.pdf]

_GENERIC:
* TOKENERO#cptCore474.34#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* TOKENETRO#cptCore1059.7: attSpe#

_SPECIFIC:
* PERIODEPRO

hspch'STOPEPRO

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'STOPEPRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1060.4,
* McsEngl.stopepro@cptCore1060.4,
* McsEngl.spoken-stop-node@cptCore1060.4,

_DEFINETRO:
The stoperos in logepro.

_GENERIC:
* STOPERO#cptCore474.37#

_SPECIFIC:
* FreeTTS uses "brakes" among "utterances"=periodetros.
Then uses BB for frases (coma separated parts). Also uses ToBI indeces using carts.

breath-group

In order to carry out detailed analysis, linguists need to divide continuous speech into small, identifiable units. In the present-day written forms of European languages, the sentence is an easy unit to work with, and the full stop ("period" in U.S.A.) clearly marks its boundaries. It would be helpful if we could identify something similar in spoken language and one possible candidate is a unit whose boundaries are marked by the places where we pause to breathe: the breath-group. Unfortunately, although in the production of isolated sentences and in very careful speech the places where a speaker will breathe may be quite predictable, in natural speech such regularity disappears, so that the breath-group can vary very greatly in terms of its length and its relationship to linguistic structure. It is, consequently, little used in modern phonetics and linguistics.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'prosody

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'prosody,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1060.3,
* McsEngl.prosody,
* McsEngl.suprasegmental'attribute@cptCore1060,

_DEFINITION:
* The term generally covers intonation, rhythm, and focus in speech. Acoustically, prosody describes changes in the syllable length, loudness, pitch, and certain details of the formant structure of speech sounds. Looking at the speech articulators, it describes changes in the velocity and range of motion in articulators like the jaw and tongue, along with quantities like the air pressure in the trachea and the tensions in the laryngeal muscles.
Phonologically, prosody is described by tone, intonation, rhythm, and lexical stress.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_%28linguistics%29]

intonation and rhythm (often termed as prosody),

Prosody can be defined as the suprasegmental information in speech; that is, information that cannot be localized to a specific sound segment, or information that does not change the segmental identity of speech segments. For example, patterns of variation in fundamental frequency, duration, amplitude or intensity, pauses, and speaking rate have been shown to carry information about such prosodic elements as lexical stress, phrase breaks, and declarative or interrogative sentence form. Prosody consists of a phonological aspect (characterized by discrete, abstract units) and a phonetic aspect (characterized by continuously varying acoustic correlates).
Prosodic information is a source of information not available in text-based systems, except insofar as punctuation may indicate some prosodic information. Prosody can provide information about syntactic structure, it can convey discourse information, and it can also relay information about emotion and attitude. Surveys of how this can be done appear in [PO95,SF94,ESC93].
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, 1.8.4]

suprasegmental:
The term suprasegmental was invented to refer to aspects of sound such as intonation that did not seem to be properties of individual segments (i.e. the vowels and consonants of which speech is composed).
The term has tended to be used predominantly by American writers, and much British work has preferred to use the term prosodic instead.
There has never been full agreement about how many suprasegmental features are to be found in speech, but pitch, loudness, tempo, rhythm and stress are the most commonly mentioned ones.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

PARTS:
The forms (or elements) of prosody are derived from the acoustic characteristics of speech. They include
- the pitch or frequency,
- the length or duration, and
- the loudness or intensity.
All these forms are present in varying quantities in every spoken utterance. The varying quantities help determine the function to which listeners orient themselves in interpreting the utterance.

FUNCTIONS:
The functions of prosody are many and fascinating. Where speech-sounds such as vowels and consonants function mainly to provide an indication of the identity of words and the regional variety of the speaker, prosody can indicate
- syntax,
- turn-taking in conversational interactions,
- types of utterance such as questions and statements, and
- people's attitudes and
- feelings.
- They can also indicate word-identity (although only occasionally, in English).
We will treat a few well-defined prosodic functions such as
- chunking and
- focus.

hspch'INTONATION

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'INTONATION,
* McsEngl.intonation@cptCore1060i,
* McsElln.ΕΠΙΤΟΝΙΣΜΟΣ,

_DEFINETRO:
* In linguistics, intonation is the variation of pitch when speaking. Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_%28linguistics%29]

Similarly, intonation patterns may serve to indicate differences in meaning. He's coming said with a rising intonation is a question and thus differs in meaning from he's coming said with a falling intonation, which is a statement. The difference in meaning is signalled by the difference in intonation.

O JAKOBSON ΑΝΑΦΕΡΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΦΗΜΟΥ ΣΚΗΝΟΘΕΤΗ ΤΟΥ "ΘΕΑΤΡΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΜΟΣΧΑΣ" STANISLAWSKY, ΠΟΥ ΑΠΑΙΤΟΥΣΕ ΑΠΟ ΤΟΥΣ ΗΘΟΠΟΙΟΥΣ ΝΑ ΜΠΟΡΟΥΝ ΝΑ ΠΟΥΝ ΤΗ ΦΡΑΣΗ "ΣΗΜΕΡΑ Τ'ΑΠΟΓΕΥΜΑ" ΜΕ 40 ΔΙΑΦΟΡΕΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΤΡΟΠΟΥΣ, ΕΤΣΙ ΩΣΤΕ ΟΙ ΑΚΡΟΑΤΕΣ ΝΑ ΚΑΤΑΛΑΒΑΙΝΟΥΝ ΚΑΘΕ ΦΟΡΑ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΕΤΙΚΗ ΨΥΧΙΚΗ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 44#cptResource191#]

Μιμηθήτε το ρυθμό των λέξεων και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο τονίζονται σε μια φράσι. Προσπαθήστε να αφομοιώσετε τις μεταβολές της εντάσεως της φωνής. Το σημείο αυτό, περισσοτερο ακόμη και από την ακριβή προφορά των λέξεων, είναι το ουσιωδέστερο σε μια γλώσσα.
[BBC. CALLING ALL BEGINERS, 1976, 291#cptResource321#]

PERIPHRASTIC-NONIMEROS are expressed closely in spicero-models BUT in textero-models without hyphanation we loose this information.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-22_nikkas]

TRANSCRIPTION:
More specific transcription systems for intonation have also been developed, such as ToBI (Tones and Break Indices), RaP (Rhythm and Pitch) and INTSINT (Hirst & Di Cristo, eds. 1998).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_%28linguistics%29]

hspch'ATTITUDE

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'ATTITUDE,
* McsEngl.attitude-of-mdp@cptCore1060,

attitude/inal
Intonation is often said to have an attitudinal function. What this means is that intonation is used to indicate to the hearer a particular attitude on the part of the speaker (e.g. friendly, doubtful, enthusiastic).
Considerable importance has been given by some language teaching experts to learning to express the right attitudes through intonation, but it has proved extremely difficult to state usable rules for foreigners to learn and results have often been disappointing. It has also proved very difficult to design and carry out scientific studies of the way intonation conveys attitudes in normal speech.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'RHYTHM

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'RHYTHM,
* McsEngl.mdp'rhythm@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.rhythm-of-mdp@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.language'timing@cptCore1060,

_DEFINITION:
* Language timing is the rhythmic quality of a particular type of speech, in particular how syllables are distributed across time. There are two types of language timing: stress timing and syllable timing.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_%28linguistics%29]

* Speech is perceived as a sequence of events in time, and the word rhythm is used to refer to the way these events are distributed in time. Obvious examples of vocal rhythms are chanting as part of games (for example, children calling words while skipping, or football crowds calling their team's name) or in connection with work (e.g. sailor's chants used to synchronise the pulling on an anchor rope). In conversational speech the rhythms are vastly more complicated, but it is clear that the timing of speech is not random. An extreme view (though a quite common one) is that English speech has a rhythm that allows us to divide it up into more or less equal intervals of time called feet, each of which begins with a stressed syllable: this is called the stress-timed rhythm hypothesis. Languages where the length of each syllable remains more or less the same as that of its neighbours whether or not it is stressed are called syllable-timed. Most evidence from the study of real speech suggests that such rhythms only exist in very careful, controlled speaking, but it appears from psychological research that listeners' brains tend to hear timing regularities even where there is little or no physical regularity.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'Syllable'Timed'Language

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'Syllable'Timed'Language,

Syllable-timed language

In a syllable-timed language, every syllable is thought to take up roughly the same amount of time when pronounced, though the actual length of time of a syllable depends on situation. Spanish and French are commonly quoted as examples of syllable-timed languages. This type of rhythm was originally metaphorically referred to as 'machine-gun rhythm' because each underlying rhythmical unit is of the same duration, similar to the transient bullet noise of a machine-gun. However, since the 1950s speech scientists have tried to show the existence of equal syllable durations in the acoustic speech signal without success. More recent research claims that the duration of consonantal and vocalic intervals is responsible for syllable timed perception.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_%28linguistics%29]

hspch'Mora'Timed'Language

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'Mora'Timed'Language,

Mora-timed language
Some languages, such as Japanese, are mora-timed rather than syllable-timed, but the basic concept is the same. Certain consonants in a mora-timed language may take up the same amount of time in a rhythm as syllables, such as the Japanese syllable-final "n."
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_%28linguistics%29]

_GENERIC:
Some linguists group mora-timed languages together with syllable-timed languages, as a particular case of them.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora-timed_language]

SPESIFEPTO:
Japanese and Luganda are examples of mora-timed languages.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora-timed_language]

hspch'Stress'Timed'Language

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'Stress'Timed'Language,

Stress-timed language
In a stress-timed language, syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is a constant amount of time (on average) between two consecutive stressed syllables. English, German and Dutch are typical stress timed languages. Stress-timing is sometimes called Morse-code rhythm. When spoken faster, a stress-timed language usually shortens, obscures, or drops vowels to carry more syllables between two stresses without changing its rhythm so much.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_%28linguistics%29]

SPESIFEPTO:
English, Russian and Dutch are examples of stress-timed languages. The Germanic languages are generally stress-timed.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-timed_language]

hspch'TOBI

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TOBI,
* McsEngl.tobi@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.Tones'and'Break'Indices@cptCore1060,

_DEFINETRO:
* ToBI (for Tones and Break Indices) is a system for transcribing the
intonation patterns and other aspects of the prosody of English
utterances. It was devised by a group of speech scientists from
various different disciplines (electrical engineering, psychology,
linguistics, etc.) who wanted a common standard for transcribing an
agreed-upon set of prosodic elements, in order to be able to share
prosodically transcribed databases across research sites in the
pursuit of diverse research purposes and varied technological goals.
Silverman et al. (1992) describe the motivation for and development of
the ToBI system.
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/ToBI/ToBI.0.html]

* ToBI is a framework for developing community-wide conventions for transcribing the intonation and prosodic structure of spoken utterances in a language variety. A ToBI framework system for a language variety is grounded in careful research on the intonation system and the relationship between intonation and the prosodic structures of the language (e.g., tonally marked phrases and any smaller prosodic constituents that are distinctively marked by other phonological means).
Note: ToBI is not an International Phonetic Alphabet for prosody. Because intonation and prosodic organization differ from language to language, and often from dialect to dialect within a language, there are many different ToBI systems, each one specific to a language variety and the community of researchers working on that language variety.
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/]

tobi'PART:
* A ToBI transcription for an utterance consists minimally of a
recording of the speech, an associated electronic or paper record of
the fundamental frequency contour, and (the transcription proper)
symbolic labels for events arranged in four parallel tiers. (Other
tiers can be added for the needs of particular sites -- see Section
4.) The four tiers of labels, arranged in the order that they appear
in the default labels window for the examples and exercises programs,
are:
(1) a tone tier
(2) an orthographic tier
(3) a break-index tier
(4) a miscellaneous tier
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/ToBI/ToBI.1.html]

tobi'Tone'Tier:
* The tone tier is the part of the transcription that corresponds most
closely to a phonological analysis of the utterance's intonation
pattern. It consists of labels for distinctive pitch events,
transcribed as a sequence of high (H) and low (L) tones marked with
diacritics indicating their intonational function as parts of pitch
accents or as phrase tones marking the edges of two types of
intonationally marked prosodic units. The inventory of pitch events
and their definitions are based on autosegmental analyses, in
particular the analysis of Pierrehumbert and her colleagues (see
Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg, 1990, and the references cited in it) with
some modifications toward such alternative analyses as that of Ladd
(1983).
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/ToBI/ToBI.1.html]

Two types of tones are marked in the tonal tier: pitch events
associated with intonational boundaries (phrasal tones) and pitch
events associated with accented syllables (pitch accents).
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/ToBI/ToBI.6.html]

tobi'Break'Index'Tier:
* The break-index tier marks the prosodic grouping of the words in an
utterance by labelling the end of each word for the subjective strength
of its association with the next word, on a scale from 0 (for the
strongest perceived conjoining) to 4 (for the most disjoint). These
categories of association strength, or `break indices' are based on
work by Mari Ostendorf, Patti Price, Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel, and
their associates (see, e.g., Price et al., 1991).
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/ToBI/ToBI.1.html]

The Break Index Tier
Break indices represent a rating for the degree of juncture perceived
between each pair of words and between the final word and the silence
at the end of the utterance. They are to be marked after all words
that have been transcribed in the orthographic tier. All junctures --
including those after fragments and filled pauses -- must be assigned
an explicit break index value; there is no default juncture type.
[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/ToBI/ToBI.6.html]

http.tobi:
* http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/:
* http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/singer_tobi.html: the Very Experimental HTML version
Mary E. Beckman & Gayle Ayers Elam Ohio State University
Fri Oct 21 15:46:49 JST 1994: http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/research/phonetics/E_ToBI/singer_tobi.html

=======================
* http://ling.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/grtobi.html: http://ling.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/grtobi.html

hspch'GRToBI

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'GRToBI,
* McsEngl.grtobi@cptCore1060,

hspch'Simile

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'Simile,

Τα-λόγια είναι σαν τις-πορδές, άν σου ξεφύγουν, δεν ξαναγυρνάνε.
[hmnSngo.2017-05-03]

hspch'Stress-structure

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'Stress-structure,
* McsEngl.stress'structure@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.tone'unit@cptCore1060,
* McsElln.ΤΟΝΙΚΗ'ΕΝΟΤΗΤΑ@cptCore1060,
* McsElln.ΤΟΝΙΚΗ'ΛΕΞΗ@cptCore1060,

_DEFINITION:
nucleus Usually used in the description of intonation to refer to the most prominent syllable of the tone-unit, but also used in phonology to denote the centre or peak (i.e. vowel) of a syllable. It is one of the central principles of the "standard British" treatment of intonation that continuous speech can be broken up into units called tone units, and that each of these will have one syllable that can be identified as the most prominent. This syllable will normally be the starting point of the major pitch movement (nuclear tone) in the tone unit. Another name for the nucleus is the tonic syllable.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

Γύρω από τις συλλαβές που τονίζονται δυνατότερα, τις τονισμένες, μοιράζονται οι άλλες συλλαβές, οι άτονες, εκείνες δηλαδή που τονίζονται λιγότερο δυνατά, με δευτερώτερη ένταση, ή αδύνατα, και αποτελούν μαζί τους ΕΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΟΝΙΚΕΣ:
(θασουτοέλεγα), (ανντοίξερα), (αποπροτίτερα).
Οι ενότητες αυτές μπορούμε να πούμε πως αποτελούν ΦΩΝΗΤΙΚΕΣ-ΦΡΑΣΕΙΣ ή ΦΩΝΗΤΙΚΕΣ-ΛΕΞΕΙΣ.
Τις φωνητικές λέξεις τις αποτελούν συνήθως λίγες λέξεις γραμματικές, ενωμένες στενώτερα μεταξύ τους με το νόημά τους.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΙΜΤ 1978 (1941), 22]

ΣΥΛΛΑΒΕΣ ΤΟΝΙΚΗΣ-ΕΝΟΤΗΤΑΣ:
Μέσα στη φωνητική-λέξη το τελικό σύμφωνο μιας γραμματικής-λέξης ανήκει συνήθως στην αρχική συλλαβή της ακόλουθης:
τους περιμένω στην αυλή
συλλαβίζεται φωνητικά (του-σπε-ρι-μέ-νο-στι-να-βλί).
Από τη δυσκολία να ξεχωρίσουμε μέσα στη φωνητική-λέξη τα όρια των γραμματικών-λέξεων γίνονται από παιδιά και μεγάλους οι παρανοήσεις, όταν ο ακροατής δεν καταλαβαίνη σωστά εκείνο που άκουσε και μπερδεύη λχ
με τάξη μετάξι,
και ντυμένη κεντημένη,
το νόμο τον ώμο,
τους πόρους τους σπόρους,
θ'ακυρωθή θα κυρωθή,
έχεις πιρούνια έχει σπιρούνια.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΙΜΤ 1978 (1941), 23]

hspch'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'structure,

* SPEECH (any node of model-spoken)#cptCore35.6: attSpe#

As any musical instrument, our voice is formed by a resonance system and an excitation system. The first works as a filter and is formed by the all the cavities of our head and breathing system. We can partially change the frequency response of this filter by our muscles, closing or deforming some of these cavities. Anyway there are some basic characteristics which make a voice different one from another, as well as one vowel different from the other.

Ανάμεσα στις λέξεις ΔΕΝ υπάρχουν συνήθως στην ομιλία ΟΡΙΑ πραγματικά, φωνητικά - εκτός όταν λέγωνται μόνες τους. Γι' αυτό, όταν ακούμε να μιλούν γλώσσα που δεν την ξέρομε, δεν μπορούμε να μαντέψωμε τα όρια των λέξεων. Για τον ίδιο λόγο οι αμόρφωτοι και τα παιδιά δεν ξεχωρίζουν εύκολα τις λέξεις της μητρικής τους γλώσσας. γράφουν λχ τουπατέραμου δηλ. του πατέρα μου.
Στο περιστατικό αυτό, πως δεν υπάρχουν στην ομιλί υποχρεωτικά όρια ανάμεσα στις λέξεις, στηρίζονται τα φαινόμενα της ΣΥΝΑΛΟΙΦΗΣ (έκθλιψη, αφαίρεση, κράση) και γενικότερα της ΣΥΜΠΡΟΦΟΡΑΣ.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΙΜΤ 1978 (1941), 21]

hspch'STYLE

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'STYLE,

Something which every speaker is able to do is speak in different styles: there are variations in formality ranging from ceremonial and religious styles to intimate communication within a family or a couple; most people are able to adjust their speech to overcome difficult communicating conditions (such as a bad telephone line), and most people know how to tell jokes effectively. But at present we have very little idea what form this knowledge might have in the speaker's mind.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'TEMPO

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TEMPO,
* McsEngl.speed-of-speech@cptCore1060i,
* McsEngl.tempo@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.tempo-of-mdp@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.mdp'speed@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.speed-of-mdp@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.speaking'rate@cptCore1060,
* McsEngl.rate-of-mdp@cptCore1060,

_DEFINITION:
The word rate is used in talking about the speed at which we speak; in laboratory studies of speech it is usual to express this in terms of syllables per second, or sometimes (less usefully) in words per minute. (See also tempo).
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

tempo:
Every speaker knows how to speak at different rates, and much research has been done in recent years to study what differences in pronunciation are found between words said in slow speech and the same words produced in fast speech. While some aspects of speaking rate are not linguistically important (e.g. one individual speaker's speaking rate when compared with some other individual's), there is evidence to suggest that we do use such variation contrastively to help to convey something about our attitudes and emotions. This linguistic use of speaking rate is frequently called tempo. In research in this area it is felt necessary to use two different measures: the rate including pauses and hesitations (speaking rate) and the rate with these excluded (articulation rate). Although typing speed is often measured in words per minute, in the study of speech rate it is usual to measure either syllables per second or phonemes per second. Most speakers seem to produce speech at a rate of five or six syllables per second, or ten to twelve phonemes per second.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'TESSITURA

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TESSITURA,
* McsEngl.pitch-range,
* McsEngl.tessitura,

_DESCRIPTION:
This is not a commonly used term in phonetics, but has been put forward as a technical term (borrowed from singing terminology) to refer to what is sometimes called pitch range. Speakers have their own natural tessitura (the range between the lowest and highest pitch they normally use), but also may extend or shift this for special purposes. The speech of sports commentators provides a lot of suitable research material for this.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'TONE

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TONE,
* McsEngl.tone-of-speech,

Although this word has a very wide range of meanings and uses in ordinary language, its meaning in phonetics and phonology is quite restricted: it refers to an identifiable movement or level of pitch that is used in a linguistically contrastive way. In some languages (known as tone languages) the linguistic function of tone is to change the meaning of a word: in Mandarin Chinese, for example, / hijma/ said on a high pitch means 'mother' while / kma/ said on a low rising tone means 'hemp'. In other languages, tone forms the central part of intonation, and the difference between, for example, a rising and a falling tone on a particular word may cause a different interpretation of the sentence in which it occurs. In the case of tone languages it is usual to identify tones as being a property of individual syllables, whereas an intonational tone may be spread over many syllables.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'TONE'UNIT

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TONE'UNIT,

In the study of intonation it is usual to divide speech into larger units than syllables. If one studies only short sentences said in isolation it may be sufficient to make no subdivision of the utterance, unless perhaps to mark out rhythmical units such as the foot, but in longer utterances there must be some points at which the analyst marks a break between the end of one pattern and the beginning of the next. These breaks divide speech into tone-units, and are called tone-unit boundaries. If the study of intonation is Peter Roach 81 part of phonology, these boundaries should be identifiable with reference to their effect on pronunciation rather than to grammatical information about word and clause boundaries; statistically, however, we find that in most cases tone-unit boundaries do fall at obvious syntactic boundaries, and it would be rather odd to divide two tone-units in the middle of a phrase. The most obvious factor to look for in trying to establish boundaries is the presence of a pause, and in slow careful speech (e.g. in lectures, sermons and political speeches) this may be done quite regularly. However, it seems that we detect tone-unit boundaries even when the speaker does not make a pause, if there is an identifiable break or discontinuity in the rhythm or in the intonation pattern.
There is evidence that we use a larger number of shorter tone-units in informal conversational speech, and fewer, longer tone units in formal styles.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

hspch'TRANSCRIPTION

name::
* McsEngl.hspch'TRANSCRIPTION,
* McsEngl.transcription-of-speech,

_DEFINITION:
In present-day usage, transcription is the writing down of a spoken utterance using a suitable set of symbols. In its original meaning the word implied converting from one representation (e.g. written text) into another (e.g. phonetic symbols). Transcription exercises are a long-established exercise for teaching phonetics. There are many different types of transcription: the most fundamental division that can be made is between phonemic and phonetic transcription. In the case of the former, the only symbols that may be used are those which represent one of the phonemes of the language, and extra symbols are excluded. In a phonetic transcription the transcriber may use the full range of phonetic symbols if these are required; a narrow phonetic transcription is one which carries a lot of fine detail about the precise phonetic quality of sounds, while a broad phonetic transcription gives a more limited amount of phonetic information.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

Normal writing (orthography) is one way of transcribing speech. Since many years however phoneticians have used other alphabets for transcribing speech. These alphabets try to maintain a close relation between the characters printed and the actual sound. The most widely used alphabet is the IPA (International Phonetic Association) system. This originates from the late 19th century, and the latest revision was in 1989. The IPA system tries to have a character for each phoneme in every human language and diacritic marks for variations on these.
A transcription may be more or less narrow. It may be a transcription of how a word is generally uttered in a particular language, or it may try to capture the actual variation in how a person said something at one particular occasion. Which level the researcher chooses to work at depends on the aim of the research.

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.hspch.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
* SCSM#cptCore474.54#
* conversational speech
* monologue

hspch.VOICE

name::
* McsEngl.hspch.VOICE,
* McsEngl.voice-of-speech,
* McsEngl.voice-quality,

_DEFINITION:
VOICE is a concrete speech.
[hmnSngo.2002-04-14_nikkas]
===
This word, with its very widespread use in everyday language, does not really have an agreed technical sense in phonetics. When we wish to refer simply to the vibration of the vocal folds we most frequently use the term voicing, but when we are interested in the quality of the resulting sound we often speak of voice (for example in "voice quality"). In the training of singers, it is always "the voice" that is said to be trained, though of course many of the sounds that we produce when speaking (or singing) are actually voiceless.
...
voice quality: Speakers differ from each other in terms of voice quality (which is the main reason for our being able to recognise individuals' voices even over the telephone), but they also introduce quite a lot of variation into their voices for particular purposes, some of which could be classed as linguistically relevant. A considerable amount of research in this field has been carried out in recent years, and we have a better understanding of the meaning of such terms as creak, breathy voice and harshness, as well as longerestablished terms such as falsetto.
Many descriptions of voice quality have assumed that all the relevant variables are located in the larynx, while above the larynx is the area that is responsible for the quality of individual speech sounds; however, it is now clear that this is an oversimplification, and that the supralaryngeal area is responsible Peter Roach 87 for a number of overall voice quality characteristics, particularly those which can be categorised as articulatory settings.
Good examples of the kinds of use to which voice quality variation may be put in speaking can be heard in television advertising, where "soft" or "breathy" quality tends to be used for advertising cosmetics, toilet paper and detergents; "creaky voice" tends to be associated with products that the advertisers wish to portray as associated with high social class and even snobbery (e.g. expensive sherry and luxury cars), accompanied by an exaggeratedly "posh" accent, while products aimed exclusively at men (e.g. beer, men's deodorants) seem to aim for an exaggeratedly "manly" voice with some harshness.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

A person's tendency to use various (combinations of) types of phonation is one of the most important things that makes their voice "theirs".
People who need to talk in two or more different identifiable voices (e.g., puppeteers) will usually use different phonation types for the different voices.

hspch.SYNTHETIC

name::
* McsEngl.hspch.SYNTHETIC,

The speech synthesiser is a widely-used tool in speech research: it produces artificial speech, and when the speech synthesis is carefully done the result is indistinguishable from a recording of a human being speaking. Its main use is to produce very finely controlled changes in speech sounds so that listeners' judgements can be experimentally tested. For example, to test if it is true that the most important difference between a pair of words like 'cart' / 5D'" / and 'card' / 5D'$ / is that the vowel is shorter before the voiceless final consonant, we can create a large number of syllables resembling / 5D'" / or / 5D'$ / in which everything is kept constant except the length of the vowel and then ask listeners to say whether they hear 'cart' or 'card'. In this way we can map the perceptual boundaries between phonemes. There are many other types of experiment that can be done with synthetic speech.
Speech synthesis is produced by means of computer software. Many phonetics experts have worked on a special application of speech synthesis known as speech synthesis by rule, in which a computer is given a written text and must convert it into intelligible speech with appropriate contextual allophones, correct timing and stress and, if possible, appropriate intonation. Synthesis-by-rule systems are useful for such applications as reading machines for blind people, and computerised telephone information systems like "talking timetables". This technology is also used for less serious applications such as talking toys and computer games.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

mdp'SYNTHESIZER

mdp'TTS-(mspeech'Text'To'Speech-synthesis)#cptIt541#

hspch.WHISPER

name::
* McsEngl.hspch.WHISPER,

Whispering seems to be used all over the world as a way of speaking in conditions where it is necessary to be quiet. Actually, it is not very good for this: for example, whispering does not make voiceless sounds like / S / and / T / any quieter. It seems to wake sleeping babies and adults much more often than does soft voiced speech, and it seems to carry further in places like churches and concert halls.
Physiologically, what happens in whispering is that the vocal folds are brought fairly close together until there is a small space between them, and air from the lungs is then forced through the hole to create friction noise which acts as a substitute for the voicing that would normally be produced. A surprising discovery is that when a speaker whispers it is still possible to recognise their intonation: theoretically, intonation can only result from the vibration of the vocal folds, but it seems that speakers can modify their vocal tracts to produce the effect of intonation by other means.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

lagHmnlingo.medium.TEXT

_CREATED: {2012-09-23} {2000-09-15}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo.medium.TEXT,
* McsEngl.conceptCore474.56,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059,
* McsEngl.text-view@cptCore1059, {2008-09-25}
* McsEngl.textual-subworldview@cptCore1059, {2008-09-25}
* McsEngl.langetro-view,
* McsEngl.lingoHmn.VIEW.TEXT,
* McsEngl.logetro'modilo@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.modelo-textero,
* McsEngl.modelottr@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.modelo.tekstero@cptCore1059, {2006-10-23}
* McsEngl.model.text@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.mdtextero@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.mtextero@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.text-model@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.tmd@cptCore1059!=text-model,
* McsEngl.model-text, {2004-09-15}
* McsEngl.document,
* McsEngl.logo.written@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.text@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.text-document@cptCore1059, {2012-11-25}
* McsEngl.viewHumanText@cptCore1059, {2012-04-27}
* McsEngl.writing,
* McsEngl.written-logo@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.viewTxt@cptCore474.56, {2012-09-24}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsSngo.fo-eto-to-vudo,
* McsEngl.fo-eto-to-vudo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.foEtoVudo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-25}
* McsEngl.modiletro@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modilo'logetro@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.modlo'logetro@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ@cptCore1059,
* McsElln.κείμενο@cptCore1059, {2012-09-23}
* McsElln.κείμενο-άποψης@cptCore474.56, {2012-09-24}
* McsElln.ΓΡΑΠΤΟΣ-ΛΟΓΟΣ@cptCore1059,
* McsElln.ΓΡΑΦΤΟ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.teksto@cptCore1059@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.teksto@cptCore1059,

_DOCUMENT:
We call a text PLUS its drawings and audio/viduals attachments as in 'multimedia-documents'.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-15_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474#
* DATO#cptCore181.62#

_DESCRIPTION:
=== analytic
Text is Logo that uses written-symbols to denote meaning.
===
~~TEXT is the part of LOGO which is the 'expression' of logo's SPEECH~~.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-15_nikkas]
=== synthetic
SPEECH is a SYSTEM of WRITTEN-LOGIMS#ql:written'logim@cptCore643#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-09_nikkas]
===
SPEECH is any SYSTEM of LETTERS.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-08_nikkas]

viewTxt'PART

_PART:
* TEXTERO (any part)#cptCore35.7#
* NON-CONTENT--NODE#cptCore1059.4#
* CONTENT-NODE#cptCore1059.15#

viewTxt'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.viewTxt'wholeNo-relation,

_ENVIRONMENT:
* Lingoperson.first
===
* view.human.conceptBrain#cptCore93.33# Every modilo-logetro is a mapping of a modilo-brainepto.
===
* ViewHumanLingoBrainSensible#cptCore474.55# A modilo-logetro of any modilo-brainepto can be mapped to a modilo-logetro-artificio. It can be "understood" trough an modilo-brainepto-artificio.
[kas-nik, 2007-06-19]
===
* viewTxt'WRITTEN'LANGUAGE#cptCore93.66#
===
* SPECIFIC_COMPLEMENT (on writting): SPEECH#cptCore1060#

viewTxt'Letter#cptCore78.5#

name::
* McsEngl.viewTxt'Letter,

viewTxt'Lingoperson.first

name::
* McsEngl.viewTxt'Lingoperson.first,
* McsEngl.author-of-text@cptCore1059,
* McsEngl.writer@cptCore1059,

_DEFINITION:
author is the creator of text.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-20_nikkas]

(n) writer, author (writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay))
[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=AUTHOR&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=0] 2007-10-24

viewTxt'Node

name::
* McsEngl.viewTxt'Node,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLogo.nodText@cptCore1059.5, {2012-08-22}

* McsEngl.nodetro@cptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.Logetro'nodo@cptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.node-of-modelo'textero@cptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.texteronode@cptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.node.textero@cptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.txnode@cptCore1059.5,
* McsEngl.nodTxt@cptCore1059.5, {2012-08-22}

_GENERIC:
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe.nodLingo#cptCore93.34#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree.nodSstwpe#cptCore348.41#
* entity.attribute.node.nodSysStree#cptCore348.12#
* entity.attribute.node#cptCore515.4#
* entity.attribute#cptCore398#
* entity#cptCore387#

_DEFINITION:
* Node is any part maped or not with meaning.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-10_nikkas]
* The parts (tokens) of texts we observe as pictures and not with its coresponding meaning are not TEXT-NODES. Every text-node is associated with meaning.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

NOTATION.3LETERO#ql:aaj'abbreviation#:

nodTxt'Expression

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt'Expression,

_EKSPRESETRO:
* The "textero" of the node.
[hmnSngo.2006-10-07_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.specific,

* MAPEINO#cptCore1059.4: attSpe#
* MAPEINO-CO#cptCore1059.15: attSpe#

* FRASER is the logo token between of TWO periods(.) or from the begining to a period.
* PARAGRAPHER is the logo-token separated by blank lines and comprised of frasers.
* TITLER is the logo-token (usally of one line) that is separated by one or two blank-lines and does not ends with period.
* SECTER is the logo-token that is comprised of a titler (secter#: ...) and one or more paragraphers.
* CHAPTER is the logo-token that is comprised of a titler (chapter#: ...) and paragraphers or secters.
* PARTER is the logo-token that is comprised of a titler (parter#: ...) and paragraphers or chapters.
* BOOKER is the logo-token that is comprised of a titler (...) and paragraphers or parters.
[hmnSngo.2004-09-15_nikkas]

nodTxt.MAPEINO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.MAPEINO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.15,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.15,
* McsEngl.nodetro'mapeino@cptCore1059.15,
* McsEngl.nodo'mapealo,
* McsEngl.content'node-of-modiletro@cptCore1059.15,

_DEFINITION:

_GENERIC:
* NODERO-MAPEINO#cptCore474.28#

_EKSPRESETRO:
The means the language uses for this nodetro.

_MAPEELO:
The mineto|brainepto which is mapeined to this nodetro.

_SPECIFIC_COMPLEMENT:
* MAPEINO-CO#cptCore1059.4#

_SPECIFIC:
* SENTENSETRO-TUTO#cptCore1059.1#
* SENTENSETRO#cptCore557# (1st unit)#cptCore557#
* ONOMETRO-STRUKTURO#cptCore645.1#
* nameLingo#cptCore453# (2nd unit)

nodTxt.SENTENSETRO'TUTO

_CREATED: {2004-10-18}

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.SENTENSETRO'TUTO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.1,
* McsEngl.sentensentro'tuto@cptCore1059.1,
* McsEngl.supersentensero@cptCore1059.1,
* McsEngl.fraser@cptCore1059.1,
* McsEngl.supersentencer@cptCore1059.1, {2005-09-17}

_DEFINITION:
* SUPERSENTENSERO is the parent-node of corelated sentenseros, which is not a sentensero and in text-languages is a piriodero-token.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-20_nikkas]

* FRASER is the parent node of a sentencer#cptCore557# but the child of a paragrafer. Contains corelated sentencers of many kind and not a SEQUENCE of related children as in a paragrafer.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-24_nikkas]

* FRASER is a sentencer-structure (corelated sentencers) we treat as one node. Denotes a meaning-fraser. Usually ends with a period.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

* ~~it is text that ends with a period (.?!) and does not include a period (.?!)~~.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-11_nikkas]

_STRUCTURE:
* A fraser always contains more than one independent-sentencer#cptCore557.20#.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

* ~~A fraser contains ONE sentencer or MORE corelated-sentencers~~.
[hmnSngo.2004-10-18_nikkas]

_ENVIRONMENT:
* A language can express a msentencer-structure with one fraser or with serial frasers.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-10_nikkas]

* SUPERSENTENCER AND SENTENCER:
- a sentencer has always ONE verber.
- a supersentencer has always at least TWO verbers.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-18_nikkas]

_EXAMPLE:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1059.4,
* McsEngl.mapeelnoetro@cptCore1059.4,
* McsEngl.non'content'node-of-textero@cptCore1059.4,

_DEFINITION:
* TOKEN-TEXT is a TEXT-NODE we identify visually, so it can NOT have a mapping meaning-node or it can have by chance.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-25_nikkas]

* ~~TOKEN OF TEXT are the part we identify visually. In contrast, nodes are mapped with meaning~~.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* MAPEELNOERO
* TOKENERO#cptCore474.34#

_SPECIFIC:
* STOPETRO#cptCore1059.2#
* TOKENETRO#cptCore1059.7#
* TOKENETRO-PRECIPO#cptCore1059.14#
* PARAGRAFETRO#cptCore1059.3#
* PERIODERO#cptCore1059.6#
* TITLETRO#cptCore1059.9#
* TOKENETRO-PERIODETRO#cptCore1059.24#
===========================
* BUKETRO#cptCore1059.10#
* PARTETRO#cptCore1059.12#
* CAPTETRO#cptCore1059.11#
* SEKTETRO#cptCore1059.8#
* YORDERO#cptCore59.9#

nodTxt.STOPETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.STOPETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.2,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.2,
* McsEngl.stopetro@cptCore1059.2,

_DEFINITION:
* STOPETRO is any nodetro used to SEPARATE nodetros.

nodTxt.STOPETRO'PERIODETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.STOPETRO'PERIODETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.21,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.21,
* McsEngl.stopetro'periodetro@cptCore1059.21,

_DEFINITION:
* STOPERO is any separatero or punktero.
[hmnSngo.2006-06-25_nikkas]

COMPLEMENT-SPECIFEPTO:
* STOPERO-NO#cptCore1059.22: attSpe#

_SPECIFIC:
* SEPARATERO (whitespace)#cptCore1059.20#
* PUNKTERO (punctuation)#cptCore1059.18#

nodTxt.SEPARATETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.SEPARATETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.20,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.20,
* McsEngl.whitespace@cptCore1059.20,
* McsEngl.separating-written-node@cptCore1059.20,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.separatetro@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
* space, tab, newline.

_GENERIC:
* STOPETRO#cptCore1059.21#

_SPECIFIC:
* carriage-return (13)
* form-feed (12)
* newline (10)
* space (32)
* tab (9)

nodTxt.PUNKTETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.PUNKTETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.18,
* McsEngl.punctuation.text@cptCore1059.18,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.punktetro@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.punktero.textero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΕΙΟ-ΣΤΙΞΗΣ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.interpunkcio@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.interpunkcio,

_DEFINITION:
* special-simboleros, such as ( ) , " [ ] etc., a language uses to denote (separate) miscellaneous textero-nodes.

* 2. punctuation, punctuation mark -- (the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases)
3. punctuation -- (the use of certain marks to clarify meaning of written material by grouping words grammatically into sentences and clauses and phrases)
[wordnet 2.0]

* ΟΡΘΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟ ΣΗΜΕΙΟ είναι επιπρόσθετα των 'γραμματων' 'οπτικα σηματα' που χρησιμοποιούνται στη 'γραφη γλωσσας'...
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

* ΣΗΜΕΙΑ ΣΤΙΞΗΣ ονομάζονται τα σημαδάκια που μεταχειριζόμαστε στο γραπτό λόγο για να δείξουμε που πρέπει να σταματήσουμε και πόσο κάθε φορά, και πως να χρωματίσουμε τη φωνή μας.

_GENERIC:
* LOGERO-PUNKTERO#cptCore474.11#

PUNKTETRO.ELD
name::
* McsEngl.PUNKTETRO.ELD,

ΑΠΟΣΤΡΟΦΟΣ,
ΥΠΟΔΙΑΣΤΟΛΗ,
ΔΙΑΛΥΤΙΚΑ,
ΕΝΩΤΙΚΟ,
ΣΗΜΕΙΑ ΣΤΙΞΗΣ,

ΤΕΛΕΙΑ:
σημειώνουμε στο τέλος μιας φράσης που έχει ακέραιο νόημα.
Υστερα απο τελεία βάζουμε κεφαλαίο γράμμα.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 29#cptResource310#]

ΑΝΩ ΤΕΛΕΙΑ('):
σημειώνουμε όταν θέλουμε να δείξουμε μικρότερο σταμάτημα παρά με την τελεία και μεγαλύτερο παρά με το κόμμα:
<Αυτός δεν ήταν άνθρωπος' ήταν θεριό, δράκος, του βουνού στοιχειό.>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 29#cptResource310#]

ΚΟΜΜΑ(,):
Είναι το πιο συχνό σημείο της στίξης. Το σημειώνουμε για να δείξουμε πολύ μικρό σταμάτημα της φωνής.

Με το κόμμα χωρίζουμε λέξεις ασύνδετες:
<Χτες, προχτές, αντιπροχτές έβρεχε ακατάπαυτα>
Την κλιτική:
<Ανοιξε, μάνα μου γλυκια, την άφθαρτη αγκαλιά σου>
Προτάσεις όμοιες ασύνδετες:
<Βγήκαμε από το σχολείο, πήραμε το δρόμο και σε λίγο φτάσαμε στην πλατεία>
Δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις απο τις κύριες:
<Αν θέλεις, έλα>

Δε χωρίζεται με κόμμα η ειδική:
<Εγραφε πως θα έρθει>
η πλάγια ερωτηματική:
<Δε μου είπες αν γύρισε ο πατέρας>
και η διστακτική πρόταση:
<Φοβούμαι μήπως βραχείς>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 29#cptResource310#]

ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ(;):
στο τέλος μιας ερωτηματικής φράσης:
<που πήγες;>

ΘΑΥΜΑΣΤΙΚΟ(!):
σημειώνεται ύστερα από τα επιφωνήματα και ύστερα απο κάθε φράση που εκφράζει θαυμασμό, χαρά, ελπίδα, πόνο, φόβο, προσταγή κτλ:
<τι λαμπρός άνθρωπος!>
Μετά απο ερωτηματικό ή θαυμαστικό αρχίζουμε με κεφαλαίο.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 29#cptResource310#]

ΔΙΠΛΗ ΤΕΛΕΙΑ(:):
σημειώνουμε εμπρός από τα λόγια που αναφέρουμε κατά λέξη:
<ο Χριστός είπε: "αγαπάτε αλλήλους">
όταν κάνουμε απαρίθμηση ή δίνουμε μια εξήγηση ή το αποτέλεσμα:
<τα μεγαλύτερα νησία είναι: η Κύπρος, η Κρήτη>
<Κάθισε στο τραπέζι όλη η οικογένεια: ο παπούς, ο πατέρας, η μετέρα, τ'αδέλφια μου>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 30#cptResource310#]

ΠΑΡΕΝΘΕΣΗ():
Μέσα στην παρένθεση κλείνουμε μια λέξη ή μια φράση που εξηγεί ή συμπληρώνει τα λεγόμενα:
<η βάρκα (ακόμα τρέμω που το θυμούμαι) χτύπησε ξαφνικά στην ξέρα>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 30#cptResource310#]

ΑΠΟΣΙΩΠΗΤΙΚΑ(...):
με αυτά δείχνουμε πως η φράση έμεινε ατελείωτη, γιατί δε θέλουμε να την αποτελειώσουμε ή γιατί είμαστε συγκινημένοι:
<θέλω να σου ζητήσω να... μα καλύτερα άλλη φορά>
<Τι θαυμάσιες μέρες!...>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 30#cptResource310#]

ΠΑΥΛΑ(-):
Στο διάλογο για να δείξουμε ότι αλλάζει το πρόσωπο:
<-πότε θά'ρθεις:
-αύριο.
-θα σε περιμένω.>
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 31#cptResource310#]

ΔΙΠΛΗ ΠΑΥΛΑ/ΑΝΩ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΩ ΤΕΛΕΙΑ:
για να κλείσουμε, όπως και στην παρένθεση μια φράση ή μέρος της:
::mdtg:ο πατέρας μου -μύρο το κύμα που τον ετύλιξε- δεν είχε σκοπό να με κάνει ναυτικό.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 31#cptResource310#]

ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΑ(""):
μέσα σε εισαγωγικά κλείνουμε τα λόγια ενός άλλου ή μια λέξη του, όταν τα αναφέρουμε όπως ακριβώς τα είπε. Πρίν από τα εισαγωγικά σημειώνουμε διπλή τελεία:
<όποιος άκουε τ'όνομά του φώναζε: "παρών">
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΟΕΔΒ 1987, 31#cptResource310#]

::: Τα σημεία στίξης :::..

ΤΕΛΕΙΑ:
* Σημειώνεται στο τέλος μιας φράσης με ολοκληρωμένο νόημα και δείχνει το τέλος μίας περιόδου.

ΑΝΩ ΤΕΛΕΙΑ:
Είναι μια μικρή διακοπή στο λόγο. Γενικά με την άνω τελεία δηλώνεται στενή σχέση με τα προηγούμενα (σαν να παίρνει η άνω τελεία τη θέση του συνδέσμου που λείπει). Χρήση της:
* Στο τέλος ημιπεριόδου όταν η δεύτερη πρόταση διασαφηνίζει την πρώτη.
Π.χ. Η καταστροφή του περιβάλλοντος είναι ανυπολόγιστη ‘ καταστροφή για την οποία ευθύνεται ο ίδιος ο άνθρωπος.

* Στο τέλος ημιπεριόδου όταν η δεύτερη πρόταση λειτουργεί αντιθετικά στην πρώτη.
Π.χ. Δεν πονώ ‘ υποφέρω.

* Όταν γίνεται απαρίθμηση / παράθεση στοιχείων.
Π.χ. Θέλησε να αλλάξει τον τρόπο εξέτασης ‘ να αλλάξει τον τρόπο αντιμετώπισης των μαθητών ‘ να δώσει νέα πνοή στην τάξη.

ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ:
* Χρησιμοποιείται στο τέλος μιας ερωτηματικής φράσης.

* Αν το ερωτηματικό είναι σε παρένθεση στο τέλος μιας λέξης ή φράσης, δηλώνει ειρωνεία ή αμφιβολία.
Π.χ. Πίστευε πως ήταν ο καλύτερος ποδοσφαιριστής (; )

ΘΑΥΜΑΣΤΙΚΟ:
* Σημειώνεται ύστερα από επιφωνήματα ή φράσεις που εκφράζουν θαυμασμό, χαρά, προσταγή, απορία, πόνο κ.τ.λ.
Π.χ. Πόσο φοβερή ήταν η κατάσταση!

* Αν το θαυμαστικό βρίσκεται σε παρένθεση στο τέλος μιας λέξης ή φράσης δηλώνει συνήθως αρνητική έκπληξη.
Π.χ. Παρά την αποκάλυψη της ενοχής του, αυτός επέμεινε ότι ήταν αθώος (!)

ΑΝΩ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΩ ΤΕΛΕΙΑ:
* Χρησιμοποιείται όταν έχουμε ευθύ λόγο, δηλαδή όταν έχουμε τα λεγόμενα ή τα γραφόμενα κάποιου.
Π.χ. Στην ερώτηση του δημοσιογράφου απάντησε: «Δεν γνωρίζω τίποτα γι’ αυτό»

* Χρησιμοποιείται όταν ακολουθεί επεξήγηση ή απαρίθμηση ή το αποτέλεσμα μιας προηγούμενης πρότασης.
Π.χ. Ο ρόλος του πολιτικού είναι ένας: να εργάζεται για το καλό του κράτους.

ΠΑΡΕΝΘΕΣΗ:
* Χρησιμοποιείται για επεξηγήσεις, παραπομπές και γενικά συμπληρώσεις.
Π.χ. Η διακήρυξη των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου (Ο.Η.Ε., 1948) αποτελεί σταθμό στην παγκόσμια ιστορία.

ΑΠΟΣΙΩΠΗΤΙΚΑ:
* Χρησιμοποιούνται όταν θέλουμε να δείξουμε ότι μια φράση έμεινε ατέλειωτη.
Π.χ. Πρέπει να ληφθούν τα απαραίτητα μέτρα, γιατί αλλιώς…

* Όταν θέλουμε να δείξουμε αστεϊσμό ή κάτι το αντιφατικό και γι’ αυτό παράδοξο.
Π.χ. Η καλύτερη άμυνα είναι η… επίθεση.

* Όταν υποδηλώνεται συγκίνηση.
Π.χ. Οι συνέπειες του πολέμου είναι απερίγραπτες…

ΠΑΥΛΑ:
* Παίρνει τη θέση της άνω τελείας, της διπλής τελείας ή και της παρένθεσης (στην τελευταία περίπτωση σημειώνουμε δύο παύλες).
Π.χ. Ο άνθρωπος δεν έχει συνειδητοποιήσει τα λάθη του – κι αυτό είναι πράγματι τραγικό.
Π.χ. Η διακήρυξη των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου – Ο.Η.Ε., 1948 – αποτελεί σταθμό στην παγκόσμια ιστορία.

ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΑ:
* Χρησιμοποιούνται για να κλείσουμε σε αυτά τα λόγια ενός άλλου, όταν τα αναφέρουμε όπως ακριβώς τα είπε.
Π.χ. Στην ερώτηση του δημοσιογράφου απάντησε: «Δε γνωρίζω τίποτα γι’ αυτό»

* Όταν γράφουμε μια λέξη που ανήκει στη λεγόμενη αργκό ή τη χρησιμοποιούμε μεταφορικά.
Π.χ. Ψηφίστηκε τροπολογία που εισάγει στο δημόσιο τους «κολλητούς» των βουλευτών.

* Όταν γράφουμε μια ξένη λέξη που δεν έχει αφομοιωθεί από το δικό μας κλιτικό σύστημα και δεν είναι πολύ γνωστή.
Π.χ. Η συμπεριφορά του τον κατατάσσει στα «λούμπεν» στοιχεία της κοινωνίας.

* Όταν γράφουμε μια λέξη ή φράση ειρωνικά.
Π.χ. Οι «πολιτισμένοι» λαοί βομβαρδίζουν τον άμαχο πληθυσμό.

* Όταν γράφουμε αρχαίους ή λόγιους τύπους που δεν έχουν ενσωματωθεί στη νεοελληνική.
Π.χ. Στην είσοδο του Δελφικού Μαντείου υπήρχε η προτροπή: «Γνώθι σ’ αυτόν».

* Όταν γράφουμε όρους, τίτλους, ονομασίες εφημερίδων, βιβλίων…
Π.χ. Το νέο βιβλίο τιτλοφορείται: «Στο Χατζηφράγκου».

ΑΓΚΥΛΗ:
* Χρησιμοποιείται σπάνια. Όταν περικλείει αποσιωπητικά δηλώνεται ότι παραλείπονται στοιχεία από παράθεμα.

ΚΟΜΜΑ:
Χωρίζονται με κόμμα:
* Οι όμοιοι όροι μιας πρότασης, όταν παρατάσσονται ασύνδετα.
Π.χ Η αφθονία, οι ανέσεις, η πολυτέλεια έχουν μαλθακοποιήσει τον άνθρωπο.

* Η παράθεση και η επεξήγηση.
Π.χ. Οι υπεύθυνοι για τη ζητήματα του τόπου, οι πολιτικοί, ολιγωρούν ανεπίτρεπτα.

* Η κλητική προσφώνηση
Π.χ. Κυρίες και Κύριοι, βρίσκομαι στην ευχάριστη θέση.......

* Οι επιρρηματικές εκφράσεις, τα επιρρήματα, τα μόρια (βεβαιωτικά - αρνητικά) στην αρχή της περιόδου, όταν συνδέουν με τα προηγούμενα.
Π.χ. Βέβαια, μερικές φορές είναι αναπόφευκτη η σύγκρουση μεταξύ γονέων και παιδιών.

* Η μετοχική φράση που είναι επεξηγηματική ή μεγάλη.
Π.χ. Επιδιώκοντας πάντοτε την προσωπική ευδοκίμηση αλλά και την κοινωνική ευημερία, οι πνευματικοί άνθρωποι ανταποκρίνονται στο ρόλο τους με ευσυνειδησία.

* Οι επιρρηματικές - εμπρόθετες προτάσεις όταν είναι μεγάλες.
Π.χ. Η ανθρωπότητα, έπειτα από αιώνες σκοταδισμού και περιόδους αμάθειας και προκαταλήψεων αναγεννήθηκε πνευματικά και οδηγήθηκε σε εποχές πολιτισμικής ακμής.

* Οι ασύνδετες, κύριες ή δευτερεύουσες προτάσεις.
Π.χ. Ήρθε, είδε, έφυγε.

* Οι αντιθετικές προτάσεις.
Π.χ. Ο άνθρωπος εύκολα κρίνει και κατακρίνει τους άλλους, αλλά πολύ δύσκολα προβαίνει σε αυτοκριτική.

* Οι παρενθετικές προτάσεις.
Π.χ. Η ανθρωπιά, είπε ο ομιλητής, έχει χαθεί στις μέρες μας.

* Οι εξής δευτερεύουσες: αιτιολογικές, χρονικές, τελικές, υποθετικές, εναντιωματικές, συμπερασματικές.
Π.χ. Πέτυχες, διότι προσπάθησες υπερβολικά.
Π.χ. Όταν κανείς θέλει κάτι, μπορεί και να το πετύχει.
Π.χ. Πρέπει να κοπιάζει κανείς, για να πετυχαίνει τους στόχους του.
Π.χ. Θα τα καταφέρεις, αν καταλάβεις το μέγιστο των δυνατοτήτων σου.
Π.χ. Αν και προσπάθησε, δεν κατάφερε να πετύχει το στόχο του.
Π.χ. Πρέπει να προσπαθήσεις πολύ, ώστε να έχεις ένα καλό αποτέλεσμα.

* Οι παραθετικές αναφορικές προτάσεις (που δεν αποτελούν απαραίτητο συμπλήρωμα της πρότασης).
Π.χ. Η αστυφιλία, που εξακολουθεί βέβαια να συντελείται, ζημίωσε και ζημιώνει την εθνική μας οικονομία.

* Οι ειδικές, βουλητικές, ενδοιαστικές και πλάγιες ερωτηματικές προτάσεις χωρίζονται με κόμμα από την κύρια, όταν είναι επεξήγηση.
Π.χ. Αυτό τονίζω ακριβώς, ότι πρέπει να αποφύγουμε άλλα λάθη.

Βάζουμε κόμμα πριν από τον σύνδεσμο και όταν:
~ μεσολαβεί κάποια παρενθετική κύρια ή δευτερεύουσα πρόταση
Π.χ. Η διαφήμιση παραποιεί την αλήθεια, είπε ο ομιλητής, και δημιουργεί ψευδαισθήσεις.

~ μεσολαβεί παράθεση ή επεξήγηση
Π.χ. Ο ομιλητής, γνωστός από τα βιβλία του, και ο βοηθός του κατέβηκαν από την εξέδρα.

~ αλλάζει το υποκείμενο
Π.χ. Η καταστροφή του περιβάλλοντος αποτελεί τεράστιο πρόβλημα, και οι υπεύθυνοι οφείλουν να μεριμνήσουν γι αυτό.

~ υπάρχει κίνδυνος να παρεξηγήσουμε το νόημα της φράσης
Π.χ. Καταπληκτικό έργο, με ταλαντούχους ηθοποιούς, νέους και αποτελεσματικούς πειραματισμούς. (με το κόμμα πριν από το και καταλαβαίνουμε ότι η λέξη νέους είναι προσδιορισμός στη λέξη ηθοποιούς και όχι στη λέξη πειραματισμούς).

Δεν χρησιμοποιούμε κόμμα:
~ Στη συμπλεκτική και διαχωριστική σύνδεση (και, μήτε, ούτε, είτε, ή).
Π.χ. Ούτε εμφανίστηκε ούτε ειδοποίησε ότι δε θα έρθει.

~ Πριν το συγκριτικό σύνδεσμο παρά
Π.χ. Είναι προτιμότερο να καταπονείται κανείς και να πετυχαίνει παρά το αντίθετο.

~ Πριν τις ειδικές, βουλητικές, ενδοιαστικές και πλάγιες ερωτηματικές προτάσεις.
Π.χ. Ανακοίνωσε ότι δε θα συμμετάσχει στη διοργάνωση.
Π.χ. Δε θέλω να αλλάξω τις αποφάσεις μου.
Π.χ. Φοβάμαι μήπως δεν τα καταφέρω.
Π.χ. Δεν ξέρω αν θα τα καταφέρω.

~ Στις μετοχικές φράσεις, όταν αυτές είναι σύντομες.
Π.χ. Γελώντας από ευτυχία μπήκαν στο σπίτι.

~ Στις αναφορικές προσδιοριστικές προτάσεις (που είναι απαραίτητο συμπλήρωμα του λόγου).
Π.χ. Να ανακρίνετε όποιον θεωρείτε υπεύθυνο.
[http://www.ischool.gr/showthread.php?t=57] 2008-09-25

PUNKTETRO.ENGLISH
name::
* McsEngl.PUNKTETRO.ENGLISH,

_SPECIFIC:
punctuation, punctuation mark -- (the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases)
=> ampersand -- (a punctuation mark (&) used to represent conjunction (and))
=> angle bracket, bracket -- (either of two punctuation marks (`<' or `>') sometimes used to enclose textual material)
=> apostrophe -- (the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word)
=> brace -- (either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material)
=> bracket, square bracket -- (either of two punctuation marks ([ or ]) used to enclose textual material)
=> colon -- (a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter))
=> comma -- (a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence)
=> exclamation mark, exclamation point -- (a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation)
=> hyphen, dash -- (a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text)
=> parenthesis -- (either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material)
=> period, point, full stop, stop, full point -- (a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop")
=> question mark, interrogation point -- (a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question)
=> quotation mark, quote, inverted comma -- (a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else)
=> semicolon -- (a punctuation mark (`;') used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period)
=> solidus, slash, virgule, diagonal, stroke, separatrix -- (a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information)
=> swung dash -- (a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word)
[wordnet 2.0]

PUNCTUATION MARKS
Punctuation marks on a page are similar to signs on a road. They guide you and direct you.
1. A period ( . ) ends a declarative or imperative sentence.
I live in Pasadena. They don’t live in Pasadena.
Listen to me. Don’t drink and drive. Please come here. Eat your vegetables.
2. A question mark ( ? ) ends an interrogative sentence.
Do you live in Pasadena? Don’t you like chocolate ice cream?
3. An exclamation mark ( ! ) ends an exclamatory sentence (a sentence that contains a lot of emotion).
Help! Stop! Don’t call me again!
4. A comma ( , ) separates items in a list.
I like coffee, soda, milk, and tea. Sara, Maria, Robert and Steven will eat lunch.
5. A semicolon separates equal parts of a sentence.
Mary is at home; Bob is at school.
Give me a hamburger, with onions and lettuce; a coke, with a straw; and fries, with ketchup.
6. A colon ( : ) usually precedes a list.
Bring these things with you: a book, a pencil, and a dictionary.
7. A dash ( – ) usually indicates a break in thought.
I’ll have a hot dog with mustard – no, make that ketchup.
8. A hyphen ( - ) separates syllables to make a word easier to read.
co-ordinate re-elect pray-er
A hyphen also separates syllables when it’s necessary to continue a word on the follow-
ing line.
9. Parentheses ( ) or a pair of dashes contain extra information.
John (my brother) is coming to the party.
John – my brother – is coming to the party.
10. An ellipsis (...) shows that information is missing or deleted.
“To be or not...the question.” (“To be or not to be. That is the question.”)
11. Quotation marks (“ ”) enclose the exact words of a person.
Maria said, “Where are the keys?”
12. An apostrophe ( ’ ) is a substitute for a letter or letters (in a contraction).
isn’t = is not can’t = cannot don’t = do not I’ll = I will I’m = I am He’s sick. = He is sick.
Bob’s rich. = Bob is rich. What’s new? = What is new? They’ve worked. = They have worked.
’99 = 1999
An apostrophe also shows possession.
This is Sara’s book. (Don’t say: This is the book of Sara.) Where is the dog’s dish?
14. Begin all sentences with a capital letter (i.e., capitalize the first word in all sentences) and end all sentences with a punctuation mark. =
Capitalize the first word in a sentence and finish the sentence with a punctuation mark.
[http://www.rong-chang.com/]

A colon is the punctuation mark : which you can use in several ways. For example, you can put it before a list of things or before reported speech.

(AM) usually semicolon A semi-colon is the punctuation mark ; which is used in writing to separate different parts of a sentence or list or to indicate a pause.

PUNKTETRO'SPANISH#cptCore43#
name::
* McsEngl.PUNKTETRO'SPANISH,

Η ΠΑΥΛΑ/ΕΝΩΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΛΟΓΩΝ(el guiσn mayor):
χρησιμεύει στους διαλόγους και τίθεται για να χωρίζει τα λόγια καθενός ομιλητού.
[ΣΑΜΑΡΑΣ, 1984, 6#cptResource520#]

ΣΗΜΕΙΑ ΣΤΙΞΗΣ:
περίπου ίδια με Ελληνικά:
- τελεία
- κόμμα
- δύο τελείες
- άνω τελεία(;)
- παύλα
- εισαγωγικά
- αποσιωπητικά
- παρένθεσις
- θαυμαστικο (΅!)
- ερωτηματικό (Ώ?)
To ερωτηματικό και το θαυμαστικό τίθενται ΚΑΙ στην αρχή της πρότασης.
[ΣΑΜΑΡΑΣ, 1984, 7#cptResource520#]

nodTxt.TOKENETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TOKENETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.7,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.7,
* McsEngl.textual-nonstop-node@cptCore1059.7,
* McsEngl.tokenetro@cptCore1059.7,

_DEFINITION:
* TOKENETRO is any separated nodetro created by stopetros#ql:stopetro-*#.
[hmnSngo.2007-02-02_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* TOKENERO#cptCore474.34#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* TOKENEPRO#cptCore1060.5: attSpe#

_SPECIFIC:
* TOKENETRO-PERIODETRO#cptCore1059.24#
* TOKENETRO-PRECIPO#cptCore1059.14#

nodTxt.BUKETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.BUKETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.10,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.10,
* McsEngl.buketro@cptCore1059.10,
* McsEngl.booker@cptCore1059.10,

_DEFINITION:
* Booker is the parent node of parters in a TEXT-MODEL not in a speech-model.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-24_nikkas]

//BUKER: titler and chapters or
// titler and paragrapher(s) and chapters or
// titler and paragrapher(s) and secters or
// titler and paragrapher(s) or
// paragrapher(s).

nodTxt.PARTETRO'BUKETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.PARTETRO'BUKETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.12,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.12,
* McsEngl.partetro'buketro@cptCore1059.12,

_DEFINITION:
* Parter is the parent node of secters in a TEXT-MODEL not in a speech-model.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-24_nikkas]

nodTxt.CAPTETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.CAPTETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.11,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.11,
* McsEngl.captetro@cptCore1059.11,
* McsEngl.chapter@cptCore1059.11,

_DEFINITION:
//CHAPTER: titler and secters OR
// titler and paragraphers.

nodTxt.SEKTETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.SEKTETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.8,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.8,
* McsEngl.sektetro@cptCore1059.8,
* McsEngl.sektero@cptCore1059.8,
* McsEngl.secter@cptCore1059.8,

_DEFINITION:
* SECTER is the PARENT logo-node of a paragrafer. It contains one titler and one or more paragrafers.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-19_nikkas]

//SECTER: titler and paragraphers.

nodTxt.TOKENETRO'PRECIPO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TOKENETRO'PRECIPO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.14,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.14,
* McsEngl.precipo'tokenero@cptCore1059.14,
* McsEngl.tokenetro'precipo@cptCore1059.14,
* McsEngl.main'tokenero@cptCore1059.14,

_DEFINITION:
* Main-text-token is a text-token separated with blank lines or an indent at the begining.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-25_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* PARAGRAFETRO#cptCore1059.3#
* PERIODETRO#cptCore1059.6#
* TITLETRO#cptCore1059.9#

nodTxt.PARAGRAFETRO

_CREATED: {2004-11-15}

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.PARAGRAFETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.3,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.3,
* McsEngl.paragrafetro@cptCore1059.3,
* McsEngl.paragrafero@cptCore1059.3,
* McsEngl.superperiodero@cptCore1059.7,

_DEFINITION:
* Superperiod is the text-token that is comprised with one or more periods, between blank lines or an intend at the begining.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

* Paragrafer is a sentencer or fraser structure we treat as a node because denote something common, a meaning-paragrafer.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

* ~~Paragrafer is a "picture" concept and not a meaning one~~. 2004-11-11

nodTxt.TEXTUAL-PERIOD

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TEXTUAL-PERIOD,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.6,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.6,
* McsEngl.textual-period@cptCore1059.6, {2008-10-05}
* McsEngl.tx-period@cptCore1059.6,
* McsEngl.periodetro@cptCore1059.6,
* McsEngl.piriodero@cptCore1059.6,
* McsEngl.period.textual@cptCore1059.6,

_DEFINITION:
* Period is a main--text-token between two periods.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-24_nikkas]

* PERIOD is the text-token that ends with period. Also we can see to end with (!?:) but this differs among the languages.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

* ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ ονομάζεται ένας ολοκληρωμένος λόγος, που αποτελείται από μία ή περισσότερες προτάσεις και καταλήγει σε τελεία ή βρίσκεται ανάμεσα σε δύο τελείες, όταν είναι γραπτός.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 26#cptResource311#]

_DESCRIPTION:
* A period may contain a sentencer#cptCore557# or a supersentencer.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-24_nikkas]

* ~~A period may cantain a sentencer or a fraser~~.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

nodTxt.TITLETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TITLETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.titletro@cptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.titlero@cptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.titler@cptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.subperiodero@cptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.subperiod@cptCore1059.9,
* McsEngl.subfraser@cptCore1059.9,

_DEFINITION:
* TITLER is a logo-node (usually an onomer-structure#cptCore686#) that denotes the content of other sibling-nodes.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-19_nikkas]

* The titler is comprised of an identifier "secter, chapter", a number, a : and a subfraser.
- SECTER 4.3: Expansion of the EC
- CHAPTER 4: History

* Subperiod is a small text-token that does not ends with a period.
[hmnSngo.2005-09-16_nikkas]

* SUBFRASER is the TEXT that does not ends with a period (.?!) and it is not complex than a fraser.
[hmnSngo.2004-11-15_nikkas]
* it is text that does not ends with period (.?!).
[hmnSngo.2004-11-11_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* TITLER-BOOKER
* TITLER-PARTER
* TITLER-CHAPTER
* TITLER-CHAPTER
* TITLER-SECTER

nodTxt.SECONDARY

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.SECONDARY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.16,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.16,
* McsEngl.secondary'text'token@cptCore1059.16,

_DEFINITION:
* SECONDARY-TOKEN is a nonmaped-node inside a main-text-token.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-10_nikkas]

_SPECIFIC:
* YORDERO#cptCore59.9#
* LETERO#cptCore78.5#

nodTxt.TOKENETRO'PERIODETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TOKENETRO'PERIODETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.24,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.24,
* McsEngl.tokenetro'periodetro@cptCore1059.24,
* McsEngl.tokenero.textero@cptCore1059.24,

_DEFINITION:
* STOPERO-NO is any node which is NOT stopero. A dezigneptero if it is comprized of more than one yordero, it is not a stopero-no.
[hmnSngo.2006-10-16_nikkas]

* ~~STOPERO'NO is any terminal-node which is not a stopero one~~.
[hmnSngo.2006-09-21_nikkas]

* TOKENEROS are the stoperos and the nodes the stoperos create such as yorderos, instanseros, dezignepteros.
[hmnSngo.2006-10-22_nikkas]
* TOKENERO is any stopero or stopero-no node.
[2006-10-16]

_GENERIC:
* MAPEINOCO#cptCore1059.4#
* TOKENERO#cptCore474.34#

_SPECIFIC:
* lingHmnSysUntsMain#cptCore59.1#
* STRUKTURO-SIMBOLEPTERO#cptCore1059.25#

* YORDERO (lektero-used-free)#cptCore59.9#
* DEZIGNEPTERO#cptCore383.2#: could be a stopero-no BUT all dezignepteros are NOT stopero-no.

nodTxt.TERMINETRO

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TERMINETRO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.17,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.17,
* McsEngl.terminal-logal-node@cptCore1059.17,
* McsEngl.terminetro@cptCore1059.17,
* McsEngl.terminal2.textero@cptCore1059.17,

_DEFINITION:
* tokenero == node AND terminal2 == tokenero.
[hmnSngo.2006-09-21_nikkas]

* ~~The SEPARATED parts we see in a model-textero, content or noncontent.~~
[hmnSngo.2006-05-28_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* lingo-human-semasio-unit#cptCore473#

_SPECIFIC:
3) DESIGNATOR#cptCore50.29.1#
4) * word.auxiliary#cptCore453.14#
5) SPECIALERO#cptCore35.4#
6) FATERO#cptCore610.7#
7) INTERJEKTERO#cptCore59.26#

nodTxt.TERMINETRO1

name::
* McsEngl.nodTxt.TERMINETRO1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.23,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1059.23,
* McsEngl.terminal1'textero@cptCore1059.23,

_SPECIFIC:
* LETERO#cptCore78.5#
* SIMBOLEPTERO#cptCore383.18#

viewTxt'Notation

name::
* McsEngl.viewTxt'Notation,
* McsEngl.notation-of-modiletro,

NOTATION OF TEXTERO EXAMPLES:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]
? corelater ?
[hmnSngo.2003-11-09_nikkas]

Notation for the parts of a frasi:
( frasi )
[ subject ]
{ verb }
| subject-complement |
/ object direct /
\ object indirect \
! agent !
@ predicatal @
[hmnSngo.2000-10-23_nikkas]

MODEL-TEXT--NOTATION:
#F:: FRASER:
#S:: SENTENCER:

_sntxVerb: VERBER:
~~#VC: VERBER-COMPLEMENT:~~
_sntxSubj: verber-complement: subjecter,
#VCs=aktor: verber-complement: subjecter,
#VCsc: verber-complement: subjecter-complement,
_sntxObj1: verber-complement: objecter,
#VCo2: verber-complement: objecter2,
#VCa: verber-complement: agenter,
#VCa=by: verber-complement: agenter,
#VCtime: verber-complement: time,
#VCtime=at: verber-complement: time,
#VCplace: verber-complement: place,
#VCcause: verber-complement: cause,
#VCmanner: verber-complement: manner,
#VCq: verber-complement: quantity,

#OS:: ONOMER-STRUCTURE:
#NN: nouner-nominativer.
#NN=owner: nouner-nominativer.
#NG=ownership: nouner-ganitiver=ownership:
#AN: adnouner:
#AV: adverber:
#C=possesion: CORELATER:

viewTxt'notation'SYNTAX

name::
* McsEngl.viewTxt'notation'SYNTAX,
* McsEngl.text-notation@cptCore1059i,
* McsEngl.notation-text@cptCore1059i,
* McsEngl.notation.sintaksero,
* McsEngl.notation.syntax,
* McsEngl.syntax'notation, {2012-10-11}

notation.syntax.SENTENSERO:
() => sentence, dependent or not. [2012-10-11]
[] => sentence-part [2012-10-11]
_sntxName: => sentence-named-part [2012-10-11]
_sntxName:[] => sentence-named-part, showing the end. [2012-10-11]
_sntxName=explanation: => sentence-named-part [2012-10-11]

===
sentence_notation-1059i,
notation_sentence-1059i,
===
_sntxArgt:instance
_sntxArgt=lingCpt:instance
_sntxArgt=generic1=generic2:instance
[hmnSngo.2012-09-11]
===
_sntxVerb: => verb
#...: => verb's argument
_sntxSubj: => subject
#time=by: => conjunction 'by', denotes time argument of verb.

* _syntax: _sntxSubj:AgentFunction _sntxVerb=active:divide#into:functar:

· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore93.17, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.lagHmn'domainOUT,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'lingo-set,
* McsEngl.Set.lingo,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.representation-set-in-human-language-93i@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.codomain-in-human-language-93i@lagoSngo,

_GENERIC:
* CODOMAIN_OF_LANGUAGE#ql:codomain_of_language@cptCore49##cptCore49i#

_WHOLE:
* sympan'socHmn#cptCore1#

_DESCRIPTION:
Co-domain is the SET of all logal--sub-worldviews a language creates in the process of brainual--sub-worldviews representation.
[file:///D:/File1a/SBC-2010-08-23/hSbc/lango_ho.html#h0.13.1p1]

_PART:
* lingoHmn#cptCore35#
* lagHmn'LANGERO_BASE#cptCore460#
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474#

lagHmnlingo'domainSEMASIO

_CREATED: {2007-12-10}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmnlingo'domainSEMASIO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.16,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'archetype'domainMIDDLE,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'domainMIDDLE,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'semasio-setm,
* McsEngl.mid-referent-set-of-human-language@cptCore93.16, {2012-08-24}
* McsEngl.midodomain@cptCore93i, {2007-12-12}
* McsEngl.midledomain@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.middledomain@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.Set.referentLingo,
* McsEngl.set.semasio,

_DESCRIPTION:
There is NO 'MID-DOMAIN | SEMASIO'. This is the 'meaning' OF the lingo-code that maps brain-code, brainin-meaning.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-02]
===
Mid-domain is the SET of all semasial--sub-worldviews a language uses in the process of brainual--sub-worldviews representation.
[file:///D:/File1a/SBC-2010-08-23/hSbc/lango_ho.html#h0.12.1p1]

_PART:
* MINETO_BASE##
* smsView#cptCore1100.3#

_ENVIRONMENT:
* hl-&-DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION#ql:language'and'di@cptCore593.1#

lagHmn'semasio

_CREATED: {2002-08-15}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'semasio,
* McsEngl.conceptCore14,
* McsEngl.semasio@cptCore14,

* McsEngl.content,
* McsEngl.description@cptCore14,
* McsEngl.infHmn.BRAINAL.SEMASIAL,
* McsEngl.infHmn.semasio@cptCore14,
* McsEngl.info.human.brain.semasio@cptCore14, {2012-11-14}
* McsEngl.langeto,
* McsEngl.linguistic-meaning@cptCore14, {2014-12-20}
* McsEngl.meaning,
* McsEngl.meaning.linguistic@cptCore14,
* McsEngl.mineto,
* McsEngl.semasial-info@cptCore14, {2012-03-14}
* McsEngl.semantic-entity, {2003-11-01}
* McsEngl.thought@cptCore14,
* McsEngl.semasia-info@cptCore14, {2008-09-14}
* McsEngl.semasia@cptCore14, {2008-09-14}
* McsEngl.semasialo@cptCore14, {2012-10-31}
* McsEngl.sentity,
* McsEngl.semantic'entity@cptCore14,
* McsEngl.sentity@cptCore14,
* McsEngl.smsl@cptCore14, {2012-10-31}
* McsEngl.infSml@cptCore14, {2012-05-13}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.fo-edo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-22}
* McsEngl.info-emo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-11}
* McsEngl.infoEmo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.infemo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-04}
* McsEngl.info'langemo@lagoSngo, {2008-09-04}
* McsEngl.langemo@lagoSngo, {2008-03-15}
* McsEngl.langeno@lagoSngo, {2008-03-08}
* McsEngl.langeto@lagoSngo, (lango =>lang-eto) {2007-11-12}
* McsSngo.fo-edo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.mineto@lagoSngo, {2006-07-25}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΝΟΗΜΑ,
* McsElln.ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟ,
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ,
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΑΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ-ΟΝΤΟΤΗΤΑ, {2003-11-11}
* McsElln.ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ@cptCore14,
* McsElln.ΣΚΕΨΗ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.signifo@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.signifo,
* McsEngl.senco@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.senco,
* McsEngl.intenco@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.intenco,

SEMASIA:
I use the name "semasia" because the terms "meaning" and "semantic" connote many and different meanings from what I want to say.
[hmnSngo.2008-09-14]

LANG-EMO:
From "lang-eno" because -eno is verbero related.
[hmnSngo.2008-03-15_HokoYono]

MEANING (langeto) is what a text|speech denotes. THOUGHT (kognepto) is what we have in our brains.
[hmnSngo.2008-02-10_KasNik]

PROPOSAL:
* To name "minelo" the "meaning" and any concept of it to end in -elo.
[hmnSngo.2006-06-04_nikkas]

semasio'setConceptName#cptCore653#

name::
* McsEngl.semasio'setConceptName,

meaning'setConceptName

_CREATED: {2007-12-12} {2007-11-25}

name::
* McsEngl.meaning'setConceptName,
* McsEngl.meaning'senseset@cptCore14i,
* McsEngl.senseset'meaning@cptCore14i,

Noun
* S: (n) meaning, significance, signification, import (the message that is intended or expressed or signified) "what is the meaning of this sentence"; "the significance of a red traffic light"; "the signification of Chinese characters"; "the import of his announcement was ambiguous"
* S: (n) meaning, substance (the idea that is intended) "What is the meaning of this proverb?"

Verb
* S: (v) mean, intend (mean or intend to express or convey) "You never understand what I mean!"; "what do his words intend?"
* S: (v) entail, imply, mean (have as a logical consequence) "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers"
* S: (v) mean, intend, signify, stand for (denote or connote) "`maison' means `house' in French"; "An example sentence would show what this word means"
* S: (v) intend, mean, think (have in mind as a purpose) "I mean no harm"; "I only meant to help you"; "She didn't think to harm me"; "We thought to return early that night"
* S: (v) mean (have a specified degree of importance) "My ex-husband means nothing to me"; "Happiness means everything"
* S: (v) think of, have in mind, mean (intend to refer to) "I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France"; "Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!"
* S: (v) mean (destine or designate for a certain purpose) "These flowers were meant for you"

Adjective
* S: (adj) meaning, pregnant, significant (rich in significance or implication) "a meaning look"
[wn, 2007-11-25]

DEFINITION

There is an one to one mapping between linguistic-meaning (semasio) and lingo. The linguistic-meaning is an interpretation (mapping) of the brainin-meaning.
[hmnSngo.2014-12-20]

Semasial-info is any entity of a semasial--sub-worldview.
[file:///D:/File1a/SBC-2010-08-23/hSbc/lango_ho.html#h0.12.14.1p1]

SEMANTIC-ENTITY is any ATTRIBUTE of semantic-model#cptCore593#.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-01_nikkas]

THOUGHT is ANYTHING >>>of<<< Descriptive-Information (part or specific) a language EXPRESS with logo.
[hmnSngo.2002-08-15_nikkas]

semasio'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* entity.body.node.nodeTree.nodeTwp#cptCore348.24#
* LINGUISTIC-INFO##
* information.human.brainual#cptCore654.16#

semasio'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.semasio'wholeNo-relation,

_RELATION.MAPPING:
* ~~PSYCH-ENTITY#cptCore~~#
* info-logal#cptCore93.39#

semasio'environment'EVOLUANO

name::
* McsEngl.semasio'environment'EVOLUANO,

(StmSys) MAPPINGS 2002-08-15:
MentalModel#cptCore985#,985
Info,654#cptCore654# HumanInfo,445#cptCore445# CptInfo#cptCore256#,256 CptModel,757 CptSys#cptCore383#,383 CptUnit#cptCore95#,95
DscrInfo#cptCore593#,593 StmSys#cptCore492#,492 Statement#cptCore531#,531
SensoryInfo#cptCore1037#,1037

anything: thought#cptCore14#,14 expression#cptCore35#,35
outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#,593 Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474#,474, (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#,492 FrasalSys#cptCore787#,787,
sys.0(unit): Statement#cptCore531#,531 Frasi#cptCore557#,557, (F-frasi, G-frasi)

Wordum|Λέκτιμα#cptCore643#,643, (F-wordum, G-wordum)= used-dictum,
free-wordum-(word)#cptCore610#, 610,
semantic-word#cptCore449#, 449,
logim#cptCore1067#, 1067,
Predicate,684 verb#cptCore551#,551,
Predicate-argument,386 verb-argument#cptCore641#,641,
Predicator,324 verbor#cptCore426#,426,
Predicatar,1074 verbar#cptCore1080#,1080,
Predicaton,325 verbon#cptCore503#,503,
Predicatan,1125 verban#cptCore1126#,1126,
syntactic-word#cptCore1039#, 1039,
captive-wordum#cptCore1144#, 1144,

sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#,32, (fonum, grafum)
sys.any: DiktalSys#cptCore537#,537, (FonalSys, GrafalSys)
sys.2: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#,612, (F-syllable#ql:spoken'syllable-612i#, G-syllable#ql:written'syllable-612i#)
sys.1: cluster#cptCore935#,935, (F-cluster, G-cluster)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577#,577, (fonim#cptCore585#,585 grafim#cptCore584#,584)

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS 2002-06-07:
system: MentalModell#cptCore985#,985
generic: HumanInfo#cptCore445#,445

outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#,593 SCDI#ql:scdi-593i#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474#,474, (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#,492 SCStmSys#ql:di'scstmsys.x#, FrasalSys#cptCore787#,787,
sys.0(unit): Statement#cptCore531#,531 SCStm#ql:di'scstatement#, Frasi#cptCore557#,557, (F-frasi, G-frasi)

Wordum|Λέκτιμα#cptCore643#,643, (F-wordum, G-wordum)= used-dictum,
free-wordum-(word)#cptCore610#, 610,
semantic-word#cptCore449#, 449,
logim#cptCore1067#,1067,
Predicate,684 verb#cptCore551#,551,
Predicate-argument,386 verb-argument#cptCore641#,641,
Predicator,324 verbor#cptCore426#,426,
Predicatar,1074 verbar#cptCore1080#,1080,
Predicaton,325 verbon#cptCore503#,503,
Predicatan,1125 verban#cptCore1126#,1126,
syntactic-word#cptCore1039#, 1039,
captive-wordum#cptCore1144#, 1144,

outer-sys: CptModel,757 SCModel#ql:sc'conceptual'model-757i#,
any-sys: CptSys(concept)#cptCore383# SC,356
sys.0(unit): CptUnit#cptCore95#,95 SCUnit#ql:sc'unit-356i#,

sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#,32, (fonum, grafum)
sys.any: DiktalSys#cptCore537#,537, (FonalSys, GrafalSys)
sys.2: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#,612, (F-syllable#ql:spoken'syllable-612i#, G-syllable#ql:written'syllable-612i#)
sys.1: cluster#cptCore935#,935, (F-cluster, G-cluster)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577#,577, (fonim#cptCore585#,585 grafim#cptCore584#,584)

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS 2002-05-22:
system: MentalModell#cptCore985#,985
generic: HumanInfo#cptCore445#,445

outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#,593 SCDI#ql:scdi-593i#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474#,474 (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#,492 SCStmSys#ql:di'scstmsys.x#, FrasalSys#cptCore787#,787
sys.0(unit): Statement#cptCore531#,531 SCStm#ql:di'scstatement#, Frasi#cptCore557#,557 (F-frasi, G-frasi)

Predicate,684 Wordum|Λέκτιμα#cptCore643#,643 (F-wordum, G-wordum)= used-dictum,
Predicater,386 free-wordum-(word)#cptCore610#, 610
Predicator,324 #cpt-word#, 449
Predicatar,1074 function-word#cptCore1039#, 1039
Predicaton,325 captive-wordum#cptCore1144#, 1144
Predicatan,1125

outer-sys: CptModel,757 SCModel#ql:sc'conceptual'model-757i#,
any-sys: CptSys(concept)#cptCore383# SC,356
sys.0(unit): CptUnit#cptCore95#,95 SCUnit#ql:sc'unit-356i#,

sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#,32 (fonum, grafum)
sys.any: DiktalSys#cptCore537#,537 (FonalSys, GrafalSys)
sys.2: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#,612 (F-syllable#ql:spoken'syllable-612i#, G-syllable#ql:written'syllable-612i#)
sys.1: cluster#cptCore935#,935 (F-cluster, G-cluster)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577#,577 (fonim#cptCore585#,585 grafim#cptCore584#,584)

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS:
Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#, SCStmSys#ql:di'scstmsys.x#, FrasalSys#cptCore787#,
outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#, SCDI#ql:scdi-593i#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (F-frasum, G-frasum)
sys.0(unit): Statement#cptCore531#, SCStm, Frasi#cptCore557#, (F-frasi, G-frasi)

any-sys: CptSys(cpt)#cptCore383#, SC, WordalSys#cptCore686#, (F-wrdstr, G-wrdstr)
outer2-sys: MentalMdl#cptCore985#, SCMM#cptCore0#,
outer-sys: CptMdl, SCModel#ql:sc'conceptual'model-757i#, Wordum,
sys.0(unit): CptUnit#cptCore95#, SCUnit#ql:sc'unit-356i#, Wordim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore643#, (F-wordim, G-wordim)
(with a 'word' we denote 'CptSys' eg human-society, human, nikkas)

sys.any: DiktalSys#cptCore537#, (FonalSys, GrafalSys)
sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
sys.2: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#, (F-syllable#ql:spoken'syllable-612i#, G-syllable#ql:written'syllable-612i#)
sys.1: cluster#cptCore935#, (F-cluster, G-cluster)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2002-01-10_nikkas]

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS:
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#, SCStmSys#ql:di'scstmsys.x#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#, SCDI#ql:scdi-593i#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: Statement#cptCore531#, SCStm, logim|Frasi#cptCore557#, (sp-logim, rt-logim)

any-sys: CptSys(cpt)#cptCore383#, SC, WordalSys#cptCore686#, (sp-wrdstr, rt-wrdstr)
outer2-sys: MentalMdl#cptCore985#, SCMM#cptCore0#,
outer-sys: CptMdl, SCModel#ql:sc'conceptual'model-757i#, Wordum,
unit: CptUnit#cptCore95#, SCUnit#ql:sc'unit-356i#, Wordim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore643#, (sp-wordim, rt-wordim)
(with a 'word' we denote 'CptSys' eg human-society, human, nikkas)

sys.any: DiktalSys, (FonalSys, GrafalSys)
sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
sys.1: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable#ql:spoken'syllable-612i#, rt-syllable#ql:written'syllable-612i#)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2002-01-05_nikkas]
* concept = cptsys

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS:
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: Statement#cptCore531#, SCStm, logim|Λογίδιο#cptCore557# (sp-logim, rt-logim)

any-sys: CptSys#cptCore95#, SCSys, WordalSys#cptCore686#, (sp-wrdstr, rt-wrdstr)
outer-sys: CptMdl, SCMdl, Wordum,
unit: Concept#cptCore383#, SC, Wordim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore643#, (sp-wordim, rt-wordim)
(with a 'word' we denote 'CptStr' eg human-society, human, nikkas)

sys.any: DiktalSys,
sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
sys.1: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2002-01-01_nikkas]

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS:
any-sys: StmSys#cptCore492#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-sys: DescrInfo#cptCore593#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: Statement#cptCore531#, logim|Λογίδιο#cptCore557# (sp-logim, rt-logim)

any-sys: CptSys#cptCore95#, WordalSys#cptCore686#, (sp-wrdstr, rt-wrdstr)
outer-sys: CptMdl, Wordum,
unit: Concept#cptCore383#, Wordim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore643#, (sp-wordim, rt-wordim)
(with a 'word' we denote 'CptStr' eg human-society, human, nikkas)

sys.any: DiktalSys,
sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
sys.1: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-31_nikkas]

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS:
any-sys: Noto|Ένος#cptCore492#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-sys: Notum|Ένιμα#cptCore593#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: Notim(stat)#cptCore531#, logim|Λογίδιο#cptCore557# (sp-logim, rt-logim)

any-sys: CptSys#cptCore95#, WordSys#cptCore686#, (sp-wrdstr, rt-wrdstr)
outer-sys: CptMdl, Wordum,
unit: Concept#cptCore383#, Wordim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore643#, (sp-wordim, rt-wordim)
(with a 'word' we denote 'CptStr' eg human-society, human, nikkas)

sys.any: dikto|Ντίκτος,
sys.outer: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
sys.1: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
sys.0(unit): diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-30_nikkas]

===========================================================================

MAPPINGS:
any-sys: CptMdl, any-sys: Noto|Ένος#cptCore492#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-sys: Notum|Ένιμα#cptCore593#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: Notim(stat)#cptCore531#, logim|Λογίδιο#cptCore557# (sp-logim, rt-logim)

any-sys: Concepto, Wordo|Λέκτος, (sp, rt)
cmp-sys: CptStr#cptCore95#, WordStr#cptCore686#, (sp-wrdstr, rt-wrdstr)
unit: Concept#cptCore383#, Wordim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore643#, (sp-wordim, rt-wordim)

outer-system: diktum|Ντίκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
system: syllable|Συλαβή#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
unit: diktim|Ντικτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-29_nikkas]

===========================================================================

RELATIONS:
any-system: Noto|Ένος#cptCore492#, Logo|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-system: Notum|Ένιμα#cptCore593#, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
mid-system: Statement, Frasi (sp-frasi, rt-frasi)
unit: Notim|Ενίδιο#cptCore383#, Logim|Λογίδιο#cptCore643# (sp-logim, rt-logim)

outer-system: diktum|Λέκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
system: syllable#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
unit: diktim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-18_nikkas]

===========================================================================

RELATIONS:
any-system: CptInfo|Ένος#cptCore492#, Logos|Λόγος#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-system: Konsum|Ένιμα, Logum|Λόγιμα#cptCore619# (sp-logum, rt-logum)
mid-system: Statement, Frasi (sp-frasi, rt-frasi)
unit: Konsim|Ενίδιο#cptCore383#, Logim|Λογίδιο#cptCore643# (sp-logim, rt-logim)
outer-system: diktum|Λέκτιμα#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
system: syllable#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
unit: diktim|Λεκτίδιο#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-15_nikkas]

===========================================================================

RELATIONS:
any-system: CptInfo#cptCore492#, Logos#cptCore474# (Speech#cptCore1060#, text#cptCore1059#)
outer-system: konsum, logum (sp-logum, rt-logum)
unit: konsim|concept#cptCore383#, logim#cptCore643# (sp-logim, rt-logim)
outer-system: diktum#cptCore32#, (fonum, grafum)
system: syllable#cptCore612#, (sp-syllable, rt-syllable)
unit: diktim#cptCore577# (fonim#cptCore585#, grafim#cptCore584#)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-13/2001-12-11_nikkas]

semasio'OTHER-VIEW

name::
* McsEngl.semasio'OTHER-VIEW,
* McsEngl.meaning'otherview@cptCore14i,
* McsEngl.infoview-of-mineto@cptCore14,

Theoretic
* Meaning (linguistic), meaning which is communicated through the use of language.
* Meaning (non-linguistic), extra-linguistic meaning (intentional communication without the use of language), and natural meaning, where no intentions are involved at all.
* Meaning as definition, interpretation, or semantics.
* Meaning (semiotics) has to do with the distribution of signs in sign relations.
* Meaning as a relationship between ontology and truth
* Meaning as a reference or equivalence
* Meaning as values, a value system or as derived from value theory
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning]

THEORY-OF-MEANING

semantic_theory-14i,

DIRECT-REFERENCE-THEORY

direct_reference_theory-14i,

A direct reference theory is a theory of meaning that claims that the meaning of an expression lies in what it points out in the world. It stands in contrast to mediated reference theories.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference] 2008-09-09

MEDIATED-REFERENCE-THEORY

The mediated reference theory is a semantic theory that posits that words refer to something in the external world, but insists that there is more to the meaning of a name than simply the object to which it refers. It thus stands opposed to the theory of direct reference. Its most famous advocate is the mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege. The view was very widely held in the middle of the twentieth century by such philosophers as Sir Peter Strawson and John Searle.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference] 2008-09-09

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.semasio.specific,

_SPECIFIC: semasio.alphabetically:
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#
* conceptConjunctionNo-node#cptCore593.3#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* concept.human.lingo#cptCore567#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptVerb-argument#cptCore386#
* semasion-naun-structure#cptCore362#
* semasio-agent#cptCore386.1#
* semasio-node#cptCore593.4#
* semasio-nodeNo#cptCore593.2#
* semasio-object#cptCore386.5#
* semasio-object.indirect#cptCore386.3#
* semasio-sentence#cptCore531#
* semasio-subject#cptCore386.6#
* semasio-subject-complement#cptCore386.2#
* semasio-view#cptCore1100.3#

_SPECIFIC:
* MEANING-NODE#cptCore593.4#
* SMODEL#cptCore593# (the outermost node)#cptCore1100.3#
* SSENTENCE--STRUKTURO#cptCore1100.3# any but one.
* COMPOUND-SSENTENCE#cptCore492.1#
* SEMANTIC-SENTENCE#cptCore531# (1st unit).
* SNOUN--STRUKTURO#cptCore362#
* SEMANTIC-VERBAD (ARGUMENT)#cptCore386#
* SEMASIAL_SUBJECT#cptCore386.6#ql:cptoldepistem386.6##
* SEMANTIC-VERBAR#cptCore386.4#
* SEMANTIC-VERBON#cptCore386.5#
* INDIRECT--SOBJECT#cptCore386.3#
* SEMANTIC-AGENT#cptCore386.1#
* SEM-SUBJ-COMPLEMENT#cptCore386.2#
* SEMANTIC-UNIT#cptCore567# (2nd unit)#cptCore567#
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#
* CORELATAD--SEMANTIC-UNIT#cptCore567.2#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* SMODEL-CORELATION#cptCore593.2#

===
* MEANING-NODE#cptCore593.4#
* SMODEL#cptCore593# (the outermost node)#cptCore1100.3#
* SSENTENCE--STRUKTURO#cptCore1100.3# any but one.
* COMPOUND-SSENTENCE#cptCore492.1#
* SEMANTIC-SENTENCE#cptCore531# (1st unit).
* SNOUN--STRUKTURO#cptCore362#
* SEMANTIC-VERBAD (ARGUMENT)#cptCore386#
* SEMASIAL_SUBJECT#cptCore386.6#
* SEMANTIC-VERBAR#cptCore386.4#
* SEMANTIC-VERBON#cptCore386.5#
* INDIRECT--SOBJECT#cptCore386.3#
* SEMANTIC-AGENT#cptCore386.1#
* SEMANTIC-SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT#cptCore386.2#
* SEMANTIC-UNIT#cptCore567# (2nd unit)#cptCore567#
* conceptConjunction#cptCore567.6#
* CORELATAD--SEMANTIC-UNIT#cptCore567.2#
* conceptVerb#cptCore567.8#
* conceptNaun#cptCore567.7#
* SMODEL-CORELATION#cptCore593.2#

lagHmn'computer-program

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'computer-program,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'tool,
* McsEngl.program.human-language,
* McsEngl.program.language,
* McsEngl.pgmLng, {2013-09-20}

_SPECIFIC:
* https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.neurocom.android.lexiscope,
Lexiscope is a language tool that aims to clear up such issues, by presenting information that clarify the uses of any Modern Greek word or phrase. Lexiscope combines the functionality of many Neurolingo's language resources and tools, such as the a) Hyphenator, b) Speller, c) Lemmatizer, d) Morphological Lexicon and e) Thesaurus.

lagHmn'evaluation#cptCore475.176#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'evaluation,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* easiest: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaEZ5_hfEc4,

lagHmn'IMPORTANCE#cptCore781#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'IMPORTANCE,

"Ο ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ ΕΜΦΑΝΙΣΤΗΚΕ ΣΑΝ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΟ ΖΩΟ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ ΤΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ. ΠΟΛΥ ΠΙΟ ΥΣΤΕΡΑ ΜΠΟΡΕΣΕ ΝΑ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΗΣΕΙ ΕΝΑ ΕΙΔΟΣ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ ΜΝΗΜΗΣ ΧΑΡΗ ΣΤΗ ΓΡΑΦΗ, ΠΟΥ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΙ ΚΑΤΙ ΤΟ ΔΙΑΡΚΕΣ"
[Bernal, 1982, 892#cptResource194#]

lagHmn'DIFFERENCE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'DIFFERENCE,

Different languages, however, differ in the grammar, the words, and the concepts they express. The differences arise from three kinds of variation:

Accidental. The most obvious differences result from arbitrary choices of sounds, such as hand in English and mano in Italian. Other variations depend on arbitrary choices of where to draw boundaries. In English, hand refers to the part of the body from the fingertips to the wrist. But in Russian, the corresponding word ruka extends all the way to the elbow.

Systematic. The grammar of a language determines how the conceptual structures are linearized as strings of words in a sentence. English and Chinese, for example, put the subject first, the verb in the middle, and the object at the end for an SVO word order. Irish and Biblical Hebrew are VSO languages that put the verb first. Latin and Japanese are SOV languages that put the verb at the end. The grammar also determines how the units of meaning, called morphemes, are combined to form words. Chinese is an extreme example of an analytic language in which almost all the morphemes can be used as stand-alone words. German is an agglutinative language, which forms compound words like Lebensversicherungsgesellschaftsangestellter (life insurance company employee). Old English was an agglutinative language like German, but as it evolved into modern English, it became almost as analytic as Chinese.

Cultural. The concepts expressed by a language are determined by the environment, activities, and culture of the people who speak the language. Since French, Chinese, and Indian cuisines are based on very different ingredients, methods of preparation, and cooking utensils, the people who cook and eat each kind of food use words for it that have no counterparts in the other cultures. The specialized concepts, however, can be transferred with the culture whenever a cook opens a new restaurant in a foreign land. Cultural and conceptual shifts occur across time as well as space. A book on science or business, for example, is easier to translate from modern English to modern Japanese than from modern English to the language of Shakespeare.
[Sowa, http://www.bestweb.net/~sowa/ontology/lexicon.htm, (2000-07-30)]

lagHmn'mapping-relation

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'mapping-relation,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.13,
* McsEngl.mapeino-of-human'language@cptCore93.13,

MAPEINO_CHANGE:
Όσες και να είναι οι λέξεις μιας γλώσσας - απλές, παράγωγες και σύνθετες - ΔΕΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΑΡΚΕΤΕΣ για να φανερώσουν όλα όσα έχει να εκφράσει, που είναι πολύ περισσότερα. Γι' αυτό αναγκαζόμαστε να δώσουμε στις λέξεις που έχομε εκτός από την αρχική τους σημασία και άλλες.
Η σημασία έτσι των λέξεων δεν είναι σταθερή, πάγια και μοναδική. Συχνά μάλιστα συμβαίνει να παραμερίζουν οι νεώτερες σημασίες τις παλιές. Έτσι λχ: το καράβι (αρχ. κάραβος), που σήμαινε ένα θαλασσινό μαλακόστρατο συγγενικό με την καραβίδα, πήρε τη σημασία του πλοίου. το καμαρώνω, που σήμαινε μια φορά κάνω καμάρα, τώρα σημαίνει φουσκώνω, περηφανεύομαι.
[ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ, ΙΜΤ 1978 (1941), 184]

_GENERIC:
* relation.mapping#cptCore546.54#

_SPECIFIC:
* MINETO-TO-LOGERO MAPEINO#cptCore93.6#
* LOGERO-TO-MINETO MAPEINO#cptCore93.5#

lagHmn'Ambiguity

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'Ambiguity,
* McsEngl.ambiquity@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.ambiguous@cptCore93i,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.ambiguous = dusenca@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.ambiguous = dusenca,
* McsEngl.dusignifa@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.dusignifa,
* McsEngl.ambigua@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.ambigua,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΑΟΡΙΣΤΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΑΟΡΙΣΤΩΣ,

_DEFINITION:
The less ambiquous a language is, the better this language is.
[hmnSngo.2007-02-03_nikkas]

Ambiguity is the property of words, terms, notations and concepts (within a particular context) as being undefined, undefinable, or without an obvious definition and thus having an unclear meaning.
A word, phrase, sentence, or other communication is called “ambiguous” if it can be interpreted in more than one way. Ambiguity is distinct from vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct. Ambiguity is in contrast with definition, and typically refers to an unclear choice between standard definitions, as given by a dictionary, or else understood as common knowledge.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity]

ambiquity'LEXICAL

name::
* McsEngl.ambiquity'LEXICAL,
* McsEngl.lexical'ambiquity@cptCore51i,

Lexical ambiguity arises when context is insufficient to determine the sense of a single word that has more than one meaning. For example, the word “bank” has several meanings, including “financial institution” and “edge of a river,” but if someone says “I deposited $100 in the bank,” the intended meaning is clear. More problematic are words whose senses express closely related concepts. “Good,” for example, can mean “useful” or “functional” (That’s a good hammer), “exemplary” (She’s a good student), “pleasing” (This is good soup), “moral” (He is a good person), and probably other similar things. “I have a good daughter” is not clear about which sense is intended. The various ways to apply prefixes and suffixes can also create ambiguity (“unlockable” can mean “capable of being unlocked” or “impossible to lock”).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity]

ambiquity.SEMANTIC

name::
* McsEngl.ambiquity.SEMANTIC,
* McsEngl.semantic'ambiquity@cptCore51i,

Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or concept has an inherently diffuse meaning based on widespread or informal usage. This is often the case, for example, with idiomatic expressions whose definitions are rarely or never well-defined, and are presented in the context of a larger argument that invites a conclusion.
For example, “You could do with a new automobile. How about a test drive?” The clause “You could do with” presents a statement with such wide possible interpretation as to be essentially meaningless.
Lexical ambiguity is contrasted with semantic ambiguity. The former represents a choice between a finite number of known and meaningful context-dependent interpretations. The latter represents a choice between any number of possible interpretations, none of which may have a standard agreed-upon meaning. This form of ambiguity is closely related to vagueness.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity]

ambiquity'SYNTACTIC

name::
* McsEngl.ambiquity'SYNTACTIC,
* McsEngl.linguistic-ambiguity@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.syntactic'ambiquity@cptCore51i,

Syntactic ambiguity arises when a sentence can be parsed in more than one way.
“He ate the cookies on the couch,”
for example, could mean that he ate those cookies which were on the couch (as opposed to those that were on the table), or it could mean that he was sitting on the couch when he ate the cookies. Spoken language can also contain such ambiguities, where there is more than one way to compose a set of sounds into words, for example “ice cream” and “I scream.” Such ambiguity is generally resolved based on the context. A mishearing of such based on incorrectly-resolved ambiguity is called a mondegreen.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity]

lagHmn'VAGUENESS

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'VAGUENESS,
* McsEngl.borderline'case@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.vagueness@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Ambiguity is one way in which the meanings of words and phrases can be unclear, but there is another way, which is different from ambiguity: vagueness. One example of a vague concept is the concept of a heap. Two or three grains of sand is not a heap, but a thousand is. How many grains of sand does it take to make a heap? There is no clear line. (See the paradox of the heap.)
Vagueness is a linguistic and philosophical term. To say that a concept is vague is to say that there may be cases in which there is no clear fact of the matter whether the concept applies or not.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness]

_TRUTHVALUE:
* TRUE
* TRUE'AND'FALSE (borderline)
* FALSE

vagueness'FUZZY-LOGIC

name::
* McsEngl.vagueness'FUZZY-LOGIC,

Fuzzy logic
One theoretical approach is that of fuzzy logic, developed by American mathematician (of Iranian origin) Lotfi Zadeh. Fuzzy logic proposes a gradual transition between "perfect falsity", for example, the statement "Bill Clinton is bald", to "perfect truth", for, say, "Patrick Stewart is bald". In ordinary logics, there are only two truth-values: "true" and "false". The fuzzy perspective differs by introducing an infinite number of truth-values along a spectrum between perfect truth and perfect falsity. Perfect truth may be represented by "1", and perfect falsity by "0". Borderline cases are thought of as having a "truth-value" anywhere between 0 and 1 (for example, 0.6). Advocates of the fuzzy logic approach have included K. F. Machina (1976) and Dorothy Edgington (1997).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness]

vagueness'SUPERVALUATIONIMS

name::
* McsEngl.vagueness'SUPERVALUATIONIMS,

Supervaluationism
Another theoretical approach is known as "supervaluationism". This approach has been defended by Kit Fine and Rosanna Keefe. Fine argues that borderline applications of vague predicates are neither true nor false, but rather are instances of "truth value gaps". He defends an interesting and sophisticated system of vague semantics, based on the notion that a vague predicate might be "made precise" in many alternative ways. This system has the consequence that borderline cases of vague terms yield statements that are neither true, nor false.
Given a supervaluationist semantics, one can define the predicate 'supertrue' as meaning "true on all precisifications". This predicate will not change the semantics of atomic statements (e.g. 'Frank is bald', where Frank is a borderline case of baldness), but does have consequences for logically complex statements. In particular, the tautologies of sentential logic, such as 'Frank is bald or Frank is not bald)', will turn out to be supertrue, since on any precisification of baldness, either 'Frank is bald' or 'Frank is not bald' will be true. Since the presence of borderline cases seems to threaten principles like this one (excluded middle), the fact that supervaluationism can "rescue" them is seen as a virtue.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness]

vagueness'EPISTEM-VIEW

name::
* McsEngl.vagueness'EPISTEM-VIEW,

The epistemic view
A third approach, known as the "epistemic view", has recently been defended by Timothy Williamson (1994) and R. A. Sorensen (1988). They maintain that vague predicates do, in fact, draw sharp boundaries, but that we just do not know where these boundaries lie. Our confusion about whether some vague word does or does not apply in a borderline case is explained as being due to our ignorance. For example, on the epistemic view, there is a fact of the matter, for every person, about whether that person is old, or not old. It is just that we may sometimes be ignorant of this fact. The epistemic view, though initially counter-intuitive, has been defended with some interesting and forceful philosophical arguments.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness]

vagueness'ON-OBJECTS

name::
* McsEngl.vagueness'ON-OBJECTS,

Vagueness as a property of objects
One possibility is that our words and concepts are perfectly precise, but that objects themselves are vague. Consider David Lewis' example of a cloud: it's not clear where the boundary of a cloud lies; for any given bit of water vapor, we can ask whether it's part of the cloud or not, and for many such bits, we won't know how to answer. So perhaps our term 'cloud' denotes a vague object precisely. This strategy has been poorly received, in part due to Gareth Evans's short paper "Can There Be Vague Objects?" (1978). Evans's argument appears to show that there can be no vague identities (e.g. "Princeton = Princeton Borough"), but as Lewis (1988) makes clear, Evans takes for granted that there are in fact vague identities, and that any proof to the contrary cannot be right. Since the proof Evans produces relies on the assumption that terms precisely denote vague objects, the implication is that the assumption is false, and so the vague-objects view is wrong.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness]

relation.MINETO-TO-LOGERO--MAPEINO

name::
* McsEngl.relation.MINETO-TO-LOGERO--MAPEINO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.6,
* McsEngl.semantic'to'logo'corelation@cptCore93.6,
* McsEngl.corelation.semantic'to'logo@cptCore93.6,
* McsEngl.corelation.expressive@cptCore93.6,
* McsEngl.expressive'corelation@cptCore93.6,
* McsEngl.expressive'corelation@cptCore93.6,

_DEFINITION:
* SEMANTIC-TO-LOGO-CORELATION is any LANGUAGE-CORELATION
- of DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION
- to LOGO.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-10_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* LANGUAGE-CORELATION#cptCore546.60#
* relation.mapping#cptCore546.54#

_SPECIFIC:
* QUERY#ql:generic cptCore93.6#

relation.LOGERO-TO-MINETO--MAPEINO

name::
* McsEngl.relation.LOGERO-TO-MINETO--MAPEINO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.5,
* McsEngl.relation546.66,
* McsEngl.logo'to'semantic'corelation@cptCore93.5,
=== _VERB:
* McsEngl.denote@cptCore546.66,
* McsEngl.mean@cptCore546.66,
* McsEngl.represent@cptCore546.66,
* McsElln.ΦΑΝΕΡΩΝΕΙ,
* McsElln.ΔΗΛΩΝΕΙ,
* McsElln.ΑΝΤΙΣΤΟΙΧΕΙ,

_DEFINITION:
* semantic-mapping is the mapping of LOGO to Descriptive-Information. Expressive-Mapping is the mapping of DI to Logo.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-16_nikkas]
* Semantic-State is any language-state between Descriptive-Information#cptCore593# (noto) and Logo.
[hmnSngo.2002-08-15_nikkas]

_GENERIC:
* LANGUAGE-CORELATION#cptCore546.60#

lagHmn'method

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'method,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.35,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'rule@cptCore93.35, {2012-08-27}
* McsEngl.rule-of-human-language@cptCore93.35, {2012-08-27}

_GENERIC:
* entity.information.method#cptCore181.67#

_DESCRIPTION:
Any method#cptCore181.67# used by the language.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-02]
===
(knowledge)

lagHmn'IMITATION-RULE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'IMITATION-RULE,

IMITATION is the MAIN RULE a user uses in logo-creation & understanding. When he knows a rule he tries to use it (by imitation) in similar situations. The less rules The easiest logo creation & understanding we have.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-24_nikkas]

HYPERIMITATION OF MY CHILDREN:
* ψιλα-κοντα χρήματα:
όταν ο Απόστολος είπε ότι έχει μερικά ψιλά (χρήματα), ο Αριστοτέλης τον ρώτησε άν έχει και κοντά. [2002]
* τούβλινο σπίτι (κατά το ξύλινο). Απόστολος 2002-08-11.
* αντρικίστικα (κατά το αγορίστικα). Απόστολος 2002-08-16
* άνθρωπους (κατά το άνθρωποι). Αριστοτέλης 2002-08-19

lagHmn'SIMPLICITY

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'SIMPLICITY,

Simplicity is a property a language trys to achieve by:
- eliminating exceptions.
- joining rules (making them fewer).
- simplifing rules.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-30_nikkas]

The true concious knowledge of a language will help us to simplify it by PROMOTING the POWERFUL rules (ones with big numbers in statistic usage) and by FALLING IN DISUSE the weak rules.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-02_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* methodLngHmn.coding#cptCore93.58#
* methodLngHmn.decoding#cptCore93.59#
* methodLngHmn.mapping#cptCore93.3#
* methodLngHmn.name_creating#cptCore93.44#
* methodLngHmn.translating#cptCore93.57#

lagHmn'method.MAPPING

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'method.MAPPING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.3,
* McsEngl.hl'mapping,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'mapping,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'semantion,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'semantics,
* McsEngl.semantic'relation@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'semantic'relation,
* McsEngl.semantic-relation,

_DEFINITION:
* MAPING|SEMANTATION is the part of LANGUAGE that deals with logo mapping to ConceptInformation.
The corresponding science is the "mapology".
[hmnSngo.2001-12-02_nikkas]

* SEMANTICS is the RULES a hl uses for its mapping.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]

* Meaning relationships are covered by semantics,
[wg enc, 1998.12]
* semantics (the linguistic study of meaning or content).
["Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.]
* Η ΣΗΜΑΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ είναι το σύνολο των κανόνων που καθορίζει το ΝΟΗΜΑ των λέξεων και κατά επέκταση των εκφράσεων και προτάσεων που χρησιμοποιούνται σε μία γλώσσα.
Στις γλώσσες προγραμματισμού οι οποίες είναι τεχνητές γλώσσες ο δημιουργός της γλώσσας αποφασίζει τη σημασιολογία των λεξεων της γλώσσας.
[Βακάλη κα, Ανάπτυξη Εφαρμογών γ' λυκείου, 1999 α' έκδοση, 130]

* real-time language use (i.e., language production and comprehension)
[Phillips, Colling. Syntax. Univ Maryland USA, 2001]
with "language-production" he means "logo-generation". Most people confuse language and logo.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-27_nikkas]

_WHOLE:
* LANGUAGE.

_PARTIAL_COMPLEMENT:
* LOGATION#ql:hl'logation##cptCore93.12#

_SPECIFIC:
* MAPPING-PROCESS#cptCore93.9#

* MAPPING-PROCESS & MAPPING-CORELATION [hmnSngo.2003-01-18_nikkas]
* EXPRESSIVE-RELATION & SEMANTIC-RELATION [hmnSngo.2003-01-18_nikkas]
* Semantic-Process AND semantic-state.
[hmnSngo.2002-08-14_nikkas]
* semantic-process,
* semantic-state#ql:corelation.semantic#,

lagHmn'method.TO-LINGOCODE

_CREATED: {2000-09-30}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'method.TO-LINGOCODE,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.58,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1086,
* McsEngl.brain-to-logero-faktino,
* McsEngl.coding-method-of-human-language@cptCore93.58, {2012-11-03}
* McsEngl.encoding-method-of-language@cptCore1086, {2012-03-14}
* McsEngl.lingo-creation-method@cptCore93.58, {2012-11-03}
* McsEngl.logo-generation,
* McsEngl.mental-to-logo-mapping-process,
=== _VERB:
* McsEngl.express,
* McsEngl.logo'generation@cptCore1086,
* McsEngl.logo'mapping@cptCore1086,
* McsEngl.mental'to'logo'process@cptCore1086,
* McsEngl.ekspresufino'homo@cptCore328,
* McsEngl.logufino'krufino'homo@cptCore328,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΛΟΓΟΥ-ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ,
* McsElln.μέθοδος-δημιουργίας-λόγου,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.expression-process@old,
* McsEngl.expressive'process@old@cptCore1086,
* McsEngl.mapping.CptInfo'to'Logo@old,
* McsEngl.lh'logo'creation@old,
* McsEngl.lh'logo'generation@old,
* McsEngl.lh'generation@old,
* McsEngl.express@old,
* McsEngl.assign@old,
* McsEngl.MAPPING'Noto'To'Logo@old,
* McsElln.ΑΝΤΙΣΤΟΙΧΩ@old,
* McsElln.ΕΚΦΡΑΖΩ@old,

_GENERIC:
* ~~EKSPRESUDINO#cptCore475.325#~~
* LINGVUDINO-HOMO

_WHOLE:
* HOMO#cptCore401#= the logofolo.
* ?BRAIN-MACHINE
* ~~VUDERO#cptCore474#~~ view.human.lingo#cptCore474#
* ~~(nlp#cptIt359#)#cptIt359#~~

_DESCRIPTION:
* LOGO-GENERATION is a more complicated inference-process. Begins with the creation of DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION that maps the portion of the conceptual-model the functor wants to communicate and then with the mapping of di to logo.
[hmnSngo.2003-04-13]
===
* LOGO-GENERATION is the process of creating the LOGO a DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION#cptCore593.a# denotes.
[hmnSngo.2002-06-07_nikkas]
* LOGO-GENERATION/EXPRESSION is the process of creating a logo, by a human or machine, to EXPRESS a 'conceptual-information'.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-30_nikkas]
* HL-GENERATION is the PROCESS of Logos-Creation From CptInfo.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]
* GENERATION is the process of PART-CREATION from the whole.
[hmnSngo.2001-02-09_nikkas]

CREATOR

The speaker or writter.

SYNTAX-ARGUMENT

_SYNTAX.DOING:
1. LOGUFOLO= the human who speaks/writes.
2. LOGUFULO= logero.
3. HIS CONCEPTUAL-MODEL
4. HIS LANGUAGE-KNOWLEDGE

LANGUAGE-GENERATION-FIELD#cptIt545#

* Text-to-Speech-Synthesis#cptIt541#
* Speech To Text

STRUKTURO

_STRUKTURO:
* SENTENSUDINO#cptCore557.4: attPar#

SYNTACTIC-ANALYSIS-PROCESS#cptCore474.6: attSpe#

step: Braino-to-semasio

name::
* McsEngl.step: Braino-to-semasio,
* McsEngl.KOGNEPTO-TO-LANGETO,
* McsEngl.mental'to'semantic'process@cptCore1086.1,

Choose a Language to express

step: Semasio-to-lingo

name::
* McsEngl.step: Semasio-to-lingo,
* McsEngl.MINETO-TO-LOGERO,
* McsEngl.semantic'to'logo'process@cptCore1086.2,

ScsmToLogo:
* TextSCSM
* parser (reader)
* jSCSMArgNode
* LogoGenerator (jSCSM, writer)
* TextLogo
[hmnSngo.2004-06-10_nikkas]

Generate the logo of meanings

LOGO-SYNTHESIS

TO DO

PRIORITIES:
In cases with ambiguity:
- reality has the biggest priority.
- then comes the meaning (information)
- last comes the logo.
[hmnSngo.2001-10-28_nikkas]

1) we must record all the PREDICATES (processes and states) the mankind has perceived.
- For each of them we must record its predicatads (predicator, predicaton, predicatals).
- For each of them we must record the VERBS each language uses to EXPRESS it and the syntax each language usess for the predicatals. We observe that different-languages use different syntax to express the same meaning. And the one language use different syntax to express the same meaning.

We must record all the VERBS the languages use and the predicates they MEAN.
[hmnSngo.2001-10-28_nikkas]

2) We must record all the OPERATADS the languages use and what states they mean, AND we must record all the STATES the mankind has perceived and the operatads we use to express them.
[hmnSngo.2001-10-28_nikkas]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* ENGLISH-LOGO-GENERATION
* GREEK-LOGO-GENERATION

lagHmn'method.TO-ARCHETYPE#cptCore93.59#

_CREATED: {2012-09-03} {2000-09-30}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'method.TO-ARCHETYPE#cptCore93.59#,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1085,
* McsEngl.decoding-method-of-language@cptCore93.59, {2012-10-12}
* McsEngl.di-generation,
* McsEngl.di'generation@cptCore93.59,
* McsEngl.interpreation-of-lagHmn-code, {2014-03-03}
* McsEngl.komprenufino'logero@cptCore35.3,
* McsEngl.language-speaking,
* McsEngl.language-understanding,
* McsEngl.lh'logo'understanding,
* McsEngl.lh'understanding,
* McsEngl.lh'parsing,
* McsEngl.logero's'analysis@cptCore35.3,
* McsEngl.analysis.logo@cptCore35.3,
* McsEngl.logero'understanding@cptCore93.59,
* McsEngl.logo'to'di'mapping@cptCore93.59,
* McsEngl.logo'to'semantic'process@cptCore93.59,
* McsEngl.logo'understanding@cptCore93.59,
* McsEngl.logo-analysis,
* McsEngl.logo-understanding,
* McsEngl.mapping.Logos'to'CptInfo,
* McsEngl.MAPPING'Logo'To'Noto,
* McsEngl.understanding@cptCore475.239,
=== _VERB:
* McsEngl.READ@cptCore551.475.239,
* McsEngl.AM'READ!~verb,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.komprenufino'homo@lagoSngo, (ONLY logeros are kompenufined)
* McsEngl.logufino'komprenufino'homo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.komprenufino'logero'homo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.logero-to-brainepto@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.learnufino'modlero@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΛΟΓΟΥ-ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.legi@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.legi,
=== _OLD:
* McsEngl.semantic-process@old,
* McsEngl.semantic'process@old@cptCore1085,
* McsEngl.semantic'mapping@old,

DEFINITION

_DESCRIPTION:

* EXPRESSION-ANALYSIS is the process (action of a hl-knower on expression) of part identification in order to generate its MEANING.
[hmnSngo.2003-03-17_nikkas]

LOGO-UNDERSTANDING is the process of creating the DESCRIPTIVE-INFORMATION#cptCore593.a# a LOGO is mapped.
[hmnSngo.2002-06-07_nikkas]

HL-PARSING is the PROCESS of Conceptual-Information creation FROM logo, using a human-language.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-16_nikkas]

PARSING is the process of WHOLE-CREATION from the parts.
[hmnSngo.2001-02-09_nikkas]

LOGO-UNDERSTANDING is the process of identifying the meaning/conceptual-information a logo mean/convey.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-30_nikkas]

* Smith has taught himself to read Russian letters, but he hasn't had time to learn the language. Bronski was brought up speaking Russian, but he never learned to read. One day Bronski gets a letter in Russian from a relative. He cannot read it. He shows it to Smith. Smith cannot understand it. But all is well: Smith reads the words aloud: Bronski recognizes them and interprets them. He is happy.
But who is "reading"? (Crystal 209)
[Joe Martin A Linguistic Comparison www.signwriting.org]

* READING is the learning from logo-models (written or oral). In the above example only Bronski is "reading". He knows to read only oral-logo-models.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-04_nikkas]

read
1 read; reads; reading; read
When you read something such as a book or article, you look at and understand the words that are written there.
Have you read this book?.
I read about it in the paper.
He read through the pages slowly and carefully.
It was nice to read that the Duke will not be sending his son off to boarding school.
She spends her days reading and watching television.
VB

+ read
Also a noun.
I settled down to have a good read.
N-SING: a N

2 read; reads; reading; read
When you read a piece of writing to someone, you say the words aloud.
Jay reads poetry so beautifully.
I like it when she reads to us.
I sing to the boys or read them a story before tucking them in.
VB

3 read; reads; reading; read
People who can read have the ability to look at and understand written words.
He couldn't read or write.
He could read words at 18 months.
VB

4 read; reads; reading; read
If you can read music, you have the ability to look at and understand the symbols that are used in written music to represent musical sounds.
Later on I learned how to read music.
VB

5 read; reads; reading; read
You can use read when saying what is written on something or in something. For example, if a notice reads `Entrance', the word `Entrance' is written on it.
The sign on the bus read `Private: Not In Service'.
VB: no cont

6 read; reads; reading; read
If you refer to how a piece of writing reads, you are referring to its style.
The book reads like a ballad.
It reads very awkwardly.
VB

7 read; reads
If you say that a book or magazine is a good read, you mean that it is very enjoyable to read.
Ben Okri's latest novel is a good read.
N-COUNT: adj N

8 read; reads; reading; read
If something is read in a particular way, it is understood or interpreted in that way.
The play is being widely read as an allegory of imperialist conquest.
South Africans were praying last night that he has read the situation correctly.
Now how do you read his remarks on that subject?
VB
= interpret
9 read; reads; reading; read
If you read someone's mind or thoughts, you know exactly what they are thinking without them telling you.
From behind her, as if he could read her thoughts, Benny said, `You're free to go any time you like, Madame.'
VB

10 read; reads; reading; read
If you can read someone or you can read their gestures, you can understand what they are thinking or feeling by the way they behave or the things they say.
If you have to work in a team you must learn to read people.
Under the shaded light her expression was difficult to read.
VB

11 read; reads; reading; read
If someone who is trying to talk to you with a radio transmitter says, `Do you read me?', they are asking you if you can hear them.
Alpha-Bravo-Zulu 643 to Saltezar, do you read me? Over.
We read you loud and clear. Over.
VB
= hear
12 read; reads; reading; read
When you read a measuring device, you look at it to see what the figure or measurement on it is.
When officials like gas and electricity men call to read the meter, ask for identification.
It is essential that you are able to read a thermometer.
VB

13 read; reads; reading; read
If a measuring device reads a particular amount, it shows that amount.
The thermometer read 105 degrees Fahrenheit.
The fuel gauge reads below zero.
VB

14 read; reads; reading; read
If you read a subject at university, you study it. (FORMAL) (BRIT; in AM use major or study)
She read French and German at Cambridge University.
He is now reading for a maths degree at Surrey University.
VB
= study
15 read
If you take something as read, you accept it as true or right and therefore feel that it does not need to be discussed or proved.
We took it as read that he must have been a KGB agent.
The case for aid to eastern Europe is taken as read.
PHR: V inflects

(c) HarperCollins Publishers.

GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* ~~braining.infing.human#cptCore475.148#~~
* LANGUAGE-MAPPING#cptCore93.3#
* understanding#ql:cognition.understanding#,
* human-learning#ql:human'learning@cptCore475.154#

LogoToScsm

* TextLogo
* parserLogoTextEn (reader)
* jSCSM
* generatorScsm (jSCSM, writer)
* TextSCSM
[hmnSngo.2004-06-20_nikkas]

Computer-program

_Program:
* http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/link/construct-page-4.cgi#submit,
analyzes english sentences.
* http://nlp.stanford.edu:8080/parser/index.jsp,

CREATOR

The listener or reader.

KNOWER#cptCore93.8#

logo-understanding is a function of a HL-KNOWER who knows the names of the conceptual-model being described EXCEPT the new ones that must be defined. As a hl-knower, he knows the logo-creation-process (syntax) and

STEP: TOKENERO-PRECIPO--KOMPRENUDINO

name::
* McsEngl.conceptCore1085.2,

- Concept is called any node of a concept-model.

INPUT:
a) A logo is given by the user.
b) The "context" (the mental-model#cptCore985# that describes) is given or we guess it.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-19_nikkas]

STEP: LANGUAGE-IDENTIFICATION

- LANGUAGE-IDENTIFICATION
- ORDER-IDENTIFICATION
- PARTS-IDENTIFICATION

Language Identification.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-30_nikkas]

Each language has its own LOGO-ORDER.

STEP: SPOKEN-WRITEN-LANGUAGE-IDENTIFICATION:
Is it Spoken or Written logum?

STEP: complexity-level Identification:
For example in a written-logum:
- Is it a book? a part of a book? a chapter, a section, a paragraph or a sentence of a book?
- Is it an article?
...
[hmnSngo.2002-01-06_nikkas]

TITLE-HIERARCHY identification.

STEP: LINGO IDENTIFICATION

STEP: "context" identification

What is the Mental-Model#cptCore985# that this logum describes?
[hmnSngo.2002-01-06_nikkas]

We guess from the first frasis the "context" of logo.

STEP: TOKENERO IDENTIFICATION

Sentencer boundary detection.

We indentify the frasi

STEP: TERMINERO-IDENTIFICATION

name::
* McsEngl.conceptCore1085.3,
* McsEngl.terminero'identification@cptCore1085.3,
* McsEngl.worder'segmentation@cptCore1085.3,
* McsEngl.worder'tokenizing@cptCore1085.3,

Tokenizing English is fairly straightforward since white space separates words and simple rules can capture many of the punctuations. Special care has to be taken for abbreviations. For oriental languages such as Japanese and Chinese word segmentation is a more complicated problem since space is not used between words.
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, footnote]

Concept is called any node of a concept-model.
* Concept = namer of nouner
= namer of adnouner
* is = instancer of passive-verber.
= former of verber "am"
* called = former of verber "call"
* any = namer of pronouner
* node = namer of argumenter
* of = namer of corelater
* a = instancer of nouner.
* concept-model = namer of polyword-namer.

1) CHECK if the word is one of the MUW (most used words).
[hmnSngo.2004-05-31_nikkas]

* CHECK if it is FUNCTION-WORD-INFLECTER: these are few and then we can guess the logo-concept we found.
* FIRST we check if it is a function-word because they are few.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-23_nikkas]
* I could have an xml-file (a text file) with pronouners, typers, corelaters, and search there for a word.
This has the advantage that I can change these words without modifing my program.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-01_nikkas]
* Also I could use a list of MOST-USED words to search first and then to do big searches.
[hmnSngo.2003-12-01_nikkas]

A logo-model is comprised of INSTANCE-CONCEPTERS.
* A concepter-part is one of 3: nonymer (namer or former) or instancer.
* An instancer is a word but a namer|former may be a word or a polyword.
* In text-logo we denote polyword-nonymers with hyphens (-) among the words (free combinations of syllables).
[hmnSngo.2004-06-01_nikkas]

Synonym Identification.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-30_nikkas]
* We find the concepts of the logo logims, word-forms#ql:word'form@cptCore611# and word-inflection#cptCore1093#.
* We identify the syntax-synonyms, the function-words.

STEP: INSTANCE-KONSEPTERO--IDENTIFICATION

_SYNTAX:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2] = what
* by author.

At the same almost time we indentify (from inflections) and the states of concepts in the statement the frasi denotes.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-06_nikkas]

Usally in the begining of frasi 'opertators' denote relations with previous statement.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-06_nikkas]

STEP: MODILO-MINETO--SYNTHESIS

[SCSM:
[SSentencer: *s1
[SVerber: *x1 "Calling@phil-17";indicative;passive;present;imperfect;instant;noninterrogative;affirmative;singular;third]
[SNouner: *x2 "Person@phil-12=nikkas" ;definite;singular]
[SNouner: *x3 "Concept@phil-1" ;indefinite;singular]
[SVAStructure: *x4 (SCorelater: "of"
[SNouner: "Information.Conceptual@phil-6";indefinite;singular]
[SNouner: "Unit@phil-11" ;indefinite=any;singular]

) ]
(SCorelater: "ssubjecter" ?x1 ?x3)
(SCorelater: "sagenter" ?x1 ?x2)
(SCorelater: "what" ?x1 ?x4)
;Concept is called any node of a concept-model.
;Έννοια ονομάζεται κάθε-μονάδα εννοιακής-πληροφορίας.
]
]

Logo-model to Semantic-model mapping:
* verber --> sverber
* subjecter --> ssubjecter
*

The semantic-model is composed at THE SAME TIME with reading/listening.
[hmnSngo.2003-11-07_nikkas]

The Descriptive-Information#cptCore593# that the input-logum maps is generated. Also
in the understanding-process
- we checked for inconsistencies of the input-logum (ambiguous-meaning or no-meaning),
- we augmented the input mental-model OR we compared the input-mental-model with ours mental-model for its validity.
[hmnSngo.2002-01-06_nikkas]

OUTPUT:
The noto#cptCore492# of the given 'logo#cptCore474#' outputed to the user.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-19_nikkas]

STEP: MODILO-BRAINEPTO--SYNTHESIS

HUMAN METHODOLOGY

Humans 'parse' (read|hear) logo sequencially. ONLY IF in the meaning they understand something will go wrong, they come back and change the path of reading in the ambiguous positions.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-25_nikkas]

LANGUAGE-UNDERSTANDING-FIELD#cptIt544#

METAPHOR

a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity.
[WordNet 1.6 1997]

PART-OF-SPEECH-TAGGING

name::
* McsEngl.conceptCore1085.1,
* McsEngl.pos'tagging@cptCore1085.1,
* McsEngl.part-of-speech'tagging@cptCore1085.1,

Part of speech tagging is the task of assigning an appropriate part of speech or word category (e.g. Noun, Verb, Adjective,...) to each word in a sentence. This is usually taken to be the first step in automatically processing language at the sentence level. Its output is crucial for tasks such as sentence parsing (assigning a structure and/or meaning to natural language input) and word sense disambiguation (distinguishing words with the same spelling and/or pronunciation). The two major approaches to this task are
- rule-based approaches (Brill 1994) and
- statistical approaches (Jelinek 1985; DeMarcken 1990; Merialdo 1991; Cutting et al. 1992).

AMBIGUITY (AMBIGUOUSNESS):
· _sntxEngl: time _sntxVerb:{flies} like an arrow. [time] {flies} _sntxArgt:[like an arrow].

ENGLISH#cptCore569#

's:
is most frequently used as a possessive ending, but after a personal pronoun, it is a verb (John 's, compared to he 's).

NOUN CONTEXTUAL-RULES:
* change a verb-tag into noun-tag if one of the previous two tags is a det-tag.

ADJECTIVE CONTEXTUAL-RULES:
* change a noun-tag into adjective-tag if the next tag is a noun-tag.

PREPOSITIONAL-PHRASE-ATTACHMENT

name::
* McsEngl.conceptCore1085.2,
* McsEngl.prepositional'phrase'attachment@cptCore1085.2,

_AMBIGUITY:
· _sntxEngl: he _sntxVerb:{bought} the car with a credit card. != [he] {bought} /the car/ _sntxArgt:[with a credit card].
· _sntxEngl: he _sntxVerb:{bought} the car with a credit card. != [he] {bought} /the car/ _sntxArgt:[with a credit card]cptCore1085,

_DEFINITION:
* KOMPRENUDINOLOGEPROisthedufinoofahomoormachinewithwhichspeech ismappedtoitsMineto.

* IF we don't know a language, we do NOT understand the sounds it uses for its yorderos.

_SYNTAX.DOING:
1. KOMPRENUFOLO= homo#cptCore401#. The learner.
2. KOMPRENUFULO= product, BRAINEPTO-NEW.
3. LOGETRO= the cause.
4. BRAINEPTO-STORED=

STEP: TOKENERO-PRECIPO KOMPRENUDINO

STEP: MINETO SYNTHESIS

PROGRAM

name::
* McsEngl.speech-to-text-technology,
* McsEngl.speech-recognizer,

_RESOURCE:
* SPHINX4#cptItsoft1210#
* https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/12/deepspeech-0-6-mozillas-speech-to-text-engine/,

Text-understanding

name::
* McsEngl.conceptCore1085.4,
* McsEngl.KOMPRENUDINO'LOGETRO,
* McsEngl.komprenufino'logetro@cptCore475.38,
* McsEngl.textero'understanding@cptCore1085.4,
* McsEngl.tekstero'understanding@cptCore328,
* McsEngl.textero'understanding@cptCore328,
* McsEngl.text'understanding@cptCore328,
* McsEngl.text-understanding,
* McsEngl.READING@cptCore475.239,
=== _VERB:
* McsEngl.READ@cptCore551.475.239,
* McsEngl.AM'READ!~verb,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΙΑΒΑΣΜΑ@cptCore475.239-ΤΟ,
* McsElln.ΔΙΑΒΑΖΩ-verb.475.239,
* McsElln.ΔΙΑΒΑΖΟΜΑΙ!~verb,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.teksti@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.teksti,
* McsEngl.legi@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.legi,

_DEFINITION:
* LERNUDINO-MODLETRO is the konsufino-lernufino#cptCore475.313# from a modlo-logetro.
[hmnSngo.2006-12-15_nikkas]

* TEXT-UNDERSTANDING is the process of analysis of a text and the creation of its MMeaning by a human or machine.
[hmnSngo.2006-01-10_nikkas]

_SYNTAX.DOING:
1. KOMPRENUFOLO= homo#cptCore401#. The learner.
2. KOMPRENUFULO= product, BRAINEPTO-NEW.
3. LOGETRO= the cause.
4. BRAINEPTO-STORED=

step: MODILO-MINETO FIRST-CREATION

ALGORITHM:
* MMEANING FIRST-CREATION
* MAINTOKEN SCANING,
* MAINTOKEN UNDERSTANDING,
* NEXT MAINTOKEN FINDING
* ....
* MMEANING FINAL-CREATION:

step: TOKENETRO-PRECIPO SCANING

The text is a series of MainTokens.

step: TOKENETRO-PRECIPO KOMPRENUDINO

* LANGUAGE-IDENTIFICATION
* CONTEXT IDENTIFICATION
* COMPLEXITY-LEVEL IDENTIFICATION
* MAIN-TOKEN IDENTIFICATION (superperiod, period, subperiod)
* MAIN-TOKEN-TYPE UNDERSTANDING

SPESIFEPTO: superperiod, period, subperiod understanding.

* COMPLEXITY-LEVEL IDENTIFICATION:
- When a token is given for understanding, its paren also is given. Then at any time the complexity-level is known.

step: PARAGRAFETRO KOMPRENUDINO

ALGORITHM:
* PERIOD FINDING
* PERIOD UNDERSDANTING
* NEXT period finding
* ....
* MEANING-NODE SYNTHESIS

step: SUBPERIODERO KOMPRENUDINO

A subperiod most usually is a titler. Usually specific worders or numbers specify its level.

A titler and all next paragrafers until the next titler HAVE the same parent.

step: PERIODETRO KOMPRENUDINO

* TOKENERO SCANING: stopero, stopero-no
* TERMINERO IDENTIFICATION: simboleptero (numero), specialero, instansero, dezigneptero,
* KONSEPTERO IDENTIFICATION: nounero, verbero, korelatero,
* STRUKTURO-KONSEPTERO IDENTIFICATION:
* NEXT-TOKENERO SCANING:

_SYNTAX:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore1085.5,
* McsEngl.reader@cptCore1085.5,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.leganto@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.leganto,

The reader understands a textero-model through HIS breinepto-model AND his knowledge about the breinepto-model the textero-model describes.
[hmnSngo.2006-05-31_nikkas]

YORDERO-READING

> > Weird!
> > Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in
> > waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht
> > the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae.
> > The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit
> > porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by
> > istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
> > Fcuknig amzanig huh?

Σωνύφμνα με μία ένυερα στο Πνήπισεμαιτο του Κρπέιτμζ, δεν πριεάεζι η σιρεά των γμαμάτωρν σε μια λξέη. Το σμηατικνό είανι να ενίαι το πώρτο και το τλευτείαο γάμρμα στη σωτσή θσέη. Τα υόπλοπια μοπερί να ενίαι σε οοιπδαήτοπε σιρεά χρωίς να υάπχερι πόβρλμηα στο δσάβιαμα.
Ατυό γνίταει γταιί το αρθώπνινο μαλυό δεν δαζάιεβι γάμρμα-γμάμρα αλλά τις λξέεις σαν οτόληετς.
Γισμρταεό ε!!!

Σύμφωνα με μία έρευνα στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Κέμπριτζ, δεν πειράζει η σειρά των γραμμάτων σε μια λέξη. Το σημαντικό είναι να είναι το πρώτο και το τελευταίο γράμμα στη σωστή θέση. Τα υπόλοιπα μπορεί να είναι σε οποιαδήποτε σειρά χωρίς να υπάρχει πρόβλημα στο διάβασμα.
Αυτό γίνεται γιατί το ανθρώπινο μυαλό δεν διαβάζει γράμμα-γράμμα αλλά τις λέξεις σαν ολότητες.
Γαμιστερό ε!!!

SPECIFEFINO

WORKING METHOD

Finds the TERMINAL-TOKENEROS of periodero with its sintaksero:
- Stopero (= Punktero, Separatero),
- Numero
- SimboStructure
- UNKNOWN
- Yordero

Finds the POSSIBLE-KONSEPTEROS of yorderos:
- a numero is a konseptero of quantity.
- a simbostructure may be a dezigneptero. (2€ is a quantity)
- an instansero is a part of a konseptero.
- a dezigneptero is a konseptero.

Replace the yordero with the FIRST konseptero.

Put the rest valid konsepteros in the vector of konsepteros.

2004-10-31 METHOD (Textero To Mineto)

tnode=findChildWorders(tnode); (with syntax from mostusedworders and desr files)
tnode=findChildConcepters(tnode);
tnode=findChildCpterStructures(tnode); (for corelater "of")
tnode=findChildSentencers(tnode); (for one verber)

public MNode mapSentencer (TNode str, String syntax)
MNode mvbr = mapVerber(str.getChildWithName("Verber"));
MNode msbr = mapSubjecter(str.getChildWithName("Subjecter"));
if (str.getChildWithName("Objecter")!=null)

lagHmn'method.NAME-CREATING#ql:conceptCore642#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'method.NAME-CREATING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.44,

lagHmn'method.TRANSLATING (code-to-code)

_CREATED: {2012-09-03} {2012-08-31}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'method.TRANSLATING (code-to-code),
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.57,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1087,
* McsEngl.code-to-code-method.lnghmn, {2014-03-16}
* McsEngl.human-language-translation,
* McsEngl.lingo-to-lingo-method,
* McsEngl.translating-method-of-hmn-lang@cptCore93.57, {2012-11-04}
* McsEngl.translation-method-of-hmn-lang@cptCore1087, {2012-08-31}

Relation-speech-to-text-language

_CREATED: {2012-09-24}

name::
* McsEngl.Relation-speech-to-text-language,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.69,
* McsEngl.text-to-speech-language-relation@cptCore93.69, {2012-09-24}
* McsEngl.speech-to-text-language-relation@cptCore93.69, {2012-09-24}

_DESCRIPTION:
Written-language is NOT part of a spoken-language. Written-language is another 'language' with which descriptive-information is expressed. Eventhough at the begining there is ussally a one-to-one mapping with a spoken-language, very quickly spoken-language changes and destroys this one-to-one mapping. Also deaf-people use a written-language without the knowledge of its coresponding spoken-language. In this way gesture-language is another language.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-19_nikkas]
===
Therefore, in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan prior to modern times, communication by writing (??) was the norm of international trade and diplomacy.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram] {2012-09-24}

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* mthdTrns.spoken_to_spoken
* mthdTrns.spoken_to_written
* mthdTrns.written_to_spoken
* mthdTrns.written_to_written

mthdTrns.SPOKEN-TO-WRITTEN-TRANSLATION

_CREATED: {2012-08-31} {2001-12-03}

name::
* McsEngl.mthdTrns.SPOKEN-TO-WRITTEN-TRANSLATION,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1087.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore1087.1,
* McsEngl.conceptCore839,
* McsEngl.spoken-to-written-language-mapping,
* McsEngl.mapping.spoken'to'written'language@cptCore839,

_DESCRIPTION:
Written-language is NOT part of a spoken-language. Written-language is another 'language' with which descriptive-information is expressed. Eventhough at the begining there is ussally a one-to-one mapping with a spoken-language, very quickly spoken-language changes and destroys this one-to-one mapping. Also deaf-people use a written-language without the knowledge of its coresponding spoken-language. In this way gesture-language is another language.
[hmnSngo.2003-01-19_nikkas]
=== analytic
ΤΟ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΤΗΣ <ΜΟΝΙΜΟΤΗΤΑΣ> ΠΑΡΕΧΕΙ ΣΤΟ ΓΡΑΦΤΟ ΛΟΓΟ ΠΛΕΟΝΕΧΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΑΠΕΝΑΝΤΙ ΣΤΟΝ ΠΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΟ, ΜΟΝΟ ΠΟΥ ΤΑ ΠΛΕΟΝΕΧΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΑΥΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΟΥΝ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟ ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟ. ΤΟ ΓΡΑΦΤΟ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ΔΙΑΣΩΖΕΤΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΤΑΦΕΡΕΤΑΙ, ΕΝΩ Ο ΠΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΟΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΠΡΟΣΩΡΙΝΟΣ -ΤΟΥΛΑΧΙΣΤΟΝ ΗΤΑΝΕ ΠΡΟΣΩΡΙΝΟΣ ΜΕΧΡΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΦΕΥΡΕΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΦΩΝΟΓΡΑΦΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΟΦΩΝΟΥ, ΚΑΙ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΒΙΝΤΕΟ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 51#cptResource191#]
===
ΤΑ ΓΡΑΦΙΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ ΣΥΝΗΘΩΣ ΔΕΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΛΟΓΙΚΑ, ΩΣΤΕ ΝΑ ΕΠΙΤΡΕΠΟΥΝ ΜΟΝΟΣΗΜΑΝΤΗ <ΔΗΛΩΣΗ> ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΦΟΡΑΣ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 64#cptResource191#]
===
ΣΥΧΝΑ Η ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΕΥΚΟΛΟΤΕΡΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΑΚΟΥΣΜΑ, ΓΙΑΤΙ Η ΠΡΟΦΟΡΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΙ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΟ ΠΕΡΙΠΛΟΚΟ ΤΟΜΕΑ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ, ΠΟΥ ΔΕΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΕΥΚΟΛΟ ΝΑ ΤΟΝ ΚΥΡΙΑΡΧΗΣΕΙ Ο ΞΕΝΟΣ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 46#cptResource191#]
===
ΑΛΛΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΟΜΙΛΙΑΣ, ΟΠΩΣ
Ο ΕΠΙΤΟΝΙΣΜΟΣ,
Η ΕΜΦΑΣΗ,
Η ΕΣΤΙΑΣΗ,
ΟΙ ΠΑΥΣΕΙΣ ή ΤΟ ΤΡΑΒΗΓΜΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΦΟΡΑΣ,
Η ΔΙΑΦΟΡΑ ΕΝΤΑΣΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΦΩΝΗΣ,
ΑΠΟΔΙΔΟΝΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΓΡΑΦΗ ΕΛΑΧΙΣΤΑ ή ΚΑΘΟΛΟΥ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 51#cptResource191#]

Evaluation

It may be that the higher the degree of memorization involved in writing a language (e.g., Chinese characters), the easier, in terms of processing, it is to read that language. However, the more a system employs a one-to-one sound symbol correspondence, the more universally convenient it becomes.
[http://www.signwriting.org/forums/research/rese011.html] 2007-07-05

When writing English, intonation, quality and the tone of voice may not be well-represented. Punctuation aids in distinguishing questions from statements, but writing is usually open to a great deal of interpretation when read aloud. Similarly, some details of signing will naturally be left out when written. It is important to distinguish what in a signed utterance must be written to preserve meaning and what can be left to the reader's interpretation.
[http://www.signwriting.org/forums/research/rese015.html] 2007-07-05

SPECIFIC

DeFrancis (DeFrancis 1989:268) gives a list created on the basis of how much of a one-to-one correspondence can be found between the writing system and the pronunciation of words in a given language...*Footnote 3...
*Footnote 3:
1. Finnish, Pinyin, romaji, kana
2. Greek, Latin, Russian, German, Spanish
3. Hangul
4. French, English
5. Cherokee, Vai, Yi
6. Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic
7. Egyptian hieroglyphics
8. Japnaese kanji-cum-kana, Akkadian
9. Chinese characters
10. Sumerian, Mayan.
[http://www.signwriting.org/forums/research/rese011.html] 2007-07-05

lagHmn'paralanguage

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'paralanguage,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.23,
* McsEngl.paralanguage@cptCore93i,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.εξωγλωσσικό-στοιxείο,

_DESCRIPTION:
Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and it includes the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation of speech. Sometimes the definition is restricted to vocally-produced sounds. The study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage] 2007-06-22

_SPECIFIC:
* greek-paralanguage##
===
εξωγλωσσικών (π.χ. ανασήκωμα ώμων, χειρονομίες κτλ.) στοιχείων.
[μγ03.σ127]

Nonverbal-communication

Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_communication]

lagHmn'person-of-language

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'person-of-language,
* McsEngl.conceptCore387.13,
* McsEngl.entity.PERSON-OF-LANGUAGE,
* McsEngl.grammatical-person@cptCore387.13,
* McsEngl.langoperson@cptCore387.13, {2014-01-06}
* McsEngl.language-person@cptCore387.13,
* McsEngl.lingoperson@cptCore387.13, {2012-09-23}
* McsEngl.lagHmn'person, {2014-01-06}
* McsEngl.person-of-language@cptCore387.13,
* McsEngl.person-of-speech@cptCore387.13,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.personepto@lagoSngo, {2007-12-17}
* McsEngl.langofalo@lagoSngo, {2007-12-16}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.πρόσωπο-του-λόγου@cptCore387.13, {2012-09-13}
====== lagoChinese:
ren2; man; person; people,
cheng1; to call; to praise; to weigh; to estimate; to consider; to call; to address; to name; to say; commend,

_DEFINITION:
ANY 'defn.entity', in relation to language, is called 'person'. First is the entity who 'talks', second is the entity to which talks and any other is the third-person.
[hmnSngo.2012-09-13]
===
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns. It also frequently affects verbs, sometimes nouns, and possessive relationships.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person] 2012-08-30
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns. It also frequently affects verbs, sometimes nouns, and possessive relationships as well.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person]

_SMS_ATTRIBUTE:
* NUMBER: sin, plu.
* GENDER: mas, fem, neu, any.
* INTENSIVENESS:

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* PERONEPTO_A#cptCore387.10#
* PERONEPTO_B#cptCore387.11#
* PERONEPTO_C#cptCore387.12#
===
* PERSONEPTO (type,number,gender):
* el'pont043.Person.ANY.intensive,num,gen: an=ο'ίδιοςῃ'ίδια'το'ίδιο.069#cptCore556.2.069#, του'ίδιου,
===
* implementor (a,b)
* implementorNo (c)

langoperson.LANGO.KAMO

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.LANGO.KAMO,
* McsEngl.conceptCore387.16,
* McsEngl.komo'person-of-speech@cptCore387.16,
* McsEngl.komo-speaker,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.personepto-komo@lagoSngo, {2008-07-30}
* McsEngl.kml'personepto@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΚΟΜΟ-ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ-ΤΟΥ-ΛΟΓΟΥ,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.speaker = parolanto@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.speaker = parolanto,

_SPECIFIC:
* io, eo, ao,
io=I because italian already uses it.
eo = the opposite,
ao = neutral.
[hmnSngo.2014-01-06]
===
* ao, io, eo,
[hmnSngo.2012-09-23]
===
* The name must have a common first semiyuordero as every specifo in komo.
[hmnSngo.2008-08-04_HokoYono]
===
* ao, io, oo, (i,a,o the komo complements and english I=>ai=>ao)
[hmnSngo.2008-08-19_HokoYono]
===
* o, io, eo,
[hmnSngo.2008-08-18_HokoYono]
===
* o, mo, no, (to/do for whole/part)
[hmnSngo.2008-08-16_HokoYono]
===
* o, to, do
[hmnSngo.2008-07-30_HokoYono]
===
2008-02-24: "pronouns"
* mio = I mia = we
* manomio = I (male) manomia = we (female)
* munomio = I (female) munomia = we (female)
---------------------------------
* vio = you via = you
* manovio = you (male) manovia = you (female)
* munovio = you (female) munovia = you (female)
----------------------------------
* lio = lia = they
* manolio = he (male) manolia = they (female)
* munolio = she (female) munolia = they (female)
[hmnSngo.2008-02-24_KasNik]

langoperson.A-FIRST

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.A-FIRST,
* McsEngl.conceptCore387.10,
* McsEngl.first.person,
* McsEngl.langoperson1,
* McsEngl.person.a@cptCore387.10,
* McsEngl.person-a-of-language@cptCore387.10,
* McsEngl.person-of-speech.a@cptCore387.10,
* McsEngl.speaker@cptCore387.10,
* McsEngl.person'a@cptCore401.6,
* McsEngl.first-person@cptCore401.6,
=== _Pronoun:
* McsEngl.I; nominative; I-we; ΕΓΩ-ΕΜΕΙΣ,
* McsEngl.me; accusative; me-us; ΕΜΕΝΑ-ΜΕ--ΕΜΑΣ-ΜΑΣ,
* McsEngl.mine; possessive; mine-ours; ΔΙΚΟΣ-ΜΟΥ--ΜΑΣ,
* McsEngl.myself; pronominativer; myself-ourselves; Ο-ΙΔΙΟΣ,
* McsEngl.myself; proaccusativer; myself-ourselves ΜΟΝΟΣ-ΜΟΥ,
* McsEngl.my; adjective; my-our; ΜΟΥ-ΜΑΣ,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsSngo.io,
* McsEngl.io@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.personepto-a@lagoSngo, {2008-02-11}
* McsEngl.langufolo@lagoSngo, {2007-12-16}
* McsEngl.persono.moi@lagoSngo,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.Α-ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ-ΤΟΥ-ΛΟΓΟΥ,
* McsElln.α-πρόσωπο-λόγου, {2012-09-13}
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.speaker = parolanto@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.speaker = parolanto,

_DEFINITION:
* PERSON1 is the ENTITY that speeks or writes.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-02_nikkas]
===
* FIRST-PERSON is the human who speaks/writes something.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-26_nikkas]

_SYNTAX:
* with the diferent pronomer instances a language DENOTES diferent "meanings" attributes of persona.

* _SYNTAX.LANGO.ENGLISH (_sntxSubj=who:I | WE _sntxVerb:...): ==> the persona (one|many) is the subject of sentencer.
· _sntxEngl: (I saw them _sntxArgt:[before they saw me]).
· _sntxEngl: _sntxVerb:{sit} beside _sntxArgt:[me].
· _sntxElln: _sntxVerb:{φεύγω} _sntxArgt:[σήμερα].
* NGENITIVER-SINGULAR: _pronoun.εμένα_pronoun.2.063, μένα_pronoun.2.063: μου.2.063:
· _sntxElln: /το/ _sntxVerb:{πήρε} από _sntxArgt:[μένα].
* NACCUSATIVER-SINGULAR: _pronoun.εμένα_pronoun.2.063, μένα_pronoun.2.063, με.2.063:
· _sntx$1_sntxArgt:[$2]cptCore387.11,
* McsEngl.person-b-of-language@cptCore187.11,
* McsEngl.second-person-of-language@cptCore187.11,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsSngo.eo,
* McsEngl.eo@lagoSngo,
* McsEngl.personepto-b@lagoSngo, {2008-02-11}
* McsEngl.persono'vi@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
* PERSON2 is the ENTITY that person1 speaks to.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-02_nikkas]

* SECOND-PERSON is the human to whom somebody speaks/writes something.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-26_nikkas]

langoperson.b.LANGO.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.b.LANGO.ENGLISH,

_SMS_ATTRIBUTE:
* TYPE: individual, intensive, reflexive.
* NUMBER: sin, plu.
* GENDER: mas, fem, neu, any.

INDIVIDUAL:
* PersonB.concrete,any,any: nn=you.125/you#ql:pron.you.1.125#, na=you.125/you, np=yours.127/yours#ql:pron.yours.1.127#, ad=your.126/your.126#ql:pron.your.1.126#,
* PersonB.intensive,sin,any: nn=yourself.128#ql:pron.yourself.1.128#,
* PersonB.intensive,plu,any: nn=yourselves.129,
* PersonB.reflexive,sin,any: na=yourself.128,
* PersonB.reflexive,plu,any: na=yourselves.129,

langoperson.b.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.b.LANGO.GREEK,

* PERSONEPTO (type,number,gender):
* el'pont013.Person.B.concrete: nn=εσύ.064#cptCore556.2.064#, εσένα|σου, ...
* el'pont015.Person.B.possesion,num,gen: an: δικός'σου.007#cptCore556.2.007#, δική'σου, δικό'σου,
* el'pont021.Person.B.possesion,num,any: an: σου.064#cptCore556.2.064#, σας,
* el'pont023.Person.B.reflexive: na=του'εαυτού'σου.003#cptCore556.2.003#

langoperson.b.LANGO.ESPERANTO

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.b.LANGO.ESPERANTO,

langoperson.C-THIRD

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.C-THIRD,
* McsEngl.conceptCore387.12,
* McsEngl.langoperson3,
* McsEngl.person-c-language@cptCore387.12,
* McsEngl.third-person-of-language@cptCore387.12,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsSngo.ao,
* McsEngl.ao@lagoSngo, {2014-10-05}
* McsEngl.personepto-c@lagoSngo, {2008-02-11}
* McsEngl.persono'ni@lagoSngo,

_DEFINITION:
* PERSON3 is the ENTITY about which person1 speeks to person2.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-02_nikkas]

* THIRD-PERSON is the human about whom somebody speaks/writes to another.
[hmnSngo.2005-12-26_nikkas]

langoperson.c.LANGO.ENGLISH

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.c.LANGO.ENGLISH,

_SMS_ATTRIBUTE:
* TYPE: individual, intensive, reflexive.
* NUMBER: sin, plu.
* GENDER: mas, fem, neu, any.

INDIVIDUAL:
* PersonC.concrete,sin,mas: nn=he.032#ql:pron.he.1.032#, na=him.037#ql:pron.him.1.037#, np=his.039#ql:pron.his.1.039#, ad=his.039,
* PersonC.concrete,sin,fem: nn=she.080#ql:pron.she.1.080#, na=her.033#ql:pron.her.1.033#, np=hers.035#ql:pron.hers.1.035#, ad=her.033,
* PersonC.concrete,sin,nue: nn=it.044#ql:pron.it.1.044#, na=it.044, np=its.045#ql:pron.its.1.045#, ad=its.045,
* PersonC.concrete,plu,any: nn=they.104#ql:pron.he.1.032#, na=them.099#ql:pron.him.1.037#, np=theirs.098#ql:pron.theirs.1.098#, ad=their.097#ql:pron.their.1.097#,

* PersonC.intensive,sin,mas: nn=himself.038,
* PersonC.intensive,sin,fem: nn=herself.036,
* PersonC.intensive,sin,neu: nn=itself.046,
* PersonC.intensive,plu,any: nn=themselves.100,

* PersonC.reflexive,sin,mas: na=himself.038,
* PersonC.reflexive,sin,fem: na=herself.036,
* PersonC.reflexive,sin,neu: na=itself.046,
* PersonC.reflexive,plu,any: nn=themselves.100,

langoperson.c.LANGO.GREEK

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.c.LANGO.GREEK,

* PERSONEPTO (type,number,gender):
* el'pont025.Person.C.concrete: n=αυτός'αυτή'αυτό.005#cptCore556.2.005#,
* el'pont031.Person.C.possesion,num,gen: an: δικός'του.023#cptCore556.2.007#, δική'του, δικό'του,
* el'pont037.Person.C.possesion,num,any: an: του.005#cptCore556.2.005#, τους,
* el'pont039.Person.C.reflexive: na=του'εαυτού'του.006#cptCore556.2.006#, na=του'εαυτού'της.016, na=του'εαυτού'του,

langoperson.c.LANGO.ESPERANTO

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.c.LANGO.ESPERANTO,

langoperson.IMPLEMENTOR

_CREATED: {2014-03-16}

name::
* McsEngl.langoperson.IMPLEMENTOR,
* McsEngl.lhn'implementor,
* McsEngl.lhn'knower,
* McsEngl.language-knower,
* McsEngl.language'knower,
* McsEngl.implementor-of-human-language,

_DESCRIPTION:
Implementor is the first and second persons of a language who encode and decode the language.
[hmnSngo.2014-03-16]

lagHmn'LanguageDonor

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'LanguageDonor,

_DESCRIPTION:
About World Language? @aboutworldlangs 11m11 minutes ago
It is estimated that close to a 100 donor languages contributed to the cosmopolitan vocabulary of modern#English. http://buff.ly/2lQygxF
[https://twitter.com/aboutworldlangs/status/838758612189208577]

lagHmn'ResourceInfHmnn#cptResource843#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'ResourceInfHmnn,
* McsEngl.hl'resource,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* https://medium.com/s/story/the-internet-is-helping-save-forgotten-languages-dcc308509feb,
* file:///D:/File1a/SBC-2010-08-23/hSbc/lango_ho.html,
* INTERNET#ql::DEZIGNEPTERO.NFO:http.lang.HUMAN#,
* file:///D:/FILE1a/AAjWORKING/hSbc/lango_ho.html, file:///D:/FILE1a/AAjWORKING/hSbc/lango_ho.html,
* http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/studies/guide/contents.html,
* http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/contents.htm,

lagHmn'science#cptCore406#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'science,

_SCIENCE:
* LANGOLOGO#cptCore400# (linguistics)#cptCore400#
* SEMANTICS
* SYNTACTICS
* PRAGMATICS

There is a considerable overlap between pragmatics and sociolinguistics, since both share an interest in linguistic meaning as determined by usage in a speech community. However, sociolinguists tend to be more oriented towards variations within such communities.

According to Charles W. Morris, pragmatics tries to understand the relationship between signs and their users, while semantics tends to focus on the actual objects or ideas to which a word refers, and syntax (or "syntactics") examines the relationship between signs.

Semantics is the literal meaning of an idea whereas pragmatics is the implied meaning of the given idea.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics]

VERIFICATION-THEORY

name::
* McsEngl.verification'theory@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.meaning'in'logical'positivists@cptCore93i,

The verification theory (of meaning) is a philosophical theory proposed by the logical positivists of the Vienna Circle. A simplified form of the theory states that a proposition's meaning is determined by the method through which it is empirically verified. In other words, if something cannot be empiricially verified, it is meaningless. For example, the statement "It is raining" is meaningless unless there is a way whereby one could, in principle, verify whether or not it is in fact raining. The theory has radical consequences for traditional philosophy as it, if correct, would render much of past philosophical work meaningless, for example metaphysics and ethics.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_theory]

lagHmn'science.LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'science.LINGUISTICS,
* McsEngl.conceptCore400,
* McsEngl.linguistics,
* McsEngl.linguistics@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.science.linguistics@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.sciLng@cptCore400, {2012-04-22}
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.langologo@lagoSngo, {2007-07-03}
* McsEngl.logolango@lagoSngo, {2007-07-03}
* McsEngl.logolingvo@lagoSngo, {2006-11-23}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ@cptCore400,

OLD:
views_on_language-400,
lh'views,
langology,
langology-400, 2001-12-01
language views
ΑΠΟΨΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ,
ΑΠΟΨΕΙΣ'ΓΙΑ'ΓΛΩΣΣΑ-400,

DEFINITION

analytic

ΑΠΟΨΕΙΣ-ΓΙΑ-ΤΗ-ΓΛΩΣΣΑ είναι ΑΠΟΨΕΙΣ#cptCore505.a# με θέμα τη ΓΛΩΣΣΑ#cptCore93.a#.

ΘΕΩΡΙΕΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ (ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ) είναι όλες οι απόψεις, 'εννοιακά συστήματα', για τη γλώσσα πέρα από τις δικές μου.

sciLng'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* entity.model.information.system.weak.science#cptCore406#

sciLng'WHOLE

_WHOLE:
* LANGUDINO.HOMO#cptCore93#

sciLng'Applied-linguistics

_CREATED: {2008-01-02}

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Applied-linguistics,
* McsEngl.applied-linguistics@cptCore400i, {2008-01-02}

Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics]

_PART:
Applied linguistics
Language acquisition
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Linguistic anthropology
Generative linguistics
Cognitive linguistics
Computational linguistics
Descriptive linguistics
Historical linguistics
Comparative linguistics
Etymology
Stylistics
Prescription
Corpus linguistics
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics]

sciLng'Conference#cptCore484#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Conference,

_TIME:
1967: 10ο ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ, ΒΟΥΚΟΥΡΕΣΤΙ.
1933: 3o ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ. ΡΩΜΗ.
1931: 2ο ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ,
1928: 1ο ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ, ΧΑΓΗ.

sciLng'Evolution#cptCore546.171#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Evolution,

{time.1982
"O CHOMSKY ΙΣΧΥΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΠΩΣ Η ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΒΡΙΣΚΕΤΑΙ ΑΚΟΜΑ ΣΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΔΗΛ. ΚΑΤΑΠΙΑΝΕΤΑΙ ΑΚΟΜΑ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΗ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ, ΜΕ ΑΛΛΑ ΛΟΓΙΑ Η ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΝΕΙ ΑΚΟΜΑ ΤΑΞΙΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΔΟΥΛΕΙΑ, ΟΠΩΣ ΕΚΑΝΕ ΚΑΙ Η ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΠΡΙΝ ΕΚΑΤΟ ΧΡΟΝΙΑ"
[Jakobson#ql:resource#, 1983, 15#cptResource332#]

1980 ONWARDS:
From roughly 1980 onwards, pragmatic, functional, and cognitive approaches have steadily gained ground, both in the United States and in Europe.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguistics]

{time.1960
ΙΣΩΣ ΔΕ ΘΑ ΗΤΑΝ ΥΠΕΡΒΟΛΗ ΝΑ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΖΑΜΕ ΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΠΡΟ ΤΟΥ 1960 ΣΑΝ ΠΡΟΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΟ.
[ΣΑΚΕΛΛΑΡΙΑΔΗΣ#ql:idrscinf314#, 1979, 11#cptResource314#]

{time.century20.middle}:
=== Chomsky:
By the mid-20th century, Chomsky, who had studied structural linguistics, was seeking a way to analyse the syntax of English in a structural grammar. This effort led him to see grammar as a theory of language structure rather than a description of actual sentences. His idea of grammar is that it is a device for producing the structure, not of langue (that is, not of a particular language), but of competence-the ability to produce and understand sentences in any and all languages. His universalist theories are related to the ideas of those 18th- and early 19th-century grammarians who urged that grammar be considered a part of logic-the key to analysing thought. Universal grammarians such as the British philosopher John Stuart Mill, writing as late as 1867, believed rules of grammar to be language forms that correspond to universal thought forms.
"Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

{time.century20early}:
The Renaissance approach to grammar, which based the description of all languages on the model of Greek and Latin, died slowly, however. Not until the early 20th century did grammarians began to describe languages on their own terms. Noteworthy in this regard are the Handbook of American Indian Languages (1911), the work of the German-American anthropologist Franz Boas and his colleagues; and the studies by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, A Modern English Grammar (pub. in four parts, 1909 - 1931), and The Philosophy of Grammar (1924). Boas's work formed the basis of various types of American descriptive grammar study. Jespersen's work was the precursor of such current approaches to linguistic theory as transformational generative grammar.
"Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

{time.19th (1801 - 1900) Comparative-Grammar
This problem spurred the development of comparative grammar, which became the dominant approach to linguistic science in the 19th century.
"Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

{time.18th (1701 - 1800)
In the 18th century less haphazard comparisons began to be made, culminating in the assumption by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz that most languages of Europe, Asia, and Egypt came from the same original language-a language referred to as Indo-European.
"Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

{time.10th (901 - 1000)
In the 10th century the Jews completed a Hebrew lexicon;
"Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

{time.170 BC – 90 BC:
The Greek grammarian Dionysius Thrax wrote the Art of Grammar, upon which many later Greek, Latin, and other European grammars were based.
"Grammar," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

sciLng'Field

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Field,
* McsEngl.conceptCore400.2,

_GENERIC:
* entity.whole.systemWeak.science'field#cptCore406.1#

_SPECIFIC: _Field:
* applied-linguistics##
* morphology##
* phonology##
* pragmatics##
* semantics##
* syntactics##
* theoritical-linguistics##

===
LANGOLOGY:
semantology:
logology:
syntaxology
gramology:
creatology:
derivology,
compology,
formology,

morphology
phonology.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-02_nikkas]

===
FIELDS OF Theoretical linguistics:
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Lexical semantics
Statistical semantics
Structural semantics
Prototype semantics
Pragmatics
[wikipedia]

sciLng'Lexicology

_CREATED: {2012-10-27}

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Lexicology,
* McsEngl.lexicology, {2012-10-27}

_DESCRIPTION:
Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words, their nature[clarification needed] and meaning, words' elements[clarification needed], relations between words (semantical relations), word groups and the whole lexicon.
The term first appeared in the 1820s, though there were lexicologists in essence before the term was coined. Computational lexicology as a related field (in the same way that computational linguistics is related to linguistics) deals with the computational study of dictionaries and their contents. An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words in relation with dictionaries – it is actually concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon. Therefore lexicography is the theory and practice of composing dictionaries. Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but the two disciplines should not be mistaken: only lexicologists who do write dictionaries are lexicographers. It is said that lexicography is the practical lexicology, it is practically oriented though it has its own theory, while the pure lexicology is mainly theoretical.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology] {2012-10-27}

sciLng'Linguist#cptEconomy364.36#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Linguist,

sciLng'Morphology

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Morphology,
* McsEngl.morphology@cptCore400,

morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word-formation within and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29]

_GENERIC:
* FIELD_OF_LINGUISTICS

sciLng'Onomasiology

_CREATED: {2012-10-27}

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Onomasiology,
* McsEngl.onomasiology, {2012-10-27}

_DESCRIPTION:
Onomasiology (from Greek: ???µ??? (onomaz?) — to name, which in turn is from ???µa — name) is a branch of linguistics concerned with the question "how do you express X?" It is in fact most commonly understood as a branch of lexicology, the study of words (although some apply the term also to grammar and conversation).
Onomasiology, as a part of lexicology, starts from a concept which is taken to be prior[1] (i.e. an idea, an object, a quality, an activity etc.) and asks for its names. The opposite approach is known as semasiology: here one starts with the a word and asks what it means, or what concepts the word refers to. Thus, an onomasiological question is, e.g., "what are the names for long, narrow pieces of potato that have been deep-fried?" (answers: french fries in the US, chips in the UK, etc.), while a semasiological question is, e.g., "what is the meaning of the term chips?" (answers: 'long, narrow pieces of potato that have been deep-fried' in the UK, 'slim slices of potatoes deep fried or baked until crisp' in the US).
Onomasiology can be carried out synchronically or diachronically, i.e. historically. The majority of linguists seem to link onomasiology automatically to diachronic questions, i.e. questions on how and why things change their names. Therefore, the following sections refer predominantly to onomasiology in its diachronic perspective.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomasiology]

sciLng'Philosophy-of-language

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Philosophy-of-language,
* McsEngl.conceptCore385.7,
* McsEngl.philosophy-of-language@cptCore349,

_DEFINITION:
Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature, origins, and usage of language. As a topic, the philosophy of language for Analytic Philosophers is concerned with four central problems: the nature of meaning, language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality. For Continental philosophers, however, the philosophy of language tends to be dealt with, not as a separate topic, but as a part of Logic, History or Politics. (See the section "Language and Continental Philosophy" below.)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language]

_Referent:
* MEANING:
The answer to the question, "What is meaning?", is not immediately obvious. One section of philosophy of language tries to answer this very question.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language]

WHAT-IS-MEANING

The nature of meaning
The answer to the question, "What is meaning?", is not immediately obvious. One section of philosophy of language tries to answer this question.
Geoffrey Leech posited that there are two essentially different types of linguistic meaning: conceptual and associative. For Leech, the conceptual meanings of an expression have to do with the definitions of words themselves, and the features of those definitions. This kind of meaning is treated by using a technique called the semantic feature analysis. The conceptual meaning of an expression inevitably involves both definition (also called "connotation" and "intension" in the literature) and extension (also called "denotation"). The associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. They, in turn, can be broken up into six sub-types: connotative, collocative, social, affective, reflected and thematic.[12]

Generally speaking, there have been at least six different kinds of attempts at explaining what a linguistic "meaning" is. Each has been associated with its own body of literature.

Idea theories of meaning, most commonly associated with the British empiricist tradition of Locke, Berkeley and Hume, claim that meanings are purely mental contents provoked by signs.[13] Although this view of meaning has been beset by a number of problems from the beginning (see the main article for details), interest in it has been renewed by some contemporary theorists under the guise of semantic internalism.[14]

Truth-conditional theories hold meaning to be the conditions under which an expression may be true or false. This tradition goes back at least to Frege and is associated with a rich body of modern work, spearheaded by philosophers like Alfred Tarski and Donald Davidson.[10][15]

Use theorist perspectives understand meaning to involve or be related to speech acts and particular utterances, not the expressions themselves. The later Wittgenstein helped inaugurate the idea of 'meaning as use', and a communitarian view of language. Wittgenstein was interested in the way in which the communities use language, and how far it can be taken.[16] It is also associated with P.F. Strawson, Robert Brandom, and others.[17]

Reference theories of meaning, also known collectively as semantic externalism, view meaning to be equivalent to those things in the world that are actually connected to signs. There are two broad sub-species of externalism: social and environmental. The first is most closely associated with Tyler Burge and the second with Hilary Putnam, Saul Kripke and others. [18][19][20]

Verificationist theories of meaning are generally associated with the early 20th century movement of logical positivism. The traditional formulatiu'on of such a theory is that the meaning of a sentence is its method of verification or falsification. In this form, the thesis was abandoned after the acceptance by most philosophers of the Duhem-Quine thesis of confirmation holism after the publication of Quine's Two Dogmas of Empiricism.[21] However, Michael Dummett has advocated a modified form of verificationism since the 1970s. In this version, the comprehension (and hence meaning) of a sentence consists in the hearer's ability to recognize the demonstration (mathematical, empirical or other) of the truth of the sentence.[22]

A pragmatist theory of meaning is any theory in which the meaning (or understanding) of a sentence is determined by the consequences of its application. Dummett attributes such a theory of meaning to C.S. Peirce and other early 20th century American pragmatists.[22]

Other theories exist to discuss non-linguistic meaning (i.e., meaning as conveyed by body language, meanings as consequences, etc.) [23]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language]

LINGUISTIC-PHILOSOPHY

name::
* McsEngl.linguistic'analysis@cptCore349,
* McsEngl.linguistic'philosophy@cptCore349,
* McsEngl.Ordinary'language'philosophy@cptCore349,

=== _NOTES: "At its inception, ordinary language philosophy (also called linguistic philosophy) had been taken as either an extension of or as an alternative to analytic philosophy."
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy]

_DEFINITION:
* Ordinary language philosophy is a philosophical school that approached traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by forgetting what words actually mean in a language. These approaches typically involve eschewing philosophical "theories" in favour of close attention to the details of the use of everyday, "ordinary" language. They are generally associated with the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the works of Gilbert Ryle, J.L. Austin, Peter Strawson, and Norman Malcolm. The name comes from the contrast between these approaches and the earlier approaches that had been dominant in analytic philosophy, now sometimes called ideal language philosophy. Ordinary language philosophy was a dominant philosophic school between 1930 and 1970, and remains an important force in present-day philosophy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy,

The latter of these recent schools of thought, generally referred to as linguistic analysis, or ordinary language philosophy, seems to break with traditional epistemology. The linguistic analysts undertake to examine the actual way key epistemological terms are used-terms such as knowledge, perception, and probability-and to formulate definitive rules for their use in order to avoid verbal confusion. The British philosopher John Langshaw Austin argued, for example, that to say a statement was true added nothing to the statement except a promise by the speaker or writer. Austin does not consider truth a quality or property attaching to statements or utterances.
"Epistemology," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

EVOLUTEINO:
* Ordinary language philosophy was a dominant philosophic school between 1930 and 1970, and remains an important force in present-day philosophy.
...
Although heavily influenced by Wittgenstein and his students at Cambridge, ordinary language analysis largely flourished and developed at Oxford in the 1940s, under Austin and Gilbert Ryle, and was quite widespread for a time before declining rapidly in popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is now not uncommon to hear that "ordinary language philosophy is dead".
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy]

_WHOLE:
* ANALYTIC_PHILOSOPHY

_Philosopher:
* AUSTIN_J.L. (1911-1960) English
* MALCOLM_Norman (1911-1990) American
* RYLE_Gilbert (1900-1976) English
* STRAWSON_Peter (1919-2006) English

* They are generally associated with the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the works of Gilbert Ryle, J.L. Austin, Peter Strawson, and Norman Malcolm.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy]

CONTEXTUALISM

name::
* McsEngl.contextualism@cptCore385,

_DEFINITION:
In philosophy, contextualism describes a collection of views in the philosophy of language which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs, and argues that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context. Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning P," "knowing that P," "having a reason to A," and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only have meaning relative to a specified context. Some philosophers hold that context-dependence may lead to relativism; nevertheless, contextualist views are increasingly popular within philosophy.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism]

sciLng'Phonology

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Phonology,
* McsEngl.fonology@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.phonology@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.phonetics@cptCore400,
* McsElln.ΦΘΟΓΓΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ,

_DEFINITION:
FONOLOGY I call the science of SPOKEN-LANGUAGE#cptCore629#.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-02_nikkas]

The rules of SPOKEN-LOGO creation.
[hmnSngo.2001-11-17_nikkas]

The distinction between phonetics and phonology is the familiar distinction between form and function which is to be found in many fields of study.

Phonetics is part of the linguistic sciences. It is concerned with the sounds produced by the human vocal organs, and more specifically, the sounds which are used in human speech. One important aspect of phonetic research is the instrumental analysis of speech. This is often referred to as experimental phonetics, or machine phonetics.

particular patterns of consonants and vowels, are covered by phonology.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

_GENERIC:
* FIELD_OF_LINGUISTICS

STRUCTURE:
We will be concerned here only with the first question: how do people make the sounds of language. This area is called ARTICULATORY PHONETICS.

PHONEMICS

phonemics-400
When the importance of the phoneme became widely accepted, in the 1930's and 40's, many attempts were made to develop scientific ways of establishing the phonemes of a language and listing each phonemes allophones; this was known as phonemics. Nowadays little importance is given to this type of analysis, and it is considered a minor branch of phonology, except for the practical purpose of devising writing systems for previously unwritten languages.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

PHONETICS

name::
* McsEngl.phonetics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
Phonetics is the scientific study of speech. It has a long history, going back certainly to well over two thousand years ago. The central concerns in phonetics are the discovery of how speech sounds are produced, how they are used in spoken language, how we can record speech sounds with written symbols and how we hear and recognise different sounds. In the first of these areas, when we study the production of speech sounds we can observe what speakers do (articulatory observation) and we can try to feel what is going on inside our vocal tract (kinaesthetic observation). The second area is where phonetics overlaps with phonology: usually in phonetics we are only interested in sounds that are used in meaningful speech, and phoneticians are interested in discovering the range and variety of sounds used in this way in all the known languages of the world. This is sometimes known as linguistic phonetics.
Thirdly, there has always been a need for agreed conventions for using phonetic symbols that represent speech sounds; the International Phonetic Association has played a very important role in this. Finally, the auditory aspect of speech is very important: the ear is capable of making fine discrimination between different sounds, and sometimes it is not possible to define in articulatory terms precisely what the difference is. A good example of this is in vowel classification: while it is important to know the position and shape of the tongue and lips, it is often very important to have been trained in an agreed set of standard auditory qualities that vowels can be reliably related to (see cardinal vowel; other important branches of phonetics are experimental, instrumental and acoustic).
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

acoustic'phonetics-400
An important part of phonetics is the study of the physics of the speech signal: when sound travels through the air from the speaker's mouth to the hearer's ear it does so in the form of vibrations in the air.
It is possible to measure and analyse these vibrations by mathematical techniques, usually by using specially-developed computer software to produce spectrograms. Acoustic phonetics also studies the relationship between activity in the speaker's vocal tract and the resulting sounds. Analysis of speech by acoustic phonetics is claimed to be more objective and scientific than the traditional auditory method which depends on the reliability of the trained human ear.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

PHONOTACTICS

PHONOTACTICS-400:
Knowledge of such facts is important in phonotactics, the study of sound sequences.
Although it is not necessary to do so, most phonotactic analyses are based on the syllable.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

X-ray

X-ray:
In the development of experimental phonetics, radiography has played a very important role and much of what we know about the dimensions and movements of the vocal tract has resulted from the examination of X-ray photos and film. In the last twenty years there has been a sharp decline in the amount of radiographic research in speech since the risk from the radiation is now known to be higher than was suspected before. The technique known as the X-ray Microbeam, developed in Japan and the U.S.A. revived this research for some time: a computer controls the direction of a very narrow beam of low-intensity radiation and builds up a picture of articulatory movements through rapid scanning. The equipment was extremely expensive, but produced valuable results. In present-day research, other techniques such as measuring the movements of articulators by means of electromagnetic tracking is more widely used.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

sciLng'Pragmatics

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Pragmatics,
* McsEngl.pragmatics@cptCore400,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.πραγματολογία, {2012-10-27}

_DEFINITION:
Η Πραγματολογία αποτελεί ένα επίπεδο ανάλυσης της γλώσσας το οποίο εξετάζει τη σχέση του εκφωνήματος με την περίσταση στην οποία χρησιμοποιείται. Ενώ δηλαδή σε όλα τα άλλα επίπεδα ανάλυσης, από τη Φωνητική έως και το Λεξιλόγιο, εξετάζεται το παραγόμενο γλωσσικό προϊόν, ανεξάρτητα από τον παραγωγό του και τις συνθήκες μέσα στις οποίες παράγεται, στην Πραγματολογία αυτό που ενδιαφέρει είναι τα νοήματα και οι σημασίες που παίρνουν τα εκφωνήματα ανάλογα με τον χρόνο, τον χώρο, την κοινωνική θέση, τον ρόλο των ομιλητών, τον στόχο που επιδιώκεται και τα γλωσσικά και άλλα εξωγλωσσικά συμφραζόμενα.
[μγ03.σ169]
===
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics and anthropology.[1] Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any preexisting knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.[2] In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.[1]
The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence.[citation needed]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics] 2012-10-27,
===
* Related to semantics is the field of pragmatics, which studies the practical use of signs by agents or communities of interpretation within particular circumstances and contexts.[1]
1. Otto Neurath (Editor), Rudolf Carnap (Editor), Charles F. W. Morris (Editor) (1955). International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics]

* Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics]

In analysing different styles of speech, and studying the use of prosody, it is very important to be able to specify what the objective of the speaker of a particular utterance was: studying speech and language data out of context has been a serious weakness of many past studies. Pragmatics is a field of study that concerns itself with the social, communicative and practical use of language, and has become recognised as a vital part of linguistics. Work in this field looks at such things as the presuppositions and background knowledge that language users need to have in order to communicate, the strategies they adopt in order to make a point convincingly and the kinds of function that language is used for.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

_GENERIC:
* FIELD_OF_LINGUISTICS

sciLng'ResourceInfHmnn#cptResource843#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'ResourceInfHmnn,

INTERNET

BOOKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY#ql:cptCore93##viewResource#

(2000) William H. Calvin and Derek Bickerton, Lingua ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain (MIT Press, 2000).
Science (14 July 2000) NEUROSCIENCE: How the Brain Made Language -- A review by Michael T. Ullman
[I]n recent decades a number of parallel revolutions have shed light on many aspects of the what, how, and why of language. Now William Calvin, a jack of many scientific trades including neurophysiology and evolutionary theory, and Derek Bickerton, a linguist with expertise on the emergence of new languages, have gathered numerous strands of these largely independent enterprises. They have woven them together to create a complex tapestry that reflects the actual interdependence of the different levels of language study.... Lingua ex Machina is an ambitious book. The integration of the different strands of language study is a difficult but necessary enterprise, and the authors are to be congratulated for tackling it. By strengthening each side of their theoretical edifice with support from other areas of study, they succeed in building an intriguing and largely coherent story. Their account is also fun and interesting to read.... Both authors are original thinkers, and they present many provocative ideas in addition to their main hypotheses.... Calvin and Bickerton have given us an ambitious, intellectually exciting, and deeply stimulating discourse that brings together the what, how, and why of language.

1983
S. C. Levinson. Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press, 1983.

PERIODICALS

Acta linguistica, (ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΟ ΚΥΚΛΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΠΕΝΧΑΓΗΣ, 1939)
[Jakobson, 1983, 21#cptResource332#]

sciLng'School

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'School,
* McsEngl.conceptCore400.3,

_GENERIC:
* science's-school#cptCore406.2#

ENVIRONMENT: STRUCTURALISTS & TRANSFORMATIONALISTS

ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΣΗΜΕΙΩΘΕΙ ΟΤΙ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΥΣ 'ΜΕΤΑΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΣΤΕΣ' ΑΦΕΤΗΡΙΑ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΡΜΑ ΤΟ ΦΩΝΗΜΑ, ΠΟΥ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΙΤΑΙ ΑΠΟ ΕΝΑ ΣΥΝΟΛΟ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΟΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΩΝ ή ΔΙΑΚΡΙΤΙΚΩΝ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ (DISTINCTIVE FEATURES), ΕΝΩ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΥΣ ΣΤΡΟΥΚΤΟΥΡΑΛΙΣΤΕΣ ΑΦΕΤΗΡΙΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ Ο ΦΘΟΓΓΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΡΜΑ Η ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ.
[ΣΑΚΕΛΛΑΡΙΑΔΗΣ, 1979, 19#cptResource314#]

MISC

STRUCTURALIST
TRANSFORMATIONALISTS

COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS/ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ
TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR
ΑΜΕΡΙΚΑΝΙΚΗ ΔΟΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ
ΓΕΝΕΤΙΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ
ΔΟΜΙΚΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ
ΜΟΝΤΕΡΝΑ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ,
ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΙΑΚΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ,

The term generative grammar has been associated with at least the following school of linguistics:
* The Standard Theory (ST) (also widely known as Transformational grammar (TG))
* The Extended Standard Theory (EST) (also widely known as Transformational grammar (TG))
* Principles and Parameters Theory (P&P) which includes both Government and Binding Theory (GB) and the Minimalist Program (MP)
* Relational Grammar (RG)
* Lexical-functional Grammar (LFG)
* Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG)
* Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar]

sciLng'COGNITIVE-LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'COGNITIVE-LINGUISTICS,
* McsEngl.cognitive'linguistics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
In linguistics and cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL) refers to the school of linguistics that understands language creation, learning, and usage as best explained by reference to human cognition in general. It is characterized by adherence to three central positions.
First, it denies that there is an autonomous linguistic faculty in the mind;
second, it understands grammar in terms of conceptualization; and
third, it claims that knowledge of language arises out of language use. [1]
Croft, William and D. Alan Cruse (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics] 2007-08-19

AREAS OF STUDY

Areas of study

Cognitive linguistics is divided into three main areas of study:

* Cognitive semantics, dealing mainly with lexical semantics
* Cognitive approaches to grammar, dealing mainly with syntax, morphology and other traditionally more grammar-oriented areas.
* Cognitive phonology.

Aspects of cognition that are of interest to cognitive linguists include:

* Construction grammar and cognitive grammar.
* Conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending.
* Image schemas and force dynamics.
* Conceptual organization: Categorization, Metonymy, Frame semantics, and Iconicity.
* Construal and Subjectivity.
* Gesture and sign language.
* Linguistic relativism.
* Cognitive neuroscience.

Related work that interfaces with many of the above themes:

* Computational models of metaphor and language acquisition.
* Psycholinguistics research.
* Conceptual semantics, pursued by generative linguist Ray Jackendoff is related because of its active psychological realism and the incorporation of prototype structure and images.

Cognitive linguistics, more than generative linguistics, seek to mesh together these findings into a coherent whole. A further complication arises because the terminology of cognitive linguistics is not entirely stable, both because it is a relatively new field and because it interfaces with a number of other disciplines.

Insights and developments from cognitive linguistics are becoming accepted ways of analysing literary texts, too. Cognitive Poetics, as it has become known, has become an important part of modern stylistics. The best summary of the discipline as it is currently stands is Peter Stockwell's Cognitive Poetics.[2]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics]

THEORISTS

Ronald W. Langacker (born December 27, 1942) is an American linguist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Diego. He is best known as one of the founders of the cognitive linguistics movement and the creator of Cognitive Grammar.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Langacker]

George P. Lakoff (pronounced [?le??k?f], born May 24, 1941) is a professor of cognitive linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1972.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff]

Ray Jackendoff (born January 23, 1945) is an influential contemporary linguist who has always straddled the boundary between generative linguistics and cognitive linguistics, committed as he is both to the existence of an innate Universal Grammar (an important thesis of generative linguistics) and to giving an account of language that meshes well with the current understanding of the human mind and cognition (the main purpose of cognitive linguistics).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Jackendoff]

Eve Sweetser is a professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, and an important figure in the field of cognitive linguistics. Some of her more accessible work focuses on gesture, but her other research interests include historical linguistics, semantics, metaphor and iconicity, subjectivity and viewpoint, and the Celtic language family.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Sweetser]

Leonard Talmy is a professor of linguistics and philosophy at the University at Buffalo in New York. He is most famous for his pioneering work in cognitive linguistics, more specifically, in the relationship between semantic and formal linguistic structures and the connections between semantic typologies and universals. He also specializes in the study of Yiddish and Native American linguistics.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Talmy]

sciLng'COMPUTATIONAL-LINGUISTICS#cptCore1054: attPar#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'COMPUTATIONAL-LINGUISTICS,

sciLng'DESCRIPTIVE-LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'DESCRIPTIVE-LINGUISTICS,
* McsEngl.descriptive'linguistics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past) by a group of people in a speech community. All scholarly research in linguistics is descriptive; like all other sciences, its aim is to observe the linguistic world as it is, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics]

sciLng'GENERATIVE-LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'GENERATIVE-LINGUISTICS,
* McsEngl.generative-linguistics@cptCore400I,
* McsEngl.generative'linguistics@cptCore400,

Generative linguistics is a school of thought within linguistics that makes use of the concept of a generative grammar. The term "generative grammar" is used in different ways by different people, and the term "generative linguistics" therefore has a range of different, though overlapping, meanings.
Formally, a generative grammar is defined as one that is fully explicit. It is a finite set of rules that can be applied to generate exactly those sentences (often, but not necessarily, infinite in number) that are grammatical in a given language (or, of course, particular dialect or otherwise sociolinguistically defined way of using a language), and no others. This is the definition that is offered by Noam Chomsky, who popularised the term, and by most dictionaries of linguistics. It is important to note that generate is being used as a technical term with a slightly obscure sense. To say that a grammar generates a sentence means that the grammar "assigns a structural description" to the sentence.[1]
1. Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_linguistics#_note-0]

sciLng'HISTORICAL-LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'HISTORICAL-LINGUISTICS,
* McsEngl.historical'linguistics@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.diachronic'linguistics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:
* to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages;
* to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families (comparative linguistics);
* to develop general theories about how and why language changes;
* to describe the history of speech communities;
* to study the history of words, i.e., etymology.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics]

PART:
* COMPARATIVE_LINGUISTICS##
* ETYMOLOGY#ql:etymology-*###

sciLng'COMPARATIVE-LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'COMPARATIVE-LINGUISTICS,
* McsEngl.comparative'linguistics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
Comparative linguistics (originally comparative philology) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to establish their historical relatedness. Languages may be related by convergence through borrowing or by genetic descent.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_linguistics]

sciLng'NEOGRAMMARIANS

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'NEOGRAMMARIANS,
* McsEngl.neogrammarians,
* McsElln.νεογραμματικοι,
* McsEngl.german:-jungrammatiker,

ΟΙ ΝΕΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΖΑΝ ΤΗΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ ΤΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ ΕΞΕΤΑΖΟΝΤΑΣ ΜΟΝΟ ΤΗΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΗΣ.
ΑΠΟΤΕΛΟΥΣΑΝ ΜΙΑ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ, ΠΟΥ ΕΙΧΕ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΤΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΛΕΙΨΙΑΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟ 1870 ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΕΛΑΜΒΑΝΕ ΣΟΦΟΥΣ ΑΝΤΡΕΣ, ΟΠΩΣ ΤΟΝ K. BRUGMANN AND S. A. LESKIEN.
[ΣΑΚΕΛΛΑΡΙΑΔΗΣ, 1979, 10#cptResource314#]

sciLng'PSYCHOLINGUISTICS#cptCore1056: attPar#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'PSYCHOLINGUISTICS,

sciLng'ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΙΑΚΗ-ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΙΑΚΗ-ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ,
* McsElln.παραδοσιακη-γραμματικη,

The traditional-grammar confuses SEMATICS-CONCEPTS (statement, substatement, subject, predicate, ...) with LINGUISTICS-CONCEPTS (frasi, frasi-substatement, frasi-subject, frasi-predicate, ...)
[hmnSngo.2000-10-08_nikkas]

Η "γραμματική επιστήμη", η επιστήμη των γραμμάτων, δηλαδή η "Γραμματική" με την πλατιά σημασία του όρου, εξετάζει
- τους φθόγους της γλώσσας,
- τα μέρη του λόγου ως προς τη μορφή ή τη σημασία τους, δηλαδή τα άρθρα, τα ουσιαστικά, τα επίθετα, τις αντωνυμίες, τα αριθμητικά, τα ρήματα, τα επιρρήματα, τους συνδέσμους, τις προθέσεις και τα επιφωνήματα και
- τον τρόπο με τον οποίο παράγονται ή συνθέτονται οι λέξεις.
- Εξετάζει επίσης και τη μορφή (τον τύπο) των μερών του λόγου ως προς τα γένη, τις πτώσεις, τους αριθμούς, τα πρόσωπα, τις εγκλίσεις και οτιδήποτε άλλο τα αφορά, έτσι ώστε να μπορούμε να τα αναγνωρίσουμε μέσα στο λόγο και να αντιλαμβανόμαστε τις ομοιότητες και τις διαφορές τους.
Είναι αυτό το μέρος, που εμείς οι Έλληνες συνηθίσαμε να το ονομάζουμε καταχρηστικά Γραμματική, ενώ είναι μόνο το μισό της μέρος. Μπορούμε να προσθέσουμε ακόμη ότι το μορφολογικό ή τυπικό μέρος της Γραμματικής αντιμετωπίζει τους τύπους των λέξεων "ακίνητους" και μπορούμε να το θεωρήσουμε σαν το μέρος που ασχολείται με την ανατομία του λόγου.
- Το ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ ή ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ είναι το δεύτερο μέρος της Γραμματικής, που εξετάζει πώς γίνεται η παράταξη, δηλαδή η τακτοποίηση στην κατάλληλη σειρά, των τυπικών στοιχείων του λόγου, αυτών με τα οποία ασχολείται το Τυπικό, πώς πχ το άρθρο συνοδεύει ένα ουσιαστικό, πως ένα επίθετο χρειάζεται ουσιαστικό, πως ένα επίρρημα συνοδεύει ένα ρήμα, πώς μια πρόθεση εισάγει μια πλάγια πτώση, ένας σύνδεσμος ενώνει δύο λέξεις ή τις διαχωρίζει ή εισάγει μια εξαρτημένη πρόταση κτλ., έτσι ώστε όλα να συν-τάσσονται το ένα κοντά και μαζί με το άλλο. Αυτά όλα κάνουν την συν-ταξη, και το μέρος της Γραμματικής που ασχολείται με αυτά είναι το ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΌ.
Ετσι το συντακτικό μας δείχνει τα μέρη του λόγου όχι πια ακίνητα και στατικά, αλλά κινητά, ζωντανά, όπως δηλαδή δένονται μεταξύ τους και λειτουργούν και κινούνται ή μετακινούνται μέσα στο λόγο. Μας αποκαλύπτει δηλαδή τις μυστικές λειτουργίες, με τις οποίες η ΣΚΕΨΗ μας μεταβάλλεται σε ΛΟΓΟ. Μας δείχνει επίσης πώς τα διάφορα ασύντακτα στοιχεία, άρθρα, ουσιαστικά, επίθετα, πτώσεις, πρόσωπα, γένη, αριθμοί, εγκλίσεις και τα όμοια, πειθαρχούν σε νόμους και χρειάζονται μια ορισμένη σειρά, που είναι απαραίτητη, για να αποτελεστεί ένα ΝΟΗΜΑ.
[ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, ΟΕΔΒ 1986, 8#cptResource311#]

sciLng'school'SUBGENERAL (place class)

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'school'SUBGENERAL (place class),

ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΟΣ ΚΥΚΛΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΠΕΓΚΧΑΓΗΣ,
ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΣ ΚΥΚΛΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΜΟΣΧΑΣ,
ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΣ ΚΥΚΛΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΑΣ,

CHOMSYAN_LINGUISTICS:
"While Chomskyan linguistics famously repudiated Bloomfieldian anthropological linguistics, pragmatics continues its tradition."
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics]

sciLng'Theoritical-linguistics

_CREATED: {2008-01-02}

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Theoritical-linguistics,
* McsEngl.theoritical-linguistics@cptCore400i, {2008-01-02}

_DEFINITION:
Theoretical linguistics is the branch of linguistics that is most concerned with developing models of linguistic knowledge. Part of this endeavor involves the search for and explanation of linguistic universals, that is, properties all languages have in common. The fields that are generally considered the core of theoretical linguistics are syntax, phonology, morphology, and semantics. Although phonetics often informs phonology, it is often excluded from the purview of theoretical linguistics, along with psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics] 2008-01-02

sciLng'Semantics

_CREATED: {2000-09-11}

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Semantics,
* McsEngl.conceptCore400.1,
* McsEngl.linguistics-semantics@cptCore400i,
* McsEngl.semantic-in-linguistics@cptCore400i,
* McsEngl.semantics@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.semasiology@cptCore400,

=== _NOTES: The word semantic (from French se'mantique) was invented by Michel Bre'al during the 19th century.
...
In International Scientific Vocabulary semantics is also called semasiology.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics]

_DEFINITION:
* Semantics (Greek se-mantikos, giving signs, significant, symptomatic, from se-ma (σ?μα), sign) refers to aspects of meaning, as expressed in language or other systems of signs.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics]

Semantics (Grk., semantikos, "significant"), the study of the meaning of linguistic signs- that is, words, expressions, and sentences. Scholars of semantics try to answer such questions as "What is the meaning of (the word) X?" They do this by studying what signs are, as well as how signs possess significance-that is, how they are intended by speakers, how they designate (make reference to things and ideas), and how they are interpreted by hearers. The goal of semantics is to match the meanings of signs-what they stand for-with the process of assigning those meanings.
["Semantics," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.]

_GENERIC:
* FIELD_OF_LINGUISTICS

semantics'SEMIOTIC-TRIAGLE

name::
* McsEngl.semantics'SEMIOTIC-TRIAGLE,
* McsEngl.semiotic'triagle@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
In semantics and linguistics, the semiotic triangle is a figure that is used to explain the relationship between Concepts, Symbols (or signifier or signifiant) and Objects (or signified or signifie'). It is also known as the semantic triangle.
History of the semiotic triangle
The relationship between real objects in the world, symbols and thought can be traced back to Aristotle's De Interpretatione. It was also discussed extensively by both Charles W. Morris and by Charles Sanders Peirce. It was also a favorite figure of Walker Percy.
The semiotic triangle first was popularized by C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards in their 1923 publication The Meaning of Meaning.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_triangle]

SIGN-OF-SAUSSURE

name::
* McsEngl.sign-of-saussure@cptCore400,

There are many models of the linguistic sign (see also sign (semiotics)). A classic model is the one by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. According to him, language is made up of signs and every sign has two sides:

* the signifier (French signifiant)
the "shape" of a word, i.e. the sequence of letters or phonemes
e.g. C-A-T

* the signified (French signifie')
the concept or object that appears in our minds when we hear or read the signifier
e.g. a small domesticated feline

(The signified is not to be confused with the referent. The former is a mental concept, the latter the actual object in the world)

According to Saussure, the relation between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary, i.e. there is no direct connection between the shape and the concept (cf. Bussmann 1996: 434).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28linguistics%29]

SIGNIFIER'OF'SAUSSURE-400:
* the logero.

SIGNIFIED'OF'SAUSSURE-400:
* the meaning.

semantics'STRUKTURO#cptCore518#

name::
* McsEngl.semantics'STRUKTURO,

Semantics can be divided into two areas:
a) lexical semantics, focused on the meanings associated with individual lexical items (i.e., words), and
b) propositional or relational semantics, fo-cused on those relational meanings that we typically express with a whole sentence.

PART:
Lexical semantics
Statistical semantics
Structural semantics
Prototype semantics

semantics.GENERATIVE

name::
* McsEngl.semantics.GENERATIVE,
* McsEngl.generative-semantics@cptCore400i,

Generative semantics is (or perhaps was) a research program within linguistics, initiated by the work of various early students of Noam Chomsky: John R. Ross, Paul Postal and later James McCawley. George Lakoff was also instrumental in developing and advocating the theory.[1] The approach developed out of transformational generative grammar in the mid 1960s, but stood largely in opposition to work by Noam Chomsky and his later students. The nature and genesis of the program are a matter of some controversy and have been extensively debated. Generative semanticists took Chomsky's concept of Deep Structure and ran with it, assuming (contrary to later work by Chomsky and Ray Jackendoff) that deep structures were the sole input to semantic interpretation. This assumption, combined with a tendency to consider a wider range of empirical evidence than Chomskian linguists, lead generative semanticists to develop considerably more absract and complex theories of deep structure than those advocated by Chomsky and his students — and indeed to abandon altogether the notion of "deep structure" as a locus of lexical insertion. Throughout the late 1960s and 1970s, there were heated debates between generative semanticists and more orthodox Chomskians. The generative semanticists lost the debate, insofar as their research program ground to a halt by the 1980s. However, this was in part because the interests of key generative semanticists such as George Lakoff had gradually shifted away from the narrow study of syntax and semantics. A number of ideas from later work in generative semantics have been incorporated into cognitive linguistics (and indeed into mainstream Chomskian linguistics, often without citation[1]).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_semantics]

_ENVIRONMENT:
In the late 1960s, however, he joined with other former students to promote generative semantics as an alternative to Chomsky's generative syntax.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff]

MONTAGUE-GRAMMAR

Montague grammar is an approach to natural language semantics, named after American logician Richard Montague. The Montague grammar is based on formal logic, especially lambda calculus and set theory, and makes use of the notions of intensional logic and type theory. Montague pioneered this approach in the 1960s and early 1970s.

Montague's thesis was that there is no essential difference between the semantics of natural languages (like English) and formal languages (like predicate logic). The central notions behind the Montague grammar were first proposed in the paper, "The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English".

Montague's treatment of quantification has been linked to the notion of continuation in programming language semantics. (See Continuations in Natural Language.)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_grammar]

sciLng'Semasiology

_CREATED: {2012-10-27}

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Semasiology,
* McsEngl.semasiology, {2012-10-27}

_DESCRIPTION:
Semasiology (from Greek: s?µas?a (semasia) "signification, meaning" σημαίνω (semaino) "indicate, signify") is a discipline within linguistics concerned with the question "what does the word X mean?". It studies the meaning of words regardless of their phonetic expression.[1] Semasiology departs from a word or lexical expression and asks for its meaning, its different senses, i.e. polysemy. The opposite approach is known as onomasiology.
The term was first used by Christian Karl Reisig in 1825 in his Vorlesungen όber lateinische Sprachwissenschaft (E. Lectures on Latin Linguistics) and was in use in English by 1847. Semantics replaced it in its original meaning, beginning in 1893.
Currently, the discipline is most commonly understood as a branch of lexicology, the study of words, and as a branch of semantics, and more narrowly ascribed as a subfield of lexical semantics, though sometimes referred to as a synonym of semantics. The exact meaning of the term is somewhat obscure, because according to some authors semasiology merged with semantics in modern times,[2] while at the same time the term is still in use when defining onomasiology.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semasiology]

sciLng'Syntactis

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Syntactis,
* McsEngl.syntax-of-linguistics@cptCore400,
* McsEngl.syntactics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
syntax, which is the study of the structure of sign systems (focusing on the form, not meaning).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics]

_GENERIC:
* FIELD_OF_LINGUISTICS

sciLng'Theory#cptCore342#

name::
* McsEngl.sciLng'Theory,

DIRECT-REFERENCE-THEORY

name::
* McsEngl.direct'reference'theory@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
A direct reference theory is a theory of meaning that claims that the meaning of an expression lies in what it points out in the world. It stands in contrast to mediated reference theories.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference]

JAKOBSON

name::
* McsEngl.jakobson'linguistics@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
"ΣΥΜΦΩΝΑ ΜΕ ΤΟΝ JAKOBSON Η <ΓΛΩΣΣΑ> ΛΟΓΙΑΖΕΤΑΙ ΣΑΝ ΕΝΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΑΠΟ ΣΗΜΕΙΑ ΠΟΥ ΤΟ ΚΥΡΙΟ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΗΜΑ-ΤΗΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ"
[Jakobson, 1983, 14#cptResource332#]

MEANING-TEXT-LINGUISTIC-THEORY

_CREATED: {2008-08-27}

name::
* McsEngl.MEANING-TEXT-LINGUISTIC-THEORY,
* McsEngl.mtt@cptCore400i,
* McsEngl.meaning-text-linguistic-theory@cptCore400i,

The Meaning-Text linguistic theory [= MTT] is a theoretical framework for the description of natural languages, more precisely, for the construction of models of languages—Meaning-Text models. Launched in Moscow in the 1960’/early 1970’ (?olkovskij & Mel’θuk 1967, Mel’θuk 1974), the MTT has been developed in Russia, Canada and Europe.
[http://www.olst.umontreal.ca/pdf/IntroMTTJM.pdf] 2008-08-27

MEDIATED-REFERENCE-THEORY

name::
* McsEngl.mediated'reference'theory@cptCore400,

_DEFINITION:
The mediated reference theory is a semantic theory that posits that words refer to something in the external world, but insists that there is more to the meaning of a name than simply the object to which it refers. It thus stands opposed to the theory of direct reference. Its most famous advocate is the mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege. The view was very widely held in the middle of the twentieth century by such philosophers as Sir Peter Strawson and John Searle.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory]

MTT postulates at first that a natural language L is a logical device that establishes the correspondence between the set of possible meanings of L and the set of possible texts of L.
Meanings, as well as texts, are taken to be distinguishable entities forming an infnite countable set. They are formalized by symbolic representations: semantic representations for meaning and phonetic representations for text. The first postulate of MTT can be compared to the Chomskyan (1957) viewpoint on the language based on the characterization of acceptable sentences. It is formally equivalent to describe the correspondence between semantic and phonetic representations than to describe the set of all acceptable sentences of the language, provided that an acceptable sentence is described as the correspondence of a semantic and a phonetic representation of the sentence.
[www.kahane.fr/?u_act=download& dfile=MTT-Handbook2003.pdf ]

SAPIR-WHORF--HYPOTHESIS

name::
* McsEngl.sapir'whorf'hypothesis@cptCore400,

In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH) states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. SWH states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. It is a controversial theory championed by linguist Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf.
First discussed by Sapir in 1929, the hypothesis became popular in the 1950s following posthumous publication of Whorf's writings on the subject. In 1955, Dr. James Cooke Brown created the Loglan language (which led to an offshoot Lojban) in order to test the hypothesis. After vigorous attack from followers of Noam Chomsky in the following decades, the hypothesis is now believed by most linguists only in the weak sense that language can have some effect on thought.
Political scientists appear to give the idea more credence, as the continuing programs to eliminate sexist and other politically incorrect language demonstrate.
Central to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the idea of linguistic relativity--that distinctions of meaning between related terms in a language are often arbitrary and particular to that language. Sapir and Whorf took this one step further by arguing that a person's world view is largely determined by the vocabulary and syntax available in his or her language (linguistic determinism). Whorf in fact called his version of the theory the Principle of Linguistic Relativity.
The extreme ("Weltanschauung") version of this idea, that all thought is constrained by language, can be disproved through personal experience: all people have occasional difficulty expressing themselves due to constraints in the language, and are conscious that the language is not adequate for what they mean. Perhaps they say or write something, and then think "that's not quite what I meant to say" or perhaps they cannot find a good way to explain a concept they understand to a novice. This makes it clear that what is being thought is not a set of words, because one can understand a concept without being able to express it in words.
The opposite extreme--that language does not influence thought at all--is also widely considered to be false. For example, it has been shown that people's discrimination of similar colors can be influenced by how their language organizes color names. Another study showed that deaf children of hearing parents may fail on some cognitive tasks unrelated to hearing, while deaf children of deaf parents succeed, due to the hearing parents being less fluent in sign language. Computer programmers who know different programming languages often see the same problem in completely different ways.
The Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) analysis of the problem is direct: Most people do some of their thinking by talking to themselves. Most people do some of their thinking by imagining images and other sensory phantasms. To the extent that people think by talking to themselves they are limited by their vocabulary and the structure of their language and their linguistic habits. (However it should also be noted that individuals have idiolects.)
John Grinder, a founder of NLP, was a linguistics professor who perhaps unconsciously combined the ideas of Chomsky with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. A seminal NLP insight came from a challenge he gave to his students: coin a neologism to describe a distinction for which you have no words. Student Robert Dilts coined a word for the way people stare into space when they are thinking, and for the different directions they stare. These new words enabled users to describe patterns in the ways people stare into space, which led directly to NLP — a fitting piece of support for the validity of NLP.

Sapir-Whorf and Programming Languages The hypothesis is sometimes applied in computer science to postulate that programmers skilled in a certain programming language may not have a (deep) understanding of some concepts of other languages. Though it may equally apply to any area where languages are "synthesized" for specific purposes, computer science is especially fertile when it comes to creating languages. One way of stating the Church-Turing thesis is that any language that can simulate a Turing machine can be used to implement any effective algorithm -- in this sense, it is irrelevant what language is used to implement a particular algorithm, as that exact algorithm can also be implemented in every other language. However, when designing an algorithm to solve a particular problem, programmers are typically heavily influenced by the language constructs available. Though a large part of this is undoubtedly the way of least resistance (implement whatever is easiest to implement), there is also an element of "appropriateness" or "naturalness" that seems to compel the programmer to a design that "befits" the language.
Most programmers consider this a Good Thing, and the bewildering multitude of programming languages can be defended with the remark that a new programming language, while not extending the set of all possible algorithms, does extend the set of all algorithms we can efficiently think about. A well-known epigram by Alan Perlis states that "a language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing".
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir-Whorf_Hypothesis]

Linguists Sapir and Whorf suggested that language limited the extent to which members of a "linguistic community" can think about certain subjects (a hypothesis paralleled in George Orwell's novel "1984").[35] In other words, language was analytically prior to thought.
... The stark opposite to the Sapir-Whorf position is the notion that thought (or, more broadly, mental content) has priority over language. The "knowledge-first" position can be found, for instance, in the work of Paul Grice. [36] Further, this view is closely associated with Jerry Fodor and his language of thought hypothesis. According to his argument, spoken and written language derive their intentionality and meaning from an internal language encoded in the mind.[37]
35. Kay, P. and W. Kempton. 1984. "What is the Spair-Whorf Hypothesis?" American Anthropologist 86(1): 65-79.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language]

ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΟΣ

ΠΑΡΑΛΛΗΛΑ ΜΕ ΤΙΣ ΥΠΟΔΙΑΙΡΕΣΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΔΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ, ΥΠΟΔΙΑΙΡΟΥΜΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΗ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΣΕ:
ΦΩΝΗΤΙΚΗ
ΦΩΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ
ΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΑ
ΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.
ΕΠΙΣΗΣ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΟΥΜΕ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΔΥΑΣΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΤΟΜΕΙΣ: ΜΟΡΦΟΦΩΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ, ΜΟΡΦΟΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ, ΦΩΝΟΣΥΝΤΑΞΗ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 44#cptResource191#]

ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΑΣΧΟΛΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ:
ΕΘΝΟΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ,
ΘΕΩΡΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΜΑΖΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ
ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΟΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ
ΛΟΓΙΚΗ,
ΣΗΜΕΙΩΤΙΚΗ/SEMIOTICS#cptCore536: attSpe#
ΨΥΧΟΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑ,

lagHmn'Specification

_CREATED: {2007-12-12}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'Specification,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.14,
* McsEngl.grammar.human-93.14,
* McsEngl.grammar-of-human-language-93.14,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'grammar,
* McsEngl.specification-of-human-langauge-93.14,
====== lagoSINAGO:
* McsEngl.gramatiko-93.14@lagoSngo, {2007-12-14}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ-93.14,
* McsElln.γραμματική@cptCore93.14,
====== lagoEsperanto:
* McsEngl.gramatiko@lagoEspo,
* McsEspo.gramatiko,

_DEFINITION:
Grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of a given natural language, and, as such, is a field of linguistics. Traditionally, grammar included morphology and syntax; in modern linguistics these subfields are complemented by phonetics, phonology, orthography, semantics, and pragmatics.
The same term is also applied to any set of such rules; thus, each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. Thus "English grammar" (uncountable) refers to the rules of the English language itself, while "an English grammar" (countable) refers to a specific study or analysis of these rules. A fully explicit grammar exhaustively describing the grammatical constructions of a language is called a prescriptive grammar, or, in theoretical linguistics, a generative grammar. Specific types of grammars, or approaches to constructing them, are known as grammatical frameworks. The standard framework of generative grammar is the transformational grammar model developed by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s to 1980s.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]
===
* Noun
* S: (n) grammar (the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics))
[wn, 2007-12-12]
===
* A grammar is a description of the syntax of a language.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax]

grammar'Evolution

name::
* McsEngl.grammar'Evolution,

{time.20th mid:
Various "grammar frameworks" have been developed in theoretical linguistics since the mid 20th century, in particular under the influence of the idea of an "Universal grammar" in the USA. Of these, the main divisions are:
* Transformational grammar (TG))
* Principles and Parameters Theory (P&P)
* Lexical-functional Grammar (LFG)
* Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG)
* Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)
* Dependency grammars (DG)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.1833}:
The Comparative Grammar of Franz Bopp, starting point of modern comparative linguistics, in 1833.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.1774}:
The Grammatisch-Kritisches Wo"rterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart, a High German grammar in five volumes by Johann Christoph Adelung, appeared from 1774.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.1762}:
1762 the Short Introduction to English Grammar of Robert Lowth.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.1560}:
1560 Grama'tica o Arte de la Lengua General de los Incas o los Reyes del Peru' Quechua grammar by Fray Domingo de Santo Toma's.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.1486}:
In 1486, Antonio de Nebrija published Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin, and in 1492 the first Spanish grammar, Grama'tica de la lengua castellana .
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.century8}:
Arabic grammar emerges from the 8th century with the work of Ibn Abi Ishaq and his students.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.1st BCE:
Latin grammar develops following Greek models from the 1st century BC with authors such as Orbilius Pupillus, Remmius Palaemon, Marcus Valerius Probus, Verrius Flaccus, Aemilius Asper.
Tamil grammatical tradition also begins in ca. the 1st century BC with the Tolka-ppiyam.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.Bce100ca:
the oldest extant [existing] work being the Art of Grammar (Τέχνη Γραμματική) attributed to Dionysius Thrax (ca. 100 BC).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.BceCentury3}:
In the West, grammar emerges as a discipline in Hellenism from the 3rd c. BC with authors like Rhyanus and Aristarchus of Samothrace, the oldest extant work being the Art of Grammar (Τέχνη Γραμματική) attributed to Dionysius Thrax (ca. 100 BC).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

{time.BceCentury4}:
The first systematic grammars originate in Iron Age India, with Panini (4th c. BC) and his commentators Pingala (ca. 200 BC), Katyayana and Patanjali (2nd c. BC).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar]

SPECIFIC

grammar.AUTOLEXICAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.AUTOLEXICAL-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.autolexical-grammar@cptCore93i,

https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/autolexical

grammar.COGNITIVE-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.COGNITIVE-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.cognitive-grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Cognitive grammar is an influential cognitive approach to language developed since 1976 by Ronald Langacker. Langacker develops the central ideas of cognitive grammar in his seminal, two-volume Foundations of cognitive grammar, which became a major departure point for the emerging field of Cognitive Linguistics. Cognitive grammar treats human languages as consisting solely of semantic units, phonological units, and symbolic units (conventional pairings of phonological and semantic units). Like construction grammar (developed by Langacker's student Adele Goldberg), and unlike many mainstream linguistic theories, cognitive grammar extends the notion of symbolic units to the grammar of languages. Langacker further assumes that linguistic structures are motivated by general cognitive processes. In formulating his theory, he makes extensive use of principles of gestalt psychology and draws analogies between linguistic structure and aspects of visual perception.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_grammar]

Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987)

grammar.COMBINATORY-CATEGORIAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.COMBINATORY-CATEGORIAL-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.CCG@cptCore93,
* McsEngl.combinatory-categorial-grammar@cptCore93,

_DEFINITION:
Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) is a Computational Theory of Syntax developed by Professor Mark Steedman who is the Head of the Institute for Communicating & Collaborative Systems.
[http://www.iccs.informatics.ed.ac.uk/~nikiforo/research/research.html] 2001-12-20

_GENERIC:
Categorial Grammar.
[Steedman, Mark. A Very Short Introduction to CCG, 1996]

VERB:
verbs are associated with a syntactic ``category'' which identifies them as functions, and specifies the type and directionality of their arguments and the type of their result.
[Steedman, Mark. A Very Short Introduction to CCG, 1996]

grammar.COMPUTATIONAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.COMPUTATIONAL-GRAMMAR,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

grammar.CONCEPTUAL-GRAMMAR

_CREATED: {2000-09-22}

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.CONCEPTUAL-GRAMMAR,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
CONCEPTUAL-GRAMMAR is the grammar which in its analysis-of-logo first identify the related concepts, not the words, in-order-to find the meaning/information of logo.
(το τρέξιμο κάνει καλό στην υγεία)
(running is good for our helth)
[hmnSngo.2000-09-22_nikkas]

A [very-advanced and wide-spread-class of linguistic-formalisms] are
the [so-called constraint-based-grammar-formalisms] which [are also often subsumed under] [the term] [unification-grammars].

grammar.CONSTRAINT-BASED-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.CONSTRAINT-BASED-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.Unification'Grammar,

A very advanced and wide-spread class of linguistic formalisms are the so-called constraint-based grammar formalisms which are also often subsumed under the term unification grammars. They go beyond many earlier representation languages in that they have a clean denotational semantics that permits the encoding of grammatical knowledge independent from any specific processing algorithm. Since these formalisms are currently used in a large number of systems, we will a provide a brief overview of their main characteristics.

Among the most used, constraint-based grammar models are
- Functional Unification Grammar (FUG) [Kay84]
- Head-Driven Phrase-Structure Grammar (HPSG) [PS94]
- Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) [Bre82],
- Categorial Unification Grammar (CUG) [HKM87,Kar89,Usz86], and
- Tree Adjunction Grammar (TAG) [JS92].
For these or similar grammar models, powerful formalisms have been designed and implemented that are usually employed for both grammar development and linguistic processing, e.g, LFG [Bre82], PATR [SURT83], ALE [Car92a], STUF [BKU88], ALEP [AAB91], CLE [Als92] TDL [KS94] TFS [EZ90].
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, 3.3]

grammar.CONSTRUCTION-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.CONSTRUCTION-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.construction-grammar@cptCore93i,

LEXEME:
What we have been referring to so far simply as the "words" in sentence (1) are mostly variants of more abstract entities, and for this we use the term lexeme. The concept lexeme is an abstraction that allows us to say that the lexeme be shows up in sentences in many forms. The word forms that realize be are am, is, was, were, be, and being. The lexeme do shows up in our sentence as does. The lexeme realize shows up as realize.

In English the name we conventionally give to a lexeme is one of its word forms; in the case of verbs, it is the infinitive or bare-stem form. In the case of nouns, it's the singular form; in the case of pronouns, the nominative form, etc. (The lexeme she has word-forms she, her, hers, for example.)
[http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/97/chap1.html, 1997-02-26]

SOURCE:
http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/ConGram.html

SEMANTIC FRAME:
A semantic frame is a conceptual structure that is evoked by or encoded in a construction, most obviously in lexical constructions, i.e., in words.
[http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/97/chap1.html, 1997-02-26]

PEOPLE:
Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995).

grammar.DEPENDENCY-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.DEPENDENCY-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.dependency-grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Dependency grammar (DG) is a class of syntactic theories developed by Lucien Tesnie`re. It is distinct from phrase structure grammars, as it lacks phrasal nodes. Structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. Dependency grammars are not defined by a specific word order, and are thus well suited to languages with freer word order, such as Czech.

Algebraic syntax and Extensible Dependency Grammar are types of dependency grammar. Link grammar is similar to dependency grammar, but link grammar includes directionality in the relations between words, as well as lacking a head-dependent relationship.

Operator Grammar differs from other dependency grammars in that it is also a theory of semantics (information). This theory posits a large collection of reductions (small transformations) that map dependency structures into compact, variant forms. It also reverses the direction of dependency, by having operators (e.g. verbs) depend on their arguments.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar]

SOURCE:
http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/dg/dgmain.html

grammar.LINK-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.LINK-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.link-grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Link grammar (LG) is a theory of syntax by Davy Temperley and Daniel Sleator which builds relations between pairs of words, rather than constructing constituents in a tree-like hierarchy. There are two basic parameters: directionality and distance. Dependency grammar is similar to link grammar, but dependency grammar includes a head-dependent relationship, as well as lacking directionality in the relations between words.

For example, in an Subject Verb Object language like English, the verb would look left to form a subject link, and right to form an object link. Nouns would look right to complete the subject link, or left to complete the object link.

In an Subject Object Verb language like Persian, the verb would look left to form an object link, and a more distant left to form a subject link. Nouns would look to the right for both subject and object links.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_grammar]

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* online: http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/link/construct-page-4.cgi#submit,
* http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/link/pub/www/papers/ps/tr91-196.pdf,
* http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/index.html,
* http://bobo.link.cs.cmu.edu/grammar/html/intro.html,
* http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/dict/introduction.html,

grammar.FUNCTIONAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.FUNCTIONAL-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.functional-grammar@cptCore93,

_DEFINITION:
Functional Grammar is a model of grammar motivated by functions. The model was originally developed by Simon Dik at the University of Amsterdam in the 1980s, and has undergone several revisions ever since, the latest one being the integration of discourse as major component by Kees Hengeveld. This has led to a renaming of the theory to "Functional Discourse Grammar".
"Functions"
The notion of "function" in FG generalizes the standard distinction of grammatical functions such as subject and object. Constituents (parts of speech) of a linguistic utterance are assigned three types or levels of functions:
1. Semantic function (Agent, Patient, Recipient, etc.), describing the role of participants in states of affairs or actions expressed
2. Syntactic functions (Subject and Object), defining different perspectives of the presentation of in linguistic expression
3. Pragmatic functions (Theme and Tail, Topic and Focus), defining the informational status of constituents, determined by the pragmatic context of the verbal interaction
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grammar]

Functional Grammar is a general theory of the grammatical organization of natural language. It is developed by Simon C. Dik (University of Amsterdam). In FnG, the nature of language is seen from a functional point of view. Predicates form the central structuring unit of the theory, and these are used at all levels of representation. FnG has been used by F. Dignum as base for a conceptual modeling language ( CPL ) and by H. Weigand as a general knowledge representation language .
References
"Dik, S.C., Functional Grammar, 1978",
"Dik, S.C., Linguistically Motivated Knowledge Representation, in: Language and Artificial Intelligence, 1987"
"Dik, S.C., The Theory of Functional Grammar. Part I: The Structure of the Clause, 1989",
"Dik, S.C., Some Developments in Functional Grammar: Predicate Formation, in: Contemporary Dutch Linguistics, 1990"
[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~jfmburg/fg.html] 1997.10

Grammatical function
In linguistics, grammatical functions or grammatical relations refer to syntactic relationships between parts of speech such as subject, object, adjunct, complement.
These are distinct from the semantic notions of agent and patient, as demonstrated by the fact that the passive voice in English modifies the mapping between agent/patient and subject/object.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_function]

SOURCE:
http://www.mis.coventry.ac.uk/FGIS/FGIS.html

_ENVIRONMENT:
Because of its emphasis on usage, communicative function, and the social context of language (behaviorism), functional grammar differs significantly from other linguistic theories which stress purely formal approaches to grammar, notably Chomskyan generative grammar. Functional grammar is strongly associated with the school of linguistic typology that takes its lead from the work of Joseph Greenberg.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_theories_of_grammar]

grammar.GENERATIVE-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.GENERATIVE-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.generative-grammar@cptCore93i,
* McsEngl.transformational'grammar@cptCore93,

_DEFINITION: An accurate model of a speaker's knowledge of his language should minimally be able to generate all and only the possible sentences of the language. For this reason, syntactic theory is often known as generative grammar.
The roots of generative grammar go back to pioneering work by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, which coincided with developments in computer science that made it feasible to explore explicit models of a speaker s syntactic knowledge.
...
The thematic representation is typically known as the deep structure (or d-structure) of the sentence, and it is related to the other levels of representation - surface structure (or s-structure) and logical form (LF) - by means of transformational processes which move NPs from thematic positions to positions associated with grammatical relations, and from there to scope positions. This Transformational Grammar approach was proposed by Chomsky in the 1950s and has been elaborated and modified by many linguists since that time.
...
Some alternative approaches share with transformational grammar the assumption that sentence structure representations consist of multiple levels, but deny that there is a derivational relationship among the levels of representation (e.g., Lexical Functional Grammar, Combinatory Categorial Grammar). Other approaches assume that the thematic, grammatical relation and scope properties of an NP are all simultaneously represented in a single enriched phrase structure, but that only one of these positions is normally encoded phonologically (e.g., Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar).
[Phillips, Colling. Syntax. Univ Maryland USA, 2001]

_SPECIFIC:
Generative grammar: algorithmic (phrase structure grammars)
* Transformational grammar (1960s)
* Generalised phrase structure grammar (late 1970s)
o Head-driven phrase structure grammar (1985)
o Principles and parameters (1980s)
* Lexical functional grammar
* Categorial grammar (lambda calculus)
o Montague grammar
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_framework]

Any such framework of generative grammar is realized as a set of rules or principles that recursively "specify" or "generate" the well-formed expressions of a natural language. This encompasses a large set of different approaches to grammar. The term generative grammar has been associated with at least the following schools of linguistics:
* Transformational grammar (TG)
o Standard Theory (ST)
o Extended Standard Theory (EST)
o Revised Extended Standard Theory (REST)
o Principles and Parameters Theory (P&P)
+ Government and Binding Theory (GB)
+ Minimalist Program (MP)
* Relational Grammar (RG)
* Lexical-functional Grammar (LFG)
* Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG)
* Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar]

grammar.TRANSFORMATIONAL

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.TRANSFORMATIONAL,
* McsEngl.transformational-grammar@cptCore93i,

Transformational Grammar (was Government-Binding or Principles-and-Parameters, now the Minimalist Program)

In linguistics, a transformational grammar, or transformational-generative grammar (TGG), is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in a Chomskian tradition. Additionally, transformational grammar is the Chomskian tradition that gives rise to specific transformational grammars.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammar]

CREATOR:
the theory of transformational grammar developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Noam Chomsky.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff]

grammar.LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL-GRAMMAR (lfg)

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL-GRAMMAR (lfg),
* McsEngl.lexical-functional-grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a grammar framework in theoretical linguistics, a variety of generative grammar. The development of the theory was initiated by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s, in reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar had begun to take. It mainly focuses on syntax, including its relation with morphology and semantics. There has been little LFG work on phonology (although ideas from optimality theory have recently been popular in LFG research).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_functional_grammar]

BASIC FEATURES:
* the theory assings 2 levels of syntactic representation to a sentence, the constituent structure and functinal structure.

EVOLUTION:
1982 introduced by Kaplan and Bresnan.

lfg'SOURCE:
- essex: http://clwww.essex.ac.uk/LFG
- stanford: http://www-lfg.stanford.edu/lfg/

grammar.CATEGORIAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.CATEGORIAL-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.categorial-grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Categorial grammar is a term used for a family of formalisms in natural language syntax motivated by the principle of compositionality and organized according to the view that syntactic constituents should generally combine as functions or according to a function-argument relationship.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorial_grammar]

SOURCE:
- Manchester: http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/ai/CG/
- Stuttgart: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/cuf/LexGram/LexGram.html

grammar.CATEGORIAL-TYPE-LOGICS

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.CATEGORIAL-TYPE-LOGICS,
* McsEngl.CTL@cptCore93,
* McsEngl.categorial'type'logics@cptCore93,
* McsEngl.multimodal'logical'grammar@cptCore93,

grammar.GENERALISED-PHRASE-STRUCTURE-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.GENERALISED-PHRASE-STRUCTURE-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.Generalised-phrase-structure-grammar@cptCore93i,

Generalised phrase structure grammar (GPSG) is a framework for describing the syntax and semantics of natural languages. GPSG was initially developed in the late 1970s by Gerald Gazdar. Other contributors include Ewan Klein, Ivan Sag, and Geoffrey Pullum. Their book Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, published in 1985, is the main monograph on GPSG, especially as it applies to English syntax.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_phrase_structure_grammar]

grammar.HEAD-DRIVEN-PHRASE-STRUCTURE-GRAMMAR (hpsg)

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.HEAD-DRIVEN-PHRASE-STRUCTURE-GRAMMAR (hpsg),
* McsEngl.head-driven-phrase-structure-grammar@cptCore93i,

hpsg'SOURCE:
- http://julius.ling.ohio-state.edu/HPSG/Hpsg.html
- http://hpsg.stanford.edu/hpsg/leading-ideas.html

hpsg'Related'Frameworks:
- Categorial Grammar (Manchester, LexGram (Stuttgart))
- Lexical-Functional-Grammar#ql:grm.lexical'functional# (Stanford, Essex)
- Construction-Grammar#ql:grm.construction# (Berkeley)
- Autolexical Grammar (Cyberia)
- Word-Grammar#ql:grm.word'grammar# (London)

- Dependency Grammar http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/dg/dgmain.html

grammar.INTEGRATIONAL-LINGUISTICS

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.INTEGRATIONAL-LINGUISTICS,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

http://www.germanistik.fu-berlin.de/il

grammar.NGRAM-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.NGRAM-GRAMMAR,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

At one end of the spectrum, which is often associated with empiricist work, extremely unconstraining grammars are controlled by search evaluation functions automatically learned from language data. An extreme example are finite-state n-gram grammars, in which states encode information on the last n-1 observed words, have been used with practical success in speech recognition [JMR92]. In these grammars every sequence of words is considered a possible sentence, but probabilities are assigned to state transitions to model the relative likelihoods of different strings. As we will see, the association of probabilities to transitions is a useful technique in a wide range of grammatical settings.
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, 3.6.4]

grammar.SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL-GRAMMAR,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

Systemic Functional Grammar

grammar.TASK-ORIENTED-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.TASK-ORIENTED-GRAMMAR,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

Task-Oriented Grammars For most current applications in text summarization, information retrieval and speech understanding, the predictive and evidential power of a general-purpose grammar and a general control mechanism are insufficient for reasonable performance in the task. Furthermore, even when parameters of the grammar and control mechanism can be learned automatically from training corpora, the required corpora do not exist or are too small for proper training. The alternative is then to devise grammars that specify directly how relationships relevant to the task may be expressed in natural language. For instance, one may use a phrase-structure grammar in which nonterminals stand for task concepts and relationships (for example, flight or leave in an airline reservation task) and rules specify possible expressions of those concepts and relationships [Sen92,War91b]. Such semantic grammars have often been used for database access tasks. More generally, a knowledge-representation language (for instance, a frame language) can be used to specify the possible relationships between concepts, and relatively low-power grammatical descriptions (often finite-state) describe natural-language expressions that give strong evidence for concepts and relationships [JR93,HAB93].
Task-oriented grammars provide very strong guidance to a parser, but that guidance is bought at the expense of generality and coverage, since the detailed specifications they rely on may often fail to fit naturally-occurring language. Therefore, parsing algorithms for task-oriented grammars are usually allowed to relax the grammar by ignoring portions of the input that do not fit the given grammar [War91a,JAB91]. This can increase coverage usefully in applications such as limited-domain speech understanding and text-summarization, where there are very strong expectations of what are the relevant inputs, but the increase of coverage is in general at the expense of precision.
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, 3.6.4]

grammar.TRADITIONAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.TRADITIONAL-GRAMMAR,
_grammar@cptCore93i,

Grammars in a traditional sense are not formulated in axiomatic form. Integrational Linguistics does not propose to replace such grammars by axiomatic theories. On the contrary, an axiomatic form for grammars is seen as an ideal reference point for non-axiomatic, declarative grammars that allows a more stringent formulation of such grammars, avoiding inconsistencies and circularities without having explicit resort to axiomatization.

traditional phrase structure grammar (where sentences are word strings defined derivatively in terms of phrase structure)
[http://hpsg.stanford.edu/index.html]

grammar.WORD-GRAMMAR (wg)

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.WORD-GRAMMAR (wg),
* McsEngl.word-grammar-93,

_DEFINITION:
Word Grammar is a theory of language structure which Richard (= Dick) Hudson has been building since the early 1980's.
[wg home page]

WG is an example of morphology-free syntax.
[wg. 1998]

The most general claim of Word Grammar (WG) is that knowledge is organised as a network of concepts which define one another.
[Hudson, Richard. An Encyclopedia of English Grammar and Word Grammar. http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/enc-gen.htm, 1998.12]

Word Grammar (WG) is a general theory of language which covers semantics and morphology as well as syntax. (Nothing about phonology as yet!) In the area of syntax, it is just one theory among a dozen or so alternatives currently on offer, of which the Chomskyan Government & Binding Theory or Minimalist Programme is the most widely accepted. Others are (in alphabetical order):
- Autolexical Syntax,
- Categorial Grammar,
- Cognitive Grammar,
- Construction Grammar,
- Functional Grammar,
- Head-driven Phrase-Structure Grammar,
- Lexicase,
- Lexical-Functional Grammar,
- Link Grammar,
- Systemic Functional Grammar,
- Tree-Adjoining Grammar
Almost all the main ideas of WG can be found in one or more of these other theories, but WG is the only one that includes this particular bundle of ideas:
The syntactic structure of a sentence consists of a `network' of dependencies between single words. With the important exception of coordination, everything that needs to be said about the syntactic structure can be said in terms of these dependencies, so there is no need for phrase structure: phrases, clauses, sentences, bar-levels. See also: dependency.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'WHOLE:
Although the roots of WG lie firmly in linguistics, and more specifically in grammar, it can also be seen as a contribution to cognitive psychology; in terms of a widely used classification of linguistic theories, it is a branch of cognitive linguistics (Taylor 1989, Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1987; 1990).
[WG, 1998]

wg'EVALUATION

name::
* McsEngl.wg'EVALUATION,

LANGUAGE:
Hudson considers our knowledge-of-language (which is a network of linguistic-concepts, "the concepts concerned are words and their immediate characteristics") to be the language. Then language is part of our Conceptual-Information.

Yes, why not. Our consious or unconsious linguistic-knowledge creates the logo.

I'm trying to represent knowledge with a network of structured-concepts and I was forced to include linguistic-knowledge for each concept in order to present it to different languages (logo).
[hmnSngo.2000-09-19_nikkas]
Here I'm NOT distiguishing between 'mental-model' and 'cpt-information'.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-20_nikkas]

LOGO:
Since now, I haven't figured-out where 'logo' fit into wg conceptualization.
[hmnSngo.2000-09-19_nikkas]

wg'EVOLUANO

name::
* McsEngl.wg'EVOLUANO,

The 1960s.
My PhD analysis of Beja used the theory being developed by Halliday (1961) under the name `Scale-and-Category' grammar, which later turned into Systemic Functional Grammar (Halliday 1985, Butler 1985). I spent the next six years working with Halliday, whose brilliantly wide-ranging analyses impressed me a lot. Under the influence of Chomsky's generative grammar (1957, 1965), reinterpreted by McCawley (1968) as well-formedness conditions, I developed the first generative version of Halliday's Systemic Grammar (Hudson 1970). This theory has a very large network (the `system network') at its heart, and networks also loomed large at that time in the Stratificational Grammar of Lamb (1966, Bennett 1994). Another reason why stratificational grammar was important was that it aimed to be a model of human language processing - a cognitive model.

The 1970s.
Seeing the attractions of both valency theory and Chomsky's subcategorisation, I produced a hybrid theory which was basically Systemic Grammar, but with the addition of word-word dependencies under the influence of Anderson (1971); the theory was called `Daughter-Dependency Grammar' (Hudson 1976). Meanwhile I was teaching sociolinguistics and becoming increasingly interested in cognitive science (especially inheritance systems and frames) and the closely related field of lexical semantics (especially Fillmore's Frame Semantics 1975, 1976). The result was a very `cognitive' textbook on sociolinguistics (Hudson 1980a, 1996a). I was also deeply influenced by Chomsky's `Remarks on nominalisation' paper (1970), and in exploring the possibilities of a radically lexicalist approach I toyed with the idea of `pan-lexicalism' (1980b, 1981): everything in the grammar is `lexical' in the sense that it is tied to word-sized units (including word classes).

The 1980s. All these influences combined in the first version of Word Grammar (Hudson 1984), a cognitive theory of language as a network which contains both `the grammar' and `the lexicon' and which integrates language with the rest of cognition. The semantics follows Lyons (1977), Halliday (1967-8) and Fillmore (1976) rather than formal logic, but even more controversially, the syntax no longer uses phrase structure at all in describing sentence structure, because everything that needs to be said can be said in terms of dependencies between single words. The influence of continental dependency theory is evident but the dependency structures were richer than those allowed in `classical' dependency grammar (Robinson 1970) - more like the functional structures of Lexical Functional Grammar (Kaplan and Bresnan 1982). Bresnan's earlier argument (1978) that grammar should be compatible with a psychologically plausible parser also suggested the need for a parsing algorithm, which has led to a number of modest NLP systems using WG (Fraser 1985; 1989; 1993, Hudson 1989, Shaumyan 1995). These developments provided the basis for the next book-length description of WG, `English Word Grammar' (EWG, Hudson 1990). This attempts to provide a formal basis for the theory as well as a detailed application to large areas of English morphology, syntax and semantics.

The 1990s. Since the publication of EWG there have been some important changes in the theory, ranging from the general theory of default inheritance, through matters of syntactic theory (with the addition of `surface structure' and the virtual abolition of features) and morphological theory (where `shape' and `inflection' are new), to details of analysis, terminology and notation. These changes will be described below. WG has also been applied to a wider range of topics than previously: § lexical semantics (Gisborne 1993; 1996, Gorayska 1985, Hudson 1992; 1995), § morphology (Chekili 1982, Creider and Hudson 1998), § historical linguistics (Hudson 1997a), § sociolinguistics (Hudson 1996a; 1997b), § language processing (Hudson 1993a, b; 1996b), § language pedagogy (Hudson 1994; 1998) Most of this work has applied WG to English, but it has also been applied to the following languages: Tunisian Arabic (Chekili 1982), Greek (Tsanidaki 1995, 1996a, b), Italian (Volino 1990), Japanese (Sugayama 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996) and Polish (Gorayska 1985).

The theory continues to evolve, and at the time of writing a `Word Grammar Encyclopedia' which can be downloaded from the WG web-site (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/wg.htm) is updated every year.
[1998, wg]

wg'GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.wg'GRAMMAR,

$grammar
As in other theories, the term `grammar' means either a person's knowledge of language or a linguist's analysis of this knowledge. And as in other theories, the term always includes syntax and morphology, and probably word-formation, but may or may not include semantics and phonology. According to WG, a grammar is a network which includes all the words of the language (or idiolect) concerned; this is controversial, but even more controversial is the claim that there is no natural boundary around grammar - there is no module for grammar or even for language. The grammar network is just the part of the total network of knowledge that deals with words, but it is tighly integrated with other parts of this network that deal with encyclopedic information (e.g. facts about dogs and bicycles), with social structures, with phonetics and so on.
A closely related WG claim is that there is no boundary between 'the grammar', dealing with general patterns, and 'the lexicon', dealing with facts about individual lexemes. General patterns are facts about general word classes, expressed in just the same way as facts about lexemes, and inherited by means of default inheritance. In any case, generality is a matter of degree, so there is no reason to expect a natural boundary between general and specific.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'GRAMMATICAL'FUNCTION

name::
* McsEngl.wg'GRAMMATICAL'FUNCTION,

$grammatical function
Notation: a letter above or below the dependency arrow.
A grammatical function is a particular kind of dependency; e.g. a verb's subject and object both depend on it, but in different ways. The term `grammatical function' presents these differences as differences in the `work' the dependent word does - the subject performs one job, while the object performs a different one. This is a helpful way of thinking of the differences, because different dependents generally make different contributions to the sentence's meaning - e.g. in Pat likes beans, the subject Pat contributes the `like-er' and the object beans contributes the `like-ee'. Dependents don't just hang passively from their parent word, but earn the parent's support (see dependency) by making some kind of positive contribution to the work that the parent is doing.
However, the differences among grammatical functions go beyond simple semantic differences of this kind. They also include straightforwardly syntactic matters such as word order, valency and agreement. Subjects and objects differ in all these respects:
In a language like English, a verb's subject normally precedes it while its object follows it.
The presence or absence of a subject varies with the verb's inflectional features (finiteness and mood), whereas the presence or absence of an object depends on its needs as a specific lexeme.
The verb `agrees' with its subject (see subject-verb agreement), but not with its object.
In English most dependents have a `normal' position on one side or the other of their parent, so grammatical function is the main determinant of word order. (Other languages fix word order in very different ways.) This fact provides the basis for a very general division of dependencies into two types: `pre-dependent' and `post-dependent', according to whether the dependent stands before (pre) or after (post) its parent. This classification indicates only the normal position of the dependents concerned, and there are exceptions - pre-dependents that follow their parent, and post-dependents that precede them. (See subject-auxiliary inversion, pre-dependent delay, extraction.)
Cutting across this division is another major division into valents and adjuncts, made on the basis of whether or not the dependent fills a `slot' provided by the parent. Unlike the division into pre- and post-dependents, this is presumably found at least in a great many languages, and maybe in every language. We do not further subdivide adjuncts (though maybe we should), but we do divide valents into subjects and complements. Complements in turn subdivide in different ways according to the word-class of the parent word - see complement. Thus the basic system of grammatical functions for English is as shown in Figure 15 with further subdivisions of `complement' for different word-classes.

Figure 15

This diagram shows an inheritance hierarchy which allows multiple inheritance - i.e. characteristics are inherited from two categories at the same time. For example, a subject inherits simultaneously from `pre-dependent' and `valent'. Inheritance, whether multiple or single, allows a grammatical function to combine with those higher in the hierarchy; so `subject' combines with `pre-dependent' and `valent'. Strictly speaking all these grammatical functions could be shown in a dependency diagram, but the higher ones are predictable from the lower ones so we can omit them, just as with the word-class hierarchy. Just as `pronoun' implies `noun' and `word', so `subject' implies `pre-dependent', `valent' and `dependent'. Typically a word has only one low-level grammatical function in relation to the word on which it depends, but in some cases it has more. For example, a word which is extracted may be both `extractee' and `object' of the same word (e.g. Beans is both extractee and object of like in Beans I like). In such cases we write the two function labels on opposite sides of the same dependency line, with the surface one (here, extractee) on top. Figure 16 illustrates this notation.
Figure 16
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'ADJUNCT

name::
* McsEngl.wg'ADJUNCT,

$adjunct
Notation: `a' - but more often `a<' for pre-adjunct or `>a' for post-adjunct.
`Adjunct' is the name of one of the basic grammatical functions, and contrasts with `valent' (which covers both subjects and complements). Roughly speaking, a word's valent is a dependent that is `intrinsic' to it in some way - intrinsic either to its meaning or to its syntax; a word's valent is relatively tightly bound to it. In contrast, a word's adjunct is a dependent that is an optional add-on, much more loosely linked to it.
Subjects are easy to recognise, but the distinction between adjuncts and complements is very tricky. The principle is (fairly) clear: complements fill syntactic `slots' provided by the word they depend on, whereas adjuncts don't. For example, in (1) immediately, loudly and at (her trial) are all adjuncts of denied, in contrast with its subject Pat and its complement the (charge).
(1) Pat immediately denied the charge loudly at her trial.
The verb denied has a valency which provides slots for a subject and a complement (more precisely, an object); so it is ungrammatical without either of these dependents:
(2) *Immediately denied loudly at her trial.
But the adjuncts are not predicted or required in this way, so they can all be omitted without affecting grammaticality:
(3) Pat denied the charge.
The principle is easy: valents are part of the parent word's valency, adjuncts aren't. What is difficult is to apply this principle to particular cases, which suggests that there may be something fundamentally wrong with it.
The guiding principle when deciding whether some dependent of a word is an adjunct or valent of it is this: you should take it as an adjunct if you can, and only take it as a valent if the facts force you to. This principle follows from the general difference between adjuncts and valents outlined above, because an adjunct analysis is simpler than a valent analysis. An adjunct relationship is justified merely by the characteristics of the adjunct, whereas a valent relationship has to fit the characteristics of the parent as well as those of the valent. For example, immediately denied is allowed, with immediately as an adjunct of denied, because immediately is allowed to be the adjunct of any verb whose meaning will accept it, as denied does; this is a fact about adverbs, so we do not need to know anything further about denied apart from its meaning. There is no need to show which verbs allow an adverb pre-adjunct and which don't, because they all do. In contrast, we only know that denied the charge is grammatical because we know that DENY allows an object, and that a verb's object must be a noun (e.g. the pronoun/determine the). If it had been possible to say that a noun such as the (charge) is possible after any verb whose meaning was suitable, the relationship would, by definition, have been `adjunct'; but this is not possible, so we have to settle for the more complex valent analysis.
In this example the answer is clear. The noun after DENY must be a valent because:
DENY is ungrammatical without it;
DENY allows two noun valents, each in a different position, one before it and the other after it, so the mere fact of being a noun does not tell where the dependent should be;
nor does the mere fact of being a noun allow us to predict the semantic relationship between the dependent and the parent - for example, a charge is hardly affected by being denied, in contrast, say, with a cake which you eat or a house which you build.
None of these facts can be predicted if all we know is that denied is a verb with a certain meaning and the is a noun (with a certain meaning). We also need to know that denied is the kind of verb which takes an object, and how its object contributes to its meaning.
If all examples were like this, life would be simple; but it isn't. In some cases, one or two of these items of information can be predicted from the known facts about the dependent, but one cannot. For example, take the verb PUT as in (4).
(4) Pat put it on the table.
Given what we know about ON, we can predict not only its contribution to the meaning, but also that it should be possible after a verb (e.g. put). What we cannot predict is that put is ungrammatical without it even when the meaning would be clear from the context:
(5) Pat knew it needed to be on the table so she put it *(there).
In other words, the second dependent after PUT is a rather adjunct-like valent. In contrast, we might say that on was a rather valent-like adjunct in (6), if omitting it makes the sentence odd rather than ungrammatical:
(6) Pat kept it on the table.
The same contrast applies, with much the same attendant problems, to the dependents of nouns. These are standardly classified as either valents (complements) or adjuncts, and in the classic example (7) the contrast seems clear:
(7) students of linguistics with long hair
In this case of (linguistics) is a clear complement, while with (long hair) is a clear adjunct. The sequence students with (long hair) is entirely covered by the entry for WITH - the optionality, the possibility of depending on a noun, the position relative to that noun and the semantic contribution are all predictable from what we know about WITH. In contrast, the semantic contribution of OF in this example is peculiar to the word STUDENT (compare pound of apples or city of Liverpool), as we might expect of a complement. As we might expect, therefore, the same adjunct is possible with any word that has the same meaning as students, such as ones in a context where it means `students':
(8) The students with long hair asked better questions than the ones with short hair.
But when we try to do the same with of linguistics, it fails because ones does not have the right valency:
(9) The students of linguistics asked better questions than the students/!ones of history.
So far so good: but then we find that OF can be used with ones if this refers to pictures, in spite of the peculiar semantic relationship that it expresses there:
(10) The pictures of Pat were better than the ones of Jo.
In conclusion, the contrast between valents and adjuncts reflects a fundamental and important distinction in the grammar, but needs far more research before we can claim to understand it.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'SUBJECT

name::
* McsEngl.wg'SUBJECT,

$subject
Notation: `s'
`Subject' is a grammatical function. The noun Pat in the following examples is a typical subject:
(1) Pat woke up.
(2) Pat washed the dishes.
In each case Pat is the subject of the following verb. Subjects are generally easy to recognise because they combine a large number of different characteristics - but beware of the word THERE, which is a subject though it doesn't look like one!
The most straightforward examples of subjects are subjects of verbs, but other kinds of words can also have subjects under some circumstances. See predicate. In this entry we shall concentrate on the subjects of verbs.
Here are the main syntactic characteristics of subjects:
Any tensed verb must have a subject.
(3) *(Pat) woke up. (i.e. Pat is obligatory - its omission is ungrammatical)
A verb's subject normally precedes it.
Exceptionally, a tensed auxiliary verb's subject may follow it (see subject-auxiliary inversion).
(4) Pat is here. (not inverted)
(5) Is Pat here? (inverted)
An imperative verb normally has no subject.
(6) Come in!
(7) Let's go!
A sharer shares its subject with its parent.
(8) Pat keeps interrupting. (Pat is subject of interrupting, sharer of keeps.)
If a participle is adjunct of a noun, the noun is its subject.
(9) People living in London get tired. (people is subject of living)
Passivization typically turns a verb's object into its subject.
(10) Pat was welcomed by Jo. (Pat is both subject and object of welcomed.)
A subject is normally a noun, but (especially if the verb is BE) it may be almost any word-class:
(11) Behind the gym is a good place for a smoke.
(12) Six feet tall is a good height.
In addition to these syntactic characteristics, each subject has some semantic relationship to its parent verb, but it is hard to find generalisations that apply to subjects of all verbs; in particular, what we cannot say is that a verb's subject is its actor or do-er. This is certainly true of action verbs, but very many verbs don't refer to actions (e.g. LIKE, UNDERGO, BE) so they can't have actors.
See also: clausal subject, subject delay
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'LANGUAGE

name::
* McsEngl.wg'LANGUAGE,

In short, knowledge is held in memory as an associative network. What is more controversial is that, according to WG, the same is true of our knowledge of words, so the sub-network responsible for words is just a part of the total `vast set of associations'. Our knowledge of words is our language, so our language is a network of associations which is closely integrated with the rest of our knowledge.
...
The only parts of linguistic analysis that cannot be included in the network are the most general theoretical principles.
...
The only part of language which is widely viewed as a network is the lexicon (Aitchison 1987:72), and a fashionable view is that even here only lexical irregularities are stored in an associative network, in contrast with regularities which are stored in a fundamentally different way, as `rules' (Pinker and Prince 1988).
...
According to WG, then, language is a network of concepts.
...
To summarise, the language network is a collection of words and word-parts (speech-sounds and morphemes) which are linked to each other and to the rest of cognition in a variety of ways, of which the most important is the `isa' relationship which classifies them and allows default inheritance.
[1998, wg]

wg'MORPHOLOGY

name::
* McsEngl.wg'MORPHOLOGY,

$morphology
Morphology is the (study of the) internal morphological structure of words, in contrast with syntax, which is the (study of the) patterns in which words combine with each other. Another kind of internal structure for words is phonology, but morphology is the special kind of structure whose patterns are directly relevant to either syntax or semantics; e.g. in tacks the phonological structure is exactly the same as for tax, but their morphological structures are different - two morphemes as against one.
Morphology explains any difference between a word's stem and its complete form - its 'whole' - and between its stem and any roots contained in the stem. E.g. in baby-sitters, the stem is baby-sit (the stem of the lexeme BABY-SIT), so morphology explains the presence of the affix -s and the presence of the two roots baby and sit inside the stem. In some cases it is necessary to recognise forms which are intermediate between the stem and the whole: x-forms. (Creider and Hudson 1999)
The two main branches of morphology are inflectional and derivational morphology, which deal with different uses to which morphological structures are put: distinguishing inflections and lexemes respectively. E.g. in baby-sitters, the affix -s is inflectional because it distinguishes the plural inflection, while -er is derivational, because it distinguishes the lexeme BABY-SITTER from BABY-SIT, and the combination of roots baby and sit is also handled by derivational morphology because it relates this lexeme to two simpler lexemes, BABY and SIT.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'PEOPLE

name::
* McsEngl.wg'PEOPLE,

Richard Hudson,
University College London
Dept of Phonetics and Linguistics,
Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT
+171 419 3152; fax +171 383 4108;
email: dick@ling.ucl.ac.uk
url: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/home.htm

wg'SEMANTICS

name::
* McsEngl.wg'SEMANTICS,

$semantics
Both books on WG (Hudson 1984 and 1990) contain substantial chapters on semantics, and semantics takes up the whole of Hudson 1995, an elementary textbook on lexical semantics; but very few other WG publications discuss semantics, so WG is less well-known for its semantics than for its syntax.
One of the main characteristics of WG is its clear separation of syntax and semantics: syntax is about words whereas semantics is about their meanings, and since the difference between words and their meanings is very obvious, so is the difference between syntax and semantics. A word is connected to its meaning by the relationship `meaning', which is subdivided into two types: `sense' and `referent'; so these links always cross the boundary between syntax and semantics. By convention this boundary is often shown as a horizontal dotted line in WG diagrams, and one of the most general conclusions to which WG analysis points is that a sentence's semantic structure is far richer than its syntactic structure. The easiest way to demonstrate this is to give the complete structure of the simple sentence Help me to make a cake! which contrasts a tiny syntactic structure (which is complete) with a vast semantic structure which could still be expanded; see Figure 32.

Figure 32

Where does all the semantic detail come from?
Each word has both a sense and a referent.
Word senses bring with them links to other concepts; e.g. the concept `make' has a `make-er', `a make-ee', and a result which is the existence of the make-ee.
Some inflections have complex semantic structures which deal with relationships (e.g. time and purpose in this diagram are both linked to the feature `imperative'), and the relationships concerned may involve characteristics of the uttered words themselves - their speakers, addressees or times.
Each word's lexical sense is modified by the meanings (generally the referents) of its dependents which are added one at a time, producing what is called 'semantic phrasing'. This produces a series of senses such as `help', `help me', `help me make a cake' and `you help me make a cake' for help.
In short, whereas words are virtually the only units recognised in syntax, they have no special status in semantics. The units of semantics are concepts which are not usually in a one-one relationship with words: one word may contribute several concepts (lexical semantics), and one concept may be built on the basis of two or more words (semantic phrasing).
Why doesn't WG use a more conventional semantic analysis based more directly on the predicate calculus of logic?
Because predicate calculus typically assumes a much closer correspondence between units of syntax and of semantics than is assumed in WG; e.g.it assumes that predicates are expressed by verbs and their arguments by the verbs' dependents.
Because predicate calculus does not allow the cross-links that are needed, and that are permitted by a network notation.
The WG analysis is more similar to:
the network notations of various approaches to Artificial Intelligence (including Schank's `conceptual dependence' and Sowa's `conceptual graphs'),
the ideas of Fillmore's Frame Semantics,
the various views of semantic structure based on semantic roles which have been developed by Fillmore, Lyons, Halliday, Dik and others.
See also: scope, deixis
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'SENTENCE

name::
* McsEngl.wg'SENTENCE,

$sentence
`Sentence' is not an official concept of WG, but can be defined as any string of words which are held together by syntactic relationships - i.e. relationships of dependency, coordination or apposition (if this is different from dependency) and which are not related to words outside that string. In other words, sentence-boundaries (to be marked e.g. by full stops) are points where there are no syntactic relationships.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'Resource

name::
* McsEngl.wg'Resource,

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/wg.htm

wg'Syntax

name::
* McsEngl.wg'Syntax,

_DEFINITION:
$syntax
Syntax is the part of grammar concerned with the relationships among cooccurring words, to the extent that these relationships are controlled by rules that refer to words rather than to their meanings or forms. (Meaning relationships are covered by semantics, and relationships which involve just forms, such as particular patterns of consonants and vowels, are covered by phonology.) It covers everything to do with word order, grammatical function, dependency, coordination, agreement and selection, to the extent that these are limited by rules which refer to words, lexemes or word-classes.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

FRASE-STRUCTURE:
However the WG view of syntax is particularly controversial because of its rejection of phrase structure. WG belongs to the family of `dependency-based' theories, in which syntactic structure consists of dependencies between pairs of single words. As we shall see below, WG also recognises `word-strings', but even these are not the same as conventional phrases.
...
If knowledge is generally organised in terms of labelled links, why not also in syntax? But if we do use labelled links (dependencies) in syntax, phrase structure is redundant.
[wg, 1998]

COMPLEXITIES:
As in most other theories, syntax is the best developed part of WG, which offers sophisticated explanations for most of the `standard' complexities of syntax such as extraction, raising, control, coordination, gapping and agreement.
[wg, 1998]

wg'DEPEDENCY

name::
* McsEngl.wg'DEPEDENCY,
* McsEngl.wg'Syntactic'Depedency,

_DEFINITION:
A syntactic dependency is a relationship between two words that are connected by a syntactic rule. Every syntactic rule (except for those involved in coordination) is `carried' by a dependency, and every dependency carries at least one rule that applies to both the dependent and its `parent' (the word on which it depends). These word-word dependencies form chains which link every word ultimately to the word which is the head of the phrase or sentence; consequently the individual links are asymmetrical with one word depending on the other for its link to the rest of the sentence. Of course in some cases the direction of dependency is controversial; in particular, published WG analyses of noun phrases have taken the determiner as head of the phrase, though this analysis has been disputed and may turn out to be wrong (Van Langendonck 1994).
[wg, 1998]

$dependency
A dependency is the relationship between a word and one of its dependents - for example, if big depends on book, the relationship between them is a dependency. So `dependency' is a kind of relationship, in contrast with `dependent', which is the word that has this relationship. (Compare the meanings of the English words RELATIONSHIP and RELATIVE; e.g. if Bill is Mary's father, he is her relative, not her relationship, but `father' is the name of his relationship to her, and not of his relative (to her)! Unfortunately the word RELATION is ambiguous between the two meanings: he is one of her relations, but his relation to her is `father'.)
There are some relationships that are not dependencies - for example, (mere) word order, coordination and identity. What distinguishes dependency from all these relationships is that the dependent word is `supported' by the one it depends on, its `parent'; for example, in (1) big depends on books because books supports it.
(1) Big books cost a lot.
It is only the link to books that allows big to occur in this sentence, so big is linked to the rest of the sentence via books (but not vice versa, of course). One easy way to see this is by removing each of these words; if you remove big the sentence remains grammatical (though its meaning changes just by losing the meaning of big), but if you remove books, it collapses:
(2) a Books cost a lot.
b *Big cost a lot.
In fact virtually everything in the grammar that is relevant to big in this sentence concerns its relations to book, and not to any other word in the sentence: the parent of big can be a noun (e.g. big success) but not a verb (*big succeed), big has to precede its parent (*books big), it modifies the meaning of its parent by defining its size. More generally, each of these `supporting' relationships is controlled by at least one rule of syntax which allows that particular pair of words to occur as dependent and parent. To take another pair from the same example, books is allowed to depend on cost by the various rules which control tensed verbs and their subjects. These rules allow a noun to be the verb's subject, but don't allow an adjective, so big would not be a possible subject.
Some people are lucky enough to be able to recognise dependency relationships quite intuitively after seeing a few worked examples, but other people have to work towards this skill through a deeper understanding of the theoretical foundations. For such people it is important to remember that dependency relationships are always based on syntactic rules, and that syntactic rules are almost always defined in terms of dependency relations. (The main exceptions are the rules for coordination.) Dependencies are the basic relationships on which syntactic rules are built; in other words, if some rule applies to words A and B, this is always by virtue of the dependency relationship between A and B. (Typically, rules take the form `If an X depends on a Y, then ...' or `An X's D [where D is some kind of dependency] must ...'.) This means that it is hopeless to try to understand dependency relationships without thinking about the rules that mention them. In short, if you suspect that one word depends on another but can't think of any rule that might connect them, there is probably no dependency between them.
The various grammatical functions are more specific types of dependency - for example, a subject is a kind of dependent, so `subject-hood' isa dependency. Our terminology doesn't help, because it doesn't generally provide distinct names for the dependent word and for its relationship, e.g. `subject-hood' for the relationship constrasting with `subject-word' for the word picked out by that relationship. One distinction can be made, however: between `dependent', the word, and `dependency', the relationship.
The dependencies of syntax may be examples of a general pattern of dependencies in cognition, though this needs to be worked out in detail. This is speculation; but what is fact is that some eminent cognitive scientists (e.g. Schank, Sowa) describe their basic cognitive relationships as `cognitive dependencies'. Another fact is that the relationship between a predicate and its argument, which are fundamental to classical logic, is very like a syntactic dependency. In WG semantics too, semantic structures are defined in terms of dependencies, and in general each syntactic dependency is matched by a semantic one.
How do you decide in a two-word dependency pair which word depends on the other? The crucial notion is `support', not `importance'. If word A depends on B, this is because B supports A, and not necessarily because B is more important than A in terms of the information it provides. For example, take (1).
(1) Pat is at college.
In this sentence college depends on at. Why? Not because the meaning of at is more important than that of college - after all, `college' contrasts with `school', `work', `the office', `home' and various others, whereas at provides hardly any information which is not predictable: given the incomplete sentence Pat is ___ college, there is hardly any alternative to at. The reason for taking at as the parent of college is that at allows college to be used. Take away at, and the result is ungrammatical:
(2) *Pat is college.
Our grammar requires a linking word between the verb and the noun, and at is the specific word that we use before college; so at `supports' college by providing a syntactic environment for it. As in real-life families, the parents provide a supporting environment, but the important action is carried out by the dependent children. (At least, that's probably how the children see it!) This example is quite typical; in fact, dependents often carry more important information than their parents, and it may even be true that this is more often the case than not. Just a couple more examples of this mismatch between parenthood and importance. In (1) the root of the whole sentence, on which both Pat and at depend, is the verb is; but in spite of being at the top of the dependency chains, this probably carries no meaning at all apart from that of the present tense. We can miss it out in an exclamation without any problems of understanding:
(3) What, Pat at college?!
And secondly, consider (4).
(4) Pat is a very nice person.
Here nice depends on person, but person presumably carries no new information at all to anyone who knows (or can guess) that Pat is a person.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'WORD

name::
* McsEngl.wg'WORD,

SUBGENERAL:
Multiple inheritance allows words to be classified on two different `dimensions': as lexemes (DOG, LIKE, IF, etc) and as inflections (plural, past, etc).
[wg, 1998]

wg'INFLECTION

name::
* McsEngl.wg'INFLECTION,

$inflection
Notation: inflections are written as a single letter following a colon, which is added to the word-class of the word concerned; e.g. a past-tense full verb is 'V:a', and a singular common noun is 'N:s'.
An inflection is a general type of word identified by its inflectional morphology, in contrast with lexemes, which ignore inflectional morphology. For example, Singular and Plural are inflections, whereas DOG and CAT are lexemes, giving a two-way classification of every noun in terms of its inflection and its lexeme:

inflection lexeme DOG CAT MOUSE PERSON singular dog cat mouse person plural dogs cats mice people

Similarly for verbs and other word classes which allow inflectional morphology. In general, a word's lexeme determines its word class (e.g. DOG is a noun, GO is a verb, and so on), while inflections make its syntactic and semantic characteristics more precise. English makes fewer inflectional distinctions than 'highly inflected' languages like Latin and its descendants, but it has quite a rich set of verb inflections.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'LEXEME

name::
* McsEngl.wg'LEXEME,

$lexeme
Notation: written in capital letters throughout.
A `dictionary-word', which may comprise several different inflections; e.g. DOG is the lexeme which covers both dog and dogs. Where there is no inflectional variation (e.g. for prepositions, adverbs and the like) it makes no difference whether you write them as lexemes (e.g. OF) or as simple word-forms (e.g. of).
In general each lexeme belongs to just one word-class, so a lexeme does not necessarily bring together all words which we feel to be closely related - e.g. the verb and noun walk as in (1) belong to different lexemes, WALKV and WALKN.
(1) a We walk everywhere.
b We had a nice walk.
This distinction is forced on us by the need to distinguish the verbal characteristics of meaning, morphology and syntax from the nominal ones. The links between similar lexemes are shown in the network of the grammar by links such as `nominalisation of' which handle `word-formation' rules. The general principle, then, is that we must recognise distinct lexemes whenever two (or more) characteristics co-vary - e.g. if meaning and morphology co-vary.
This general principle allows us to group lexemes into clusters, with a `super-lexeme' and various `sub-lexemes' which inherit most of the super-lexemes characteristics but differ in specific ways. For example, we can recognise a super-lexeme STANDV, which isa verb and has the irregular ed-form and en-form stood; it is different from STANDN, the noun in examples like (2).
(2) We erected a stand for the spectators.
Beneath STANDV we recognise two sub-lexemes, the intransitive STANDVi and the transitive STANDVt found in (3a) and (3b).
(3) a We stand on our feet.
b We can't stand the noise.
Each of these has a distinct syntactic valency (object or no object) paired with a distinct meaning (`be upright' versus `tolerate').
One special kind of lexeme is used for idioms (e.g. `hot dog', `kick the bucket'). Most idioms are built round one word, whose dependents change its normal meaning. This can be handled by recognising the parent word as a special sub-lexeme of the lexeme concerned: DOGsausage or KICKdie, which have the idiomatic meaning and require the dependent which forces this meaning - e.g. DOGsausage means `sausage-filled roll' and requires hot as its preadjunct.
See also: inflectional morphology, derivational morphology, word-formation, idiom, super-lexeme.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'WORD'CLASS

name::
* McsEngl.wg'WORD'CLASS,

$word-class
Notation: a word's word-class is shown by a label (e.g. `V' for `full verb') immediately beneath the word. This label may be followed by `:' then an inflection label.
A word-class is (not surprisingly) a class of words, a collection of words that allows generalisations that are not otherwise possible. Standard examples are `noun', `verb', `adjective', `pronoun' and `relative pronoun'. These terms are used by virtually all linguist as names for virtually the same lists of words, and recent work in linguistics has only added a few terms (`determiner' and `complementiser' are the obvious examples) to the list which we have inherited from the Greek and Roman grammarians. This agreed list is something to be appreciated (especially by novices!), but not to be taken for granted. We stand on the shoulders of the intellectual giants who recognised the classes centuries ago, but we must remember that they were first recognised in languages that were structurally quite different from modern English. Some confusion has crept in over the centuries, especially in the jump from Latin to English, and we need to be clear about the nature and purpose of the word-classes. Here are some general principles which arise directly out of the rather harmless-looking definition in the first sentence of this paragraph, but which are definitely not obvious to all novices, or even to all professional linguists!
The members of a word-class are individual words, not pairs of words. Therefore it is nonsense to talk about `the verb TO LOVE'. TO is one word, and LOVE is another; LOVE certainly is a verb, but TO probably isn't - and even if it is, it stands on its own as a separate verb from LOVE. Similarly for will love as a form of the `the verb TO LOVE' and `the preposition BECAUSE OF'. (There may be sequences that we write as two words but which are really just one, such as out of parallelling into, or each other; but that is another question.)
The justification for a word-class is to allow us to express `generalisations that would not otherwise be possible'. For example, `noun' allows us to say that the object of a verb must be a noun, and also that the complement of a preposition must be a noun; without `noun' we should have to list all the words which can have each of these grammatical functions, which would be inconvenient; but the really serious problem is that the two lists of words (for objects of verbs and for complements of prepositions) would be the same. An analysis without a word-class containing all these words would miss the generalisation that words which can occur as objects of verbs can also occur as complements of prepositions. This would not just be awkward, it would be wrong. The problem would deepen as the number of rules that apply to the same list of words increased; for a `good' word-class there may be dozens of such rules. Some word-classes are very `good' in this respect - examples are `noun', `verb' and `auxiliary-verb'.
On the other hand, if we take this principle seriously (as we should) then a word-class which does not allow any such generalisations to be made should not be used. For example, it seems unlikely that all the traditional `expletives' (words like OH! and HELLO!) have anything in common that would be expressed in the grammar by a rule about expletives. It is even hard to find anything general to say about all adverbs, which suggests that the traditional word-class `adverb' may not be needed (or may need to be replaced by a number of smaller classes).
A further consequence of this principle is that some words may not belong to any general word-class at all. This will be true of any word which is simply unique (apart from the things which it shares with every other word). See class-less words.
Another consequence is that word-classes should not be used to duplicate information which can be provided more efficiently by statements of valency. For example, there is no need to recognise a word-class of `transitive verbs' if the only distinguishing characteristic of transitive verbs is that they have objects; this information will be given in any case by the lexical entries for the verbs concerned, so the only justification for putting these verbs into a word-class as well would be if there were some other characteristic that correlated with having an object; but there isn't, so we don't recognise a class of intransitive verbs. The same logic, however, eliminates two other word-classes that are generally recognised in other theories: determiner and complementiser.
The final consequence which is worth noting is that the definition allows a word-class to be mentioned in all sorts of different kinds of rules - not just rules of syntax but also in rules of morphology and semantics (and maybe others too). What makes a noun a noun is that it can have a particular range of grammatical functions (syntax), that it has an inherent number (morphology) and that it typically refers to a `person, place or thing'. It is the whole combination of facts that is reflected in a word's word-class, and not the particular grammatical function that it has in a particular sentence.
The WG word-classes for English are organised in an inheritance hierarchy below `word'. It contains six main classes, two of which are then further subdivided, but alongside these word-classes the hierarchy also includes a large number of classless lexemes. The overall system is shown in Figure 39 where the letters under the lowest names are the ones for use in sentence analysis.

Figure 39

Further subdivisions are given in the entries on `pronoun', `proper noun' and `auxiliary verb'.
See also: part of speech.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'ADJECTIVE

name::
* McsEngl.wg'ADJECTIVE,

$adjective
Notation: `J'
`Adjective' is a word-class, not a grammatical function. One of the two main uses of adjectives is `attributive', i.e. modifying a common noun (e.g. big book), but this does not mean that any word which modifies a common noun must be an adjective. For example, in linguistics book, linguistics modifies book, and has the same grammatical function as big (namely, adjunct), but belongs to a different word-class: noun. This is easy to prove because linguistics may in turn be modified by an adjective, such as theoretical: thus in theoretical linguistics book, theoretical is an adjective modifying the noun linguistics, which in turn modifies book. Had linguistics been an adjective, it could not have taken another adjective as its modifier. For example, although nice big book is possible, with two adjectives, these both modify book; if we use them after BE only one is possible (*It is nice big), which shows that nice does not modify big (unlike, say, extremely in extremely big).
Most adjectives can be used in two ways, either attributively (as pre-adjuncts of common nouns) or predicatively (as sharer of a verb such as BE):
(1) That big book is heavy.
The structures concerned are shown in Figure 1.
However, some (apparent) adjectives can only be used attributively (e.g. SOLE) and others only predicatively (e.g. ALONE):
(2) The sole/*alone survivor was Pat.
(3) Pat was alone/*sole.
It is not at all clear how best to handle these restrictions, and further research is certainly needed. Are SOLE and ALONE really adjectives? For the time being I assume that they are, but this may well be wrong.
Figure 1
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'ADJECTIVE

name::
* McsEngl.wg'ADJECTIVE,

$adverb
Notation: `A'.
`Adverb' is the name of one of the main word-classes, but it is undoubtedly the least convincing word-class because there is no single characteristic that distinguishes all the words that are normally assigned to it from members of other word-classes. It is included in the current WG list simply for lack of a clearly worked out alternative. Here is a list of distinctive characteristics that are shared by some adverbs.
They are derived (see#derivational morphology) from a synonymous adjective by the addition of -ly or in some less regular way:
QUICKLY, EXTREMELY, SUFFICIENTLY; BADLY, WELL.
They can be used as pre-adjunct of a verb:
(1) They (have) frequently/often walked to work.
They can be used as post-adjunct of a verb, but (unlike adjectives) not as pre-adjunct of a noun:
(2) They acted quickly/*quick.
(3) Their quick/*quickly action saved the day.
Unlike adjectives, they can be used as pre-adjunct of another adverb or adjective:
(4) extremely/*extreme quick/quickly
In general, if a word can be replaced by an ly-adverb (i.e. an adverb such as QUICKLY or EXTREMELY derived from an adjective), it is probably an adverb; putting it another way, if a word can be replaced by an ly-adverb, it must be being used in a way which is permitted for adverbs, so you can safely call it too an adverb unless you have good reasons for thinking otherwise. (For example, this morning can often be replaced by recently, but we have excellent reasons for believing that both this and morning are nouns.)
See also:#sentence adverb.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'COORDINATOR

name::
* McsEngl.wg'COORDINATOR,

$coordinator
`Coordinator' is the WG name of one of the major word-classes (traditionally called `coordinating conjunction'), although it is a very small class whose most obvious members are AND and OR. (For other members see below.) Their primary function is to signal a coordination, and unlike other words they do not have any dependency links to other words. For example, consider (1):
(1) I drink {[white coffee] [and tea with milk]}.
Here both coffee and tea have dependency links to drink, and all the other dependency links are as in any sentence, but the coordinator and is outside the dependency system. (For examples see the diagrams in coordination and conjunct.)
Why do the brackets in these examples treat the coordinator as part of the next conjunct? Why `{[...] [C...]}', rather than `{[...] C [...]}'? It is actually quite hard to choose between these two analyses, and I myself used the second for some years, but I finally switched to the first for two reasons, neither of which is particularly persuasive. The first is that every other linguist seemed to take the second one for granted, so why not follow the crowd? (I already had quite enough disagreements that I cared much more about!) The second reason was slightly more respectable: both intonation and punctuation locate conjunct boundaries before the coordinator rather than after it: white coffee, and tea with milk is a reasonable way to punctuate the example above, in contrast with the completely impossible *white coffee and, tea with milk. (See correlative conjunction for the positioning of BOTH or EITHER.)
What other coordinators are there? Since coordinators are by definition used to signal coordinations, we must first decide how to recognise coordination on the one hand in contrast with subordination and on the other hand in contrast with loose juxtaposition. The crucial characteristic of coordination is the Dependency-in-Coordination Principle which allows conjunct roots to share dependencies. The easiest kind of shared dependency to recognise is a shared subject dependency as in (2).
(2) Pat {[works hard] [and plays squash]}
It is easy to be sure that both works and plays share Pat as their subject because without such sharing plays would have no subject; but we know that, being a tensed verb, it must have a subject. There is no syntactic construction other than coordination which allows tensed verbs to share a subject, so if we find a word which can replace AND in a sentence like (2), it must be a coordinator. By this criterion, the other coordinators are BUT, NOR and (somewhat surprisingly) THEN. Sentence (3) illustrates the use of BUT and THEN.
(3) Pat {[works hard] [but/then plays squash]}.
Sentence (4) has to be different because NOR has to be used in combination with a correlative conjunction NEITHER:
(4) Pat {[neither works hard] [nor plays squash]}.
THEN is an odd member of the class because it can also be used in combination with AND, in which case it is presumably not a coordinator but just an adverb:
(5) Pat {[works hard] [and then plays squash]}.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'NOUN

name::
* McsEngl.wg'NOUN,

$noun
Notation: M (! a sort of NN, contrasting with n, N and nN)
Most people can recognise straightforward nouns and know that `noun' is the name of a word-class; but what they are recognising are generally two subclasses of nouns: common nouns (N) and proper nouns (nN). The WG analysis recognises two other kinds of noun:
pronouns (n). These are a kind of noun because they can be used as dependents almost everywhere that common or proper nouns can; the exception is that they cannot be used as complements of determiners (e.g. the book/*him).
gerund in examples like Analys-ing sentences is fun. the verb has been 'turned into a noun' by the addition of -ing.
See also: definiteness, countability.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wgPRONOUN:
$pronoun
Notation: `n'
Pronouns are different from both common nouns and proper nouns in not allowing either determiners or adjectives before them. Traditionally they were called pronouns because they were said to be used `instead of' (Latin pro-) a noun; for example, in (1) she is supposed to replace some noun (presumably Mary).
(1) Mary said that she was tired.
But this isn't a particularly helpful way of thinking about their relation to other kinds of noun. For one thing, some of the most important pronouns are ME (i.e. either me or I - see pronoun form), YOU and US, but there is no ordinary noun that could have been used instead of these. For another, the traditional view implies that in some sense (1) had a previous existence in which Mary occurred before was, only to be `replaced' by she. This doesn't make sense. Most modern linguists have abandoned this way of thinking about pronouns in favour of one in which pronouns are nouns (see word-class), alongside common nouns and proper nouns. They can refer to the same range of people, places, things, etc as other nouns, and can be used in all the same syntactic positions.
`Pronoun' covers a wide range of sub-types, shown in Figure 27.

Figure 27

See below for the subclasses `definite' and `indefinite'. The sub-subclasses are traditional and uncontroversial (except that possessives can be used indefinitely; e.g. `my finger' refers to any old finger belonging to me and does not imply that I only have one). The definite pronouns that are not further subclassified include the traditional classes `personal pronoun' and `demonstrative pronoun/adjective'. There is no traditional name for all the unclassified indefinite pronouns, but some are called `quantifiers'. One unsolved problem is the classification of interrogative WHOSE (as in Whose book did you use?); as an interrogative it is indefinite but as a possessive it is definite, so we cannot classify it simply as `interrogative and possessive'. See also: definiteness.
One of the peculiarities of pronouns is that some of them may take a common noun as complement; for example, YOU may be used either on its own or with a common noun, and similarly for SOME:
(2) You (students) live in interesting times.
(3) Some (pronouns) take a complement.
In other modern grammatical theories, those that do allow a complement (or, alternatively, that actually have a complement - a different matter) are called `determiners'. See also: determiner.\
Another peculiarity is the variation of shape found in many pronouns:
Most possessive pronouns and the indefinite pronoun NO have a special `long' form which is used only if there is no complement. Traditionally, alternating forms are linked by `~' (meaning `alternates with' or `is an alternative to'):
my~mine, your~yours, our~ours, her~hers, their~theirs; no~none.
THIS and THAT have distinct singular and plural forms:
this~these, that~those.
THE and AN have different forms according to whether the next word's first phoneme is a vowel or a consonant:
/?@/~/?i:/, a~an (@ = schwa)
Several pronouns have `contracted' forms used in fast, casual speech; typically the contraction involves reduction of the vowel to schwa and omission of initial /h/ (or even, in the case of THEM, /?/):
YOU, US, HER, HIM, THEM, THAT; all reflexives and possessives; SOME.
Compound pronouns ending in -thing have a casual form which ends either in /n/ (e.g. nothin') or in /nk/ (e.g. nothink), according to dialect.
A few pronouns have special forms when used as the subject of a tensed verb. See also: pronoun-form.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'PREPOSITION

name::
* McsEngl.wg'PREPOSITION,

$preposition
Notation: `P'
`Preposition' is the name of one of the major word-classes. Typical prepositions are OF, IN, AT, BY, which are traditionally classified as prepositions. Prepositions (in this traditional sense) have four main distinguishing characteristics:
They have a noun as their complement (e.g. of Pat, in London). They are called `pre-positions' because of their position before (pre-) this noun; in some languages equivalent words follow their complement noun, and are called `postpositions'.
They can be used as post-adjuncts or complements of almost any class of word, including nouns (e.g. picture of Pat, think of Pat).
In formal wh-questions they can be `pied-piped' to the front of the clause along with the wh-pronoun:
(1) Of whom are you thinking?
(2) In which city do you live?
Semantically their role is to define relationships between the words they link (i.e. between their own parent and their complement); for example, in picture of Pat the preposition of defines the relationship between the picture and Pat, and contrasts with other prepositions, for example for: picture for Pat.
WG follows several other theories in expanding the traditional list of prepositions in two directions. First, it allows prepositions to have an optional complement, just like many verbs and determiners. For example, INSIDE can be used either with or without a noun complement, as in (3):
(3) I looked inside (the box).
Of course, as with other optional complements the complement is `understood' even when there is no actual complement word - i.e. I looked inside is understood as meaning `I looked inside the box' (or the drawer or whatever is being discussed). In traditional grammar prepositions are defined strictly so that the complement is part of the definition, which means that INSIDE can't be a preposition when it is used without a complement; but its meaning remains the same, and it can be used in the same range of positions, so it would be much better to give it the same classification whether it has a complement or not - especially since the same option is available for a lot of other prepositions. The consequence, then, is that a preposition must be able to have a complement, but need not actually exploit this option in order to be a preposition. To take another example, UP is a preposition whether it has a complement (up the road) or not. This allows us to classify particles (see particle) in examples like look up the word as prepositions without complements.
The second expansion of the class of prepositions allows the complement to be something other than a noun. One possibility is that it may be another preposition; for example, after BECAUSE we cannot use a bare noun (*because the weather), but we can use the preposition OF which in turn allows a noun (because of the weather). Such examples are traditionally classified as `compound prepositions', but it is better to recognise them as two separate words linked by a dependency. The figure illustrates the structures. A second possibility is that the complement may be a verb, as in (4).
(4) We stayed inside because it was raining.
Here the preposition because has a tensed verb, was, as its complement; in other words, it introduces a clause. In traditional terminology this makes it a `subordinating conjunction', but it seems wrong to put BECAUSE into a completely different word-class according to whether its complement is a noun or a verb. The objections are the same as with the choice between `adverb' and `preposition' above: the meaning of BECAUSE is the same in both cases, and a substantial number of other words show just the same alternation between two types of complement. A much simpler analysis is to allow a single lexeme, BECAUSE, to have two different types of complement without any change in its word-class.
In summary, `preposition' is used for any word which may have either a noun or a verb as its complement and which has the other characteristics listed above. Two of these characteristics are especially important (as Pied-Piping only applies to traditional prepositions):
They are used as post-adjuncts or complements of almost any word-class,
Their meaning is a relationship.
This definition means that many words qualify as prepositions which traditional grammar would have classified as adverbs or subordinating conjunctions. An attractive consequence of this decision is that it allows a unified analysis of some words which would otherwise have belonged to different word-classes according to what kind of complement they had. For example, BEFORE and AFTER may have no complement, a noun or a verb:
(5) I'd seen the film before.
(6) I saw them before Christmas.
(7) I saw them before they saw me.
In our analysis each example of before belongs to the same lexeme BEFORE, which in each case is a preposition. See Figure 25.

Figure 25
[wg enc, 1998.12]

wg'VERB

name::
* McsEngl.wg'VERB,

$verb
The most important word-class of all. (In Latin, verb-um means simply `word'.) Verbs are important because:
The root of the sentence is normally a finite verb.
Verbs have more complex valencies than any other word classes, so they allow more valents (subjects and complements) per word and provide more `syntactic glue' that holds the sentence together.
Verbs have a richer system of inflections and features than any other class.
See also: full verb, auxiliary verb.
[wg enc, 1998.12]

grammar.DESCRIPTION

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.DESCRIPTION,
* McsEngl.descriptive-grammar@cptCore93i,

Prescription and description are often seen as opposites, in the sense that one declares how language should be while the other declares how language is.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescriptive_grammar] 2007-12-12

grammar.PRESCRIPTION

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.PRESCRIPTION,
* McsEngl.prescriptive-grammar@cptCore93i,

Prescription and description are often seen as opposites, in the sense that one declares how language should be while the other declares how language is.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescriptive_grammar] 2007-12-12

grammar.SEMANTIC-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.SEMANTIC-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.semantic-grammar@cptCore93i,

Because semantic grammars focus on meaning in terms of the particular application, they can be more robust to grammatical deviations (see section 3.6).
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, 1.8.4]

grammar.SYNTACTIC-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.SYNTACTIC-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.syntactic-grammar@cptCore93i,

... an increased use of semantic (as opposed to syntactic grammars) ...
[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/, 1996, 1.8.4]

grammar.UNIVERSAL-GRAMMAR

name::
* McsEngl.grammar.UNIVERSAL-GRAMMAR,
* McsEngl.universal-grammar@cptCore93i,

_DEFINITION:
Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans (linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development. The application of the idea to the area of second language acquisition (SLA) is represented mainly by the McGill University linguist Lydia White.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_nativism]

lagHmn'structure#cptCore515#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'structure,

_Structure.lagHmn:
* DERIVATING#cptCore642.3#
* COMBINATING#cptCore642.4#

lagHmn'LOGATING#cptCore474.3#
GRAMAR#cptCore474.4#
SYNTAX#cptCore474.2#

* MAPPING-RELATION#cptCore93.3#
* EXPRESSIVE-RELATION (di TO logo)
* SEMANTIC-RELATION (logo TO di)
* LOGO-MODEL-RELATION#cptCore474.3#
* DI-RELATION

language (langology):
~~a) division on sound~~:
- SPOKEN-LANGUAGE#cptCore629##.epistem629# (fonology)
- WRITTEN-LANGUAGE#cptCore630# (grafology|morfology)
b) division on relations:
- mapping|semantation#ql:hl'mapping# (logo to cptinfo mapping relations, semantology)
- logation#ql:hl'logation# (logo-creation relations, logology):
- syntax#ql:hl'syntax# (syntaxology)
- gramar#ql:hl'gramar# (gramology):
- creation#ql:hl'creation# (creatology)
- derivation (derivology)
- compoundation (compoundology)
- formation#ql:hl'formation# (formology)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-03_nikkas]

language (langology):
- mapping|semantation#ql:lnghmn'mapping# (semantology)
- logation#ql:hl'logation# (logology):
a) division on relations:
- syntax#ql:hl'syntax# (syntaxology)
- gramar#ql:hl'gramar# (gramology):
- creation#ql:hl'creation# (creatology)
- derivation (derivology)
- compoundation (compoundology)
- formation#ql:hl'formation# (formology)
b) division on sound:
- SPOKEN-LANGUAGE#cptCore629# (fonology)
- WRITTEN-LANGUAGE#cptCore93.66# (morfology)
[hmnSngo.2001-12-02_nikkas]

Η γραμματική χωρίζεται σε:
1) ΦΘΟΓΓΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ, όπου εξετάζει τους φθόγγους της γλώσσας και τους συλλαβικούς συνδυασμούς. (Στη γλώσσα μας εξετάζει και τους τόνους και τα πνεύματα).
2) ΤΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ, όπου εξετάζει τις λέξεις της γλώσσας και τις μεταβολές, που παθαίνουν κατά τη χρήση τους.
3) ΕΤΥΜΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ, όπου εξετάζει την προέλευση των λέξεων για τη σωστή γραφή των ριζών τους και
4) ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ, όπου εξετάζει την πλοκή των λέξεων, δηλαδή το πως χρησιμοποιούνται στον λόγο, γραφτό ή προφορικό.
[Ο ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΝΕΩΝ, 1966, 1015#cptResource12#]

Η γραμματική αποτελείται από το τυπικό ή τυπολογικό (accidence) και το συντακικό (syntax).
Το ΤΥΠΙΚΟ είναι το σύνολο των ΚΑΝΟΝΩΝ που ορίζει τις οποίες μια λέξη είναι αποδεκτή.
ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΙΚΟ είναι το σύνολο των ΚΑΝΟΝΩΝ που καθορίζει τη νομιμότητα της διάταξης και της σύνδεσης των λέξεων της γλώσσας για τη δημιουργία προτάσεων.
Η γνώση του συντακτικού επιτρέπει τη δημιουργία σωστών προτάσεων στις φυσικές γλώσσες ενώ στις γλώσσεσ προγραμματισμού τη δημιουργία σωστών εντολών.
[Βακάλη κα, Ανάπτυξη Εφαρμογών γ' λυκείου, 1999 α' έκδοση, 130]

SUBSYSTEM:
ΠΡΩΤΗ ΑΡΘΡΩΣΗ (ΛΕΞΕΙΣ)
ΔΕΥΤΕΡΗ ΑΡΘΡΩΣΗ (ΦΘΟΓΓΟΙ)

lagHmn'DOING

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'DOING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.22,
* McsEngl.doing-of-lagHmn@cptCore93.22, {2012-08-20}
* McsEngl.function-of-humanLanguage@cptCore93,

_GENERIC:
* doing#cptCore475#

_SPECIFIC:
Roman Jakobson identified six functions of language, only one of which is the traditional system of reference.
* referential: conveys information about some real phenomenon
* expressive: describes feelings of the speaker
* conative: attempts to elicit some behavior from the addressee
* phatic: builds a relationship between both parties in a conversation
* metalingual: self-references
* poetic: focuses on the text independent of reference
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics]

FUNCTIONS:
* Communication,
* Cognitive,
* Emotional,
* Phatic,
* Poetic,

One of the most important functions of a HL is its NAME-PRODUCING-MECHANISM to map them with the CONCEPTS humans perceive.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-15_nikkas]

HUMAN-LANGUAGE takes KNOWLEDGE (conceptual-models of the world) as input and creates INFORMATION and the opposite (when we here/read information we create knowledge in our minds (we understand it)).
[hmnSngo.2000-07-25_nikkas]

Η ανθρώπινη γλώσσα χρησιμοποιείται για την ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ μεταξύ των ανθρώπων.

The functions of natural language are numerous and have many aspects.
1. Language is the means people use for everyday communication, the means of communication in scientific and practical activity.
2. Language allows people to pass on their accumulated knowledge, their practical abilities and life's experience from one generation to another.
[Getmanova, Logic 1989, 24#cptResource19#]

ΣΥΝΑΙΣΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ.
ΜΙΑ ΕΠΙΠΛΕΟΝ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΣΥΝΑΙΣΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΕΩΝ: ΣΥΝΑΙΣΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ (emotive, expressive function). O JAKOBSON ΑΝΑΦΕΡΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΦΗΜΟΥ ΣΚΗΝΟΘΕΤΗ ΤΟΥ "ΘΕΑΤΡΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΜΟΣΧΑΣ" STANISLAWSKY, ΠΟΥ ΑΠΑΙΤΟΥΣΕ ΑΠΟ ΤΟΥΣ ΗΘΟΠΟΙΟΥΣ ΝΑ ΜΠΟΡΟΥΝ ΝΑ ΠΟΥΝ ΤΗ ΦΡΑΣΗ "ΣΗΜΕΡΑ Τ'ΑΠΟΓΕΥΜΑ" ΜΕ 40 ΔΙΑΦΟΡΕΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΤΡΟΠΟΥΣ, ΕΤΣΙ ΩΣΤΕ ΟΙ ΑΚΡΟΑΤΕΣ ΝΑ ΚΑΤΑΛΑΒΑΙΝΟΥΝ ΚΑΘΕ ΦΟΡΑ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΕΤΙΚΗ ΨΥΧΙΚΗ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 44#cptResource191#]

ΦΑΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ.
ΣΥΝΗΘΙΣΜΕΝΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Ν'ΑΝΑΓΝΩΡΙΖΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΛΛΟΥ, ΝΑ ΣΠΑΕΙ ΤΗ ΣΙΓΗ, ΝΑ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΗΣΕΙ ΕΠΑΦΗ: ΦΑΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ (PHATIC FUNCTION). ΟΙ ΤΥΠΙΚΟΙ ΧΑΙΡΕΤΙΣΜΟΙ ΕΧΟΥΝΕ ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΟ ΣΚΟΠΟ ΝΑ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΗΣΟΥΝ ΕΠΑΦΗ, ΚΑΙ ΟΧΙ ΟΠΩΣΔΗΠΟΤΕ ΝΑ ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΟΥΝ ή ΝΑ ΖΗΤΗΣΟΥΝ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑ: ΚΑΛΗΜΕΡΑ. ΓΕΙΑ ΣΑΣ. ΤΙ ΚΑΝΕΙΣ; ΧΑΙΡΩ ΠΟΛΥ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 45#cptResource191#]
phatic communion
This is a rather pompous name for an interesting phenomenon: often when people appear to be using language for social purposes it seems that the actual content of what they are saying has virtually no meaning. For example, greetings containing an apparent enquiry about the listener's health or a comment on the weather are usually not expected to be treated as a normal enquiry or comment. What is interesting from the pronunciation point of view is that such interactions only work if they are said in a prosodically appropriate way: it has been claimed that when welcoming a guest to a lively party one could announce (without anyone noticing anything wrong) that one had just finished murdering one's grandmother, as long as one used the appropriate intonation and facial expression for a greeting.
[Peter Roach Encyc 2000]

ΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ.
ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΗ, ΟΠΟΥ ΤΟ ΜΗΝΥΜΑ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΣΚΟΠΟΣ, ΔΗΛΑΔΗ Η ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΕΚΠΛΗΡΩΝΕΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΙΣΘΗΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 45#cptResource191#]

lagHmn'doing.INTERFERENCE

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'doing.INTERFERENCE,

_DEFINITION:
The process of influencies a language suffers from other languges.
Today ENGLISH is the most interferencable language because it is spoken by the most non-natives than any other language.
[hmnSngo.2001-12-16_nikkas]

lagHmn'doing.MANAGING#cptCore659.2#

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'doing.MANAGING,

_DESCRIPTION:
ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΣΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗ Η ΙΔΕΑ ΤΗΣ ΡΥΘΜΙΣΗΣ ΑΠΟΡΡΙΠΤΕΤΑΙ ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ. ΔΕΧΤΗ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΜΟΝΟ Η ΙΔΕΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗΣ, ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΠΕΡΑ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΩΝ ΦΑΙΝΟΜΕΝΩΝ.
... H ΡΥΘΜΙΣΗ ΔΕ ΣΚΟΠΕΥΕΙ ΝΑ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΕΙ, ΑΛΛΑ ΣΚΟΠΕΥΕΙ ΕΙΤΕ ΝΑ ΑΛΛΑΞΕΙ ΤΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΑΥΘΑΙΡΕΤΑ, ΕΙΤΕ ΝΑ ΣΤΑΜΑΤΗΣΕΙ ΤΗ ΦΥΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ-ΤΗΣ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ.
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 137#cptResource191#]

lagHmn'doing.IMPLEMENTING

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'doing.IMPLEMENTING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.26,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'implementating,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'implementation,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'usage,

_GENERIC:
* languaging#cptCore49.6#

_DESCRIPTION:
Implementation of human-language is the actual use of the language. It is the logal-info-creation-process, AND the "understanding" process, ie the brainual-info-creation-process from a logo.

_SPECIFIC:
* coding##
* decoding
* translating

lagHmn'Coding-process

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'Coding-process,
* McsEngl.coding-process-of-human-language, {2012-11-03}

_METHOD:
* coding-method (braino to lingo)#cptCore93.58#

lagHmn'Decoding-process

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'Decoding-process,
* McsEngl.decoding-process-of-human-language, {2012-10-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
It is the actual process of mapping lingo#ql:viewlingo@cptCore*# to braino#ql:viewcptbrainhmn@cptCore757# using the decoding-method of a language.
[hmnSngo.2012-10-12]

_METHOD:
* decoding-method (lingo to braino)#cptCore93.59#

lagHmn'Mapping-process

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'Mapping-process,
* McsEngl.conceptCore93.12,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'dufino@cptCore93.12,
* McsEngl.lagHmn'process@cptCore93.12,
* McsEngl.mapping-doing-of-human-language@cptCore93.12, {2012-11-03}

_MAPPED_ENTITIES:
* view.human.semasio#cptCore1100.3#
* view.human.lingo#cptCore474#

_SPECIFIC:
* doing.coding
* doing.decoding
===
* LINGVUDINO#cptCore475.331#

lagHmn'Translating-process

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'Translating-process,

_METHOD:
* translating-method (lingo to lingo)#cptCore93.57#

lagHmn'doing.LEARNING#cptCore93.55#

_CREATED: {2012-09-03} {c1995}

name::
* McsEngl.lagHmn'doing.LEARNING,
* McsEngl.conceptCore649,
* McsEngl.language-acquisition,
* McsEngl.language-learning,
* McsEngl.language'learning@cptCore649,
* McsElln.ΕΚΜΑΘΗΣΗ-ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ,

_GENERIC:
* information learning#cptCore#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΕΚΜΑΘΗΣΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ είναι ΜΑΘΗΣΗ 'γλωσσας#cptCore93.a#'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
===
While a noun-advantage has been reported
in many languages (Bornstein et al., 2004), it is not the case in Chinese. Chinese
children’s vocabularies contain a roughly equal number of nouns and verbs and a much
higher proportion of verbs than English-speaking children’s (Tardif, 1996, Tardif 1997,
Tardif, 2000). These finding suggests that verbs are not always hard to learn.
[http://www.ling.udel.edu/colloq/abstracts/weiyi-present.pdf]
===
These findings lend weight to the idea that children approach language learning whether on the tongue or off the hands in broadly the same way.
[http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/g.morgan/Morgan%20BSL%20first%20signs%20final.pdf, 23] 2007-07-02

CHILDREN

ΤΑ ΠΑΙΔΙΑ ΑΡΧΙΖΟΥΝ ΝΑ ΜΑΘΑΙΝΟΥΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΤΑΣ ΠΡΩΤΑ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΜΙΑΣ ΛΕΞΗΣ, ΥΣΤΕΡΑ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΔΥΟ ΛΕΞΕΩΝ, ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗ ΣΥΝΕΧΕΙΑ ΑΥΞΑΝΟΥΝ ΤΗ ΣΥΝΤΑΧΤΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΙΠΛΟΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΩΝ-ΤΟΥΣ, ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΖΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΤΣΙ ΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΥΣΗΜΙΑ
[ΠΕΤΡΟΥΝΙΑΣ, 1984, 92#cptResource191#]

Μωρό 22 μηνών.
ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ:
μαμά τυρί = Η μαμά μου έδωσε τυρί.
Μαμαμέλα δόντια ααάπ = Οταν τρώς καραμέλα, ο γιατρός σου βγάζει τα δόντια.

ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ:
γιατρό,
τυρί,

ΣΧΕΣΕΙΣ:
κοίτα,
πάμε,
πίνω,
φερτο δω,

lagHmn'GENERIC

_GENERIC:
* language#cptCore49#
* standard#cptCore459#
* ~~entity.whole.system.tree#cptCore348#~~ 2012-08-25,
* ~~MAPPING-PROCESS#cptCore475.179#~~ 2012-08-20
* ~~MAPING-MECHANISM~~, {2012-08-20}

meta-info

page-wholepath: https://synagonism.net / dirFolioViews / FvMcsCore / FvMcsCore3

overview of Core33

HmnmLago23

lagHmnlingo'name.VERB

DEFINITION

analytic

synthetic

OTHER-VIEW#cptCore505#

verb'GENERIC

verb'WHOLE

verb'WholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

verb'Argument#cptCore557.30#

verb'Auxiliary

auxiliary.verb.ENGLISH

auxiliary.verb.SPECIFIC_DIVISION.INSTANCES

auxiliary.verb.MOOD

auxiliary.verb.TENSE

auxiliary.verb.VOICE

auxiliary.verb.PERFECTIVE

auxiliary.verb.INSTANT

auxiliary.verb.INTERROGATIVE

auxiliary.verb.AFFIRMATIVE

auxiliary.verb.NUMBER

auxiliary.verb.PERSON

verb'Brain

verb'Expression

verb'FORMATION'SUFFIX#cptCore59.16#

verb-FORMERO#cptCore592: attPar#

verb-Auxiliary#cptCore611.12: attPar#

verb'VOICE

verb'ConceptVerb#cptCore567.8#

verb'Name

verb'STEM#cptCore1059.22#

verb'namer.SPECIFIC

verb'namer.ENGLISH

verb'resourceInfHmn#cptResource843#

verb'Synlingoconcept#cptCore93.63#

verb'Syntax

-NOTATION:

verb'term

SPECIFIC

termVerb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.NAME

termVerb.FORM

termVerb.INFINITIVE

infinitive'Expression

infinitive'EVOLUTION#cptCore546.171#

infinitive.LANGO.ENGLISH

termVerb.LANGO.GREEK

Α ΣΥΓΥΓΙΑ (-ω;-ομαι)

Β ΣΥΓΥΓΙΑ (-ώ;-ιέμαι|-ούμαι)

trmVrbEll.ONLY-ACTIVE-TERMS#cptCore570#

trmVrbEll.ONLY-PASSIVE-TERMS#cptCore570#

trmVrbEll.IRREGULAR#cptCore570#

termVerb.LANGO.GREEK.ANCIENT (Κατ; Αυξ; Φωνή)#cptCore59#

termVerb.LANGO.ESPERANTO

termVerb.LANGO.KOMO

termVerb.MOOD

CONDITIONAL

termVerb.VERBAL

termVerb.GERUND

termVerb.SUPINE (σουπάιν)

SPECIFIC

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.cptBrain#cptCore399#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-mood

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-direction

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-affirmation

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-interrogation

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.semasio-argument-number#cptCore557.30#

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-regularity

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-voice

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.expression-word

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.generic

verb.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.sentence

verb.AUXILIARY

SPECIFIC

verbAux.ENLISH

verbAux.GREEK

verbAux.MODAL

modalVerb.ENGLISH

verb.cptBrain.RELATION

verb.linking.ENGLISH#cptCore569#