analytic

Law is COMMON-INFO that DEFINE the objects, relations and processes of a human-society.
[hmnSngo.2010-02-16]

Law is COMMON procedures, relations and objects that DEFINE the objects, relations and processes of a human-society.
[hmnSngo.2010-02-14]

Δίκαιο ονομάζεται το σύνολο των υποχρεωτικών και εξαναγκαστικών κανόνων οι οποίοι και ρυθμίζουν τις σχέσεις των, στη αυτή κοινωνία δια-βιούντων προσώπων. Επίσης κατ΄ άλλο ορισμό: Δίκαιο είναι η ανθρώπινη θέληση η οποία ρυθμίζει την κοινωνική ζωή κατά τρόπο «ετερόνομο», «επιτακτικό» και «εξαναγκαστικό». Συνεπώς το δίκαιο δεν προέρχεται από την ατομική θέληση των επιμέρους ατόμων αλλά επιβάλλεται εξωτερικά (ετερόνομος ρύθμιση), επιτάσσοντας και καθορίζοντας τι δύναται και τι πρέπει ή τι δεν δύναται και τι δεν πρέπει να πράττουν χωρίς ωστόσο να ζητεί τη συγκατάθεσή τους (επιτακτική ρύθμιση), επιβάλλοντας όμως στους μη συμμορφούμενους προς τους κανόνες του κυρώσεις (εξαναγκασμός).

Εκτός των κανόνων δικαίου τη συμπεριφορά των μελών μιας κοινωνίας ρυθμίζουν και οι κανόνες της Ηθικής και της Εθιμοτυπίας. Μεταξύ όμως των κανόνων αυτών και του Δικαίου υφίστανται ουσιώδεις διαφορές.
1. Οι κανόνες Ηθικής σε αντίθεση με εκείνες του Δικαίου απευθύνονται προς τον εσωτερικό ψυχισμό του ανθρώπου, την εσωτερική του διάθεση, προερχόμενοι από τη συνείδησή του, που όμως η συμμόρφωση προς αυτούς γίνεται οικειοθελώς χωρίς εξαναγκασμό.
2. Επίσης οι κανόνες της Εθιμοτυπίας ρυθμίζουν μεν την εξωτερική συμπεριφορά του ανθρώπου, όπως οι κανόνες του Δικαίου, πλην όμως η συμμόρφωση και προς αυτούς γίνεται «οικειοθελώς» χωρίς εξαναγκασμό.

* Η μη συμμόρφωση στους κανόνες της Ηθικής και της Εθιμοτυπίας μόνο τη περιφρόνηση των λοιπών μελών της κοινωνίας μπορεί να επισύρει.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δίκαιo]

ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ είναι κανονες βάσει των οποίων λειτουργεί (ΔΙΕΥΘΥΝΕΤΑΙ) η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ#cptCore1.a#.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

Law[4] is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions.[5] It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law] 2010-02-14

law, RULES OF CONDUCT of organized society, enforced by threat of punishment.
Early examples from Babylonia (the code of HAMMURABI), India (Laws of MANU), and Palestine (Mosaic code) suggest a universal tendency of religious and ethical systems to produce a legal order.
ROMAN LAW developed the distinction between PUBLIC LAW, in which the state is directly involved, and PRIVATE LAW, concerned with disputes between persons. Roman influence survived in the canon law of the Catholic Church and in the laws of FEUDALISM, and it is the basis of modern CIVIL LAW.
In England, law made by royal judges became COMMON LAW, later modified by the laws of EQUITY. The work of Sir William BLACKSTONE in the 18th cent., which stressed the natural rights of man, greatly influenced U.S. law, which is distinguished by the coexistence of federal and state systems.
[Concise Columbia Encyclopedia
Copyright (c) 1983, 1989
Columbia University Press
All Rights Reserved]

law'Referent

name::
* McsEngl.law'Referent,

Η σχέση Δικαίου και κοινωνικής πραγματικότητας είναι σχέση αλληλεπίδρασης.
[http://users.sch.gr/itsakalis/d_class.files/biblio%20mathiti.pdf]

law'IMPORTANCE#cptCore781#

name::
* McsEngl.law'IMPORTANCE,

law'usage

name::
* McsEngl.law'usage,

_DESCRIPTION:
Serious diseases should become illegal, so that there will be fewer diseases; corruption should be legalized, so that it no longer poses a problem. These are the ideas of Kosovo’s Strong Party.
[http://strongparty.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/satirical-party-in-kosovo/]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.orgLaw.specific,

SPECIFEINO_ON_FUNCTION:
* LAW-CREATION
* LAW-INTERPRETATION
* LAW-IMPLEMENTATION/ENFORCEMENT

_ALPHABETICALLY:
* govs-administration#cptCore94.34#
* govs-judiciary#cptCore94.35#
* LEGAL-PROFESSION
* govs-legislature#cptCore94.36#
* MILITARY
* POLICE

Legal institutions:
* Bureaucracy
* Civil society
* Election commission
* Executive
* Judiciary
* Legal profession
* Legislature
* Military
* Police
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature] {2012-11-17}

orgLaw.BAKER-AND-MCKENZIE

name::
* McsEngl.orgLaw.BAKER-AND-MCKENZIE,

_DESCRIPTION:
Baker & McKenzie becomes world’s biggest law firm
An uptick in mergers and acquisitions has helped it overtake rival DLA Piper with $2.5bn in 2013 revenue
[FINANCIAL TIMES Monday August 11 2014]

orgLaw.Firm

_CREATED: {2012-06-04}

name::
* McsEngl.orgLaw.Firm,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.13,
* McsEngl.law-firm@cptCore23.13,
* McsEngl.law-service,
* McsEngl.orgPrd.law,
* McsEngl.practice-of-law,

_DESCRIPTION:
A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. The primary service rendered by a law firm is to advise clients (individuals or corporations) about their legal rights and responsibilities, and to represent clients in civil or criminal cases, business transactions, and other matters in which legal advice and other assistance are sought.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm]

orgLaw.Network

name::
* McsEngl.orgLaw.Network,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.14,
* McsEngl.law-firm-network@cptCore23.14, {2012-06-04}

A law firm network (law firm association or legal network) is a membership organisation consisting of independent law firms. These networks are one type of professional services networks similar to networks found in the accounting profession. The common purpose is to expand the resources available to each member for providing services to their clients. The best known primarily law firm networks are Lex Mundi, WSG - World Services Group (multidisciplinary), TerraLex,[1] Meritas (law), the State Capital Group.[2] and Pacific Rim Advisory Council[3] The largest networks have more than 10,000 attorneys located in hundreds of offices worldwide.[4]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm_network]

law'source.code

name::
* McsEngl.law'source.code,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.16,
* McsEngl.code.law@cptCore17,
* McsEngl.law'code@cptCore17,
* McsEngl.law-code@cptCore17,
* McsEngl.law'specification,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ@cptCore23,
* McsElln.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ@cptCore23,

_GENERIC:
* SPECIFICATION
* resource.information.human#cptResource843#

_DEFINITION:
ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ονομάζω κάθε επίσημη ΠΗΓΗ που περιέχει ΔΙΚΑΙΟ.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]

ΚΩΔΙΚΑ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ονομάζω κάθε ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ ή μη που περιέχει δίκαιο.
[hmnSngo.1995.01_nikos]

law'Judge

_CREATED: {2012-06-04} {2012-04-12}

name::
* McsEngl.law'Judge,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.10,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy308,
* McsEngl.judge@cptEconomy308, {2012-04-12}
* McsEngl.worker.judge@cptEconomy308, {2012-04-12}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.δικαστής,

_DESCRIPTION:
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the parties of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury. In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge]

law'Lawyer

_CREATED: {2012-06-04} {2012-04-12}

name::
* McsEngl.law'Lawyer,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.11,
* McsEngl.conceptEonomy307,
* McsEngl.attorney@cptUsa, {2012-04-12}
* McsEngl.lawyer@cptEconomy307, {2012-04-12}
* McsEngl.worker.lawyer@cptEconomy307, {2012-04-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law."[1] Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political and social authority, and deliver justice. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who retain (i.e., hire) lawyers to perform legal services.

The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be treated here in only the most general terms.[2][3]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer]

law'dictionary

name::
* McsEngl.law'dictionary,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.nolo.com/dictionary,

law'consolidation

name::
* McsEngl.law'consolidation,
* McsEngl.consolidation-of-law,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ενοποίηση-νομοθεσίας,

_DESCRIPTION:
Εάν κανείς θελήσει να βρει την ισχύουσα έκδοση ενός νόμου, χρειάζεται να εντοπίσει όλες τις τροποποιήσεις του που έχουν ψηφιστεί και να τις εφαρμόσει σειριακά στο αρχικό κείμενο του νόμου. Η διαδικασία αυτή είναι γνωστή ως ενοποίηση (consolidation) και είναι ιδιαίτερα απαιτητική διανοητικά για τον αναγνώστη, ο οποίος συχνά δεν μπορεί να είναι βέβαιος αν έχει παραλείψει κάποια τροποποίηση. Υπάρχουν, βέβαια, νομικές βάσεις που προσφέρουν πρόσβαση στο ενοποιημένο κείμενο των νομοθετημάτων, αλλά συνήθως απαιτούν συνδρομή. Αποσπασματικά, μπορεί να βρει κανείς ενοποιημένα νομικά κείμενα σε ιστοσελίδες υπουργείων και άλλων φορέων.
[https://opengov.ellak.gr/2016/10/28/aftomatopiisi-tis-diadikasias-enopiisis-tis-nomothesias-openlaws-opengov/]

_RESOURCE:
* http://www.openlaws.gr//
* https://opengov.ellak.gr/2016/10/28/aftomatopiisi-tis-diadikasias-enopiisis-tis-nomothesias-openlaws-opengov//

law'timeEffective

name::
* McsEngl.law'timeEffective,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.6,

law'timeSigned

_CREATED: {2012-04-11}

name::
* McsEngl.law'timeSigned,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.4,

law'OTHER-VIEW#cptCore505#

name::
* McsEngl.law'OTHER-VIEW,

_OTHER_VIEW:
* science.law#cptCore326#

Legal theory:
* Critical legal studies
* Comparative law
* Law and economics
* History International legal theory
* Philosophy
* Sociology

SPECIFIC

* lawTxt.specific,
* lawDoc.specific,
* lawCode.specifi,

lawTxt.article

_CREATED: {2013-07-03}

name::
* McsEngl.lawTxt.article,
* McsEngl.article.law,
* McsEngl.law'article,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.άρθρο.νομοθεσία,

_DESCRIPTION:
Article in law, MUST be the SMALLEST part of the text WITH a heading that contain only paragraphs.law#ql:law'paragraph# (biggest parts without a heading).
[hmnSngo.2013-07-06]

lawTxt.paragraph

_CREATED: {2013-07-03}

name::
* McsEngl.lawTxt.paragraph,
* McsEngl.law'paragraph,
* McsEngl.paragraph.law,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.παράγραφος.νομοθεσία,

_DESCRIPTION:
Paragraph in law, MUST be the BIGGEST part of the text WITHOUT a heading, part of an article.law.
[hmnSngo.2013-07-06]

lawTxt.SECTION

_CREATED: {2014-11-14}

name::
* McsEngl.lawTxt.SECTION,
* McsEngl.law'section,
* McsEngl.lawTxt.titled-part,

_DESCRIPTION:
SECTION is ANY titled-part of lawTxt.
[hmnSngo.2014-11-14]

Article

Evolution#cptCore546.171#

Constitutional-government

Most 20th-century dictatorships also have constitutions. But if true constitutionalism implies democracy and freedom, it takes more than the possession and publication of a constitution to have a constitutional government. For a true constitutional government to exist, the following conditions should be present:

Sovereignty.
The real power in a state should be in the hands of the people. This means that those who hold public office are accountable to the people. Unfortunately, most modern democracies are so large that accountability is often difficult to achieve. And there are usually many officials**members of bureaucracies and many judges**who are not easily held accountable for their actions.

Division of power.
Absolute monarchies and dictatorships usually concentrate all authority in the hands of one person or, at most, a few individuals. A king, for instance, makes the laws, sees to their enforcement, and interprets them. His subjects have no place to go beyond him with their grievances. A democratic constitution divides power among different branches of government**the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary**thus imposing limits of authority on each branch. In many countries the legislative branch itself is divided into two separate houses. The approval of both houses is needed before laws can become valid.

Representation.
In a republic officials are considered to be representatives of those who elect them. The officials owe their jobs to their constituencies**the particular voters who chose them**and should, therefore, take the public's desires into consideration when passing laws.

Stability.
Constitutions describe the fundamental procedures by which the government operates. An early chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, John Marshall, said that "A constitution is framed for ages to come," suggesting that no matter what the historical changes, trials, and upheavals the constitution will remain the law of the land. It will provide for the orderly and peaceful transfer of power from one set of officeholders to the next.

Some constitutions include provisions that allow for their suspension in times of emergency. This occurs when martial law is imposed: The military authorities rule temporarily when the civil rulers are deemed unable to cope with the situation. Such a provision is a very dangerous one for a constitution to contain because it has frequently allowed officeholders to seize control of government on some pretext and to establish a military dictatorship. This has happened in several African nations, Greece, Turkey, Poland, Pakistan, several Latin American nations, and the Philippines. Occasionally free government is restored, but in most cases it is not.

Openness.
Government secrecy is a threat to a free society. The only time secrecy is acceptable is when it protects the security of the nation. Otherwise, what a government does should be available to all so that its citizens may make informed decisions. However, many modern national governments are so large, their proceedings so complex, and their laws so numerous that it is impossible for every citizen to be informed adequately of all that is going on.

Government bureaucracies tend to have so many regulations and procedures that they intimidate any citizen who must deal with them. To help cope with this problem, the Scandinavian countries instituted the office of ombudsman, meaning "attorney" or "legal representative." The ombudsman is a legal commissioner who investigates citizen complaints against bureaucratic abuse or secrecy. This office has been copied in various forms in New Zealand, Great Britain, West Germany, Israel, and in some states of Australia, the United States, and Canada.
[Copyright 1991 Compton's Learning Company]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
EC
GREECE#cptCore23.22.2#
UK#cptCore23.22.1#
USA#cptCore23.22.3#

EVOLUTION#cptCore546.171#

_QUERY:
* HISTORY-{constitution-greece}#ql:[Group GrHd20] |[Field FdTimeSubject:constitution greece]##viewTime:constitution greece#

{time.2019}:
* Θ΄ ΑΝΑΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΗ ΒΟΥΛΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ https://www.lawspot.gr/nomikes-plirofories/nomothesia/olom-voylis-19645-28112019/psifisma-psifisi-dimosieysi-kai-thesi-se,

{time.2008}:
Με τρεις αστερίσκους δηλώνονται τα σημεία της Αναθεώρησης που αναγράφονται στο Ψήφισμα της 27ης Μαΐου 2008 της Η΄ Αναθεωρητικής Βουλής των Ελλήνων.

{time.2001}:
Με δύο αστερίσκους δηλώνονται τα σημεία της Αναθεώρησης που αναγράφονται στο Ψήφισμα της 6ης Απριλίου 2001 της Ζ΄ Αναθεωρητικής Βουλής των Ελλήνων.

{time.1986}:
Με έναν αστερίσκο δηλώνονται τα σημεία της Αναθεώρησης που αναγράφονται στο Α΄ Ψήφισμα της 6ης Μαρτίου 1986 της ΣΤ΄ Αναθεωρητικής Βουλής των Ελλήνων.

{time.1975}:
Καινούργιο Σύνταγμα

ARTICLE

Εχει 120 άρθρα.

AMENDMENT PROCEDURE

The constitution is "rigid" in the sense that it may not be amended within the term of one parliament and through the ordinary legislative procedure. The amendment is a two phase procedure. Parliament states first the need for amendment and specifies the provisions to be amended in two resolutions taken by a three-fifth majority (180) of the total number of the members of parliament (300) in two ballots held at least one month apart. The next parliament decides on the amendments, during its first session, by an absolute majority (151) of the total number of its members (art. 110 Const.). This procedure is considerably simpler than those of previous constitutions which were never observed.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 22#cptResource455#]

AMENDMENTS

FIRST, 1986:
It affected totally or partly articles 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48. The amendment consisted mainly of transfering most of the President's powers, except the ceremonial ones, to the Government and, effectively, to the Prime Minister.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 22#cptResource455#]

NOT'AMENDED'PROVISIONS

name::
* McsEngl.NOT'AMENDED'PROVISIONS,

theese are:
1. the form of government as a "republican, parliamentary democracy",
2. the sovereignty of the people,
3. the respect for human dignity,
4. the principle of equality,
5. the free access to public offices,
6. the prohibition of titles of nobility,
7. the free development of personality,
8. personal freedom,
9. freedom of religion,
10. separation of powers.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 21#cptResource455#]

αρθρο-με-εδάφιο-α-β

name::
* McsElln.αρθρο-με-εδάφιο-α-β,

_ΑΡΘΡΟ:
* 14.3 α) - δ)
* 35.2 α) - ε)
* 56.3 α) - ε)
* 57.1 α) - ε)
* 95.1 α) - δ)
* 96.5 α) - β)
* 98 α. - ζ.
* 100.1 α) - στ)

εδάφιο

name::
* McsElln.εδάφιο-συντάγματος,

_DESCRIPTION:
εδάφιο =No πρόταση:
Η δεύτερη πρόταση του πρώτου εδαφίου εφαρμόζεται αναλόγως και στις περιπτώσεις αυτές.
[http://gym-eleous.ioa.sch.gr/law/gr/syntagma.html#idA17P4.3]

εδάφιο = πρόταση:
1. Ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας εκδίδει και δημοσιεύει τους νόμους που έχουν ψηφιστεί από τη Βουλή μέσα σε ένα μήνα από την ψήφισή τους. Μέσα στην προθεσμία που προβλέπεται στο προηγούμενο εδάφιο, ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας μπορεί να αναπέμψει στη Βουλή νομοσχέδιο που έχει ψηφιστεί από αυτή, εκθέτοντας και τους λόγους της αναπομπής.
[http://gym-eleous.ioa.sch.gr/law/gr/syntagma.html#idA42P1]

εννοιακό-ευρετήριο

name::
* McsElln.εννοιακό-ευρετήριο,
* McsElln.έννοια-συντάγματος,
* McsElln.εννΣ,

_ΕΝΝΟΙΑΚΟ_ΕΥΡΕΤΗΡΙΟ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗ:
Ολα τα κείμενα περιγράφουν σχέσεις ΕΝΝΟΙΩΝ. Το εννοιακό-ευρετήριο του συντάγματος παρουσιάζει την ΙΔΙΑ πληροφορία με το ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ του συντάγματος.
Ο στόχος είναι ο ΧΡΗΣΤΗΣ να ψάχνει (ctrl+F ή F3) κατευθείαν την έννοια που τον ενδιαφέρει και από εκεί να βρίσκει ΟΛΕΣ τις ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ έννοιες.
[hmnSngo.2013-05-27]
===
ΔΙΑΦΟΡΑ έννοιας και ονόματος:
Δυστυχώς μία έννοια μπορεί να έχει πολλά ονόματα πχ Ελλάδα (= Χώρα), Ελλάδα (= Πατρίδα), Ελλάδα (= Κράτος), Ελλάδα (= Ελληνική Κοινωνία) και
ένα όνομα πολλές έννοιες πχ Κράτος (= Ελλάδα) και Κράτος (= Εξουσία).
[hmnSngo.2013-05-26]

_ΣΥΜΒΑΣΗ_ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣΗΣ_ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ:
Ονομα:
- ονομα2: ονομα3:
- ορισμός = κείμενο και αναφορά.
- γενική-έννοια = ...
- ολική-έννοια = ...
===
- εννοια της οποίας η παρούσα είναι χαρακτηριστικό:
- χαρακτηριστικό1:
- χαρακτηριστικό2:
===
• ειδική-έννοια1:
• ειδική-έννοια2:
===
23 = άρθρο23
23.3 = άρθρο23παράγραφος3
23.3.2 = άρθρο23παράγραφος3εδάφιο2
23.3.2.1 = άρθρο23παράγραφος3εδάφιο2πρόταση1

_ΣΥΜΒΑΣΗ_ΟΝΟΜΑΤΟΣ_ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ:
Τα ονόματα των εννοιών είναι στον ενικό αριθμό εκτός αν η σημασία της έννοιας περιγράφεται με πληθυντικό αριθμό.
*

_ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΗ:
1) Υποπαράγραφος, Πρόταση αντί "εδαφιου", "περίπτωση"
ΠΑΡΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ-ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ = κείμενο χωρίς επικεφαλίδα/τίτλο.
ΥΠΟΠΑΡΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ-ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ = κείμενο παραγράφου που χωρίζεται με κενή γραμμή.
ΜΟΝΑΔΑ-ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ = κείμενο παραγράφου ή υποπαραγράφου που τελειώνει σε τελεία, άνω και κάτω τελεία, θαυμαστικό ή ερωτηματικό.

_ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ:
1) ΘΕΣΗ ΕΝΝΟΙΑΣ: διαλέγουμε ΜΙΑ θέση για την έννοια (ποσότητα χαρακτηριστικών, σημαντικό χαρακτηριστικό κλπ). Έχουμε ΠΟΛΛΕΣ αναφορές για την έννοια.

2) ΟΛΟΤΗΤΑ-ΜΕΡΟΣ: μια έννοια την καταχωρούμε σαν ολότητα και όχι μέρος άλλης, άν υπάρχουν 'πολλές' αναφορές σε αυτή. Διαφορετικά η αναφορά στην ολική-έννοια της οποίας είναι μέρος είναι αρκετό για την καταχώρηση της έννοιας.
[2013-05-18]

BILL OF RIGHTS

name::
* McsEngl.bill-of-rights@cptCore414i,

_TIME:
Bill of Rights, 1689, in British history, one of the fundamental instruments of constitutional law. It incorporated by statute the Declaration of Rights accepted by WILLIAM III and MARY II, and registered the results of the struggle between the STUART kings and PARLIAMENT. The Bill of Rights stated that no Roman Catholic would rule England; it gave inviolable civil and political rights to the people and political supremacy to Parliament. It was supplemented (1701) by the Act of SETTLEMENT.

Concise Columbia Encyclopedia
Copyright (c) 1983, 1989
Columbia University Press
All Rights Reserved.

SUMMARY

The Preamble states the general purpose of the Constitution: We, the
people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty
to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution
for the United States of America.

Article I Places all legislative power in a bicameral Congress composed
of Senate and House of Representatives, prescribes method of electing
Congress, and empowers each house to establish its own procedural rules.
Process of legislation from Congress to President is generally described.
Section VIII grants Congress specific powers, e.g., to declare war.
Section IX limits Congressional powers, forbidding, e.g., ex post facto
laws.
Section X limits powers of states, and makes some state action dependent on Congressional consent.

Article II Creates EXECUTIVE branch of government, headed by President
and Vice President. Establishes ELECTORAL COLLEGE, prescribes election
process, qualifications, and manner of succession when a President is
incapacitated.
Section II enumerates President's powers as military commander-in-chief and in foreign affairs.
Section III governs President's working relations with Congress and grants President administrative power.
Section IV governs impeachment of a President.

Article III Vests all judicial power in a SUPREME COURT. Congress may
establish inferior courts.
Section II defines the extent of federal jurisdiction, and distinguishes cases in which federal jurisdiction is original, e.g., cases between states, from those in which federal courts
can hear only appeals.
Section III defines, and limits prosecution for TREASON.

Article IV Governs relations between states, prescribing full faith and
credit for one anothers' laws, equal treatment of citizens of all states,
and extradition procedures.
Section III governs admission of states to the Union and administration of federal territories and property.
Section IV guarantees a republican (see REPUBLIC) form of government to every
state.

Artlcle V Governs the process of amending the Constitution.

Article Vl Establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land,
regardless of conflicting state laws. Federal and state officeholders
shall be bound to support the Constitution; no religious test may be a
qualification for office.

Article Vll States that the Constitution shall take effect when nine (of
the thirteen) states have ratified it.

AMENDMENTS (with date of ratification)

Amendment I (1791) First of the Bill of Rights amendments (I--IX);
prohibits government-established religion; guarantees freedom of worship,
of speech, of the press, of assembly and to petition the government.

Amendment II (1791) For the purpose of maintaining a well-regulated
militia, preserves the right to keep and bear arms.

Amendment III (1791) Prohibits peacetime quartering of troops in private
dwellings without owners' consent.

Amendment IV (1791) Guarantees against unreasonable search and seizure.

Amendment V (1791) Guarantees against violations of due process in
criminal proceedings. No person may be compelled to testify against
himself. Grand jury process is requlred for criminal INDICTMENT. DOUBLE
JEPARDY is prohibited. Public taking of private PROPERTY without just
compensation is prohibited.

Amendment Vl (1791) Guarantees speedy, fair trial, impartial jury, right
to counsel in all criminal cases. See CRIMINAL LAW.

Amendment Vll (1791) Guarantees jury trial in all major civil
(noncriminal) cases, and prohibits retrial of adjudicated matters.

Amendment Vlll (1791) Prohibits excessive bail or fines and cruel and
unusual punishment.

Amendment IX (1791) Declares that the enumeration of certain rights in
the Constitution does not imply that the people do not retain all other
rights.

Amendment X (1791) Reserves to the states powers that the Constitution
does not give to the federal government or prohibit to the states.

Amendment Xl (1798) Declares that federal courts may not try any case
brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country.

Amendment Xll (1804) Revises presidential and vice presidential election
rules.

Amendment Xlll (1865) First of three "Civil War" amendments; prohibits
slavery.

Amendment XIV (1868) Defines U.S. citizenship. Prohibits states from
violating due process (see Amendment V) or equal protection of the law.

Amendment XV (1870) Guarantees rights of citizens against U.S. or state
infringement based on race, color, or previous servitude.

Amendment XVI (1913) Authorizes a federal INCOME TAX.

Amendment XVII (1913) Provides for direct popular election of Senators.

Amendment XVIII (1919) Makes PROHIBITION federal law.

Amendment XIX (1920) Guarantees women the vote in state and U.S.
elections.

Amendment XX (1933) Changes Congressional terms of office and the
inauguration date of President and Vice President; clarifies succession
to the presidency.

Amendment XXI (1933) Repeals Amendment XVIII, ends Prohibition.

Amendment XXII (1951) Limits presidential tenure to two terms.

Amendment XXIII (1961) Permits District of Columbia residents to vote for
President and Vice President.

Amendment XXIV (1964) Outlaws the POLL TAX in all federal elections and
primaries.

Amendment XXV (1967) Provides for procedures to fill vacancies in the
Vice Presidency; further clarifies presidential succession rules.

Amendment XXVI (1971) Lowers voting age in federal and state elections to
18.

Concise Columbia Encyclopedia
Copyright (c) 1983, 1989
Columbia University Press
All Rights Reserved.

Did the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Completely Abolish Slavery?
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, but allows for "involuntary servitude" as a punishment for criminal offenses.

Every American learns in school that the 13th Amendment to the Constitution
ended slavery in the United States. But the history of involuntary
servitude didn't end in 1865, when the amendment was ratified and adopted.
People who have been convicted of a crime can still be legally forced to
work because the 13th Amendment permits slavery or involuntary servitude
"as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted." And since the mid-1800s, U.S. states have done just that,
compelling prison inmates to work in a variety of settings to help offset
the costs of housing them. This has ranged from contracting inmates out as
work crews to having prisoners work in on-site shops to produce marketable
goods. For the most part, prison inmates are not paid well, if at all.
Across the country, the average daily pay for an inmate is between $0.93
and $4.93 USD, although in some states they receive no monetary
compensation at all. And under the rulings that have resulted from
interpretations of the 13th Amendment, prisons are within their rights to
punish inmates who refuse to work.

Read More:
http://www.wisegeek.com/did-the-13th-amendment-to-the-us-constitution-completely-outlaw-slavery.htm?m {2019-03-21}

PREAMABLE

THE CONSTITUTION
We the People of the United States, in Order to form
   a more perfect Union,
   establish Justice,
   insure domestic Tranquility,
   provide for common defence,
   promote the general Welfare, and
   secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity,
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE.I

ARTICLE.II

ARTICLE.III

ARTICLE.IV

contract'breach

name::
* McsEngl.contract'breach,

_DESCRIPTION:
breach of contract
Contracting party's actual failure or refusal to perform (or a clear indication of its intentions to not perform) its obligations under the contract. A breach could be effected by (1) repudiation of obligations before the beginning of the contract, (2) repudiation of obligations before its completion, or (3) a conduct that prevents the contract's proper performance (such as interfering with ...
Learn more about this term
Usage Example
The problem, critics of the prosecution say, is that Swartz' actions constituted a breach of contract more than a felony crime.
[BusinessDictionary.com term, 2015-03-03]

contract'obligation

name::
* McsEngl.contract'obligation,

contract'party

name::
* McsEngl.contract'party,

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* economic-contract#ql:idLawEcnCrt##cptLawEcnCrt#
* employment-contract#ql:idCrtEmplt##cptCrtEmplt#

contract.SMART

_CREATED: {2017-05-03}

name::
* McsEngl.contract.SMART,
* McsEngl.programble-money,
* McsEngl.smart-contract,

_DESCRIPTION:
Smart contracts are computer protocols that facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract, or that make a contractual clause unnecessary. Smart contracts often emulate the logic of contractual clauses. Proponents of smart contracts claim that many kinds of contractual clauses may thus be made partially or fully self-executing, self-enforcing, or both. Smart contracts aim to provide security superior to traditional contract law and to reduce other transaction costs associated with contracting.
Computing platforms and software that can be organised for rational decision-making methods which achieve meaningful execution are known as agoric systems.[1][dubious – discuss] These type of contracts have been traditionally drafted by lawyers.
The real-world implementation of a smart contract that gained mainstream coverage was The DAO, a distributed autonomous organization for venture capital funding, which was launched with US$150 million in crowdfunding in May 2016 and was hacked and drained of approximately US$50 million in cryptocurrency three weeks later.[2]
History[edit]
The phrase "smart contracts" was coined by computer scientist Nick Szabo in 1994, to emphasize the goal of bringing what he calls the "highly evolved" practices of contract law and related business practices to the design of electronic commerce protocols between strangers on the Internet.
Szabo's 1994 description was:[3]
A smart contract is a computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of a contract. The general objectives are to satisfy common contractual conditions (such as payment terms, liens, confidentiality, and even enforcement), minimize exceptions both malicious and accidental, and minimize the need for trusted intermediaries. Related economic goals include lowering fraud loss, arbitrations and enforcement costs, and other transaction costs.
Szabo, inspired by researchers like David Chaum, also had a broader expectation that specification through clear logic, and verification or enforcement through cryptographic protocols and other digital security mechanisms, might constitute a sharp improvement over traditional contract law, even for some traditional kinds of contractual clauses (such as automobile security interests that provide for repossession) that could be brought under the dominion of computer protocols.[4]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract] {2017-05-03}

lawHrt'European-court-of-human-rights

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt'European-court-of-human-rights,
* McsEngl.european-court-of-human-rights@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}

Not to be confused with the European Court of Justice, the highest court of the European Union.
European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR; French: Cour europιenne des droits de l’homme) in Strasbourg is a supra-national court established by the European Convention on Human Rights and hears complaints that a contracting state has violated the human rights enshrined in the Convention and its protocols. Complaints can be brought by individuals or other contracting states, and the Court can also issue advisory opinions. The Convention was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe and all of its 47 member states are parties to the Convention. The court is not part of the European Union.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights]

_ATTRIBUTE:
Established    1959 (initially)
     1998 (permanent)
Jurisdiction    47 member states of the Council of Europe
Location    Strasbourg, France
Authorized by  European Convention on Human Rights
Decisions are appealed to  Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights
Number of positions  47 judges in respect of 47 member states of the Council of Europe
Website    http://echr.coe.int
President
Currently    Nicolas Bratza
Since    1998 (judge), 2011 (President)
Jurist term ends  2012
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights]

lawHrt'International-institute-of-human-rights

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt'International-institute-of-human-rights,
* McsEngl.IIHR@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}
* McsEngl.international-institute-of-human-rights@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}

The International Institute of Human Rights (French: Institut international des droits de l'homme, IIDH) is an association under French local law based in Strasbourg, France. It is composed of approximately 300 members (individual and collective) worldwide, including universities, researchers and practitioners of human rights.

The IIDH was founded by Renι Cassin who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968. Renι Cassin donated the prize money for the creation of an international institute of human rights in Strasbourg.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Human_Rights]

lawHrt'Organization

_CREATED: {2012-04-21}

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt'Organization,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.8,
* McsEngl.human-rights-organization@cptCore10.18, {2012-04-21}
* McsEngl.org.hright@cptCore10.18, {2012-04-21}

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations,

lawHrt'resource

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt'resource,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.humanrightseducation.info//
* https://twitter.com/hrw,

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.specific,
* McsEngl.hright.specific,

_SPECIFIC: hright.Alphabetically:
* civil-right
* cultural-right##
* economic-right##
* education-right##
* freedom-of-speech#cptCore10.1#
* political-right
* social-right##

lawHrt.space.European-convension-on-human-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.space.European-convension-on-human-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms,
* McsEngl.european-convension-on-human-rights@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}
* McsEngl.ECHR@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}

The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms[1] (commonly known as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR))[2] is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe,[3] the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity.[4]

The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Any person who feels his or her rights have been violated under the Convention by a state party can take a case to the Court. Judgements finding violations are binding on the States concerned and they are obliged to execute them. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe monitors the execution of judgements, particularly to ensure payment of the amounts awarded by the Court to the applicants in compensation for the damage they have sustained. The establishment of a Court to protect individuals from human rights violations is an innovative feature for an international convention on human rights, as it gives the individual an active role on the international arena (traditionally, only states are considered actors in international law). The European Convention is still the only international human rights agreement providing such a high degree of individual protection. State parties can also take cases against other state parties to the Court, although this power is rarely used.

The Convention has several protocols, which amend the convention framework.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_of_Human_Rights]

lawHrt.space.INTERNATIONAL

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.space.INTERNATIONAL,

_DESCRIPTION:
International human rights instruments are treaties and other international documents relevant to international human rights law and the protection of human rights in general. They can be classified into two categories: declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are not legally binding although they may be politically so; and conventions, which are legally binding instruments concluded under international law. International treaties and even declarations can, over time, obtain the status of customary international law.

International human rights instruments can be divided further into global instruments, to which any state in the world can be a party, and regional instruments, which are restricted to states in a particular region of the world.

Most conventions establish mechanisms to oversee their implementation. In some cases these mechanisms have relatively little power, and are often ignored by member states; in other cases these mechanisms have great political and legal authority, and their decisions are almost always implemented. Examples of the first case include the UN treaty committees, while the best exemplar of the second case is the European Court of Human Rights.

Mechanisms also vary as to the degree of individual access to them. Under some conventions – e.g. the European Convention on Human Rights – individuals or states are permitted, subject to certain conditions, to take individual cases to the enforcement mechanisms; under most, however (e.g. the UN conventions), individual access is contingent on the acceptance of that right by the relevant state party, either by a declaration at the time of ratification or accession, or through ratification of or accession to an optional protocol to the convention. This is part of the evolution of international law over the last several decades. It has moved from a body of laws governing states to recognizing the importance of individuals and their rights within the international legal framework.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments]

lawHrt.space.International-Bill-of-Human-Rights

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.space.International-Bill-of-Human-Rights,
* McsEngl.International-Bill-of-Human-Rights@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}

The International Bill of Human Rights is an informal name given to one General Assembly resolution and two international treaties established by the United Nations. It consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted in 1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).1 The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.

In the beginning, different views were expressed about the form the bill of rights should take. In 1948, General Assembly planned the bill to include UDHR, one Covenant and measures of implementation.[1] The Drafting Committee decided to prepare two documents: one in the form of a declaration, which would set forth general principles or standards of human rights; the other in the form of a convention, which would define specific rights and their limitations. Accordingly, the Committee transmitted to the Commission on Human Rights draft articles of an international declaration and an international convention on human rights. At its second session, in December 1947, the Commission decided to apply the term "International Bill of Human Rights" to the series of documents in preparation and established three working groups: one on the declaration, one on the convention (which it renamed "covenant") and one on implementation. The Commission revised the draft declaration at its third session, in May/June 1948, taking into consideration comments received from Governments. It did not have time, however, to consider the covenant or the question of implementation. The declaration was therefore submitted through the Economic and Social Council to the General Assembly, meeting in Paris.

Later the draft covenant was divided in two (decided by the General Assembly in 1952[2]), differing with both catalogue of rights and degree of obligations (ICESCR uses less strict "progressive realisation").
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights]

lawHrt.space.Universal-Declaration-of-Human-Rights {1948}

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.space.Universal-Declaration-of-Human-Rights {1948},
* McsEngl.UDHR@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}
* McsEngl.Universal-Declaration-of-Human-Rights@cptCore10i, {2012-04-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris). The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. It consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions and laws. The International Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966 the General Assembly adopted the two detailed Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights; and in 1976, after the Covenants had been ratified by a sufficient number of individual nations, the Bill took on the force of international law.[1]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights]

lawHrt.subject.Civil

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Civil,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.5,
* McsEngl.civil-right@cptCore10.5, {2012-04-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples' physical integrity and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as physical or mental disability, gender, religion, race, national origin, age, status as a member of the uniformed services, sexual orientation, or gender identity;[1][2][3] and individual rights such as privacy, the freedoms of thought and conscience, speech and expression, religion, the press, and movement.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_right]
===
civil rights
Personal rights acquired by an individual by being a citizen or resident, or automatic entitlements to certain freedoms conferred by law or custom. Certain civil rights (such as the right to equality, freedom, good governance, justice, and due process of law) are inalienable like human rights and natural rights, whereas others (such as the right to hold a public office) depend on one's conduct and can be lost. Also called civil liberties.
Learn more about this term
Usage Example
Martin Luther King Jr. was a very well-known civil rights leader who fought for equality for all in the United States in the 1950's and 1960's.
[term.of.the.day@businessdictionary.com, 2014-11-19]

lawHrt.subject.DIGITAL

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.DIGITAL,
* McsEngl.digital-right,

What are your digital rights?


Written by
Rosamond Hutt, Senior Producer, Formative Content
Published
Friday 13 November 2015
Share

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More on the agenda Further reading arrow 984f0b2d46101716e9c621b9fc9e0192e3e5be4e69b301ddf6e866ef4108d8db
Digital rights are basically human rights in the internet era. The rights to online privacy and freedom of expression, for example, are really extensions of the equal and inalienable rights laid out in the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights. According to the UN, disconnecting people from the internet violates these rights and goes against international law. British Prime Minister David Cameron recently pledged to give all UK homes and businesses access to fast broadband by 2020, adding that access to the internet “shouldn’t be a luxury, it should be a right”.

140927-Sat-world map showing internet population huffington post

Why do digital rights matter?

As we increasingly conduct our lives online – shopping, socializing and sharing information – our digital rights, particularly the rights to privacy and freedom of expression, are becoming more important. We need to understand how our data is being used by companies, governments and internet giants such as Facebook and Google. Is it being handled fairly and scrupulously, or sold or shared without our consent?

Revelations about surveillance programmes and digital hacking have sparked political and diplomatic wrangles. National Security Agency (NSA) whistleblower Edward Snowden has called for new international laws to protect data privacy, arguing that now we know about mass data surveillance it is time to “assert our traditional and digital rights so that we can protect them”.

How do we know if our digital rights are being respected?

If you’ve ever clicked “agree” without reading the terms of service of internet companies, you are far from alone. Many of us don’t bother to look at the reams of small print when we first use an online service. But a non-profit research initiative called Ranking Digital Rights has done the hard work for us and found that internet and telecommunications companies, to varying degrees, are failing to respect their users’ rights to digital privacy and freedom of expression.

Ranking Digital Rights, which is based at the New America Open Technology Institute think tank, assessed the user agreement policies of 16 of the world’s biggest internet and telecommunications companies for its 2015 Corporate Accountability Index. The index allows users, investors, activists and policy-makers to compare how – and whether – companies are making efforts to respect our digital rights.

Rebecca MacKinnon, director of Ranking Digital Rights, said: “Our hope is that the index will lead to greater corporate transparency, which can empower users to make more informed decisions about how they use technology.”

Who is looking at my data?

Governments, companies and cyber criminals can easily collect our personal data and track our movements and communications. But most of us wouldn’t know who exactly has access to the data trail we create. In 2014, Facebook, Microsoft, Yahoo and Google began publishing details about how many times the government asked them for data. Facebook said that around the world, government requests jumped in the first half of 2015 to 41,214 (up from 35,051 in the second half of 2014). Most of the requests came from US law enforcement agencies, demanding information about Facebook users’ IP addresses and account details.

Brands, on the other hand, want to look at the content that we create and share, such as our social media profiles and location data from mobile phones, because it helps them build a picture of how we spend our time and money.

Should we be worried about hackers getting hold of our personal details? In the latest of a string of high-profile cyberattacks, UK telecoms company TalkTalk’s firewall was hacked, which put personal details of up to 4 million customers at risk. According to Ernst and Young’s 2015 Global Information Security Survey, companies are concerned about the threat of cyberattacks and are looking to increase spending on security measures.

Should we trust governments with our data?

In 2013, Snowden’s revelations about the extent of US government spying sent shockwaves around the world. The fallout continues, with civil-society organizations and foreign governments complaining about the relationship between American security agencies and internet giants, which have been accused of too readily handing over their users’ data.

Microsoft has responded by announcing plans to build two data centres in Germany to keep European customers’ information out of the hands of US officials. Meanwhile, in the UK, campaigners are calling for judges, rather than the home secretary, to sign warrants that authorize security agencies to look at citizens’ data.

Earlier this year, the UN appointed its first Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy. Joseph Cannataci, an expert on privacy, data protection and information technology, will report on how the erosion of online privacy undermines fundamental freedoms and democracy.

While it may be hard to protect privacy in the digital age, it seems that people around the world are becoming increasingly aware of their digital rights and are prepared to fight back against internet surveillance.

Have you read?
Which nations are top for digital?
Can we have both security and privacy online?
Tim Berners-Lee: ‘What’s the dollar value of the web?’

To keep up with the Agenda subscribe to our weekly newsletter.

Author: Rosamond Hutt is a Senior Producer at Formative Content.

Image: Internet LAN cables are pictured in this photo illustration taken in Sydney June 23, 2011.REUTERS/Tim Wimborne
[http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/11/what-are-your-digital-rights-explainer/ Published Friday 13 November 2015]

lawHrt.subject.Fair-trial

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Fair-trial,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.2,
* McsEngl.right-to-fair-trial@cptCore10.2, {2012-04-12}

The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is deemed unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict voided.

Various rights associated with a fair trial are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial, for example the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trial]

lawHrt.subject.Freedom

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Freedom,
* McsEngl.civil-liberty,
* McsEngl.right.freedom,

_DESCRIPTION:
civil liberty
noun
the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community, especially with regard to freedom of action and speech.
"under Conservative rule civil liberty became seriously eroded"
a person's rights to be subject only to laws established for the good of the community.
plural noun: civil liberties
"growing threats to our civil liberties"
[google dict] {2016-05-12}

lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-association

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-association,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.7,
* McsEngl.freedom-of-association@cptCore10.7, {2012-04-21}

_DESCRIPTION:

lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-expression

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-expression,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.3,
* McsEngl.freedom-of-expression@cptCore10.1, {2012-04-12}

lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-religion

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-religion,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.4,
* McsEngl.freedom-of-religion@cptCore10.4, {2012-04-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance; the concept is generally recognized also to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any religion.[1] The freedom to leave or discontinue membership in a religion or religious group —in religious terms called "apostasy" —is also a fundamental part of religious freedom, covered by Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[2]

Freedom of religion is considered by many people and nations to be a fundamental human right.[3][4]

In a country with a state religion, freedom of religion is generally considered to mean that the government permits religious practices of other sects besides the state religion, and does not persecute believers in other faiths.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_worship]

lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-speech

_CREATED: {2012-04-12}

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Freedom-of-speech,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.1,
* McsEngl.freedom-of-speech@cptCore10.1, {2012-04-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
Freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one's ideas via speech. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, as with libel, slander, obscenity and incitement to commit a crime.

The right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 19 of the ICCPR states that "[e]veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". Article 19 goes on to say that the exercise of these rights carries "special duties and responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the protection of national security or of public order (order public), or of public health or morals".[1][2]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech]

lawHrt.subject.Political

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Political,
* McsEngl.conceptCore10.6,
* McsEngl.civil-right@cptCore10.6, {2012-04-12}

Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_right]

lawHrt.subject.PRIVACY

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.PRIVACY,
* McsEngl.right-to-privacy,
* McsEngl.lawHrt.privacy,
* McsEngl.right-to-privacy,

_DESCRIPTION:
The right to privacy is a human right and an element of various legal traditions which may restrain both government and private party action that threatens the privacy of individuals.[1][2] Over 150 national constitutions mention this right (click here to read the provisions).
Since the global surveillance disclosures of 2013, the inalienable human right to privacy has been a subject of international debate. Under the pretext of combatting terrorists, controversial agencies such as the NSA, CIA, RAW, GCHQ, and others have engaged in mass global surveillance, undermining the right to privacy. The violation of this human right has come under the context of other human rights violations committed by NATO-member states (i.e. the unlawful detention of enemy combatants or civilians at Guantanamo Bay, Abu Grahib, and other black sites, and extraordinary rendition). There is now a question as to whether the right to privacy can co-exist with the current capabilities of government agencies to access and analyse virtually every detail of an individual's life. A major question is whether or not the right to privacy needs to be forfeited as part of the social contract in order to bolster defence against alleged terrorist threats.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy]

lawHrt.subject.Three-generations#attOth#

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.subject.Three-generations,
* McsEngl.three-generations-of-human-rights@cptCore10.6, {2012-04-12}

_DESCRIPTION:
The division of human rights into three generations was initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist Karel Vasak at the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg. He used the term at least as early as November 1977.[1] Vasak's theories have primarily taken root in European law.

His divisions follow the three watchwords of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. The three generations are reflected in some of the rubrics of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes rights that are thought of as second generation as well as first generation ones, but it does not make the distinction in itself (the rights listed in it are not in specific order).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights]

lawHrt.time.EVOLUTING

name::
* McsEngl.lawHrt.time.EVOLUTING,

{time.1993}:
=== The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, also known as VDPA, is a human rights declaration adopted by consensus at the World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993 in Vienna, Austria. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was created by this Declaration endorsed by General Assembly Resolution 48/121.[1]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action]

sea; law of the

sea, law of the, international agreement regulating the use and
exploitation of the world's oceans. The UN-sponsored Law of the Sea
Treaty (1982) calls for limited, and strictly controlled, mining of the
seabed; establishes in general the 12-mile limit for territorial waters;
gives all nations' ships the right of "innocent passage" through crucial
straits; and sets up international antipollution regulations. Most of the
industrial nations opposed the restrictions on seabed mining, but Third
World nations, the chief beneficiaries of the agreement, favored the
treaty and created the majority that passed it. The U.S. voted (Apr.
1982) against the treaty.

Concise Columbia Encyclopedia
Copyright (c) 1983, 1989
Columbia University Press
All Rights Reserved.

lawEcn'PART

_SPECIFIC:
* labor-law

lawEcn'Code

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn'Code,

ΓΡΑΠΤΑ ΝΤΟΚΟΥΜΕΝΤΑ που περιέχουν το δικαιο.

lawEcn'Legality

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn'Legality,

Sometimes it's hard to know what's legal and what isn't.
That's the way it is when a major revolution is going on.
[Bowden et al, 1984, 34#cptResource436#]

lawEcn'Organization

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn'Organization,

lawEcn'Doing

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn'Doing,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.1,

_GENERIC:
* doing.economic#cptEconomy323.9#

_SPECIFIC:
* passing
* amending
* repealing

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
* commercial-law,
* financial-law,
* labor-law,
* tax-law,

lawEcn.COMMERCIAL

_CREATED: {2012-04-13}

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.COMMERCIAL,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.11,
* McsEngl.commercial-law@cptEconomy416.11,

_DESCRIPTION:
Commercial law (also known as business law, which covers also corporate law) is the body of law that governs business and commercial transactions. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law.

Commercial law includes within its compass such titles as principal and agent; carriage by land and sea; merchant shipping; guarantee; marine, fire, life, and accident insurance; bills of exchange and partnership. It can also be understood to regulate corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods. Many countries have adopted civil codes that contain comprehensive statements of their commercial law. In the United States, commercial law is the province of both the United States Congress, under its power to regulate interstate commerce, and the states, under their police power. Efforts have been made to create a unified body of commercial law in the United States; the most successful of these attempts has resulted in the general adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been adopted in all 50 states (with some modification by state legislatures), the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.

Various regulatory schemes control how commerce is conducted, particularly vis-a-vis employees and customers. Privacy laws, safety laws (e.g., the Occupational Safety and Health Act in the United States), and food and drug laws are some examples.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law]

lawEcn.CONTRACT

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.CONTRACT,
* McsEngl.economic-contract,
* McsEngl.contract.economic,

_GENERIC:
* contract#ql:idLawCrt#

_SPECIFIC:
* employment-contract#ql:idCrtEmplt##cptCrtEmplt#

lawEcn.LIMITED-LIABILITY

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.LIMITED-LIABILITY,
* McsEngl.limited-liability@cptEconomy, {2012-11-15}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.περιορισμένη-ευθύνη@cptEconomy, {2021-11-15}

Ίσως η πιο βασική νομοθετική καινοτομία που έδωσε φτερά στον καπιταλισμό ήταν η εισαγωγή, κατά τον 19ο αιώνα, της έννοιας της «περιορισμένης ευθύνης», της ιδέας ότι όταν μια εταιρεία πτωχεύει, οι ιδιοκτήτες και διοικούντες δεν έχουν να χάσουν παρά μόνο τα χρήματα που επένδυσαν σε αυτήν. Έως τότε η χρεοκοπία σήμαινε πλήρη καταστροφή, ακόμα και φυλακή. Ο επιχειρηματίας του οποίου η επιχείρηση αδυνατούσε να πληρώσει τα χρέη της έχανε όλες τις οικονομίες του, το σπίτι του, τη δυνατότητα και το δικαίωμα να εργάζεται. Πολλές φορές κατέληγε στα λεγόμενα χρεο-κάτεργα (debt prisons). Προφανώς, υπό αυτές τις συνθήκες το επιχειρηματικό ρίσκο ήταν τόσο μεγάλο που απέτρεπε πολλούς από το να συστήσουν μια επιχείρηση. Επιπλέον, όταν το έκαναν, ήταν διατεθειμένοι να πατήσουν επί πτωμάτων για να αποφύγουν την πτώχευση – κάτι αντίστοιχο με τις χώρες όπου οι ποινές για ληστεία είναι τόσο μεγάλες που ο ληστής έχει κίνητρο να σκοτώσει όποιον βρεθεί μπροστά του, παρά να συλληφθεί. Πηγή: www.lifo.gr
[http://www.lifo.gr/mag/columns/5271] {2012-11-15}

lawEcn.LABOR

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.LABOR,

_DESCRIPTION:
Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work and through the contract for work. Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislative, regulatory, or judicial).
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law]

lawEcn.ORG.PRODUCING

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.ORG.PRODUCING,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.5,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy328,
* McsEngl.business-law@cptEconomy328,
* McsEngl.business-law,
* McsEngl.companies-law@cptEconomy416.5, {2012-04-13}
* McsEngl.law.orgProduction@cptEconomy416.5, {2012-04-13}
* McsEngl.lawEcon.OrgProducer@cptEconomy416.5, {2011-07-27}
* McsEngl.lawEcon.business@cptEconomy416.5,
* McsEngl.lawEconPrd@cptEconomy416.5, {2012-04-13}
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑΣ/ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΗΣΕΩΝ,
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ.ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑΣ@cptEconomy328,

_WHOLE:
* system.humans.economic.company#cptEconomy7#

_DEFINITION:
ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑΣ είναι ΔΙΚΑΙΟ για 'εταιρια'.
[hmnSngo.1995-04]
===
Companies law (or the law of business associations) is the field of law concerning companies and other business organizations. This includes corporations, partnerships and other associations which usually carry on some form of economic or charitable activity. The most prominent kind of company, usually referred to as a "corporation", is a "juristic person", i.e. it has separate legal personality, and those who invest money into the business have limited liability for any losses the company makes, governed by corporate law. The largest companies are usually publicly listed on stock exchanges around the world. Even single individuals, also known as sole traders may incorporate themselves and limit their liability in order to carry on a business. All different forms of companies depend on the particular law of the particular country in which they reside.

The law of business organizations originally derived from the common law of England, but has evolved significantly in the 20th century. In common law countries today, the most commonly addressed forms are:

Corporation
Limited company
Unlimited company
Limited liability partnership
Limited partnership
Not-for-profit corporation
Partnership
Sole Proprietorship
The proprietary limited company is a statutory business form in several countries, including Australia.

Many countries have forms of business entity unique to that country, although there are equivalents elsewhere. Examples are the Limited-liability company (LLC) and the limited liability limited partnership (LLLP) in the United States.

Other types of business organizations, such as cooperatives, credit unions and publicly owned enterprises, can be established with purposes that parallel, supersede, or even replace the profit maximization mandate of business corporations.

For a country-by-country listing of officially recognized forms of business organization, see Types of business entity.

There are various types of company that can be formed in different jurisdictions, but the most common forms of company are:

a company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise they have no economic rights in relation to the company .
a company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return.
a company limited by shares. The most common form of company used for business ventures.
an unlimited company either with or without a share capital. This is a hybrid company, a company similar to its limited company (Ltd.) counterpart but where the members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation.
There are, however, many specific categories of corporations and other business organizations which may be formed in various countries and jurisdictions throughout the world.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law]

_SPECIFIC:
* GREECE#cptEconomy27#

lawEcn.satisfier.PROPERTY

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.satisfier.PROPERTY,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.7,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy439,
* McsEngl.law.property,
* McsEngl.lawEcon.property@cptEconomy416.7,
* McsEngl.lawEcn.satisfier.PROPERTY,
* McsEngl.property-law,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-ΙΔΙΟΚΤΗΣΙΑΣ,
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ.ΙΔΙΟΚΤΗΣΙΑΣ@cptEconomy439,
* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ-ΙΔΙΟΚΤΗΣΙΑΣ,

_DESCRIPTION:
ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΙΔΙΟΚΤΗΣΙΑΣ είναι το ΔΙΚΑΙΟ για την 'ιδιοκτησια'.
[hmnSngo.1995-05]
===
property, in law, the right of ownership, i.e., the exclusive right to possess, enjoy, and dispose of an object of value; also, the object of value possessed, enjoyed, and disposed of by right of ownership.
Modern Anglo-American property law provides for the ownership of nearly all things of economic value; there are exceptions, such as the high seas or outer space, which are not subject to ownership.
The law divides property into realty (real property) and personalty (personal property). Realty is chiefly land and improvements built thereon; personalty is chiefly movable objects whose distribution the owner can determine by sale, WILL, or gift. Realty, in medieval times, was the basis of wealth and the keystone of the social structure; its ownership was controlled to protect society. The ownership of personalty, being of minor importance, was almost unfettered. With the rise of commerce and a large landless middle class, personalty became the dominant form of property, and the law of realty gradually became assimilated in most respects into that of personalty. For special types of property, see COPYRIGHT, PATENT.

Concise Columbia Encyclopedia
Copyright (c) 1983, 1989
Columbia University Press
All Rights Reserved.

lawEcn.SECTOR.FINANCIAL

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.SECTOR.FINANCIAL,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.6,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy285,
* McsEngl.lawEcon.financial@cptEconomy416.6,
* McsEngl.financial-law,
* McsEngl.Legislation-of-financial-system,
* McsEngl.regulation,
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-ΧΡΗΜΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΟΥ-ΤΟΜΕΑ,
* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ-ΝΟΜΙΣΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ-ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ,

_WHOLE:
* financial-sector#cptEconomy7.87.14#

_DEFINITION:
ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΟΥ ΤΟΜΕΑ είναι ΔΙΚΑΙΟ για τον 'χρηματιστικό τομέα'.
[hmnSngo.1995-04]

lawEcn.SocEU

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.SocEU,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy86,
* McsEngl.eu-economic-legislation,
* McsEngl.law.EC-ECONOMIC-LEGISLATION,
* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ-ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΟΥ-ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ-ΤΗΣ-ΕΟΚ,

lawEcn.SocGREECE

_CREATED: {2011-07-26}

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.SocGREECE,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.3,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy75,
* McsEngl.lawGr@cptEconomy416.3, {2011-07-26}
* McsEngl.lawEl@cptEconomy416.3, {2011-07-26}
* McsEngl.greek-economic-law,
* McsEngl.lawEconGr@cptEconomy416.3, {2012-04-13}
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ-ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ,

_WHOLE:
* greece#cptCore18#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ είναι το ΔΙΚΑΙΟ της 'οικονομιας' της 'ελλάδας#cptCore18#'.
[hmnSngo.1995-04]

lawEcn.SocUSA

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.SocUSA,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.4,
* McsEngl.usa-law@cptEconomy416.4,

_WHOLE:
* us cptCore227#

_DESCRIPTION:
The LEGAL FRAMEWORK in the United States has provided essential conditions for the shape of its industrial development.
[Bain et al, 1987, 66#cptResource131#]
===
the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which proved generally ineffective in practice, became the first NATIONAL REGULATION.
[Wren, 1987, 97#cptResource127#]

lawEcn.TAX

name::
* McsEngl.lawEcn.TAX,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy416.8,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy286,
* McsEngl.lawTax@cptEconomy416.8,
* McsEngl.lawEcon.tax@cptEconomy416.8,
* McsEngl.tax-law@cptEconomy286,
* McsEngl.tax-law,
* McsEngl.tax-legislation,

* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ'ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ@cptEconomy286,
* McsElln.ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,

_WHOLE:
* tax#cptEconomy541.107#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ είναι ΔΙΚΑΙΟ για το 'φορο'.
[hmnSngo.1995-05]
===
ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΣΥΝΟΛΟ ΤΩΝ 'ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΝΟΝΩΝ', ΠΟΥ ΡΥΘΜΙΖΟΥΝ ΤΟ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟ ΤΟΥ ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΝ ΤΡΟΠΟ, ΜΕ ΤΟΝ ΟΠΟΙΟ ΑΣΚΕΙΤΑΙ ΑΥΤΟ.
[ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, 1993, 22#cptResource453#]

SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SUBJECT

name::
* McsEngl.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SUBJECT,

_SPECIFIC:
MARRIAGE
DIVORCE
PARENT AND CHILD
ADOPTION
LEGAL EFFECTS OF PARENTAGE
PROTECTION OF MINORS AND OF PERSONS INCAPABLE OF ADMINISTERING OWN ESTATES

lawIp'license-permission|agreement

_CREATED: {2012-02-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp'license-permission|agreement,
* McsEngl.conceptIt215,
* McsEngl.licence@cptIt215,
* McsEngl.license@cptIt215,
* McsEngl.license-agreement,
* McsEngl.license-of-intellectual-property, {2014-11-09}
* McsEngl.lecense-permission,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.άδεια-πνευματικής-ιδιοκτησίας,

SPECIFIC

* lawIp.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
Common types of intellectual property rights include patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, trade dress, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets. There are also more specialized varieties of sui generis exclusive rights, such as circuit design rights (called mask work rights in U.S. law, protected under the Integrated Circuit Topography Act in Canadian law, and in European Union law by Directive 87/54/EEC of 16 December 1986 on the legal protection of topographies of semiconductor products), plant breeders' rights, plant variety rights, industrial design rights, supplementary protection certificates for pharmaceutical products and database rights (in European law).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property#Types]

lawIp.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.rights

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.rights,

_SPECIFIC:
* AGPL##
* copyleft##
* copyright##
* CREATIVE-COMMONS##
* GNU-GPL##

lawIp.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.material

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.material,

_SPECIFIC:
* patent##
* sofware##
* trade_mark##

A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)."
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License]

lawIp.material.BRAND

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.material.BRAND,
* McsEngl.brand-license@cptIt215i,

_DESCRIPTION:
Licensing means renting or leasing of an intangible asset. Examples of intangible assets include a song (Somewhere Over The Rainbow), a character (Donald Duck), a name (Michael Jordan) or a brand (The Ritz-Carlton). An arrangement to license a brand requires a licensing agreement. A licensing agreement authorizes a company which markets a product or service (a licensee) to lease or rent a brand from a brand owner who operates a licensing program (a licensor).[1]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_licensing]

lawIp.material.PATENT

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.material.PATENT,
* McsEngl.patent@cptIt215i,

_DESCRIPTION:
A patent (/?p?t?nt/ or /?pe?t?nt/) is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process.[1]:17 Patents are a form of intellectual property.
The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty and non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from commercially making, using, selling, importing, or distributing a patented invention without permission.[2]
Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology,[3] and the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years.[4] Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent]

lawIp.material.SOFTWARE

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.material.SOFTWARE,
* McsEngl.software-license@cptIt215i,
* McsEngl.software-licence, {2021-11-19}

_DESCRIPTION:
A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage) is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law) governing the usage or redistribution of software. All software is copyright protected, except material in the public domain. Contractual confidentiality is another way of protecting software. A typical software license grants an end-user permission to use one or more copies of software in ways where such a use would otherwise potentially constitute copyright infringement of the software owner's exclusive rights under copyright law.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license]

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_licenses,

_SPECIFIC:
* free,
* open-source,

lawIp.material.TRADE-MARK

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.material.TRADE-MARK,
* McsEngl.trade-mark@cptIt215i,

lawIp.material.TRADE-SECRET

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.material.TRADE-SECRET,
* McsEngl.trade-secret@cptIt215i,

lawIp.rights.CREATIVE-COMMONS

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.rights.CREATIVE-COMMONS,
* McsEngl.cc-license,
* McsEngl.creative-commons-license@cptIt215i,
* McsEngl.license.creative-commons,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://creativecommons.gr//
* http://creativecommons.gr/?page_id=5868,
* http://internet-safety.sch.gr/index.php/articles/teach/item/305-picc,

_DESCRIPTION:
A Creative Commons license is one of several copyright licenses that allow the distribution of copyrighted works. The licenses differ by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002 by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001.
As of July, 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been "ported" over 50 different jurisdictions worldwide. No new ports are being started as preparations for version 4.0 of the license suite begin.[1]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license]
===
This edition is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence
(available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/). You are free: to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work, and to make derivative works under the following conditions: you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the licensor; you may not use this work for commercial purposes; if you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the licensor. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.
eBooks@Adelaide
The University of Adelaide Library
University of Adelaide
South Australia 5005

lawIp.rights.COPYRIGHT

_CREATED: {1999-03-02}

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.rights.COPYRIGHT,
* McsEngl.Copyright,
* McsEngl.copyright@cptResource637,
* McsEngl.lawIp.copyright,
* McsEngl.copyright-license@cptIt215i,
* McsEngl.license.Copyright,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.πνευματική-ιδιοκτησία@cptResource,
* McsElln.ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑ,

lawIp.rights.COPYRIGHT.NO (public-domain)

name::
* McsEngl.lawIp.rights.COPYRIGHT.NO (public-domain),
* McsEngl.law.public-domain-intellectual-property,
* McsEngl.lawIp.public-domain,
* McsEngl.license.Public-domain,
* McsEngl.public-domain-license@cptIt215i,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0//

_DESCRIPTION:
Works in the public domain are those whose intellectual property rights have expired,[1] have been forfeited,[2] or are inapplicable. Examples include the works of Shakespeare and Beethoven, The King James Bible, most of the early silent films, the formulae of Newtonian physics, and the patents on powered flight.[1] The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".

In informal usage, the public domain consists of works that are publicly available; while according to the formal definition, it consists of works that are unavailable for private ownership or are available for public use.[2] As rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and not in another. Some rights depend on registrations with a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, implies public domain status in that country.

Public Domain is one of the traditional safety valves in copyright law.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain]

lawGrc'wholeNo-relation#cptCore546.15#

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'wholeNo-relation,

lawGrc'Hierarchy

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'Hierarchy,
* McsElln.ΙΕΡΑΡΧΙΑ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ@cptCore29ι,

Ιεράρχηση κανόνων
Μεταξύ των παραπάνω γραπτών πηγών του δικαίου, από πλευράς ισχύος υφίσταται αυστηρή ιεράρχηση.
Επικεφαλής όλων τίθεται το Σύνταγμα, ο θεμελιώδης νόμος, προς το περιεχόμενο του οποίου θα πρέπει να συμφωνούν όλες οι λοιπές γραπτές πηγές του δικαίου. Ακολουθεί ο τυπικός Νόμος, το Προεδρικό Διάταγμα, πράξη Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου και η Υπουργική Απόφαση. Να τονιστεί οτι μετα την είσοδο της Ελλάδα στην Ευρωπαική Έννομη τάξη στο ίδιο τυπικό επίπεδο με το Σύνταγμα βρίσκονται οι Ιδρυτικές της Ευρωπαικής Ένωσης Συνθήκες, ενώ αμφισβητείται κατα πόσον υπερέχουν του ίδιου του Συντάγματος.
Για τη κατάργηση μιας πράξης της Πολιτείας απαιτείται η έκδοση πράξης της αυτής τυπικής δύναμης ή μεγαλύτερης τυπικής ισχύος.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δίκαιο] 2010-02-16

"The provisions of law emanating from the legislative process exist in the form of hierarchy. At the top of this hierarchy stands the Constitution and its provisions take precedence over all other laws. Next comes ordinary legislation, either in the form of codifications or in the form of statutes"
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 13#cptResource455#]

lawGrc'Necessity

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'Necessity,

lawGrc'Notation

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'Notation,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.δικαιοΕλλ,

lawGrc'Principle

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'Principle,

Enacted law obeys certain basic principles.
1. Its rules have no retroactive effect unless otherwise provided by the legislator.
2. They may be repealed by a prosterior rule of law of the same or higher rank but never by a rule of lesser rank. The repeal may be explicit or implicit.
3. Provisions of the Constitution can not be repealed by a statute, and those of a statute can not be repealed by presidential decree.
4. A law contrary to the Constitution is invalid and the courts are required not to apply it.
5. Specific provisions or statutes prevail over general ones.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 13#cptResource455#]

lawGrc'Resource#cptCore433#

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'Resource,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.1,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy433,
* McsEngl.greek-law-source,
* McsEngl.BIBLIOGRAPHY,
* McsEngl.greek'law's'source@cptCore433,
* McsElln.ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ-ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ'ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ'ΠΗΓΗ@cptCore433,

_GENERIC:
* resource.information.human#cptResource843#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΠΗΓΗ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ είναι ΠΗΓΗ για 'ελληνικο δικαιο'.
[hmnSngo.1995.04_nikos]
===
Statutory law MUST first be published in the Official Gazette.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 16#cptResource455#]
===
ΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΕΙΣ:
ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΗΣ πχ 167/Α/7-10-1994

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* {2018-08-28} Αυτόματη κωδικοποίηση της ελληνικής νομοθεσίας: Government Gazette Text Mining, Cross-linking and Codification
https://legal.ellak.gr/2018/08/28/aftomati-kodikopiisi-tis-ellinikis-nomothesias-government-gazette-text-mining-cross-linking-and-codification/
* https://www.lawspot.gr//

lawGrc'Subject

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'Subject,
* McsEngl.greek-legal-subject@cptCore29i,

_GENERIC:
* LEGAL-SUBJECT#ql:law'subject###

_DESCRIPTION:
Το θέμα ενός νόμου μπορεί να είναι ΚΑΘΕ πληροφορία.
Επειδή κάθε πληροφορία έχει σα χαρακτηριστικο το 'δικαιο', άρα το 'subject' ενος νόμου είναι 'τιμη' του χαρακτηριστικού 'entity'.
[hmnSngo.1995.01_nikos]

_STRUCTURE:
The best solution is to store on every entity, and the law-code that applyes to it.
But here, I will store misc subjects.
[hmnSngo.2010-02-14]

ΚΑΝΟΝΑΣγΡΑΦΗΣrl:
1) ΕΛΛΗΝΑΣπΟΛΙΤΗΣ  == όνομα, όρος έννοιας.
2) ΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ_ΕΛΛΗΝΑΣ  == ειδική έννοια.
3) ΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ'ΙΘΑΓΕΝΕΙΑ  == χαρακτηριστικό έννοιας.
{2010-02-18}

lawGrc'System

_CREATED: {2012-05-16}

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc'System,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.7,
* McsEngl.system.law.greece@cptCore29.7, {2012-05-16}
* McsEngl.greek-law-system@cptCore29.7, {2012-05-16}

_GENERIC:
* system.law.civil#cptCore23.20#
* system.law#cptCore23.8#

_DESCRIPTION:
The law-system#Core23.8# of greece#Core18#.
[hmnSngo.2012-05-16]

δικΕλλ'ΑΔΑ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ'ΑΔΑ,
* McsElln.ΑΔΑ,
* McsElln.αριθμός-διαδικτυακής-ανάρτησης,

_DESCRIPTION:
ΑΔΑ (ΑΡΙΘΜΟΣ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΤΥΑΚΗΣ ΑΝΑΡΤΗΣΗΣ)
Leave a reply
Είναι ένας μοναδικός κωδικός που αποκτά κάθε πράξη μετά την ολοκλήρωση της καταχώρισης της στην εφαρμογή της Διαύγειας.

Ο κωδικοποιημένος αριθμός παράγεται αλγοριθμικά με βάση την ημερομηνία καταχώρισης, το φορέα και τον αύξοντα αριθμό πράξης του φορέα, εγγράφεται αυτόματα σε κάθε σελίδα του εγγράφου που αναρτάται και πρέπει αναγράφεται πάνω στο σχέδιο κάθε πράξης χειρόγραφα πριν διεκπεραιωθεί.

Είναι η ταυτότητα της κάθε αναρτημένης πράξης και την ακολουθεί εφεξής. Δεν μπορούν να υπάρχουν δύο ΑΔΑ για μια πράξη και όταν μια πράξη για κάποιο λόγο ακυρώνεται ο ΑΔΑ της παραμένει ανενεργός.
[https://diavgeia.gov.gr/blog/?p=59]

δικΕλλ'Ενδικο-βοήθημα

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ'Ενδικο-βοήθημα,
* McsElln.ΕΝΔΙΚΟ-ΒΟΗΘΗΜΑ@cptCore29i,

_DEFINITION:
Ένδικο βοήθημα ονομάζεται κάθε μέσο που δίνει ο νόμος στον πολίτη, με το οποίο ο τελευταίος μπορεί να προσφύγει στα δικαστήρια. Με το ένδικο βοήθημα ο πολίτης εισάγει μια διαφορά προς κρίση σε ένα δικαστήριο.

Η παροχή ένδικων βοηθημάτων στους πολίτες είναι τμήμα του δικαιώματος δικαστικής προστασίας (δικαστικής ακρόασης) των πολιτών. Οι πολίτες έχουν δικαίωμα να προσφεύγουν σε ανεξάρτητα και αμερόληπτα δικαστήρια για την επίλυση διαφορών τους με το κράτος ή με άλλους πολίτες.

Υπάρχουν διάφορα ένδικα βοηθήματα ανάλογα με το είδος της διαφοράς που θέλει ο πολίτης να υπαγάγει σε δικαστική επίλυση και με τον κλάδο του Δικαίου που ρυθμίζει τη συγκεκριμένη διαφορά.

Για τις διαφορές Ιδιωτικού Δικαίου (μεταξύ πολιτών), οι οποίες εκδικάζονται από τα πολιτικά δικαστήρια, κύριο ένδικο βοήθημα είναι η αγωγή. Άλλο ένδικο βοήθημα είναι η ανακοπή, η οποία χρησιμοποιείται κυρίως σε διαφορές στο πλαίσιο της αναγκαστικής εκτέλεσης (της εφαρμογής μιας δικαστικής απόφασης σε βάρος του ηττηθέντος διαδίκου παρά τη θέλησή του).

Στο Ποινικό Δίκαιο μόνος αρμόδιος για την υποβολή μιας υπόθεσης σε δικαστική κρίση είναι ο Εισαγγελέας με την άσκηση της ποινικής δίωξης. Ως εκ τούτου εισαγωγικά της δίκης ένδικα βοηθήματα με τη στενή έννοια του όρου για τους πολίτες δεν υπάρχουν. Παρεμφερή με ένδικα βοηθήματα θα μπορούσαν να χαρακτηριστούν η μήνυση και η έγκληση. Η μήνυση και η έγκληση αναγγέλλουν στον Εισαγγελέα ή στις αστυνομικές αρχές την τέλεση ενός εγκλήματος. Αν η αναγγελία γίνεται από το ίδιο το θύμα ονομάζεται έγκληση, αν γίνεται από τρίτον ονομάζεται μήνυση.

Στο Διοικητικό Δίκαιο (διαφορές πολίτη-κράτους) κύρια ένδικα βοηθήματα προς τα διοικητικά δικαστήρια είναι η προσφυγή, η αγωγή και η αίτηση ακύρωσης. Με την προσφυγή και την αίτηση ακύρωσης ζητά ο διοικούμενος την ακύρωση ή τροποποίηση μιας διοικητικής πράξης, ενώ με την αγωγή ζητά την αποκατάσταση ζημίας που υπέστη από πράξη ή παράλειψη οργάνου της διοίκησης. Στο πλαίσιο του διοικητικού καταναγκασμού (επιβολής μιας διοικητικής πράξης από τη διοίκηση παρά τη θέληση του διοικουμένου) υπάρχει, όπως και στην αναγκαστική εκτέλεση, το ένδικο βοήθημα της ανακοπής.

Τα ένδικα βοηθήματα δε θα πρέπει να συγχέονται με τα ένδικα μέσα, τα οποία είναι μέσα για τον έλεγχο ή επανάκριση μιας ήδη εκδοθείσας δικαστικής απόφασης. Τα ένδικα μέσα έπονται συνεπώς των ενδίκων βοηθημάτων.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ένδικο_βοήθημα] 2010-02-16

δικΕλλ'Κεντρική-επιτροπή-κωδικοποίησης

_CREATED: {2013-05-27}

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ'Κεντρική-επιτροπή-κωδικοποίησης,
* McsElln.Κεντρική-επιτροπή-κωδικοποίησης,

Αρμοδιότητες Κεντρικής Επιτροπής Κωδικοποίησης
Αρμοδιότητες της Κ.Ε.Κ. είναι:
1. Η Κ.Ε.Κ. έχει ως αποστολή την κωδικοποίηση της νομοθεσίας που ισχύει. Με απόφασή της, που εκδίδεται ύστερα από σχετικές εισηγήσεις των οικείων Υπουργείων και εγκρίνεται από τον Γενικό Γραμματέα του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου, προτείνονται Κώδικες τυπικών νόμων και Κώδικες κανονιστικών διαταγμάτων και κανονιστικών υπουργικών αποφάσεων που πρέπει να καταρτιστούν και το θεματικό αντικείμενο καθενός. Η απόφαση αυτή διαβιβάζεται από τον Γενικό Γραμματέα του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου στα αρμόδια Υπουργεία.
2. Η Κ.Ε.Κ. καταρτίζει τους Κώδικες που θα καθοριστούν με νόμο. Κατά την κατάρτιση των Κωδίκων επιτρέπονται η αναδιάρθρωση των διατάξεων που κωδικοποιούνται, η απάλειψη των διατάξεων που έχουν καταργηθεί ρητά ή σιωπηρά, καθώς και των μεταβατικών διατάξεων που δεν έχουν πεδίο εφαρμογής, η αναδιατύπωση και μεταφορά των κειμένων στη δημοτική γλώσσα, η προσαρμογή των διατάξεων που καθορίζουν αρμοδιότητες διοικητικών και άλλων οργάνων προς το υφιστάμενο οργανωτικό σχήμα των κεντρικών και αποκεντρωμένων κρατικών υπηρεσιών, των οργανισμών τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης και των νομικών προσώπων του δημόσιου τομέα, καθώς και οι αναγκαίες για την κωδικοποίηση φραστικές μεταβολές.
3. Η Κ.Ε.Κ. για την υποβοήθηση του έργου της μπορεί να καλεί μέλη του Νομικού Συμβουλίου του Κράτους, γενικούς διευθυντές και διευθυντές Υπουργείων και νομικών προσώπων δημοσίου δικαίου, άλλους υπηρεσιακούς παράγοντες, ειδικούς επιστήμονες και εμπειρογνώμονες.
Οι υπηρεσίες του δημόσιου τομέα έχουν υποχρέωση να παρέχουν στην Κ.Ε.Κ. κάθε πληροφορία και στοιχείο που τους ζητείται.
4. Με απόφαση της Κ.Ε.Κ., που εγκρίνεται από τον Γενικό Γραμματέα του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου, μπορεί να ανατίθεται, κατά παρέκκλιση από κάθε γενική και ειδική διάταξη, και με απευθείας ανάθεση, σε νομικά πρόσωπα, οργανισμούς και ινστιτούτα του ευρύτερου δημόσιου τομέα, σε νομικά πρόσωπα και ενώσεις προσώπων μη κερδοσκοπικού χαρακτήρα και σε ειδικούς επιστήμονες η εκτέλεση συγκεκριμένων προπαρασκευαστικών εργασιών, οι οποίες αναφέρονται ιδίως στη συγκέντρωση της νομοθεσίας και στην κατάταξή της σε θεματικές ενότητες, καθώς και στη σύνταξη και τεκμηρίωση του εγχειριδίου που προβλέπεται στην επόμενη παράγραφο.
5. Η επιτροπή συντάσσει εγχειρίδιο που περιέχει τους νομοτεχνικούς κανόνες για τη σύνταξη των Κωδίκων. Οι κανόνες αναφέρονται ιδίως στη διαίρεση και ταξινόμηση της ύλης, στον τρόπο αρίθμησης των άρθρων, παραγράφων και εδαφίων, στον τρόπο παραπομπής στις διατάξεις που κωδικοποιούνται και στον τρόπο αναγραφής τίτλων στα άρθρα και στα επί μέρους κεφάλαια των Κωδίκων, καθώς και στη γλωσσική διατύπωσή τους.
[http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?page_id=27]

δικΕλλ'Κεντρική-νομοπαρασκευαστική-επιτροπή

_CREATED: {2013-05-27}

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ'Κεντρική-νομοπαρασκευαστική-επιτροπή,
* McsElln.ΚΕΝΕ,
* McsElln.Κεντρική-νομοπαρασκευαστική-επιτροπή,

Αρμοδιότητες Κεντρικής Νομοπαρασκευαστικής Επιτροπής
Αρμοδιότητες της ΚΕΝΕ είναι:
α) Η επεξεργασία όλων των σχεδίων νόμων και των πράξεων νομοθετικού περιεχομένου που υποχρεωτικώς παραπέμπονται σε αυτήν, από άποψη συστηματική και νομοτεχνική, καθώς και η αρτιότερη διατύπωση του κειμένου τους.
β) Η διερεύνηση της συνταγματικής νομιμότητας των προτεινόμενων ρυθμίσεων και της συμβατότητάς τους με το κοινοτικό και το διεθνές δίκαιο, ιδιαίτερα δε με τους κανόνες της Ευρωπαϊκής Συμβάσεως των Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου (Ε.Σ.Δ.Α) και τη νομολογία του Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαστηρίου των Δικαιωμάτων (Ε.Δ.Δ.Α).
γ) Η επισήμανση των ειδικότερων συνεπειών ή προεκτάσεων που ενδέχεται να έχουν οι προτεινόμενες ρυθμίσεις σε οικονομικό ή κοινωνικό επίπεδο.
δ) Η υπόδειξη στη Διοίκηση της ανάγκης λήψεως περαιτέρω νομοθετικών μέτρων για την άρση τυχόν συγκρούσεων ή την εναρμόνιση της νομοθεσίας προς την συνταγματική, κοινοτική και διεθνή έννομη τάξη.
ε) Η μελέτη κάθε θέματος στο πλαίσιο των αρμοδιοτήτων της, που παραπέμπεται σε αυτήν από τον Πρωθυπουργό ή τον Γενικό Γραμματέα της Κυβέρνησης.

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc.SPECIFIC#cptCore546.23#,

_SPECIFIC: lawGrc.ALPHABETICALLY:
* CODE OF CIVIL SERVANTS
* CODE OF GREEK NATIONALITY
* CODE OF PRIVATE MARITIME LAW
* CUSTOMS/CUSTOMARY LAW
* JUDICIAL DECISIONS (ΝΟΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ)
* WORKS OF LEGAL SCHOLARS
* EC LAW
* FAMILY LAW
* INTERNATIONAL LAW
* INTERNATIONAL TREATES
* MILITARY PENAL CODE
* THE AGRICULTURAL CODE,
* THE FOREST CODE,
* THE CODE ON CUSTOMS,
* THE CODE ON STAMP TAX,
* THE CODE ON ATTORNEYS
* THE CODE ON NOTARIES.
===========================================================
* ΑΝΑΓΚΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ-ΝΟΜΟΣ
* ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ
* ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ
* ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ
* ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ#ql:δικαιοελ.διοικητικο###
* ΕΓΚΥΚΛΙΟΣ
* ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΤΙΚΟΣ-ΝΟΜΟΣ
* ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΕΝΟΧΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ/OBLIGATION LAW
* ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ
* ΚΕΙΜΕΝΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΟ-ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ
* ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ
* ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΟ-ΠΡΟΕΔΡΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ
* ΝΟΜΟΣ
* ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ##
* ΠΡΟΕΔΡΙΚΟ-ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ
* ΠΡΑΞΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΥ-ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟΥ
* ΣΥΝΤΑΞΙΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΣΤΡΑΤΙΩΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΣΤΡΟΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
* ΤΥΠΙΚΟΣ-ΝΟΜΟΣ
* ΥΠΟΥΡΓΙΚΗ-ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ
* ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ
*

lawGrc.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SUBJECT

name::
* McsEngl.lawGrc.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.SUBJECT,

* ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ##
 * FAMILY-LAW

* ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ
 * ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ#ql:δκελ.διοικητικο###
   ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ#cptEconomy440: attSpe#
     ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,
   * ΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ-ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑΣ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ#cptCore432: attSpe#

* ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ##
 ADMIRALITY AND PRIVATE MARITIME LAW
 BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
 LABOR LAW
 TAX LAW AND INVESTMENT INCENTIVES

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΑΣΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΑΣΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,
* McsEngl.concept.epistem29.6,
* McsEngl.lawGrc.civil@cptCore29.6,
* McsElln.ΑΣΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-ΤΗΣ-ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ@cptCore29ι,

_GENERIC:
* law.civil#cptCore23.20#

_DEFINITION:
Αστικό Δίκαιο (Zivilrecht/Bu"rgerliches Recht, Droit civil, civil law) ονομάζεται ο κλάδος του Δικαίου, ο οποίος ρυθμίζει τις διαφορές μεταξύ ιδιωτών ("πολιτών"). Αποτελεί τμήμα του Ιδιωτικού Δικαίου. Είναι ο κλάδος του Δικαίου που αναπτύχθηκε πρώτος και σε αυτόν βασίστηκαν οι υπόλοιποι κλάδοι του ιδιωτικού δικαίου. Στην Ελλάδα ρυθμίζεται στον Αστικό Κώδικα και διακρίνεται σε πέντε μέρη:
* τις Γενικές Αρχές Αστικού Δικαίου: το μέρος αυτό περιλαμβάνει γενικούς ορισμούς που αφορούν όλο το Αστικό Δίκαιο, όπως τι είναι φυσικό και νομικό πρόσωπο, τι είναι δήλωση βουλήσεως και δικαιοπραξία, πώς και πότε καταρτίζεται έγκυρα μια σύμβαση (πρόταση, αποδοχή κλπ.), ποιες είναι οι συνέπειες των ελαττωμάτων της βούλησης (πλάνης, απάτης, απειλής) κλπ.
* το Ενοχικό Δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τις ενοχές, δηλαδή τις έννομες σχέσεις με βάση τις οποίες ένα πρόσωπο οφείλει μια παροχή σε ένα άλλο. Δύο είναι τα κύρια αντικείμενα, οι ενοχές από σύμβαση και οι ενοχές από τον νόμο. Το Ενοχικό Δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τα δικαιώματα και τις υποχρεώσεις οφειλέτη και δανειστή μιας παροχής, την ανώμαλη εξέλιξη μιας ενοχής (αδυναμία παροχής, υπερημερία, πλημμελή εκπλήρωση του οφειλέτη), τις επιμέρους συμβάσεις και τις αδικοπραξίες.
* το Εμπράγματο Δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τα απόλυτα δικαιώματα επί πραγμάτων, όπως κυριότητα, νομή, επικαρπία, δουλείες, ενέχυρο, υποθήκη. Το Εμπράγματο Δίκαιο ορίζει ποια είναι τα δικαιώματα αυτά, τι περιεχόμενο έχουν, πώς συστήνονται, πώς μεταβιβάζονται και πώς προστατεύονται.
* το Οικογενειακό Δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τα σχετικά με τον γάμο, τις υποχρεώσεις και τα δικαιώματα των συζύγων, τα περί λύσης του γάμου, τη γονική μέριμνα επί των παιδιών, τα δικαιώματα και τις υποχρεώσεις γονέων και τέκνων, την υιοθεσία και τα περί διατροφής μεταξύ συζύγων και συγγενών.
* το Κληρονομικό Δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τα περί κληρονομικής διαδοχής, διαθήκης, επαγωγής της κληρονομίας στους κληρονόμους, νόμιμης μοίρας κλπ.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Αστικό_Δίκαιο] 2010-06-16

_WHOLEFINO:
* ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ#ql:ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ_ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-*###

_GENERIC:
* CIVIL-LAW#cptCore23.20#

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ,
* McsElln.ΑΚ@cptCore29ι,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ-ΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ,

_DEFINITION:
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ: Η ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΞΕΚΙΝΗΣΕ ΤΟ 1930. ΗΤΑΝ ΕΤΟΙΜΟΣ ΤΟ 1940. ΠΗΡΕ ΤΗΝ ΙΣΧΥ ΝΟΜΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ 23 ΦΕΒΡΟΥΑΡΙΟΥ 1946.
By the introductory law of the Code, all local pre-existing codes and customs were abrogated.
In 1984, the provisions of the Civil Code were recast into demotic Greek.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 10#cptResource455#]

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.5,

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ-ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ-ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟ,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy436,
* McsElln.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ-ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟ-ΤΗΣ-ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ,

_WHOLE:
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ#cptEconomy440#

_DESCRIPTION:
ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ είναι μέρος του ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ...
[hmnSngo.1995-05]

ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΣΥΝΟΛΟ ΤΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΝΟΝΩΝ, ΠΟΥ ΡΥΘΜΙΖΟΥΝ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΕΠΟΥΝ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΠΛΟΥΤΟΥ.
ΟΙ ΒΑΣΙΚΕΣ ΑΡΧΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΤΟ ΔΙΕΠΟΥΝ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΕ ΟΡΙΣΜΕΝΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΙΣΧΥΟΝΤΟΣ ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑΤΟΣ (ΑΡ. 73 ΠΑΡ.3, 75, 79, 80)
ΚΥΡΙΑ ΟΜΩΣ ΣΤΟ (ΚΔΛ) ΝΔ-321-1969 "ΠΕΡΙ ΚΩΔΙΚΑ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟΥ", ΠΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΚΑΤΕΣΤΗΣΕ ΤΟΝ ΠΑΛΑΙΟ ΝΟΜΟ ΣΙΒ ΤΟΥ 1852 "ΠΕΡΙ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ ΕΣΟΔΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΟΔΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ"
[ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, 1993, 43#cptResource453#]

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.2,
* McsEngl.conceptEconomy440,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ-ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,
* McsElln.δημοσιονομικο-δικαιο@cptCore29.2,

_GENERIC:
* public-sector law##

_WHOLE:
* greek economy law##
* greece#cptCore18#

_ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗ:
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ είναι ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΤΟΜΕΑ της 'ελλαδας' για
===
"ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΣΥΝΟΛΟ ΤΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΔΙΕΠΟΥΝ ΤΗ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΔΡΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΤΗΤΑ (Η ΔΡΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΒΡΙΣΚΕΙ ΤΑ ΕΣΟΔΑ-ΤΟΥ) ΤΟΥ ΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ".
[ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, 1993, 22#cptResource453#]

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΗ-ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΗ-ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ,
* McsEngl.court'system-greece-LEGISLATION,
* McsEngl.greek-court-system-law,
* McsElln.ΔΙΚΑΙΟ-ΓΙΑ-ΤΗ-ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ-ΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΗ-ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ,

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΑΔΑ-ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ@cptCore29ι,
* McsElln.ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ'ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ-ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,

_DEFINITION:
"ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ Ο ΚΛΑΔΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ, Ο ΟΠΟΙΟΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ, ΟΙ ΟΠΟΙΟΙ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΕΠΙ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ, ΔΗΛ. ΟΛΟΥΣ ΕΚΕΙΝΟΥΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΙΔΙΚΟΥΣ ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ, ΟΙ ΟΠΟΙΟΙ ΒΡΙΣΚΟΥΝ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗ ΕΠΙ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΡΥΘΜΙΖΟΥΝ ΤΗΝ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ-ΤΗΣ ΑΠΕΝΑΝΤΙ ΣΤΟΥΣ ΙΔΙΩΤΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΕΝΑΝΤΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΑΛΛΕΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΣ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΕΣ."
[ΒΡΟΝΤΑΚΗΣ, 1989, 9#cptResource454#]

ΓΕΝΙΚΟ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ
 ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟ
 ΠΗΓΕΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ
 ΑΡΧΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ
 ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΑΞΗ
 ΟΡΓΑΝΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ
 ΑΥΤΟΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ
ΕΙΔΙΚΟ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ
 Η ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ
   ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗΣ
   ΤΑ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΚΑΣΤΗΡΙΑ
   ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟ'ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ
   ΕΛΕΓΚΤΙΚΟ'ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ
 ΔΙΚΑΙΟ ΤΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ ΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΩΝ
   ΓΕΝΙΚΑ
   Η ΙΔΡΥΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΙΚΗΣ ΣΧΕΣΕΩΣ
   ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΑΚΕΣ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΟΥ
   ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΙΚΗΣ ΣΧΕΣΕΩΣ. ΥΠΟΧΡΕΩΣΕΙΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑΤΑ.
   ΠΕΙΘΑΡΧΙΚΗ ΕΥΘΥΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΟΥ
   ΛΥΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥΠΑΛΛΗΛΙΚΗΣ ΣΧΕΣΕΩΣ
 ΜΕΡΟΣ ΤΡΙΤΟ
   ΤΑ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΒΑΡΗ
   ΣΤΕΡΗΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΡΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ (ΑΠΑΛΛΟΤΡΙΩΣΗ)
   ΤΑ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΑ
   ΤΑ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΙΔΡΥΜΑΤΑ
   Η ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΑ
ΜΕΡΙΚΑ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΟΥ
 ΟΙ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΙ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΟΙ
 ΒΕΒΑΙΩΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΣΠΡΑΞΗ ΤΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ ΕΣΟΔΩΝ
 ΟΙ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΣ ΔΑΠΑΝΕΣ
 ΚΑΤΑΡΤΙΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΨΗΦΙΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΥ

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ#ql:εκπαιδευτικη-νομοθεσια rl2 LawText.nfo#

_CREATED: {2000-09-09}

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ#ql:εκπαιδευτικη-νομοθεσια rl2 LawText.nfo#,
* McsEngl.law.education.greece,
* McsEngl.law.greece.education,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.δίκαιο.εκπαιδευτικό,
* McsElln.ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ-ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ,

* McsElln.δικΕκπ,

_DESCRIPTION:
Εδώ καταχωρώ νομοθεσία ανά ΕΝΝΟΙΑ.
Ανα ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ, είναι στο LawText.nfo.
[hmnSngo.2014-10-07]

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ,
* McsElln.ΕΚ@cptCore29ι,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ-ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ,

_DEFINITION:
"Since the enactment of the Commercial Code in Greece in 1828, several attempts were made to revise it, which, however, remain uncompleted. In 1981, the draft of a new commercial code was submitted to the Minister of Justice. Such draft underwent a new elaboration, especially by being transcribed in the demotic language, but it has not as yet been enacted by Parliament"
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 176#cptResource455#]

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ,
* McsElln.ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ@cptCore29ι,

_DEFINITION:
Ιδιωτικό Δίκαιο έιναι το σύνολο των κανόνων που ρυθμίζουν έννομες σχέσεις μεταξύ ιδιωτών, δηλαδή μεταξύ προσώπων που δεν ασκούν κρατική εξουσία. Το ιδιωτικό δίκαιο αντιπαρατίθεται ως όρος προς το Δημόσιο Δίκαιο, το οποίο ρυθμίζει τις σχέσεις των ιδιωτών με το κράτος. Ως κλάδος του δικαίου είναι πολύ ευρύς και περιλαμβάνει με τη σειρά του δύο μεγάλους κλάδους του δικαίου:
* το Αστικό Δίκαιο, που ρυθμίζει τις έννομες σχέσεις των ιδιωτών μεταξύ τους, και
* το Εμπορικό Δίκαιο, που ρυθμίζει τις έννομες σχέσεις των εμπόρων.

Μεγάλο μέρος του ιδιωτικού δικαίου αποτελεί ενδοτικό δίκαιο (jus dispositivum), δηλαδή τα μέρη (οι ιδιώτες) μπορούν να συμφωνήσουν να ρυθμίζουν τιος σχέσεις τους διαφορετικά από ό,τι προβλέπει ο νόμος.

Οι διαφορές μεταξύ ιδιωτών (διαφορές ιδιωτικού δικαίου) υπάγονται στα πολιτικά δικαστήρια. Κυριότερο ένδικο βοήθημα για την παροχή δικαστικής προστασίας σε μια διαφορά ιδιωτικού δικαίου είναι η αγωγή.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ιδιωτικό_Δίκαιο] 2010-02-16

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΟΤΑ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΟΤΑ,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.pzygouris.gr/?p=411,

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ (criminal-procedure)

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ (criminal-procedure),
* McsEngl.code-of-criminal-procedure,
* McsElln.ΚΠΝΔ,
* McsElln.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ@cptCore29,

ΤΥΠΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ: ΚΠΝΔ-Β5.Τ1.ΚΑ.Μ1.Α409=
ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ, ΒΙΒΛΙΟ 5, ΤΜΗΜΑ 1, ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ Α, ΜΕΡΟΣ 1, ΑΡΘΡΟ 409. ΕΧΕΙ 11 ΒΙΒΛΙΑ ΚΑΙ 603 ΑΡΘΡΑ.

ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ (ΠΔ-258-1986)
 ΓΕΝΙΚΟΙ ΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ
   ΠΟΙΝΙΚΑ ΔΙΚΑΣΤΗΡΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΑ
   ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗ ΔΙΩΞΗ
   ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΑΓΩΓΗ
   ΔΙΑΔΙΚΟΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗ ΔΙΚΗ
   ΑΡΜΟΔΙΟΤΗΤΑ
   ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ
 ΟΙ ΑΠΟΔΕΙΞΕΙΣ
 ΠΡΟΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ
 ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΣΤΟ ΔΙΚΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ
 ΕΙΔΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΕΣ
 ΕΝΔΙΚΑ ΜΕΣΑ
 ΕΚΤΑΚΤΕΣ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΕΣ
 ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗ
 ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟ ΜΗΤΡΩΟ
 ΕΞΟΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑΣ
 ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ (civil-procedure)

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ (civil-procedure),
* McsEngl.code-of-civil-procedure,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΚΠΛΔ,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ@cptCore13ι,

ΤΥΠΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ: ΚΠΛΔ-Β2.ΔΙ.Α315= ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ, ΒΙΒΛΙΟ 2, ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ Ι, ΑΡΘΡΟ 315, ΕΧΕΙ 8 ΒΙΒΛΙΑ ΚΑΙ 1054 ΑΡΘΡΑ]

ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ (ΠΔ-503-1985)
 ΓΕΝΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ
 ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΣΤΑ ΠΡΩΤΟΒΑΘΜΙΑ ΔΙΚΑΣΤΗΡΙΑ
 ΕΝΔΙΚΑ ΜΕΣΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΚΟΠΕΣ
 ΕΙΔΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΕΣ
 ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΜΕΤΡΑ
 ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΟΥΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΔΟΣΙΑΣ
 ΔΙΑΙΤΗΣΙΑ
 ΑΝΑΓΚΑΣΤΙΚΗ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗ
ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ (ΝΔ-356-1974 ΠΕΡΙ ΚΩΔΙΚΟΣ ΕΙΣΠΡΑΞΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ ΕΣΟΔΩΝ)

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.3,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ-ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ@cptCore29.3,
* McsElln.ποινικος-κωδικας@cptCore29.3,

ΤΥΠΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ: ΠΝΚ-Β1.ΚΒ.Μ2.Α22=
ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ, ΒΙΒΛΙΟ 1, ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ Β, ΜΕΡΟΣ 2, ΑΡΘΡΟ 22. ΕΧΕΙ 2 ΒΙΒΛΙΑ ΚΑΙ 459 ΑΡΘΡΑ.

ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ (ΠΔ-283-1985)
 ΓΕΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΡΟΣ
 ΕΙΔΙΚΟ ΜΕΡΟΣ
 ΜΕΤΑΒΑΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ

δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.θέμα.ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.4,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ-ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟ,
* McsElln.φορολογικο-δικαιο@cptCore29.4,

_ΟΛΟΤΗΤΑ:
* δημοσιονομικο-δικαιο,

δικΕλλ.κοινωνία.ΑΘΗΝΑΣ

_CREATED: {2012-10-07}

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.κοινωνία.ΑΘΗΝΑΣ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore29.8,

Athenian Law
 Other Athenian History
 632: Cylon fails to establish tyranny in Athens
621/20: Drakon's laws  
594/93: Solon's reforms  
 546: Peisistratos establishes tyranny
508/7: Cleisthenes' reforms; establishment of democracy  
 490: Battle of Marathon
487/6: Nine archons henceforth chosen by lot  
 480-79: Xerxes' invasion; battles of Thermopylae, Artimisium; Salamis and Plataea
 478: Creation of Delian League
462: Ephialtes' reforms (reduced powers of Areiopagus)  
451/0: Perikles's citizenship law  c. 450: Athenians and Persians make peace
440's: Introduction of jury pay by Perikles  
 431: beginning of Peloponnesian War (431-404)
c. 430: Earliest fragments of speeches composed by logographer (Antiphon)  429: Death of Perikles
c. 425: Cleon raises jury pay two obols per day  
 415-413: Sicilian Expedition
415: First attested graph? paranom?n  
411: Trial and death of Antiphon  411: Oligarchic revolution of the 400
410: Codification Board (anagrapheis t?n nom?n) begins work, led by Nikomachus  
409/8: Reinscription of Drakon's homocide law  
404: Reinscription of laws completed  404: Battle of Aegispotamoi (defeat of Athens)
403/2: Teisamenos' decree; ratification of lawcode; establishment of nomothetai supervising legislation; nomoi and ps?phsimata distinguished  403: Thirty tyrants in Athens; democracy restored same year
399: Trial of Socrates  395-387: Cornithian War
385/84: Birth of Demosthenes  
378/7: Introduction of pinakia for jury selection.  377: Establishment of Second Athenian Naval Confederacy
c. 375: Witnesses no longer give oral testimony in court; instead, clerk henceforth reads statements given in advance of trial.  
 371-362: Theban hegemony
366: Demosthenes prosecutes guardians  
 356: Beginning of Sacred War
 348: Philip captures of Olynthus
345: Against Timarkhos trial (Aes. 1)  346: End of Sacred War
343: On the False Embassy trial (Dem. 19; Aes. 2)  
 338: Battle of Chaeronia; end of Athenian autonomy
330: On the Crown trial (Aes. 3; Dem. 18)  
322: Demosthenes convicted in Harpalos affair.  
[http://chs.harvard.edu/wb/1/wo/dVv5tX07PAGKAyRLDJOGAg/4.0.0.0.19.1.7.15.1.1.0.1.2.0.1.1.7.1.0.6.1.3.3.1]

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΕΓΚΥΚΛΙΟΣ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΕΓΚΥΚΛΙΟΣ,
* McsElln.ΕΓΚΥΚΛΙΟΣ@cptCore29ι,

Εγκύκλιος
Πράξη της Διοίκησης που εξαντλεί τη δεσμευτική ισχύ της μέσα στο πλαίσιο της Διοίκησης. Οι Εγκύκλιοι διακρίνονται σε Ερμηνευτικές και Κανονιστικές. Τις Ερμηνευτικές Εγκυκλίους τις εκδίδουν οι ιεραρχικά Προϊστάμενοι των διαφόρων υπηρεσιακών σχηματισμών του Κράτους και των NΠΔΔ (π.χ. Υπουργοί, Νομάρχες, Γενικοί Γραμματείς, Διοικητές), κατά την άσκηση του προληπτικού ιεραρχικού ελέγχου και με αυτές επαναλαμβάνουν, σχολιάζουν και επεξηγούν τις διατάξεις των νομοθετικών και κανονιστικών πράξεων και παρέχουν οδηγίες για τον τρόπο εφαρμογής τους. Με τις Κανονιστικές Εγκυκλίους καθορίζονται καθήκοντα των ιεραρχικά υφισταμένων υπαλλήλων έναντι των προϊσταμένων τους και επιβάλλονται υποχρεώσεις ή αναγνωρίζονται δικαιώματα των διοικούμενων. Πηγή : Eπ. Σπηλιωτόπουλος : Εγχειρίδιο Διοικητικού Δικαίου, Δευτέρα έκδοσις, Νομικαί Εκδόσεις Aντ. N. Σάκκουλα, Αθήνα - Κομοτηνή 1982
[http://www.infosoc.gr/infosoc/el-GR/services/leksiko/614.htm] 2010-02-17

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΕΘΙΜΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΕΘΙΜΟ,
* McsEngl.lawGrc.CUSTOM,

Article 1 of Civil Code places customes on the same level with legislation. The actual situation is somewhat different since according to article 2 II of LD of 7-10.5.1946 the customs can not abolish(ακυρωσουν) statutory law.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 15#cptResource455#]

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ,
* McsEngl.lawGrc.Code,
* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ-ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ@cptCore29ι,
* McsElln.ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ@cptCore29ι,

LEGISLATION (CODE)
 CODIFICATIONS
 STATUTORY LAW
 ΝΟΜΟΣ
   πχ Ν-1404-1983
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE/ΠΡΟΕΔΡΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ
   πχ ΠΔ-318-1994
 ROYAL DECREE/ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑ

* ΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ/civil code##
* ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΣ-ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ/commercial code##
* ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΠΟΙΝΙΚΗΣ-ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ/criminal procedure code##
* ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ/penal code##
* ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ/civil procedure code##
* ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑ/constitution#cptCore23.22.2##

"The formal statement as to the sources of law is contained in article 1 of the Civil Code, which defines them as being LEGISLATION and CUSTOM. This statement seems to rather oversimplify the actual situation. It does not take account of some other sources of law, which may have no formal value but they are nonetheless quite influential. Such sources are JUDICIAL DECISIONS and LEGAL WRITING. The Greek judge or lawyer, in deciding a case or advising a client, will not only take into consideration the existing legislative provisions or, if the case may be, customs, but also those `informal' sources of law"
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 13#cptResource455#]

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΝΟΜΟΣ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΝΟΜΟΣ,
* McsEngl.lawGrc.STATUTE,
====== lagoGreek:
* McsElln.νομοθέτημα.νόμος,
* McsElln.νόμος-νομοθέτημα,

* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΣ@cptCore46,
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.νόμος,
* McsElln.ΤΥΠΙΚΟΣ-ΝΟΜΟΣ@cptCore29ι,

_DESCRIPTION:
"Statutes are either SUBSTANTIVE/ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ or FORMAL/ΤΥΠΙΚΟΣ, depending on whether one examines their content or their form. For example, the budget appears in the form of a statute but it does not contain legal rules. It is therefore a formal, but not a substantive statute. On the other hand, substantive statutes emanate not only from Parliament but from other authorities as well, especially from the President of the Republic in the form of decrees and from cabinet ministers in the form of decisions taken by virtue of authorization by Parliament. Only substantive statutes may constitute sources of law and only their violation is subject to review by the Supreme Court on final appeal".
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 13#cptResource455#]
===
"ΤΥΠΙΚΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΚΑΘΕ ΠΡΑΞΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΑΣ, ΑΣΧΕΤΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟ-ΤΗΣ, ΠΟΥ ΘΕΣΠΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΑ ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΑ ΟΡΓΑΝΑ-ΤΗΣ (ΒΟΥΛΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ) ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΦΩΝΑ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ, ΠΟΥ ΠΡΟΒΛΕΠΕΤΑΙ. ΔΗΛΑΔΗ ΚΑΘΕ ΠΡΑΞΗ, ΠΟΥ ΨΗΦΙΖΕΙ Η ΒΟΥΛΗ, ΚΥΡΩΝΕΙ, ΕΚΔΙΔΕΙ ΚΑΙ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΕΙ Ο ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ, ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΑ ΑΝ ΑΥΤΗ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΙ ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ"
[ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, 1993, 30#cptResource453#]

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΝΟΜΟΣXΕΔΙΟ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΝΟΜΟΣXΕΔΙΟ,
* McsEngl.conceptCore46,
* McsElln.ΝΟΜΟΣΧΕΔΙΟ,

_GENERIC:
* law-proposed#cptCore23.5#

ΝΟΜΟΣ είναι ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ-ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ#cptCore17.a# που ψηφίζει η ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΒΟΥΛΗ.
[hmnSngo.1995.06_nikos]

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΥΠΟΥΡΓΙΚΗ-ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΥΠΟΥΡΓΙΚΗ-ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ,
* McsElln.ΥΠΟΥΡΓΙΚΗ-ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ@cptCore29ι,

Υπουργικές Αποφάσεις

Με τις Υπουργικές Αποφάσεις εξειδικεύονται ακόμη περισσότερο οι διατάξεις του νόμου, όπου και ρυθμίζονται τα επιμέρους θέματα στη λεπτομέρειά τους.

Υπουργική Απόφαση καλείται η πράξη που εκδίδεται από τον (αρμόδιο κατά περίπτωση) Υπουργό, απαραίτητα κατ΄ εξουσιοδότηση του νόμου και πάντα εντός των πλαισίων αυτής της εξουσιοδοτήσεως.

Με την Υπουργική Απόφαση, είτε τίθενται δευτερεύοντες κανόνες δικαίου όπότε και καλείται «κανονιστική απόφαση», είτε ρυθμίζονται διοικητικής φύσεως θέματα (π.χ. πρόσληψη, απόλυση, προαγωγή, μετάθεση κλπ υπαλλήλων) οπότε και καλείται «εκτελεστική».

Και οι δύο τύποι αυτοί των Υπουργικών Αποφάσεων δημοσιεύονται στην Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δίκαιο]

δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΠΡΑΞΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΥ-ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟΥ

_CREATED: {2012-11-19}

name::
* McsElln.δικΕλλ.πηγή.ΠΡΑΞΗ-ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΙΚΟΥ-ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟΥ,
* McsElln.πράξη-νομοθετικού-περιεχομένου, {2012-11-19}

_DESCRIPTION:
Οι πράξεις νομοθετικού περιεχομένου εφαρμόζονται σε εξαιρετικές περιπτώσεις. Για παράδειγμα όταν δεν προλαβαίνει να συγκληθεί η Βουλή ή υπάρχουν δυσκολίες, προκειμένου, όπως λένε δικαστές, να αποφευχθούν όλες οι χρονοβόρες διαδικασίες, συντάσσονται από το Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο και υπογράφονται από τον Πρόεδρο της Δημοκρατίας.

Έχουν όμως μόνο προσωρινή ισχύ. Κι αυτό γιατί πρέπει (πάντοτε) να πάνε προς έγκριση στη Βουλή -μέσα σε διάστημα σαράντα ημερών- και στη συνέχεια να κυρωθούν, το αργότερο μέχρι τρεις μήνες. Αν δεν γίνει μέσα σε αυτό το διάστημα παύουν να ισχύουν.

Αυτό επιβεβαιώνει μιλώντας στο newsbeast.gr ο πρόεδρος της Ένωσης Διοικητικών Δικαστών, Γιώργος Φαλτσέτος, λέγοντας χαρακτηριστικά:

«Αντί να περάσει ένας νόμος στη Βουλή άμεσα, η πράξη νομοθετικού περιεχομένου γίνεται από το Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο. Την υπογράφει ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας. Από εκεί και πέρα, η κυβέρνηση μέσα σε 40 μέρες πρέπει να φέρει την πράξη νομοθετικού περιεχομένου στη Βουλή προς κύρωση.

Η Βουλή μέσα σε τρεις μήνες πρέπει να κυρώσει την πράξη νομοθετικού περιεχομένου. Αν δεν την κυρώσει μέσα σε αυτό το διάστημα, τότε αυτή παύει να ισχύει», λέει.

Και συμπληρώνει: «Οι πράξεις νομοθετικού περιεχομένου γίνονται σε εξαιρετικές περιπτώσεις. Όταν δηλαδή δεν προλαβαίνει να συγκληθεί η Βουλή ή υπάρχουν δυσκολίες.

Προκειμένου λοιπόν να αποφύγουν όλη αυτή τη διαδικασία, όταν θέλουν να συζητηθεί ένα επείγον θέμα κατά την εκτίμηση της κυβέρνησης, συντάσσεται η λεγόμενη πράξη νομοθετικού περιεχομένου. Υπογράφεται από τον Πρόεδρο της Δημοκρατίας και έρχεται προς κύρωση στη Βουλή».

Πάντως, σε ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά θέματα είναι δύσκολο να εφαρμοστεί, όπως λένε, γιατί δεν ξέρουν πως θα αντιδράσουν τα υπόλοιπα μέλη του Κοινοβουλίου.
[http://www.newsbeast.gr/politiki/arthro/446092/ti-einai-oi-praxeis-nomothetikou-periehomenou-/]

lawInl'OTHER-VIEW#cptCore505#

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl'OTHER-VIEW,

_OTHER_VIEW:

International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of public international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some approaches center on the question of compliance: why states follow international norms in the absence of a coercive power that ensures compliance. Other approaches focus on the problem of the formation of international rules: why states voluntarily adopt international legal norms, that limit their freedom of action, in the absence of a world legislature. Other perspectives are policy oriented; they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing rules and make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic legal theory, others are interdisciplinary, while others have been developed expressly to analyse international law.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_legal_theory]

lawInl'organization

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl'organization,

lawInl'ogn.INTERNATIONAL-LAW-COMMISSION {1948}

_CREATED: {2015-08-23}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl'ogn.INTERNATIONAL-LAW-COMMISSION {1948},
* McsEngl.international-law-commission,
* McsEngl.ILC,

_WHOLE:
* ognUn#cptCore322#

_DESCRIPTION:
The International Law Commission was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 for the "promotion of the progressive development of international law and its codification."[1]
It holds an annual session at the United Nations Office at Geneva.
Origin
Several attempts have been made in the effort to codify international law. The work which led to the International Law Commission was begun in the Resolution of the Assembly of the League of Nations of 22 September 1924, which established the Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, consisting of 17 members, for the purpose of making recommendations as to which issues required to be addressed in international law and the steps desirable to that end. The committee's work led to the League of Nations Codification Conference of 1930, which dealt mainly with the issues of nationality laws, territorial waters and state responsibility to damage caused to foreign nationals.

The United Nations adopted many concepts of the League's resolution in Article 13, Paragraph 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, which stated:

"1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: a. ... encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification."

On December 11, 1946, The General Assembly passed Resolution 94, which called to establish a committee of legal experts to make recommendations to the UN Secretary-General on the ways the General Assembly could encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification. The committee of experts consisted of 17 members and convened from May 12 to June 17, 1947. It recommended to establish a permanent UN commission to promote these objectives.

On November 21, 1947, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 174, which provided for the creation of an "International Law Commission" in order to fulfill the obligations of the Charter. To the resolution was attached the statute of the Commission, which defined its purposes as being:

Promoting the codification of international law.
Solving problems within both public and private international law.

Working procedures for the Commission were elaborated in articles 16-26.

The Commission consists of 34 members elected by the General Assembly. Members act as individuals and not as officials representing their respective states.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law_Commission]

lawInl'source

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl'source,

_GENERIC:
* law-source#ql:law'source rl?#

_DESCIPTION:
Sources of international law are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed. They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories. During the 19th century, it was recognised by legal positivists that a sovereign could limit its authority to act by consenting to an agreement according to the principle pacta sunt servanda. This consensual view of international law was reflected in the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and preserved in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice.[1]

Article 38(1) is generally recognised as a definitive statement of the sources of international law. It requires the Court to apply, among other things, (a) international conventions "expressly recognized by the contesting states", and (b) "international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law". To avoid the possibility of non liquet, sub-paragraph (c) added the requirement that the general principles applied by the Court were those that had been "the general principles of the law recognized by civilized nations". As it is states that by consent determine the content of international law, sub-paragraph (d) acknowledges that the Court is entitled to refer to "judicial decisions" and the most highly qualified juristic writings "as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law".

On the question of preference between sources of international law, rules established by treaty will take preference if such an instrument exists. It is also argued however that international treaties and international custom are sources of international law of equal validity; this is that new custom may supersede older treaties and new treaties may override older custom. Certainly, judicial decisions and juristic writings are regarded as auxiliary sources of international law, whereas it is unclear whether the general principles of law recognized by 'civilized nations' should be recognized as a principal or auxiliary source of international law.

It may be argued that the practice of international organizations, most notably that of the United Nations, as it appears in the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, are an additional source of international law, even though it is not mentioned as such in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice. Article 38(1) is closely based on the corresponding provision of the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, thus predating the role that international organizations have come to play in the international plane. That is, the provision of Article 38(1) may be regarded as dated, and this can most vividly be seen in the mention made to 'civilized nations', a mentioning that appears all the more quaint after the decolonization process that took place in the early 1960s and the participation of nearly all nations of the world in the United Nations.

It is also possible, though less common, for a treaty to be modified by practices arising between the parties to that treaty. The other situation in which a rule would take precedence over a treaty provision would be where the rule has the special status of being part of the jus cogens.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law]

lawInl'subject

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl'subject,

lawInl'ResourceInfHmnn#cptResource843#

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl'ResourceInfHmnn,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* https://www.coursera.org/course/lawinaction,

Sources of international law are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed. They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories. During the 19th century, it was recognised by legal positivists that a sovereign could limit its authority to act by consenting to an agreement according to the principle pacta sunt servanda. This consensual view of international law was reflected in the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and preserved in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice.[1]

Article 38(1) is generally recognised as a definitive statement of the sources of international law. It requires the Court to apply, among other things, (a) international conventions "expressly recognized by the contesting states", and (b) "international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law". To avoid the possibility of non liquet, sub-paragraph (c) added the requirement that the general principles applied by the Court were those that had been "the general principles of the law recognized by civilized nations". As it is states that by consent determine the content of international law, sub-paragraph (d) acknowledges that the Court is entitled to refer to "judicial decisions" and the most highly qualified juristic writings "as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law".

On the question of preference between sources of international law, rules established by treaty will take preference if such an instrument exists. It is also argued however that international treaties and international custom are sources of international law of equal validity; this is that new custom may supersede older treaties and new treaties may override older custom. Certainly, judicial decisions and juristic writings are regarded as auxiliary sources of international law, whereas it is unclear whether the general principles of law recognized by 'civilized nations' should be recognized as a principal or auxiliary source of international law.

It may be argued that the practice of international organizations, most notably that of the United Nations, as it appears in the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, are an additional source of international law, even though it is not mentioned as such in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice. Article 38(1) is closely based on the corresponding provision of the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, thus predating the role that international organizations have come to play in the international plane. That is, the provision of Article 38(1) may be regarded as dated, and this can most vividly be seen in the mention made to 'civilized nations', a mentioning that appears all the more quaint after the decolonization process that took place in the early 1960s and the participation of nearly all nations of the world in the United Nations.

It is also possible, though less common, for a treaty to be modified by practices arising between the parties to that treaty. The other situation in which a rule would take precedence over a treaty provision would be where the rule has the special status of being part of the jus cogens.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.specific,
* McsEngl.lawInt.specific,

_SPECIFIC: lawInl.Time:
 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY: PARIS, 20 MARCH 1883.
 CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS: BERNE, 9 SEPTEMBER 1886.
 GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1923: ARBITRAL AWARDS.
 GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1927: ARBITRAL AWARDS.
 CONVENTION FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF CERTAIN CONFLICTS OF LAWS IN CONNECTION WITH BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES: GENEVA, 7 JUNE 1930.
 ILO CONVENTION NO.100 CONCERNING EQUAL REMUNARATION FOR MEN AND WOMEN WORKERS FOR WORK OF EQUAL VALUE: GENEVA, 6 JUNE 1951.
 FIRST PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS: PARIS, 20 MARCH 1952.
 NEW YORK CONVENTION OF 1958: ARBITRAL AWARDS.
 VIENNA CONVENTIONS ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF 1961.
 CONSULAR RELATIONS OF 1963.
 HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE SERVICE ABROAD OF JUDICIAL AND EXTRAJUDICIAL DOCUMENTS IN CIVIL OR COMMERCIAL MATTERS OF 1965.
 ICSID CONVENTION OF 1965.
 INTERNATINAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: NEW YORK, 16 DECEMBER 1966.
 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS: NEW YORK, 16 DECEMBER 1966.
 BRUSSELS CONVENTION ON JURISDICTION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS IN CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS OF 1968.

lawInl.CUSTOMARY

_CREATED: {2012-04-04}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.CUSTOMARY,
* McsEngl.conceptCore39.1,
* McsEngl.customary-international-law@cptCore39.1, {2012-04-04}
* McsEngl.international-custom@cptCore39.1, {2012-11-17}

_DESCRIPTION:
Customary international law are those aspects of international law that derive from custom. Along with general principles of law and treaties, custom is considered by the International Court of Justice, jurists, the United Nations, and its member states to be among the primary sources of international law.

For example, laws of war were long a matter of customary law before they were codified in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, Geneva Conventions, and other treaties.

The vast majority of the world's governments accept in principle the existence of customary international law, although there are many differing opinions as to what rules are contained in it.

The Statute of the International Court of Justice acknowledges the existence of customary international law in Article 38(1)(b), incorporated into the United Nations Charter by Article 92: "The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply...international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law."

Customary international law "... consists of rules of law derived from the consistent conduct of States acting out of the belief that the law required them to act that way."[1] It follows that customary international law can be discerned by a "widespread repetition by States of similar international acts over time (State practice); Acts must occur out of sense of obligation (opinio juris); Acts must be taken by a significant number of States and not be rejected by a significant number of States."[2] A marker of customary international law is consensus among states exhibited both by widespread conduct and a discernible sense of obligation.

The International Court of Justice (case of USA vs Nicaragua in 1989) held that the elements of an international customary law would be Opinio Juris (Past Judge Decisions or works of the most highly qualified publicists) which is then proven by existing state practices.[3]

A peremptory norm (also called jus cogens, Latin for "compelling law") is a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is ever permitted. These norms rooted from Natural Law principles,[4] , and any laws conflicting with it should be considered null and void.[5] Examples include various international crimes; a state which carries out or permits slavery, torture, genocide, war of aggression, or crimes against humanity is always violating customary international law[6].

Other examples accepted or claimed as customary international law include the principle of non-refoulement and immunity of visiting foreign heads of state.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law]

lawInl.GENEVA-CONVENSTIONS

_CREATED: {2012-04-04}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.GENEVA-CONVENSTIONS,
* McsEngl.conceptCore39.3,
* McsEngl.geneva-conventions@cptCore39.3, {2012-04-04}

_DESCRIPTION:
The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment of the victims of war. The singular term Geneva Convention denotes the agreements of 1949, negotiated in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–45), which updated the terms of the first three treaties (1864, 1906, 1929), and added a fourth treaty. The articles of the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949) extensively defined the basic rights of prisoners (civil and military) during war; established protections for the wounded; and established protections for the civilians in and around a war zone. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in whole or with reservations, by 194 countries.[1] The Geneva Convention also defines the rights and protections of non-combatants.

Moreover, because the Geneva Conventions are about people in war, the articles do not address warfare proper — the use of weapons of war — which is the subject of the Hague Conventions (First Hague Conference, 1899; Second Hague Conference 1907), and the bio–chemical warfare Geneva Protocol (Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, 1929).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions]

lawInl.HAGUE-CONVENTIONS

_CREATED: {2012-04-04}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.HAGUE-CONVENTIONS,
* McsEngl.conceptCore39.5,
* McsEngl.hague-conventions@cptCore39.5, {2012-04-04}

The Hague Conventions were two international treaties negotiated at international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands: The First Hague Conference in 1899 and the Second Hague Conference in 1907. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of secular international law. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but never took place due to the start of World War I. The German international law scholar and neo-Kantian pacifist Walther Schόcking called the assemblies the "international union of Hague conferences".[1] and saw them as a nucleus of an international federation that was to meet at regular intervals to administer justice and develop international law procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes, asserting "that a definite political union of the states of the world has been created with the First and Second Conferences." The various agencies created by the Conferences, like the Permanent Court of Arbitration, "are agents or organs of the union."[2]

A major effort in both the conferences was to create a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war. This effort, however, failed to realize success either in 1899 or in 1907. The First Conference was generally a success and was focused on disarmament efforts. The Second Conference failed to create a binding international court for compulsory arbitration but did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration, and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals. Along with disarmament and obligatory arbitration, both conferences included negotiations concerning the laws of war and war crimes. Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in the First World War.[citation needed]

Most of the great powers, including the United States, Britain, Russia, France, China, and Persia, favored a binding international arbitration, but the condition was that the vote should be unanimous, and a few countries, led by Germany, vetoed the idea.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)]

lawInl.STATUTE

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.STATUTE,

lawInl.subject.CRIME-AGAINST-HUMANITY

_CREATED: {2012-11-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.subject.CRIME-AGAINST-HUMANITY,
* McsEngl.crime-against-humanity, {2012-11-17}

Crimes against humanity, as defined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum,[citation needed] "are particularly odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. They are not isolated or sporadic events, but are part either of a government policy (although the perpetrators need not identify themselves with this policy) or of a wide practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority. Murder; extermination; torture; rape; political, racial, or religious persecution and other inhumane acts reach the threshold of crimes against humanity only if they are part of a widespread or systematic practice. Isolated inhumane acts of this nature may constitute grave infringements of human rights, or depending on the circumstances, war crimes, but may fall short of falling into the category of crimes under discussion."[1]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_against_humanity]

lawInl.subject.PRIVATE

_CREATED: {2012-11-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.subject.PRIVATE,
* McsEngl.conflict-of-laws, {2012-11-17}
* McsEngl.private-international-law, {2012-11-17}

_DESCRIPTION:
Conflict of laws (or private international law) is a set of procedural rules that determines which legal system and which jurisdiction apply to a given dispute. The rules typically apply when a legal dispute has a "foreign" element such as a contract agreed to by parties located in different countries, although the "foreign" element also exists in multi-jurisdictional countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.

The term conflict of laws itself originates from situations where the ultimate outcome of a legal dispute depended upon which law applied, and the common law courts manner of resolving the conflict between those laws. In civil law, lawyers and legal scholars refer to conflict of laws as private international law. Private international law has no real connection with public international law, and is instead a feature of local law which varies from country to country.

The three branches of conflict of laws are

Jurisdiction – whether the forum court has the power to resolve the dispute at hand
Choice of law – the law which is being applied to resolve the dispute
Foreign judgments – the ability to recognize and enforce a judgment from an external forum within the jurisdiction of the adjudicating forum
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_international_law]

lawInl.subject.PUBLIC

_CREATED: {2012-04-04}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.subject.PUBLIC,
* McsEngl.conceptCore39.2,
* McsEngl.public-international-law@cptCore39.1, {2012-04-04}

_DESCRIPTION:
Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states; analogous entities, such as the Holy See; and intergovernmental organizations. To a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement. Public international law has increased in use and importance vastly over the twentieth century, due to the increase in global trade, environmental deterioration on a worldwide scale, awareness of human rights violations, rapid and vast increases in international transportation and a boom in global communications.

The field of study combines two main branches: the law of nations (jus gentium) and international agreements and conventions (jus inter gentes), which have different theoretical foundations and should not be confused.

Public international law should not be confused with "private international law", which is concerned with the resolution of conflict of laws. In its most general sense, international law "consists of rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of states and of intergovernmental organizations and with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical."[1]

“  It is probably the case that almost all nations observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all the time.  ”
—Louis Henkin[2]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law]

lawInl.statute.ROME {2002}

_CREATED: {2012-11-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.statute.ROME {2002},
* McsEngl.international-criminal-court-statute, {2012-11-17}
* McsEngl.Rome-statute-of-the-international-criminal-court, {2012-11-17}

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (often referred to as the International Criminal Court Statute or the Rome Statute) is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome on 17 July 1998[5][6] and it entered into force on 1 July 2002.[2] As of 1 February 2012, 121 states are party to the statute.[2] Among other things, the statute establishes the court's functions, jurisdiction and structure.

Under the Rome Statute, the ICC can only investigate and prosecute the core international crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression) in situations where states are unable or unwilling to do so themselves. The court can investigate crimes only in states that signed the Rome Statute unless authorized by the U.N. Security Council.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court]

lawInl.subject.HUMANITARIAN

_CREATED: {2012-04-04}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.subject.HUMANITARIAN,
* McsEngl.conceptCore39.4,
* McsEngl.international-humanitarian-law@cptCore39.4, {2012-04-04}

International humanitarian law (IHL), or the law of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of armed conflicts (jus in bello). It comprises "the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and customary international law."[1] It defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians.

Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called war crimes. International humanitarian law, jus in bello regulates the conduct of forces when engaged in war or armed conflict. It is distinct from jus ad bellum which regulates the conduct of engaging in war or armed conflict and includes crimes against peace and of war of aggression. Together the jus in bello and jus ad bellum comprise the two strands laws of war governing all aspects of international armed conflicts.

The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg War Trials. By extension, they also define both the permissive rights of these powers as well as prohibitions on their conduct when dealing with irregular forces and non-signatories.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law]

lawInl.subject.REFUGEE

_CREATED: {2012-11-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.subject.REFUGEE,
* McsEngl.refugee-law, {2012-11-17}

_DESCRIPTION:
Refugee law is the branch of international law which deals with the rights and protection of refugees. It is related to, but distinct from, international human rights law and international humanitarian law, which deal respectively with human rights in general, and the conduct of war in particular.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Law]

lawInl.TREATY

_CREATED: {2015-06-22}

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.TREATY,
* McsEngl.aggrement,
* McsEngl.convention,
* McsEngl.covenant,
* McsEngl.exchange-of-letters,
* McsEngl.international-aggrement,
* McsEngl.pact,
* McsEngl.protocol,
* McsEngl.treaty,

_DESCRIPTION:
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.[1]
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty]

lawInl.time.EVOLUTING#cptCore546.171#

name::
* McsEngl.lawInl.time.EVOLUTING,

{time.1834}:
=== conflict of laws:
The modern field of conflicts emerged in the United States during the nineteenth century with the publishing of Joseph Story's treatise on the conflict of laws in 1834. Story's work had a great influence on the subsequent development of the field in England such as those written by A.V. Dicey. Much of the English law then became the basis for conflict of laws for most Commonwealth countries.[citation needed]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws]

lawOgnUn'party

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn'party,

_DESCRIPTION:
Signatories and Parties
The term “Parties", which appears in the header of each treaty, in the publication Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, includes both "Contracting States" and "Parties". For general reference, the term "Contracting States" refers to States and other entities with treaty-making capacity which have expressed their consent to be bound by a treaty where the treaty has not yet entered into force or where it has not entered into force for such States and entities; the term "Parties" refers to States and other entities with treaty-making capacity which have expressed their consent to be bound by a treaty and where the treaty is in force for such States and entities.)
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

SPECIFIC

* lawOgnUn.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
international instruments binding at international law:
* treaties,
* agreements,
* conventions,
* charters,
* protocols,
* declarations,
* memoranda of understanding,
* modus vivendi and
* exchange of notes.
... The terms most commonly used are the subject of this overview. However, a fair number of additional terms have been employed, such as "statutes", "covenants", "accords" and others. In spite of this diversity of terminology, no precise nomenclature exists. In fact, the meaning of the terms used is variable, changing from State to State, from region to region and instrument to instrument. Some of the terms can easily be interchanged: an instrument that is designated "agreement" might also be called "treaty".
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.AGREEMENT

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.AGREEMENT,

_DESCRIPTION:
Agreements

The term "agreement" can have a generic and a specific meaning. It also has acquired a special meaning in the law of regional economic integration.

(a) Agreement as a generic term: The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties employs the term "international agreement" in its broadest sense. On the one hand, it defines treaties as "international agreements" with certain characteristics. On the other hand, it employs the term "international agreements" for instruments, which do not meet its definition of "treaty". Its Art.3 refers also to "international agreements not in written form". Although such oral agreements may be rare, they can have the same binding force as treaties, depending on the intention of the parties. An example of an oral agreement might be a promise made by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of one State to his counterpart of another State. The term "international agreement" in its generic sense consequently embraces the widest range of international instruments.

(b) Agreement as a particular term: "Agreements" are usually less formal and deal with a narrower range of subject-matter than "treaties". There is a general tendency to apply the term "agreement" to bilateral or restricted multilateral treaties. It is employed especially for instruments of a technical or administrative character, which are signed by the representatives of government departments, but are not subject to ratification. Typical agreements deal with matters of economic, cultural, scientific and technical cooperation. Agreements also frequently deal with financial matters, such as avoidance of double taxation, investment guarantees or financial assistance. The UN and other international organizations regularly conclude agreements with the host country to an international conference or to a session of a representative organ of the Organization. Especially in international economic law, the term "agreement" is also used as a title for broad multilateral agreements (e.g. the commodity agreements). The use of the term "agreement" slowly developed in the first decades of this century. Nowadays by far the majority of international instruments are designated as agreements.

(c) Agreements in regional integration schemes: Regional integration schemes are based on general framework treaties with constitutional character. International instruments which amend this framework at a later stage (e.g. accessions, revisions) are also designated as "treaties". Instruments that are concluded within the framework of the constitutional treaty or by the organs of the regional organization are usually referred to as "agreements", in order to distinguish them from the constitutional treaty. For example, whereas the Treaty of Rome of 1957 serves as a quasi-constitution of the European Community, treaties concluded by the EC with other nations are usually designated as agreements. Also, the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) was established by the Treaty of Montevideo of 1980, but the subregional instruments entered into under its framework are called agreements.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.CHARTER

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.CHARTER,

_DESCRIPTION:
Charters
The term "charter" is used for particularly formal and solemn instruments, such as the constituent treaty of an international organization. The term itself has an emotive content that goes back to the Magna Carta of 1215. Well-known recent examples are the Charter of the United Nations of 1945 and the Charter of the Organization of American States of 1952.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.CHARTER-of-UN {1973|1965|1963|1945}

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.CHARTER-of-UN {1973|1965|1963|1945},
* McsEngl.ognUn'law.charter,
* McsEngl.ognUn'charter,
* McsEngl.uncharter,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.humanrightseducation.info/images/stories/pdf/UNcharter.pdf,
* https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf,

_DESCRIPTION:
Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice by United Nations
The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations and a multilateral treaty. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Charter has been amended three times in 1963, 1965, and 1973.

Introductory Note
Preamble
Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
Chapter II: Membership
Chapter III: Organs
Chapter IV: The General Assembly
Chapter V: The Security Council
Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes
Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression
Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements
Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Co-operation
Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council
Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System
Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council
Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice
Chapter XV: The Secretariat
Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions
Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements
Chapter XVIII: Amendments
Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature
[http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml]

lawOgnUn.CONVENTION

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.CONVENTION,

_DESCRIPTION:
Conventions
The term "convention" again can have both a generic and a specific meaning.

(a) Convention as a generic term: Art.38 (1) (a) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice refers to "international conventions, whether general or particular" as a source of law, apart from international customary rules and general principles of international law and - as a secondary source - judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists. This generic use of the term "convention" embraces all international agreements, in the same way as does the generic term "treaty". Black letter law is also regularly referred to as "conventional law", in order to distinguish it from the other sources of international law, such as customary law or the general principles of international law. The generic term "convention" thus is synonymous with the generic term "treaty".

(b) Convention as a specific term: Whereas in the last century the term "convention" was regularly employed for bilateral agreements, it now is generally used for formal multilateral treaties with a broad number of parties. Conventions are normally open for participation by the international community as a whole, or by a large number of states. Usually the instruments negotiated under the auspices of an international organization are entitled conventions (e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969). The same holds true for instruments adopted by an organ of an international organization (e.g. the 1951 ILO Convention concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value, adopted by the International Labour Conference or the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the General Assembly of the UN).
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.DECLARATION

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.DECLARATION,

_DESCRIPTION:
Declarations

The term "declaration" is used for various international instruments. However, declarations are not always legally binding. The term is often deliberately chosen to indicate that the parties do not intend to create binding obligations but merely want to declare certain aspirations. An example is the 1992 Rio Declaration. Declarations can however also be treaties in the generic sense intended to be binding at international law. It is therefore necessary to establish in each individual case whether the parties intended to create binding obligations. Ascertaining the intention of the parties can often be a difficult task. Some instruments entitled "declarations" were not originally intended to have binding force, but their provisions may have reflected customary international law or may have gained binding character as customary law at a later stage. Such was the case with the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Declarations that are intended to have binding effects could be classified as follows:

(a) A declaration can be a treaty in the proper sense. A significant example is the Joint Declaration between the United Kingdom and China on the Question of Hong Kong of 1984.

(b) An interpretative declaration is an instrument that is annexed to a treaty with the goal of interpreting or explaining the provisions of the latter.

(c) A declaration can also be an informal agreement with respect to a matter of minor importance.

(d) A series of unilateral declarations can constitute binding agreements. A typical example are declarations under the Optional Clause of the Statute of the International Court of Justice that create legal bonds between the declarants, although not directly addressed to each other. Another example is the unilateral Declaration on the Suez Canal and the arrangements for its operation issued by Egypt in 1957 which was considered to be an engagement of an international character.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.EXCHANGE-OF-NOTE

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.EXCHANGE-OF-NOTE,

_DESCRIPTION:
Exchange of Notes
An "exchange of notes" is a record of a routine agreement, that has many similarities with the private law contract. The agreement consists of the exchange of two documents, each of the parties being in the possession of the one signed by the representative of the other. Under the usual procedure, the accepting State repeats the text of the offering State to record its assent. The signatories of the letters may be government Ministers, diplomats or departmental heads. The technique of exchange of notes is frequently resorted to, either because of its speedy procedure, or, sometimes, to avoid the process of legislative approval.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.MEMORANDUM-OF-UNDERSTANDING

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.MEMORANDUM-OF-UNDERSTANDING,

_DESCRIPTION:
A memorandum of understanding is an international instrument of a less formal kind. It often sets out operational arrangements under a framework international agreement. It is also used for the regulation of technical or detailed matters. It is typically in the form of a single instrument and does not require ratification. They are entered into either by States or International Organizations. The United Nations usually concludes memoranda of understanding with Member States in order to organize its peacekeeping operations or to arrange UN Conferences. The United Nations also concludes memoranda of understanding on cooperation with other international organizations.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.MODUS-VIVENDI

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.MODUS-VIVENDI,

_DESCRIPTION:
A modus vivendi is an instrument recording an international agreement of temporary or provisional nature intended to be replaced by an arrangement of a more permanent and detailed character. It is usually made in an informal way, and never requires ratification.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.PROTOCOL

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.PROTOCOL,

_DESCRIPTION:
The term "protocol" is used for agreements less formal than those entitled "treaty" or "convention". The term could be used to cover the following kinds of instruments:

(a) A Protocol of Signature is an instrument subsidiary to a treaty, and drawn up by the same parties. Such a Protocol deals with ancillary matters such as the interpretation of particular clauses of the treaty, those formal clauses not inserted in the treaty, or the regulation of technical matters. Ratification of the treaty will normally ipso facto involve ratification of such a Protocol.

(b) An Optional Protocol to a Treaty is an instrument that establishes additional rights and obligations to a treaty. It is usually adopted on the same day, but is of independent character and subject to independent ratification. Such protocols enable certain parties of the treaty to establish among themselves a framework of obligations which reach further than the general treaty and to which not all parties of the general treaty consent, creating a "two-tier system". The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 is a well-known example.

(c) A Protocol based on a Framework Treaty is an instrument with specific substantive obligations that implements the general objectives of a previous framework or umbrella convention. Such protocols ensure a more simplified and accelerated treaty-making process and have been used particularly in the field of international environmental law. An example is the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer adopted on the basis of Arts.2 and 8 of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.

(d) A Protocol to amend is an instrument that contains provisions that amend one or various former treaties, such as the Protocol of 1946 amending the Agreements, Conventions and Protocols on Narcotic Drugs.

(e) A Protocol as a supplementary treaty is an instrument which contains supplementary provisions to a previous treaty, e.g. the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.

(f) A Proces-Verbal is an instrument that contains a record of certain understandings arrived at by the contracting parties.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.RESOLUTION

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.RESOLUTION,

lawOgnUn.TREATY

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.TREATY,

_DESCRIPTION:
Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that "every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member State of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it". All treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1946 are published in the UNTS. By the terms "treaty" and "international agreement", referred to in Article 102 of the Charter, the broadest range of instruments is covered. Although the General Assembly of the UN has never laid down a precise definition for both terms and never clarified their mutual relationship, Art.1 of the General Assembly Regulations to Give Effect to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that the obligation to register applies to every treaty or international agreement "whatever its form and descriptive name". In the practice of the Secretariat under Article 102 of the UN Charter, the expressions "treaty" and "international agreement" embrace a wide variety of instruments, including unilateral commitments, such as declarations by new Member States of the UN accepting the obligations of the UN Charter, declarations of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under Art.36 (2) of its Statute and certain unilateral declarations that create binding obligations between the declaring nation and other nations. The particular designation of an international instrument is thus not decisive for the obligation incumbent on the Member States to register it.
...
(b) Treaty as a specific term: There are no consistent rules when state practice employs the terms "treaty" as a title for an international instrument. Usually the term "treaty" is reserved for matters of some gravity that require more solemn agreements. Their signatures are usually sealed and they normally require ratification. Typical examples of international instruments designated as "treaties" are Peace Treaties, Border Treaties, Delimitation Treaties, Extradition Treaties and Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Cooperation. The use of the term "treaty" for international instruments has considerably declined in the last decades in favor of other terms.
...
The term "treaty" can be used as a common generic term or as a particular term which indicates an instrument with certain characteristics.

(a) Treaty as a generic term: The term "treaty" has regularly been used as a generic term embracing all instruments binding at international law concluded between international entities, regardless of their formal designation. Both the 1969 Vienna Convention and the 1986 Vienna Convention confirm this generic use of the term "treaty". The 1969 Vienna Convention defines a treaty as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". The 1986 Vienna Convention extends the definition of treaties to include international agreements involving international organizations as parties. In order to speak of a "treaty" in the generic sense, an instrument has to meet various criteria. First of all, it has to be a binding instrument, which means that the contracting parties intended to create legal rights and duties. Secondly, the instrument must be concluded by states or international organizations with treaty-making power. Thirdly, it has to be governed by international law. Finally the engagement has to be in writing. Even before the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the word "treaty" in its generic sense had been generally reserved for engagements concluded in written form.
[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml]

lawOgnUn.UNTS

name::
* McsEngl.lawOgnUn.UNTS,
* McsEngl.UNTS,

_DESCRIPTION:
United Nations Treaty Series

A collection of treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with and published by the Secretariat since 1946, pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter. The UNTS includes the texts of treaties in their authentic language(s), along with translations into English and French, as appropriate.

The collection currently contains over 200,000 records of treaties and related subsequent actions combined which have been published in hard copy in over 2,600 volumes. Currently, the UNTS is being expanded to include the latest desktop published volumes. Its online version covers the range of materials published in volume format from December 1946 to November 2010. The latest UNTS volume available online in PDF as of November 2013 is volume 2661 containing treaties and subsequent treaty actions registered in April 2010 (registration numbers 47300-47327).

In addition, the authentic texts of treaties and their translations, if available, are also continuously webpublished as separate records. The latest authenitc texts placed on the website correspond to treaties which were registered in May 2013.
[https://treaties.un.org/pages/Publications.aspx?pathpub=Publication/UNTS/Page1_en.xml]

lawGbr'resource

name::
* McsEngl.lawGbr'resource,

_ADDRESS.WPG:
* http://www.legislation.gov.uk//

COURT SYSTEM#cptCore999.6.42: attPar#

The American System of Law

Law in the United States has become a complex blend of common and statute law. When the first English colonists came to America in the 17th century, they brought English customs with them, but there was little expertise in law. Colonial charters, or agreements with England, gave the colonists the Englishmen's traditional rights that had developed as part of the common law. An example is the right to trial before a jury of one's peers, or equals. But there were few men trained in the law, few judges, and no schools of law. Local jurisdictions passed their own statutes to meet specific situations.

By the early 18th century, there were lawyers practicing in the colonies. They used English lawbooks and followed English procedures and precedents. In 1701 the colony of Rhode Island accepted English law in full, subject to local legislation. The Carolinas soon followed suit, and eventually most of the colonies had their own mixture of English common law and local statute. Legal battles before the American Revolution were fought on common-law principles. After the revolution many Americans wanted to divorce themselves from English practices, but other European legal systems were too different and written in unfamiliar languages. The 'Commentaries' of William Blackstone had been printed in the
[Copyright 1991 Compton's Learning Company]

SPECIFIC

_SPECIFIC:
* USA-CONSTITUTION#cptCore23.22.3#

lawUsa.AGGREGATE

name::
* McsEngl.lawUsa.AGGREGATE,

_DESCRIPTION:
"I live in a country that has passed so many laws, that, at an average reading speed, would take me 600 years to read, reading 24 hours a day," Mr McAfee told the BBC.
[http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34196983, 2015-09-09]

sysLaw'PART

_PART:
Core subjects  
Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Equity Evidence Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public international law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort

Other subjects  
Admiralty law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Companies law Competition law Conflict of laws Consumer protection Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial regulation Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights Labour law Military law Product liability Space law Sports law Tax law Trust law Unjust enrichment Wills
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.sysLaw.specific,

_SPECIFIC: sysLaw.alphabetically:
* system.law.canon#cptCore23.17#
* system.law.common#cptCore23.19#
* system.law.civil#cptCore23.20#
* system.law.islamic#cptCore23.21#
* system.law.roman#cptCore23.18#

Legal systems:
* Canon law
* Civil law
* Common law
* Chinese law
* Jewish law
* Roman law
* Russian law
* Sharia
* Socialist law
* Statutory law
* Xeer
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems]

Legal systems:
* Canon law
* Civil law
* Common law
* Chinese law
* Jewish law
* Roman law
* Russian law
* Sharia
* Socialist law
* Statutory law
* Xeer
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature] 2012-11-17

Relation Common Law and Statute Law

As noted above, the law in England developed over the centuries from the combined decisions of judges, the decisions based on rules already established. Known popularly as the common law, it was embodied in reports of decided cases that originated in the early Middle Ages. The broad acceptance of the common law in England was largely due to the dominant position of the royal courts, especially the King's Court established at Westminster (now part of London). The royal judges went out to the provincial towns and interpreted the law of Westminster in both civil and criminal cases. Hence common law came to apply everywhere in England. This early centralization of the court system removed the necessity of importing into England any foreign system, such as Roman law.

Statute law differs from common law in that it is legislation, or codes of law made by legislative bodies such as parliaments, congresses, and legislatures. In England, for example, statutes are passed by Parliament. In the United States laws are passed by the Congress in Washington, D.C. Each state in the United States has its own legislature that makes statute laws, and there are many local LAWMAKING-BODIES such as city councils and town councils as well. Statute law grew up because conditions arose to which common law did not apply.

The chief difference between common law and statute law is that common law is based on what has happened, on precedents, while statute law is passed to meet present circumstances and future possibilities. The complexity of modern society in every industrialized nation has bred an enormous amount of statute law that affects the private and public life of every individual**laws on compulsory education, taxation, regulation of businesses, protection of the environment, and many more.

In recent years, governments under the common-law system have increasingly adopted statute laws and regulations. In this situation, the difference between common law and statute law has become much less distinct than it once was.
[Copyright 1991 Compton's Learning Company]

Writ

name::
* McsEngl.writ@cptCore25i, {2012-04-12}

In common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court. Warrants, prerogative writs and subpoenas are common types of writs but there are many others.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ]

PART#cptCore546.13#

_PART:
* private-law
* public-law

sysLawCvl'Relation-to-COMMON-LAW#cptCore23.19#

name::
* McsEngl.sysLawCvl'Relation-to-COMMON-LAW,

In comparing the methodology and characteristics of legal thinking in civil law systems with those prevalent in common law systems, commentators often contrast the deductive style of the former with the inductive style of the latter.
[Kerameus et al, 1993, 53#cptResource455#]

The United States, England, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have developed their legal requirements by means of english COMMON LAW. Under English common law, judges and courts are extremely important, for they are guided by principles declared in previous cases.
In most of continental Europe, Asia and Africa, the approach is one of CIVIL LAW. Judges play a lesser role because the legal requirements are codified. The civil servant, or bureacrat, has greater power under civil law than under common law.
[Mondy et al, 1991, 553#cptResource221#]

sysLawCvl'Private

name::
* McsEngl.sysLawCvl'Private,

Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts or torts[1] (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems). It is to be distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons (i.e., organizations) and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that effects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private citizens, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law]

sysLawCvl'Public

name::
* McsEngl.sysLawCvl'Public,

Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between individuals (citizens, companies) and the state. Under this theory, constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law are sub-divisions of public law. This theory is at odds with the concept of constitutional law, which requires all laws to be specifically enabled, and thereby sub-divisions, of a constitution.
Generally speaking, private law is the area of law in a society that affects the relationships between individuals or groups without the intervention of the state or government. In many cases the public/private law distinction is confounded by laws that regulate private relations while having been passed by legislative enactment. In some cases these public statutes are known as laws of public order, as private individuals do not have the right to break them and any attempt to circumvent such laws is void as against public policy.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law]

SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.sysLawCvl.specific,

_SPECIFIC:
* system.law.civil.greece#cpt.epistem29.7#

lawIsl'Science#cptCore326.2#

name::
* McsEngl.lawIsl'Science,

lawIsl'System

_CREATED: {2012-05-17}

name::
* McsEngl.lawIsl'System,
* McsEngl.conceptCore23.21.1,
* McsEngl.system.law.islamic@cptCore40.1, {2012-05-17}