argument of creating

description::
* creator: actor|functor,
* output,

name::
* McsEngl.creating'argument,

output of creating

description::
"(n) creation (an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone)"
[http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=creation]

name::
* McsEngl.creating'output,
* McsEngl.creation,
* McsEngl.output-of-creating,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δημιούργημα!το!=dngCreating'output,

staging.starting

description::
"(v) get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about, set out, commence (take the first step or steps in carrying out an action) "We began working at dawn"; "Who will start?"; "Get working as soon as the sun rises!"; "The first tourists began to arrive in Cambodia"; "He began early in the day"; "Let's get down to work now""
[{2022-01-13 retrieved} http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=start]

· stxZhon: 电影 开始了。 :: _stxSbj:[Diànyǐng] _stxVrb:{kāishǐ le}。 != [the-movie] {has started}.

name::
* McsEngl.dngStarting,
* McsEngl.staging.starting!⇒dngStarting,
* McsEngl.starting-doing,
* McsEngl.to-start!~verbEnglA1:start--s-ed-ing-ed!=dngStarting,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.kāishǐ-开始!=dngStarting,
* McsZhon.开始-kāishǐ!=dngStarting,
====== langoGreek:
* McsEngl.verbElln.ξεκινώ:-άω-ώ!=dngStarting,
* McsElln.ξεκινώ!~verbElln:-άω-ώ!=dngStarting,

staging.finishing

description::
· to end-up.

===
· stxZhon: 我 今天 要 写 完。 :: _stxSbj:[Wǒ] _stxTime:[jīntiān] _stxVrb:{yào} _stxObj:[{xiě} {wán}]. != I need to finish writing it today.

name::
* McsEngl.dngFinishing,
* McsEngl.finishing-doing,
* McsEngl.to-finish!~verbEnglA4!=dngFinishing,
* McsEngl.staging.finishing!⇒dngFinishing,
====== langoChinese:
* McsEngl.verbZhon.wán-完!=dngFinishing,
* McsZhon.wán-完!~verbZhon!=dngFinishing,
* McsZhon.完-wán!~verbZhon!=dngFinishing,

century.2100-{2001..2100} of entity

{2001-2100}::
* {2022} techAI: ChatGPT release.
* {2019} COVID-19.
* {2009} Bitcoin.
* {2008} global-financial-crisis,
* {2002} WORLD: International-Criminal-Court creation.
* {2001} USA: War-on-Terror began after September-11-attacks. [wikipedia]
* FOURTH-INDUSTRIAL-REVOLUTION: began at the turn of the century.
* CHINESE-CENTURY: "The Chinese Century (simplified Chinese: 中国世纪; traditional Chinese: 中國世紀; pinyin: Zhōngguó shìjì) is a neologism suggesting that the 21st century may be geoeconomically or geopolitically dominated by the People's Republic of China,[1] similar to how the "American Century" refers to the 20th century and the "British Centuries" to the 18th and 19th, [2] same in the 17-18th centuries dominated by France and the 15-16th centuries dominated by Spain.[3][4] The phrase is used particularly in association with the prediction that the economy of China may overtake the economy of the United States to be the largest in the world.[5] A similar term is China's rise or rise of China (simplified Chinese: 中国崛起; traditional Chinese: 中國崛起; pinyin: Zhōngguó juéqǐ).[6][7]" [{2024-05-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Century]

* McsEngl.{2100i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.2100},

name::
* McsEngl.21st-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'21st-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.2100,
* McsEngl.century.2100,

century.2000-{1901..2000} of entity

{i100-2000}-entity::
* {1991} USSR: dissolution.
* {1983} GPS-navigation.
* {1971} ECONOMY: dollar: August 15 President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents. [wikipedia]
* {1969} USA: Internet, Apollo-11's lunar module Eagle lands on the Moon's surface.
* {1957} USSR: launches Sputnik-1, the-first artificial-satellite to orbit the-Earth.
* {1945} COMPUTER: ENIAC was the-first programmable, electronic, Turing-complete, general-purpose digital-computer for the-US-army.
* {1945} UN: founding negotiations begin in San-Francisco.
* {1942} TECH: nuclear-reactor.
* {1939..1945} WORLD-WAR-II.
* {1932} TECH: television.
* {1929} USA: Wall-Street crash.
* {1928} DNA.
* {1918..1920} Spanish flu pandemic.
* {1917} RUSSIA: worker's revolution.
* {1914..1918} WORLD-WAR-I.
* {1903} TECH: airplane: Wright-brothers fly an-aircraft with a-petrol-engine, at North-Carolina, the first documented and successful powered and controlled heavier-than-air flight.
* {1901} TECH: photography became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of the Kodak Brownie. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography]

">events in 20th century:
The 20th century was a tumultuous and transformative period in human history, marked by both immense progress and devastating conflicts. It witnessed the rise and fall of empires, the emergence of new technologies and ideologies, and the struggle for social justice and equality. Here are some of the key events that shaped the century:
**World War I (1914-1918)**: The "Great War" was the deadliest conflict in human history to that point, leaving over 16 million people dead and millions more injured. It toppled empires, reshaped national borders, and ushered in the era of total war.
**The Russian Revolution (1917-1923)**: The overthrow of the Tsarist regime and the establishment of a communist state under Vladimir Lenin marked a turning point in world history. The revolution inspired communist movements around the globe, and the Soviet Union emerged as a major global power.
**The Great Depression (1929-1939)**: The global economic collapse triggered by the stock market crash of 1929 plunged millions into poverty and despair. The hardship fueled political instability and laid the groundwork for the rise of authoritarian regimes.
**The Rise of Dictatorships** (1920s-1940s): The interwar period saw the rise of totalitarian regimes, led by figures such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin. These regimes suppressed individual freedoms, engaged in aggressive expansionism, and plunged the world into the Second World War.
**World War II (1939-1945)**: The second global conflict in a generation was even more devastating than the first, claiming over 70 million lives. It saw the use of unprecedented military force, the Holocaust, and the dawn of the nuclear age.
**Decolonization and the Cold War (1945-1991)**: The aftermath of World War II saw the dismantling of European empires and the independence of many former colonies. The subsequent period was dominated by the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.
**The Space Race and the Digital Revolution (1950s-1990s)**: The Cold War rivalry fueled the space race, culminating in the first human moon landing in 1969. Meanwhile, the development of computers and the internet ushered in the digital revolution, transforming communication and society.
**Civil Rights Movements and Globalization (1950s-Present)**: The mid-20th century saw a surge of civil rights movements, challenging discrimination and advocating for equality. Globalization, driven by advances in transportation and communication, has connected the world more closely than ever before.
These are just a few of the many significant events that shaped the 20th century. It was a period of both immense suffering and remarkable progress, leaving an enduring legacy on the world we inhabit today."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/27e4a209b10a4f64]

">events in 20th century:
The 20th century was a period of tremendous change and significant events across the globe. Some key events include:
1. **World War I (1914-1918)**: A global war centered in Europe, it involved many of the world's great powers and was one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
2. **Russian Revolution (1917)**: The revolution led to the fall of the Russian Empire and the rise of the Soviet Union.
3. **Women's Suffrage Movements**: Across various countries, women fought for and gained the right to vote, notably in the U.S. in 1920 and the UK in 1918 and 1928.
4. **The Great Depression (1929)**: A severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s.
5. **World War II (1939-1945)**: Another global war, it involved the vast majority of the world's nations and was marked by significant events like the Holocaust and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
6. **Decolonization and Independence Movements**: Many countries in Asia and Africa gained independence from European colonial powers.
7. **Cold War (1947-1991)**: A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies.
8. **Space Race**: This was part of the Cold War, seeing milestones like the first human in space (Yuri Gagarin, 1961) and the moon landing (Apollo 11, 1969).
9. **Civil Rights Movement**: In the United States, this movement, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, fought against racial segregation and discrimination.
10. **Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)**: This event symbolized the end of the Cold War and led to German reunification.
11. **Technological Advancements**: The century saw significant advancements in technology, including the development of computers, the internet, and various medical breakthroughs.
12. **Environmental Awareness**: The latter part of the century saw a growing awareness of environmental issues, leading to movements and policies aimed at protecting the planet.
These events, among others, shaped the social, political, and cultural landscape of the 20th century and continue to influence the world today."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/be784358-d194-4b1d-9a69-c5a279f0111f]

* EVOLUTION.SOCIETY,
* EVOLUTION.UN-MEMBERS,
* McsEngl.{2000i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.2000},

name::
* McsEngl.20th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'20th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.2000,
* McsEngl.century.2000,

century.1900-{1801..1900} of entity

{i100-1900}::
* {1900} POPULATION: 1,640,000,000 (Asia: 947,000,000 Europe: 408,000,000 America: 156,000,000 Africa: 133,000,000 Oceania: 6,000,000)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900].
* {1898} AFRICA: European exploration and technology led to the colonization of almost the entire continent by 1898.. [wikipedia]
* {1888} BRAZIL: slavery was abolished. [wikipedia]
* {1886} TECH: Karl-Benz sells the first commercial automobile. [wikipedia]
* {1885} SCIENCE: 1885: Louis Pasteur creates the first successful vaccine against rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. [wikipedia]
* {1878} TECH: first functional light-bulb. [wikipedia]
* {1876} TECH: first telephone-call. [wikipedia]
* {1871} GERMAN-EMPIRE: creation. [wikipedia]
* {1869} SCIENCE: 1869: Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic table. [wikipedia]
* {1865} USA: America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery. [wikipedia]
* {1861} RUSSIA: serfdom was abolished. [wikipedia]
* {1861..1865} USA: civil war. [wikipedia]
* {1859} SCIENCE: Charles-Darwin book The-Origin-of-Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. [wikipedia]
* {1859} NATURE: August 28–September 2– The solar storm of 1859, the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the Northern lights to be visible as far south as Montería, Colombia and knocks out telegraph communication (this is also called the Carrington Event). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859]
* {1853..1856} RUSSIA: When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans, the British and French defeated them in the Crimean War (1853–1856), thereby protecting the Ottoman Empire. [wikipedia]
* {1848} EUROPE: The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. [wikipedia]
* {1845..1852} IRELAND: great-famine. [wikipedia]
* {1837} TECH: telegraph and its Morse-code. [wikipedia]
* {1835} TECH: electric-relay. [wikipedia]
* {1834} SLAVERY: The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, who did so in 1834. [wikipedia]
* {1804}:
- POPULATION: World population reaches 1 billion. [wikipedia]
- TECH: 1804: First steam locomotive begins operation. [wikipedia]
* {1801} UK: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. [wikipedia]
* SCIENCE: The 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating scientific discovery and invention, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century. [wikipedia]
* BRITISH-EMPIRE: grew rapidly in the first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, South Africa and heavily populated India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the world's land and one-quarter of the world's population. During the post-Napoleonic era, it enforced what became known as the Pax Britannica, which had ushered in unprecedented globalization and economic integration on a massive scale. [wikipedia]
* LONDON: became the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. [wikipedia]

">events in 19th century:
The 19th century was a period of significant events that shaped modern history. Here are some key events:
1. **Industrial Revolution (late 18th century – mid 19th century)**: This period saw major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology, which had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the times.
2. **Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)**: A series of wars declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that reshaped the map of Europe.
3. **Congress of Vienna (1814–1815)**: A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars to set the boundaries of continental Europe.
4. **Latin American Wars of Independence (1808–1826)**: A series of revolutionary wars against European colonial rule, leading to the independence of various Latin American countries.
5. **Revolutions of 1848**: A series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history.
6. **American Civil War (1861–1865)**: A civil war in the United States fought over the moral issue of slavery and states' rights.
7. **Unification of Italy (1848–1870)** and **Unification of Germany (1866–1871)**: These movements brought together various fragmented states into the nations of Italy and Germany, respectively.
8. **Abolition of Slavery**: This was a gradual process in different parts of the world, with significant milestones in the 19th century, including the British Empire's Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 and the 13th Amendment in the United States in 1865.
9. **British Raj in India (1858–1947)**: The period of British colonial rule in India, beginning with the end of the rule of the East India Company and lasting until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947.
10. **Meiji Restoration in Japan (1868)**: A chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan under Emperor Meiji, leading to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure.
These events, among others, were crucial in shaping the political, economic, and social landscapes of the modern world."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/317efdaf-ee8a-4ff7-b353-fa18a212bfef]

* McsEngl.{1900i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1900},

name::
* McsEngl.19th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'19th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1900,
* McsEngl.century.1900,

century.1800-{1701..1800} of entity

{i100-1800}::
* {1799} FRANCE: In the aftermath of the French-Revolution, Napoleon-Bonaparte gained power. [wikipedia]
* {1791..1804} The Haitian Revolution. [wikipedia]
* {1789} French revolution. [wikipedia]
* {1781..1785} Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848). [wikipedia]
* {1776} SCIENCE: Adam-Smith publishes The-Wealth-of-Nations. [wikipedia]
* {1775} EARTHQUAKE: a devastating earthquake in Lisbon influenced the Age of Enlightenment. [https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0ckfxtn/the-earthquake-that-changed-the-course-of-history]
* {1763..1783} USA: The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America, the first modern constitutional liberal democracy. [wikipedia]
* {1735} SCIENCE: Linnaeus publishes his Systema-Naturae. [wikipedia]
* {1709} ENVIRONMENT: The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years. [wikipedia]
* {1707} ENGLAND: Founding of the United Kingdom of Great Britain by the merger of England and Scotland. [Bard]

* SLAVERY: During the century, slave trading and human trafficking expanded on a global scale. [wikipedia]

">events in 18th century:
The 18th century was a period of significant events and developments across various fields. Some of the key events and trends of this century include:
1. **Enlightenment**: The Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over tradition. It had a profound influence on the arts, science, and politics, particularly in Europe and America.
2. **American Revolution (1775-1783)**: This was a pivotal event in which the Thirteen Colonies in North America fought for and gained independence from Great Britain, leading to the formation of the United States of America.
3. **Industrial Revolution**: Beginning in the late 18th century, this was a period of great technological and industrial development, starting in Britain and eventually spreading to other parts of the world. It marked a major turning point in history, with its effects felt globally.
4. **French Revolution (1789-1799)**: A period of radical social and political upheaval in France that profoundly affected French and modern history. It led to the end of monarchy, rise of Napoleon, and influenced revolutionary movements worldwide.
5. **Scientific Advancements**: The 18th century saw significant scientific advancements, including Isaac Newton's work in physics, the development of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner, and advancements in chemistry and biology.
6. **Artistic Movements**: This century witnessed the Baroque and Rococo movements in art and architecture, as well as the early stages of Neoclassicism.
7. **Age of Exploration**: Although it began earlier, the 18th century saw continued exploration, including Captain James Cook's voyages to the Pacific Ocean, which expanded European knowledge of the world.
8. **Colonial Expansion**: European powers, particularly Britain, France, and Spain, expanded their colonial empires, impacting the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
9. **Philosophical Developments**: Philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant influenced thoughts on politics, ethics, and aesthetics.
10. **Agricultural Revolution**: Improvements in agricultural techniques and inventions, such as the seed drill, led to increased productivity and changes in rural societies.
These events and trends played a crucial role in shaping the modern world, influencing subsequent centuries in profound ways."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/2a6a8a75-bac7-42ef-9738-b8907017b8ee]

* McsEngl.{1800i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1800},

name::
* McsEngl.18th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'18th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1800,
* McsEngl.century.1800,

century.1700-{1601..1700} of entity

{1601..1700}::
* {1689} BRITAIN: Bill of Rights. [wikipedia]
* {1687} GREECE: Half of the Parthenon is destroyed in Athens after mortar shells are fired by Republic of Venice forces under the command of Francesco Morosini in a battle against the Ottoman Empire for control of the city. [wikipedia]
* {1687} SCIENCE: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. [wikipedia]
* {1658} INDIA: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire. [wikipedia]
* {1648} The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers. [wikipedia]
* {1644} CHINA: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912. [wikipedia]
* {1618..1648} EUROPE: the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe. [wikipedia]
* {1613} RUSSIA: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov, which rules until 1917. [wikipedia]
* {1602} DUTCH: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies.[5] Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age. [wikipedia]
* SCIENTIFIC-REVOLUTION: By the end of the century, Europeans were aware of logarithms, electricity, the telescope and microscope, calculus, universal gravitation, Newton's Laws of Motion, air pressure and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Pierre Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. [wikipedia]
* ENGLAND: It was during this century that the English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government – a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France. [wikipedia]

">events in 17th century:
The 17th century was a period of significant events and developments across various fields, including politics, science, and culture. Here are some key events and developments from that era:
1. **Political and Military Developments**:
- The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648): A major conflict primarily in Central Europe, involving many of the great powers of the time. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.
- The English Civil War (1642–1651): A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, leading to the trial and execution of Charles I, the interregnum led by Oliver Cromwell, and the eventual restoration of the monarchy.
2. **Scientific Revolution**:
- Galileo Galilei's astronomical observations and advocacy for heliocentrism challenged the prevailing geocentric models of the universe.
- Isaac Newton's formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
- Advancements in medicine, with figures like William Harvey discovering the circulation of blood.
3. **Cultural and Intellectual Movements**:
- The Baroque period in art and music, characterized by ornate detail and expressiveness. Artists like Caravaggio and composers like Johann Sebastian Bach were prominent.
- The spread of Enlightenment ideas, emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional doctrines.
4. **Colonization and Global Exchange**:
- The growth of European colonial empires, with significant expansion in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
- The Atlantic slave trade, involving the large-scale transportation and enslavement of African people primarily to the Americas.
- The beginning of the global spread of commodities like tobacco, sugar, and coffee.
5. **Religious Changes**:
- The Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation significantly altered the religious landscape of Europe, leading to shifts in power and culture.
- The spread of different Christian denominations and the intensification of missionary activities worldwide.
These events and developments had a profound impact on the course of history, shaping the modern world in various ways."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/92a700b6-39ae-4340-9701-c4a6c5bb6065]

* McsEngl.{1700i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1700},

name::
* McsEngl.17th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'17th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1700,
* McsEngl.century.1700,

century.1600-{1501..1600} of entity

{1501..1600}::
* {1593} TECH: Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer. [wikipedia]
* {1588} BRITAIN: repulses the Spanish Armada and begins English-thalassocracy. [Bernal.J.D]
* {1582} GREGORIAN-CALENDAR: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar. The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday, 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582. [wikipedia]
* {1572} INCA: Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba, Peru, and execute him in Cuzco. [wikipedia]
* {1566..1648} SPAIN: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands. [wikipedia]
* {1555} ECONOMY: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company. [wikipedia]
* {1547} RUSSIA: Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of (All) Russia, thenceforth becoming the first Russian tsar. [wikipedia]
* {1543} SCIENCE: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. [wikipedia]
* {1534} ENGLAND: King Henry-VIII put an-end to all papal jurisdiction in England. [wikipedia]
* {1526..1857} INDIA: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, rules India. [wikipedia]
* {1519..1521} MEXICO: Hernán Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of Mexico. [wikipedia]
* {1517} PROTESTANTISM: Luther nailed his Ninety-five-Theses (Disputation on the-Power of Indulgences) on the-door of All-Saints'Church in Wittenberg, Germany. [Wikipedia]
* ECONOMY: capitalism. [Marx]
* JAPAN: was suffering a severe civil war at the time, known as the Sengoku period. [wikipedia]

">events in 16th century:
The 16th century was a significant period in world history, marked by remarkable events, discoveries, and changes across various domains. Here are some key events and developments from this era:
1. **Age of Exploration**: This was a time of great maritime exploration. Notable explorers like Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan embarked on voyages that expanded the understanding of the world. Columbus's 1492 voyage led to the European discovery of the Americas, while Magellan's expedition (1519-1522) achieved the first circumnavigation of the Earth.
2. **Protestant Reformation (1517)**: Initiated by Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, the Protestant Reformation was a major religious upheaval. It led to the creation of Protestant churches separate from the Roman Catholic Church and had profound effects on European society, politics, and culture.
3. **Renaissance Cultural Movement**: The Renaissance, which began in Italy in the 14th century, continued into the 16th. This period was marked by significant advancements in art, literature, science, and philosophy. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare made indelible contributions to their fields.
4. **Spanish Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires**: The Spanish, led by conquistadors like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, conquered the Aztec Empire (1519-1521) and the Inca Empire (1532-1572). These conquests led to the vast expansion of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and the extensive exploitation of its resources.
5. **Ottoman Empire's Expansion**: The 16th century saw the Ottoman Empire reach the height of its power under Sultans like Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire, and later expanded into Southeastern Europe, parts of Central Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.
6. **Scientific Advances**: This century witnessed significant scientific progress. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the universe, challenging the geocentric model. Andreas Vesalius made important contributions to the understanding of human anatomy.
7. **Elizabethan Era (1558-1603)**: The reign of Queen Elizabeth I in England was marked by the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as Shakespeare and Marlowe, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
8. **Cultural and Artistic Achievements**: The High Renaissance art movement produced masterpieces by artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian. This period also saw the emergence of Mannerism, which followed the High Renaissance.
These events and developments had a profound impact on the course of world history, shaping the future of nations, cultures, and societies in diverse and lasting ways."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/6dd836ef-2fb1-4ef0-b47b-cc88049f7d82]

* McsEngl.{1600i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1600},

name::
* McsEngl.16th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'16th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1600,
* McsEngl.century.1600,

century.1500-{1401..1500} of entity

{1401..1500}::
* {1494} double-entry accounting. [wikipedia]
* {1492} Guanahaní-Bahamas visited by Christopher-Columbus' first voyage. [wikipedia]
* {1455} Gutenberg Bible, of the earliest major books printed. [wikipedia]
* {1453} Constantinople, known as the Capital of the World and the Capital of the Byzantine Empire-{0330..1453} (today's Turkey), falls to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. [wikipedia]
* {1415..2002} Portuguese Empire. [wikipedia]
* {1402..1975} Spanish Empire. [wikipedia]
* RENAISSANCE: the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, and Johannes-Gutenberg's invention of printing-press played key roles in the development of Renaissance. [wikipedia]
* SCIENCE: in Italy. [Bernal.J.D]
* LANGUAGE: rise of Modern-English from Middle-English. [wikipedia]
* COLONIZATION: The search for the wealth and prosperity of India's Bengal Sultanate led to the colonization of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the Portuguese voyages by Vasco da Gama, which linked Europe with the Indian subcontinent, ushering the period of Iberian empires. [wikipedia]
* ASIA: the Timurid Empire collapsed, and the Afghan Pashtun Lodi dynasty is founded under the Delhi Sultanate. Under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. [wikipedia]
* AFRICA: the spread of Islam leads to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teeters on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire. [wikipedia]
* AMERICAS: both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire reach the peak of their influence, but the European colonization of the Americas changed the course of modern history. [wikipedia]

">events in 15th century:
The 15th century was a pivotal time in history, marked by significant events and developments across various fields. Here are some key events and trends from that era:
1. **The Renaissance (14th to 17th century):** The 15th century was a prime period of the Renaissance, a cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. It originated in Italy and spread across Europe, leading to significant developments in art, literature, music, philosophy, and science.
2. **The Fall of Constantinople (1453):** This was a monumental event marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, captured Constantinople (now Istanbul), which had significant implications for both Eastern and Western worlds.
3. **Age of Discovery (late 15th century):** This period marked the beginning of European global exploration. Notable explorers like Christopher Columbus (1492) and Vasco da Gama (1498) embarked on voyages that led to the discovery of new lands and sea routes, changing the course of history.
4. **The Invention of the Printing Press (around 1440):** Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press revolutionized the way information was disseminated, making books more accessible and fostering a spread of knowledge and literacy.
5. **The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453):** This prolonged series of conflicts between England and France ended in the 15th century. It had significant cultural, political, and social impacts on both nations.
6. **The War of the Roses (1455-1487):** A series of civil wars in England between the houses of Lancaster and York, both claiming the right to the English throne. It ended with the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
7. **Spanish and Portuguese Empires Expansion:** This century saw the beginning of the Spanish and Portuguese maritime empires, which would become some of the world's most powerful by controlling many territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
8. **The Spanish Inquisition (1478 onwards):** Established by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, it was aimed at maintaining Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, leading to the persecution of many, especially Jews and Muslims.
9. **Development of Art and Science:** This century witnessed the emergence of renowned artists and scientists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who made groundbreaking contributions to their fields.
10. **Cultural and Religious Changes:** The 15th century saw significant cultural and religious shifts, including the early stages of the Protestant Reformation and changes in artistic and architectural styles.
These events collectively shaped the course of history, leading to the modern world as we know it."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c612a3c2-7e40-4519-bc6e-247e7cd59a13]

* McsEngl.{1500i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1500},

name::
* McsEngl.15th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'15th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1500,
* McsEngl.century.1500,

century.1400-{1301..1400} of entity

{1301-1400}::
* {1349} employee law. [Marx]
* {1347..1351} Europe: Black-Death claimed 25 million lives – wiping out one third of the European population. [wikipedia]
* {1337..1453} The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne. [wikipedia]

* employee: their class created the-second half of 14th-century. [Marx]
* Asia: Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror. Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. [wikipedia]
* Africa: the wealthy Mali Empire, a global leader of gold production, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of the medieval times, and according to various sources as history's ever. [wikipedia]

">events in 14th century:
The 14th century was a significant period in history marked by various important events and developments. Here are some key occurrences from that time:
1. **The Black Death (1347-1351)**: This was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.
2. **The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)**: This series of conflicts was fought between England and France, and it had a profound influence on the course of European history.
3. **The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)**: During this period, seven successive popes resided in Avignon, France, rather than in Rome, which significantly influenced the politics and religion of the era.
4. **The Great Famine (1315-1317)**: Europe experienced extreme levels of famine due to a series of poor harvests, leading to widespread hunger and mortality.
5. **The Establishment of the Ottoman Empire (1299)**: The foundation of the Ottoman Empire by Osman I, which later became a significant power in Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.
6. **The Peasants' Revolt in England (1381)**: A major uprising across large parts of England caused by socio-economic and political tensions.
7. **The Rise of the Renaissance**: The 14th century saw the early development of the Renaissance, particularly in Italy, which marked a revival of art, literature, and learning based on classical sources.
8. **The Battle of Crécy (1346)**: A major battle during the Hundred Years' War where the English army achieved a significant victory against the French.
9. **The Decline of the Mongol Empire**: The 14th century witnessed the fragmentation and decline of the Mongol Empire, which had been the largest contiguous empire in history.
10. **The Schism of the Eastern and Western Christian Churches (1054, with ongoing effects)**: Although it occurred before the 14th century, the effects of this schism continued to influence religious and political affairs during this time.
These events collectively had a profound impact on the political, social, and cultural landscape of the medieval world."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/9a08b427-1511-451f-b167-4600bc2ab052]

* McsEngl.{1400i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1400},

name::
* McsEngl.14th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'14th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1400,
* McsEngl.century.1400,

century.1300-{1201..1300} of entity

{1201..1300}::
* {1299} Ottoman-Empire is established under Osman-I. [wikipedia]
* {1291} The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms. [wikipedia]
* {1290} Jews-England: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England. [wikipedia]
* {1279} China-Mongols: Song-dynasty ends after losing the-Battle-of-Yamen to Mongols. [wikipedia]
* {1265} Dominican friar and theologian, Thomas Aquinas begins to write his Summa Theologiae. [wikipedia]
* {1261} Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice. [wikipedia]
* {1215} England: King John signs Magna-Carta at Runnymede. [wikipedia]
* {1206} Mongols: Genghis-Khan is declared Great-Khan. [wikipedia]
* {1204} Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204 captures Zadar for Venice and sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating the Latin Empire. [wikipedia]
* Mongol-empire: was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. [wikipedia]
* Islam: The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums which, according to historians, caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age. [wikipedia]
* North-America: In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century London. [wikipedia]
* Peru: the Kingdom of Cuzco begins. [wikipedia]
* Africa: The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reaches its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. [wikipedia]
* CITY: Angkor, Cambodia, the capital city of the Khmer Empire, was one of the most populated places on Earth, with estimates of between 700,000 and 900,000 people living there in the 13th century, Angkor was far more populous than any medieval European city. [https://www.wisegeek.com/were-there-any-big-cities-in-the-13th-century.htm]

">events in 13th century:
The 13th century was a significant period in world history, marked by notable events, discoveries, and personalities across various regions and cultures. Here are some key events and developments from that century:
1. **Mongol Empire Expansion (1206-1368)**: The Mongols, under leaders like Genghis Khan and later Kublai Khan, established one of the largest empires in history, stretching across much of Asia and into Eastern Europe.
2. **The Crusades (1096-1291)**: Although the Crusades began in the 11th century, they continued into the 13th century. These were military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, primarily against Muslim territories in the Eastern Mediterranean.
3. **Establishment of Universities**: The 13th century saw the founding of many of Europe's oldest universities. Notable examples include the University of Paris (c. 1150), Oxford University (1167), and Cambridge University (1209).
4. **Marco Polo's Travels (1271-1295)**: Marco Polo, the Venetian explorer, traveled through Asia along the Silk Road and reached the court of Kublai Khan in China. His accounts provided Europeans with a rare glimpse of Asian lands and cultures.
5. **Magna Carta (1215)**: This was a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. It's seen as an early step in the development of constitutional government in England.
6. **The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)**: This was the 12th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and is considered one of the most important medieval church councils. It enacted several church reforms and decrees.
7. **The Inquisition (1230s)**: The medieval Inquisition, a series of Catholic Church tribunals, was established to combat heresy. It started in the late 12th century and intensified in the 13th century.
8. **The Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)**: This battle was a significant turning point in the history of the Middle East, where the Mamluks of Egypt defeated the Mongol army. It marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongols and halted their westward expansion.
9. **The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254)**: Led by King Louis IX of France, this Crusade was a failure for the Europeans and led to Louis being captured and ransomed.
10. **Thomas Aquinas' Philosophical Works**: St. Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican friar, was a significant theologian and philosopher. His works, including the "Summa Theologica," synthesized Christian theology with classical philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle.
These events collectively shaped the political, cultural, and religious landscape of the medieval world and had a lasting impact on the future course of world history."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/8bb92d5b-e186-4ef9-a4ff-0f4f194b3962]

* McsEngl.{1300i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1300},

name::
* McsEngl.13th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'13th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1300,
* McsEngl.century.1300,

century.1200-{1101..1200} of entity

{1101-1200}::
* {1185} First record of windmills. [wikipedia]
* {1176} Battle-of-Myriokephalon between Byzantine-Empire and Seljuk-Turks in Phrygia. It is a serious reversal for the Byzantine forces and will be the final, unsuccessful, effort by the Byzantines to recover the interior of Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks. [wikipedia]
* The first medieval universities are founded. Pierre Abelard teaches. [wikipedia]
* Japan: Heian period. [wikipedia]
* China: is under the Northern Song dynasty. [wikipedia]
* Islam: The Golden Age of Islam kept experiencing significant developments, particularly in Islamic Spain, Seljuk and Ghurid territories. [wikipedia]
* Khmer-Empire: of Cambodia flourished during this century. [wikipedia]

">events in 12th century:
The 12th century was a period of significant historical events and developments. Here are some key occurrences from that time:
1. **The Crusades (1096-1291)**: The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most commonly known are the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
2. **Founding of Universities**: This century saw the emergence of the university as a European institution. Notable examples include the University of Bologna (1088), the University of Paris (c. 1150), and the University of Oxford (1167).
3. **The Anarchy in England (1135-1153)**: A civil war in England and Normandy between 1135 and 1153, which resulted in a widespread breakdown in law and order. It was a conflict between Empress Matilda and her cousin Stephen of Blois for the English throne.
4. **The Reconquista in Spain**: The Reconquista was a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 780 years between the initial stage of the Islamic conquest in the 710s and the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, in 1492.
5. **The Rise of the Guelphs and Ghibellines**: In Italy, the 12th century saw the rise of the two factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines. These were factions supporting the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, respectively, in the Italian city-states.
6. **Construction of Gothic Cathedrals**: This period marked the beginning of Gothic architecture, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Notable examples include Notre-Dame de Paris and Chartres Cathedral.
7. **Magna Carta (1215)**: Though slightly outside the 12th century, the Magna Carta, signed in 1215, was a direct result of the political developments during the 12th century. It was a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England, seen as a foundational document in the development of constitutional monarchy.
8. **Jewish Persecution**: The 12th century also saw increasing persecution of Jews in Europe, often culminating in mass expulsions and violence.
9. **The Assassins (Nizari Ismailis)**: A sect known as the Nizari Ismailis, often referred to as the Assassins, became prominent during this time. They were a political and religious group in the Middle East known for their strategic fortifications and occasional political assassinations.
10. **Intellectual Revival**: This era was marked by a revival in the study of classical philosophy and the beginnings of scholasticism, which attempted to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle.
These events and developments had a profound impact on the political, cultural, and religious landscape of the medieval world."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1bb32cb7-95ab-40c4-b96e-ff3b10a9ca1f]

* McsEngl.{1200i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1200},

name::
* McsEngl.12th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'12th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1200,
* McsEngl.century.1200,

century.1100-{1001..1100} of entity

{1001..1100}::
* {1088} China: magnetic-compass.
* {1088} The University of Bologna is established.
* {1084} the enormous Chinese historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters.
* {1074} Seljuk-Turks capture Jerusalem from the Byzantines, and cut pilgrim transit.
* {1071} Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Golden Age.
* {1066} Norman conquest of England.
* {1054} Great-Schism: in which the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other.
* {1014..1020} The Book of Healing: a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian scholar.
* {1004} Egypt: the-library and university Dar-Al-Hekma is founded under the-Fatimids.

">events in 11th century:
The 11th century was a period of significant events and developments across various regions and cultures. Here are some key events and phenomena from that era:
1. **Spread of Islam**: This century saw the continued expansion of Islam into parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The Islamic world experienced significant cultural and scientific advancements during this period.
2. **The First Crusade (1096-1099)**: Initiated by Pope Urban II, this military expedition aimed to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. It led to the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
3. **The Norman Conquest of England (1066)**: This event was marked by the Battle of Hastings, where William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II, leading to Norman control over England. This had a lasting impact on English culture and language.
4. **The Seljuk Turks**: They rose to prominence in the Middle East, defeating the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This significantly weakened Byzantine power in the region.
5. **Song Dynasty in China**: Known for its technological and cultural advancements, the Song Dynasty saw the invention of gunpowder, the compass, and the development of a vibrant urban culture.
6. **Cluniac Reforms in the Catholic Church**: These reforms, starting in the late 10th century and continuing into the 11th, aimed to address corruption and secular interference in the Church. They had a profound impact on the structure and spirituality of the Church.
7. **Construction of Great Architectural Works**: Notable constructions include the Tower of London (begun c. 1066) and the rebuilding of the Abbey of Saint-Denis (begun 1144), which heralded the Gothic architectural style.
8. **The Viking Age**: While beginning earlier, the Viking influence continued into the 11th century with their explorations, raids, and settlements across Europe, including the discovery of North America by Leif Erikson around 1000 AD.
9. **Intellectual Revival in Europe**: This period saw the beginnings of a resurgence in learning and scholarship in Western Europe, often centered around monasteries and later leading to the establishment of universities.
10. **The Establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary (1000 AD)**: Established by Stephen I, this marked the conversion of Hungary to Christianity and its integration into Christian Europe.
These events collectively shaped the political, cultural, and religious landscapes of the medieval world, laying the groundwork for developments in the subsequent centuries."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/abdffef2-2587-436e-8772-af1271b27e38]

* McsEngl.{1100i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1100},

name::
* McsEngl.11th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'11th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1100,
* McsEngl.century.1100,

century.1000-{0901..1000} of entity

{0901..1000}::

">events in 10th century:
The 10th century, spanning the years 901 to 1000, was a period marked by significant events and developments across various regions of the world. Here are some key events and trends from that century:
1. **Europe**: This century saw the continuation of the Viking Age, with Norse explorers raiding, trading, and settling in various parts of Europe, including the British Isles, France, and the Kievan Rus. It was also a time of political consolidation and the formation of early states and kingdoms, like the Holy Roman Empire under Otto I.
2. **Middle East and Islamic World**: The 10th century was crucial in the Islamic Golden Age, characterized by significant advancements in science, technology, and culture. The Buyid dynasty rose to power in Persia, and the Fatimid Caliphate was established in North Africa, expanding to control parts of the Middle East.
3. **Asia**: In East Asia, China was under the rule of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period followed by the Song Dynasty, which was a time of great technological innovation and cultural flourishing. In Japan, the Heian period marked a high point in Japanese court culture, producing notable works like "The Tale of Genji."
4. **Sub-Saharan Africa**: The Kingdom of Ghana, one of the earliest known African empires, was at its height, controlling the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade.
5. **Americas**: Various indigenous cultures in the Americas continued to develop, with civilizations like the Mississippian culture in North America, which built large mound complexes, and the Wari and Tiwanaku cultures in South America.
6. **Religious Developments**: Christianity continued to spread throughout Europe, with monasticism playing a key role. In the Islamic world, the split between Sunni and Shia Islam became more pronounced.
7. **Technological and Cultural Advances**: This century saw advancements in various fields including mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, and literature. The invention and spread of paper and gunpowder from China to other parts of Asia and eventually Europe began in this period.
8. **Climate and Environment**: The Medieval Warm Period, which began around the 10th century, led to climatic changes that affected agricultural production and settlement patterns.
These events and trends are just a snapshot of a complex and dynamic century that laid the groundwork for many aspects of the modern world."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7a53d6b9-1b9b-4344-a5b8-5f3e30781d1d]

* McsEngl.{1000i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.1000},

name::
* McsEngl.10th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'10th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.1000,
* McsEngl.century.1000,

century.0900-{0801..0900} of entity

{0801..0900}::
* {0800} CALENDAR: after {0800} AD/BC is-used, that was-devised in {525} by Dionysius-Exiguus. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini]

">events in 9th century:
The 9th century was marked by several significant events across different regions of the world. Here are some of the notable events from that era:
1. **Formation of the Carolingian Empire in Europe (800s)**: The Carolingian Empire, under the leadership of Charlemagne, was a dominant force in Western Europe. In 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned as the Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III, marking a significant moment in European history.
2. **Viking Age (late 8th to late 11th century)**: The 9th century was in the heart of the Viking Age, where Norse seafarers from Scandinavia conducted extensive raids, trade, and exploration across Europe, reaching as far as the British Isles, the North Atlantic, and even parts of Russia.
3. **The Abbasid Golden Age (8th to 13th century)**: The Abbasid Caliphate, with its capital in Baghdad, was experiencing its Golden Age during this period. This era was notable for significant advancements in science, technology, mathematics, and culture.
4. **The Nara and Heian Periods in Japan (710–794 and 794–1185)**: The 9th century was part of Japan's Heian period, a time of artistic and cultural growth. The era is especially known for its poetry and literature, including the creation of "The Tale of Genji" by Murasaki Shikibu, often considered the world's first novel.
5. **The Establishment of the Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)**: During the 9th century, the First Bulgarian Empire solidified its power in the Balkans, often clashing with the Byzantine Empire. This period also saw the spread of Christianity in the region.
6. **Decline of the Tang Dynasty in China (618–907)**: The 9th century witnessed the gradual decline of the Tang Dynasty, one of China's most prosperous and influential periods. This decline was due to a series of internal revolts, external pressures, and governmental corruption.
7. **The Formation of the Kievan Rus' (late 9th century)**: The end of the 9th century saw the emergence of the Kievan Rus', a federation of Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples in Eastern Europe, which would later evolve into the nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
These events showcase the diversity and dynamism of the 9th century, a period that laid the groundwork for many developments in subsequent centuries."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/e861a96a-0718-4b4d-b9e7-35681482d132]

* McsEngl.{0900i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0900},

name::
* McsEngl.9th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'09th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0900,
* McsEngl.century.0900,

century.0800-{0701..0800} of entity

{0701..0800}::
* {0700..1200} Islamic golden era. [wikipedia]

">events in 8th century:
The 8th century was a period of significant transformation and upheaval in many parts of the world. Here are some of the most notable events of the century:
**Europe**
* **711-718:** Umayyad Caliphate conquers Hispania (Spain and Portugal), establishing Al-Andalus, a Muslim kingdom that would last for over 700 years.
* **732:** Charles Martel, leader of the Frankish armies, defeats an Umayyad army at the Battle of Tours, halting their northward expansion into Europe.
* **751:** Umayyad forces are defeated by the Tang dynasty at the Battle of Talas, marking the end of Muslim expansion into Central Asia.
* **787:** Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III, reviving the title of Roman emperor in Western Europe after three centuries.
* **Late 8th century:** Viking raids begin to intensify, disrupting trade and settlements along the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean.
**Asia**
* **712:** Tang dynasty conquers the city of Bukhara in Central Asia, marking the beginning of its expansion into the region.
* **725:** Tang dynasty Emperor Xuanzong ascends to the throne, ushering in a period of cultural and intellectual flourishing known as the Tang Renaissance.
* **742:** Nara period begins in Japan, marked by the construction of the Todai-ji temple and the introduction of Chinese cultural influences.
* **774:** Pala Empire is founded in Bengal, India, marking the beginning of a period of Hindu revivalism and cultural prosperity.
**Other notable events**
* **700:** The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a major historical source for English history, begins to be compiled.
* **776:** The earliest known manuscript of Beowulf, an Old English epic poem, is produced.
* **793:** The Viking raid on Lindisfarne, a monastery in England, marks the beginning of the Viking Age's impact on Western Europe."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/b94fb43aac4810fc]

* McsEngl.{0800i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0800},

name::
* McsEngl.8th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'08th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0800,
* McsEngl.century.0800,

century.0700-{0601..0700} of entity

{0601..0700}::
">events in 7th century:
The 7th century was a period of significant events that shaped the course of history. Here are some key events from this century:
1. **Expansion of Islam (610-632 AD)**: The most significant event of the 7th century was the birth and expansion of Islam. Prophet Muhammad received his first revelation in 610 AD and began preaching in Mecca. After his death in 632 AD, Islam rapidly expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula.
2. **Siege of Constantinople (674-678 AD)**: The first Arab siege of Constantinople took place, marking a crucial confrontation between the Byzantine Empire and the expanding Muslim empire. This siege was significant for its demonstration of Greek fire, an early incendiary weapon.
3. **Battle of Tours (732 AD)**: This was a pivotal battle in France between the forces of Charles Martel and an invading Muslim army. Charles Martel's victory is credited with halting the northward advance of Islam from the Iberian Peninsula.
4. **Tang Dynasty in China (618-907 AD)**: The Tang Dynasty, often regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, began in the 7th century. This era was marked by great cultural, artistic, and intellectual advancements.
5. **Synod of Whitby (664 AD)**: The Synod of Whitby was a church council that settled the debate between Roman and Celtic Christianity in England, leading to the Roman Church's dominance in English Christianity.
6. **Islamic Conquests (630s-650s AD)**: The Islamic conquests rapidly expanded the Muslim territory, including the annexation of the Persian Empire and significant parts of the Byzantine Empire, profoundly influencing the political and religious landscape of the region.
7. **Development of the Slavic Alphabet (Late 7th Century)**: Saints Cyril and Methodius developed the Glagolitic alphabet, the precursor to Cyrillic, which played a crucial role in the cultural and religious life of the Slavic peoples.
8. **The founding of the Kingdom of Northumbria (654 AD)**: This was a major Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now northern England and southern Scotland.
These events reflect the dynamic changes in religious, political, and cultural landscapes that characterized the 7th century."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/10eb970f-f601-433d-9390-02d43031c814]

* McsEngl.{0700i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0700},

name::
* McsEngl.7th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'07th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0700,
* McsEngl.century.0700,

century.0600-{0501..0600} of entity

{0501..0600}::
* {0632} Rise of Islam. [wikipedia]

">events in 6th century:
The 6th century was a period marked by significant events and developments across various regions of the world. Here are some key events and trends from this century:
1. **Byzantine Empire**: The 6th century was a crucial period in the history of the Byzantine Empire. Under Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565), the empire saw a period of reconquest and cultural revival, known as the Justinianic Renaissance. Justinian's most notable achievements include the reconquest of much of the Mediterranean territory lost to Germanic kingdoms, the codification of Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis), and the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
2. **The Plague of Justinian**: This was one of the first recorded pandemics in history, hitting the Byzantine Empire and Mediterranean port cities around 541–542. It is believed to have been caused by the bubonic plague and had devastating effects, causing millions of deaths and severely impacting the Byzantine economy and society.
3. **Sassanian Empire**: This period was marked by the ongoing conflict between the Sassanian Empire (Persia) and the Byzantine Empire. The wars were extensive and strained the resources of both empires.
4. **Anglo-Saxon Migration to Britain**: This century saw the continued migration and settlement of Anglo-Saxons in Britain, which greatly influenced the cultural and linguistic landscape of what would become England.
5. **Spread of Buddhism**: Buddhism continued to spread across Asia during this period. Notably, it became more established in places like China and Korea.
6. **Collapse of the Gupta Empire**: In India, the beginning of the 6th century saw the end of the Gupta Empire, a period often regarded as a golden age in Indian history. Its collapse led to a period of regional kingdoms and political fragmentation.
7. **Rise of the Maya Civilization**: In the Americas, this century marked a significant period in the development of the Maya civilization, known for its unique script, art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.
8. **Frankish Kingdoms in Europe**: In Western Europe, the Merovingian dynasty began to establish itself more firmly, laying the foundations for the future Frankish Empire.
These events reflect a world in transition, with shifts in power, cultural transformations, and significant developments in various regions."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/e420d888-f65e-4c0d-a828-48b9c37ddb38]

* McsEngl.{0600i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0600},

name::
* McsEngl.6th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'06th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0600,
* McsEngl.century.0600,

century.0500-{0401..0500} of entity

{0401..0500}::
* {0476} Fall of Roman Empire. [wikipedia]

">events in 5th century AD:
The 5th century AD was a time of significant upheaval and change in many parts of the world. Here are some of the most notable events:

**Europe**
* **Fall of the Western Roman Empire:** The Western Roman Empire, which had dominated much of Europe for centuries, began to crumble in the late 4th century AD. By the end of the 5th century, it had largely ceased to exist, with various Germanic tribes establishing their own kingdoms in its place.
* **Vandal Invasion of Rome:** In 455 AD, the Vandals, a Germanic tribe from North Africa, sacked Rome, the capital of the Western Roman Empire. This event was a symbolic blow to the empire's prestige and marked a further decline in its power.
* **Anglo-Saxon Settlement of Britain:** Germanic tribes, collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, began to settle in Britain in the early 5th century AD. Over time, they conquered most of the island, displacing the native Celtic population and establishing kingdoms that would eventually form the basis of England.
* **Rise of Christianity:** Christianity continued to spread throughout Europe in the 5th century AD. By the end of the century, it was the dominant religion in many parts of the continent.

**Asia**
* **Fall of the Gupta Empire:** The Gupta Empire, one of the most powerful empires in Indian history, began to decline in the late 5th century AD. It was eventually overthrown by the Hunas, a nomadic people from Central Asia.
* **Rise of Buddhism:** Buddhism continued to flourish in Asia in the 5th century AD. It spread from India to other parts of the continent, including China, Korea, and Japan.
* **Migration of the Huns:** The Huns, a nomadic people from Central Asia, migrated westward in the 5th century AD. They caused widespread disruption and contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire and the Gupta Empire.

**Other Events**
* **The city of Chichen Itza was founded in Mexico in the 5th century AD.**
* **The Maya civilization continued to flourish in Central America in the 5th century AD.**
* **China entered a period of reunification in the 5th century AD after a long period of division.**
* **The Nestorian Christian Church was founded in the 5th century AD.**

The 5th century AD was a period of great change and upheaval, but it also laid the groundwork for the development of new civilizations and cultures. It was a time of both destruction and creation, and its legacy continues to be felt today."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/93f86c5146bc209b]

* McsEngl.{0500i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0500},

name::
* McsEngl.5th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'05th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0500,
* McsEngl.century.0500,

century.0400-{0301..0400} of entity

{0301..0400}::
* {0393} last Olympic Games. [wikipedia]
* {0330} CONSTANTINOPLE declared capital of Roman-Empire.

">events in 4th century:
The 4th century was a tumultuous period in history, marked by political upheaval, religious transformation, and significant cultural developments. Here are some of the major events that took place:
**300:**
* **Gupta Empire founded:** The Gupta Empire emerged in northern India, marking a golden age of Indian civilization. It was characterized by advancements in art, literature, science, and mathematics.
**312:**
* **Constantine the Great's victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge:** This pivotal battle marked the rise of Constantine the Great, who would later convert to Christianity and become the first Christian emperor of Rome.
* **Edict of Milan:** Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, granting religious tolerance to Christians in the Roman Empire, ending centuries of persecution.
**325:**
* **First Council of Nicaea:** This major gathering of Christian bishops convened to address and settle theological disputes, particularly over the nature of Christ. The Nicene Creed, which defined Christ as "of one substance with the Father," emerged from this council.
**330:**
* **Foundation of Constantinople:** Constantine founded Constantinople, the "New Rome," as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This move helped to solidify the empire's division into two halves, the Eastern and Western Roman Empires.
**395:**
* **Death of Emperor Theodosius I:** The death of Theodosius I marked the permanent division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire.
* **Battle of the Catalaunian Plains:** The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was a significant clash between Roman and Germanic forces, halting the westward expansion of the Huns led by Attila.
These events, along with many others, shaped the course of history in the 4th century, laying the groundwork for the next millennium."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/0bdbeab647e38eb3]

* McsEngl.{0400i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0400},

name::
* McsEngl.4th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'04th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0400,
* McsEngl.century.0400,

century.0300-{0201..0300} of entity

{0201..0300}::
* {0286} EUROPE: Diocletian divides the empire East and West. [wikipedia]

">events in 3rd century:
The 3rd century CE was a tumultuous period in world history, marked by significant political, social, and cultural upheavals. Here are some of the key events that occurred during this century:

**Europe and the Mediterranean**
* **Early 3rd century:** Burial in catacombs becomes commonplace.
* **208:** The Battle of Red Cliffs, a pivotal naval battle in Chinese history, takes place.
* **211–217:** Caracalla, Roman Emperor, reigns and expands the Roman Empire's territorial reach.
* **212:** The Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men, expanding the empire's political and social fabric.
* **212–217:** The Baths of Caracalla, one of the largest and most impressive public baths ever built, are constructed in Rome.
* **235–284:** The Crisis of the Third Century, a period of political instability, economic hardship, and barbarian invasions, grips the Roman Empire.
* **284:** Diocletian becomes Roman Emperor and initiates a series of reforms aimed at stabilizing the empire, including the division of the empire into two administrative halves.

**Asia**
* **220:** The Han dynasty in China collapses, ushering in a period of political fragmentation and civil war known as the Three Kingdoms period.
* **260:** The fall of Palmyra, a powerful city-state in the Roman Empire's eastern provinces, marks a turning point in the Roman Empire's eastward expansion.
* **300:** The use of paper, an invention from China, begins to spread to other parts of the world, revolutionizing communication and record-keeping.
* **324:** The Battle of Chrysopolis, a decisive victory for Constantine the Great, effectively reunites the Roman Empire under his rule.

**Other Notable Events**
* **200:** The potato is cultivated in the Peruvian Andes.
* **250:** Roman socks, surviving in dry Egyptian tombs, are the earliest known examples of knitting.
* **c. 300:** Horses strong enough to carry men wearing armor are put to good use by northern barbarians, and by Romans in border regions such as Dacia."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/481a1c32a2796af9]

* McsEngl.{0300i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0300},

name::
* McsEngl.3rd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'03rd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0300,
* McsEngl.century.0300,

century.0200-{0101..0200} of entity

{0101..0200}::
* {0125} The Pantheon in Rome was completed in 125 AD and is an architectural marvel that still stands today. [Bard]

">events in 2nd century:
The 2nd century AD was a period of great transformation and innovation in the ancient world, marked by both political stability and cultural flourishing. Here are some of the key events that shaped this era:

**Political Events:**
1. **The Pax Romana:** The 2nd century is often seen as the zenith of the Roman Empire, a period of relative peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Under the rule of the "Five Good Emperors" – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius – the empire experienced a period of stability and expansion.
2. **Roman Expansion:** Trajan, the second of the Five Good Emperors, embarked on a series of military campaigns that extended the Roman Empire to its greatest extent, reaching the Persian Gulf in the east and the coast of Scotland in the north.
3. **Marcomannic Wars:** The last years of the 2nd century were marked by a series of wars along the empire's northern frontier with Germanic tribes, known collectively as the Marcomannic Wars. These conflicts tested the strength of the Roman military and resulted in significant casualties.

**Cultural and Technological Advancements:**
1. **Papermaking:** In China, Cai Lun invented papermaking, a revolutionary innovation that would revolutionize communication and knowledge dissemination. Paper replaced cumbersome and expensive alternatives like papyrus and parchment, making books and written materials more accessible to a wider audience.
2. **Water-powered Armillary Sphere:** The Chinese astronomer Zhang Heng developed the world's first water-powered armillary sphere, a sophisticated astronomical instrument that could track the movement of stars and planets. This invention marked a significant advance in celestial observation and navigation.
3. **New Literary and Artistic Forms:** The 2nd century saw the development of new literary and artistic forms, including the rise of the novel in Latin literature and the emergence of the catacombs as a place of Christian worship. The arts flourished under the patronage of emperors and wealthy individuals.
4. **Expansion of Trade and Commerce:** The Silk Road, a trade route connecting China with the Mediterranean, reached its peak of activity in the 2nd century. This facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural influences between East and West.
5. **Spread of Christianity:** Christianity continued to spread throughout the Roman Empire, despite facing sporadic persecution. The works of early Christian writers such as Clement of Alexandria and Origen helped to shape the early doctrines and practices of the religion."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/8135a8fe767133d5]

* McsEngl.{0200i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0200},

name::
* McsEngl.2nd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'02nd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0200,
* McsEngl.century.0200,

century.0100-{0001..0100} of entity

{0001..0100}::
* {0079} NATURE: Pompeii destroyed. [wikipedia]
* {0070} JEWISH: diaspora. [wikipedia]
* {0030c} RELIGION: Jesus of Nazareth is crucified by the Roman authorities in Jerusalem. [Bard]
* {0023} SCIENCE: Strabo Geographica: A first edition was published in 7 BC and a final edition no later than 23 AD, in what may have been the last year of Strabo's life. [wikipedia]
* {0002} CHINA: The first comprehensive census of China was conducted in 2 AD, during the Han dynasty. This census recorded the number of households and individuals in all of the major provinces of the empire. It is estimated that the population of China at the time was around 57 million people. [Bard]

">events in 1st century AD:
The 1st century AD was a period of significant transformation and upheaval, marked by both political and religious upheavals. Here are some of the key events that shaped the century:
**Political upheavals:**
* **44 BC:** Julius Caesar is assassinated by a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius.
* **43 BC:** Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus form the Second Triumvirate to consolidate power and avenge Caesar's death.
* **31 BC:** Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* **14 AD:** Augustus, the first Roman emperor, dies after a 44-year reign, ushering in a period of relative stability known as the Pax Romana.
* **68 AD:** The Year of the Four Emperors, a tumultuous year marked by civil wars and the assassination of three emperors, ends with Vespasian's rise to power.
**Religious developments:**
* **Approximately 30 AD:** Jesus of Nazareth is crucified by the Roman authorities in Jerusalem.
* **50s-60s AD:** Christianity begins to spread beyond its Jewish roots, gaining converts in the Roman world.
* **70 AD:** The First Jewish-Roman War results in the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.
* **C.100 AD:** The New Testament of the Bible is largely complete.
**Cultural and technological advancements:**
* **Construction of the Colosseum in Rome, one of the most iconic architectural landmarks in the world.**
* **Development of Roman concrete, a revolutionary building material that allowed for the construction of ambitious structures.**
* **Spread of Greek and Roman philosophy and literature throughout the empire.**
* **Rise of the Roman postal system, facilitating communication across the vast empire.**
The 1st century AD laid the foundation for the Roman Empire's dominance for centuries to come, and its cultural and religious impact continues to be felt today."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/ee434ec1eafc46f4]

">events in 1st century AD:
The 1st century AD was a period of significant historical, cultural, and technological developments across various civilizations. Here are some key events and developments from this era:
1. **The Roman Empire:** This was a time of great expansion and consolidation for the Roman Empire. Notable emperors like Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero reigned during this century. The empire saw significant architectural achievements, including the construction of the Colosseum.
2. **The Birth of Christianity:** The 1st century witnessed the birth and early spread of Christianity. The teachings of Jesus Christ and the subsequent works of his apostles, particularly Paul, played a crucial role in spreading this religion throughout the Roman Empire and beyond.
3. **Jewish-Roman Wars:** This period saw a series of conflicts between the Jews and the Roman Empire, including the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD), which led to the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD.
4. **Scientific and Philosophical Developments:** The works of notable philosophers, scientists, and historians like Seneca, Pliny the Elder, and Josephus are from this era. These individuals contributed significantly to literature, science, and historical record-keeping.
5. **Eastern Civilizations:** In the East, the Han Dynasty in China was prominent, known for its stability and prosperity. This period saw the further development of the Silk Road, enhancing trade between East and West.
6. **Latin Literature:** The 1st century AD was a golden age for Latin literature, with poets like Ovid, Seneca, and Martial contributing significantly to the literary world.
7. **Technological Innovations:** There were numerous technological advancements, such as the development of watermills and improved road-building techniques, which facilitated trade and communication across vast distances.
8. **Pax Romana:** A significant part of the 1st century was marked by the Pax Romana (Roman Peace), a period of relative peace and stability throughout the Roman Empire, which allowed for economic and cultural development.
9. **Art and Architecture:** Roman art and architecture flourished, with a focus on realism and detailed representations in sculpture and fresco paintings.
10. **Vulcanization of Rubber:** The Mesoamerican civilizations developed the process of vulcanizing rubber, a significant technological achievement of the era.
These events and developments set the stage for significant changes in the subsequent centuries, shaping the course of Western and Eastern civilizations."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/11a41f47-c6e7-4525-973b-31461d38c261]

* McsEngl.{0100i100},
* McsEngl.{i100.0100},

name::
* McsEngl.1st-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'01st-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.0100,
* McsEngl.century.0100,

century.Bce0100-{Bce0100..Bce0001} of entity

{Bce0100..Bce0001}::
* {Bce0027} Rome/Europe/West Asia/Africa: Roman-Empire.

">events in 1st century BCE:
The 1st century BCE was a period of significant historical events, many of which shaped the future of various civilizations. Here are some key events from that era:
1. **Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic**: This century witnessed the transformation of Rome from a Republic to an Empire. Prominent figures like Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus played pivotal roles. The political and social turmoil, including the civil wars, ultimately led to the fall of the Roman Republic.
2. **Julius Caesar's Reign and Assassination (44 BCE)**: Julius Caesar, a military and political leader, became dictator for life in Rome. His assassination in 44 BCE was a turning point, leading to further civil wars and the eventual rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar.
3. **Cleopatra's Reign in Egypt**: Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, played a significant role in Roman politics during her liaisons with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Her reign signified the end of the Hellenistic period following Alexander the Great's conquests.
4. **Battle of Actium (31 BCE)**: This decisive confrontation between the fleets of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra took place on the Ionian Sea. The defeat of Antony and Cleopatra led to Octavian's undisputed control of Rome and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
5. **Construction of the Great Library of Alexandria**: During this century, the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt became the largest and most significant library of the ancient world, hosting a vast collection of texts and serving as a major center of scholarship.
6. **Roman Conquests and Expansion**: The Roman Republic expanded its territories significantly during this century, with notable campaigns in Gaul (led by Julius Caesar), the eastern Mediterranean, and parts of the Middle East.
7. **Cultural and Philosophical Developments**: This era also saw significant developments in literature, philosophy, and the arts in both Roman and Hellenistic cultures. Figures like Cicero and Lucretius were prominent in Rome, while the library of Alexandria nurtured scholars in various fields.
8. **Technological and Architectural Advancements**: The 1st century BCE witnessed advancements in technology, architecture, and engineering, including the construction of monumental buildings and infrastructure in Rome and other parts of the Roman Republic.
These events and developments had profound and lasting impacts on the course of history, influencing the political, cultural, and social trajectories of the Western world."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/62069118-9cf8-4d09-8d79-c458be40de9e]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0100},
* McsEngl.{Bce0100i100},

name::
* McsEngl.1st-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce1st-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce01st-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0100,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0100,

century.Bce0200-{Bce0200..Bce0101} of entity

{Bce0200..Bce0101}::
* {Bce0146} Greece: Battle of Corinth, beginning of Roman-era.
* {Bce0149} Rome/Carthage: Third Punic-War, Roman province of Africa.
* {Bce0165..Bce0130} INDO-GREEKS: The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander I (also known as Milinda), who reigned from around 165 to 130 BCE. He expanded the kingdom into the Ganges valley and is known for his patronage of Buddhism and his dialogues with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, recorded in the Buddhist text "Milinda Panha" (The Questions of Milinda). [ChatGPT]
* {Bce0264..Bce0146} PUNIC-WARS: a series of wars between Rome and Carthage. [wikipedia]

">events in 2nd century BCE:
The 2nd century BCE was a period marked by significant events across various regions of the ancient world. Here are some key happenings from that era:
1. **Rome's Expansion and Conflicts**: This century saw Rome grow in power and territory. The Roman Republic engaged in several significant wars, including the Punic Wars against Carthage. The Second Punic War (218–201 BCE), where Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with his elephants, was a notable event. After these wars, Rome emerged as a dominant power in the Mediterranean.
2. **The Han Dynasty in China**: The Han Dynasty continued to consolidate power in China. This period was marked by stability, economic growth, and cultural development. The Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting China to the West, began to develop around this time, significantly impacting global trade.
3. **Hellenistic Period in Greece and the Near East**: Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Hellenistic world saw the spread of Greek culture across a vast area. Major Hellenistic kingdoms included the Seleucid Empire in the Near East, the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, and the Antigonid dynasty in Macedonia. This era was characterized by advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts.
4. **The Rise of the Maurya Empire in India**: The Maurya Empire, established in the previous century, reached its zenith under the reign of Ashoka (reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE). Ashoka is renowned for his conversion to Buddhism and his efforts to spread Buddhist teachings throughout his empire and beyond.
5. **Jewish Revolts and the Maccabean Revolt**: This century also witnessed the Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE), a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid rule. This revolt was significant for the Jewish people and is commemorated in the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.
6. **Art and Culture**: The 2nd century BCE was a rich period for art and culture, especially in the Hellenistic world. It produced notable works of sculpture, literature, and philosophy that blended Greek and local elements, influencing the subsequent Roman and Parthian cultures.
These events collectively shaped the political, cultural, and economic landscape of the ancient world and had lasting impacts on the course of history."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/dd5ab8e4-2198-4bfd-8c6f-b36bbfe18437]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0200},
* McsEngl.{Bce0200i100},

name::
* McsEngl.2nd-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce2nd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce02nd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0200,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0200,

century.Bce0300-{Bce0300..Bce0201} of entity

{Bce0300..Bce0201}::
* {Bce0202..0220} CHINA: The Han dynasty was a golden age in Chinese history. [Bard]
* {Bce0206} CHINA: The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang, a peasant leader who defeated the Qin dynasty in 206 BC. He established a centralized government based on Confucian principles, which emphasized a harmonious relationship between the ruler and the ruled. The Han dynasty's stability was further enhanced by its effective bureaucracy and its use of meritocracy, which allowed talented individuals from all social classes to rise to positions of power. [Bard]
* {Bce0264..Bce0146} PUNIC-WARS: a series of wars between Rome and Carthage. [wikipedia]

">events in 3rd century BCE:
The 3rd century BCE was a significant period in ancient history, marked by important events and developments across different civilizations. Here are some key events from this era:
1. **Rise of the Maurya Empire in India (322 BCE - 185 BCE)**: Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, this empire was one of the largest in Indian history and played a crucial role in political and cultural development. Ashoka, one of its most famous rulers, is known for spreading Buddhism.
2. **Hellenistic Period (323 BCE - 31 BCE)**: Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his empire was divided among his generals, leading to the Hellenistic era characterized by the spread of Greek culture across the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean.
3. **Construction of the Great Library of Alexandria (3rd century BCE)**: In Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty founded the Library of Alexandria, one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world.
4. **Qin Dynasty in China (221 BCE - 206 BCE)**: The Qin Dynasty, under the rule of Qin Shi Huang, unified China for the first time, leading to significant developments in Chinese culture, politics, and technology. This period also saw the construction of the first Great Wall of China.
5. **Roman Republic's Expansion (3rd century BCE)**: This era marked significant territorial expansion for Rome, including the Punic Wars with Carthage, most notably the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) featuring the famous military commander Hannibal.
6. **Development of Buddhist Art in the Gandhara Region (3rd century BCE)**: This period saw the emergence of Gandharan Buddhist art, which blended Greek and Buddhist themes, reflecting the fusion of Hellenistic and Eastern influences.
7. **Eratosthenes Estimates Earth's Circumference (circa 240 BCE)**: Eratosthenes, a Greek mathematician, and astronomer in Alexandria, estimated the Earth's circumference with remarkable accuracy for his time.
8. **Formation of the Mauryan Empire (321 BCE)**: Chandragupta Maurya established the Mauryan Empire in India, which later became one of the most powerful empires in the ancient world.
These events reflect the dynamic and transformative nature of the 3rd century BCE, with significant developments in empire-building, culture, science, and art that shaped the course of history."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c32347b7-cfe4-48d6-96cf-b69069451f94]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0300},
* McsEngl.{Bce0300i100},

name::
* McsEngl.3rd-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce3rd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce03rd-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0300,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0300,

century.Bce0400-{Bce0400..Bce0301} of entity

{Bce0400..Bce0301}::
* {Bce0336..Bce0323} Alexander-the-Great.

">events in 4th century BCE:
The 4th century BCE was a period of significant historical events and developments across various regions of the world. Some of the key events and trends during this era include:
1. **Greece and the Rise of Macedon**: This century saw the rise of Macedon under King Philip II, who united most of Greece under Macedonian hegemony. His son, Alexander the Great, expanded the empire dramatically.
2. **The Campaigns of Alexander the Great**: Alexander the Great embarked on a series of military campaigns, which led to the conquest of the Persian Empire and the spread of Greek culture and influence across Asia.
3. **The Hellenistic Period Begins**: Following Alexander's death in 323 BCE, his empire was divided among his generals, leading to the Hellenistic era characterized by a blend of Greek and Eastern cultures.
4. **Philosophical Developments in Greece**: This era also saw the flourishing of philosophy in Greece, with figures like Aristotle, who studied under Plato, and the founding of the Lyceum.
5. **Maurya Empire in India**: In India, the Maurya Empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya, marking a significant phase in Indian history with the expansion of trade and political stability.
6. **Construction of the Great Wall of China**: In China, the Warring States period led to the eventual unification under Qin Shi Huang, who initiated the construction of the Great Wall.
7. **Roman Republic's Expansion**: In Rome, the 4th century BCE was a period of internal consolidation and the beginning of territorial expansion, setting the stage for the Roman Empire.
8. **Carthaginian Expansion in the Mediterranean**: Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa, expanded its influence in the Western Mediterranean, leading to conflicts with Rome later on.
9. **Celtic Expansion in Europe**: The Celts were prominent in much of Europe during this time, known for their art, culture, and military prowess.
10. **Jewish Diaspora Begins**: The Jewish population began to spread throughout the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions, marking the beginning of the Jewish diaspora.
These events collectively had a profound impact on the political, cultural, and social developments of the ancient world, shaping the course of history in various regions."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/e8915f99-2fcd-4c82-aa52-071c789f3d8a]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0400},
* McsEngl.{Bce0400i100},

name::
* McsEngl.4th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce4th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce04th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0400,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0400,

century.Bce0500-{Bce0500..Bce0401} of entity

{Bce0500..Bce0401}::
* {Bce449..Bce431} ATHENS: «χρυσούς αιών» του Περικλή.
* {Bce499..Bce449} GRECO-PERSIAN-WARS: a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0500..0401} NEAR-EAST: Second Temple Judaism, redaction of Hebrew-Bible.
* {Bce0500..0401} GRAMMAR: This period also saw the work of Yaska, who created Nirukta, that would lay the foundation stone for Sanskrit grammar and is one of the oldest works on grammar known to mankind. [wikipedia]

">events in 5th century BCE:
The 5th century BCE was a pivotal era in world history, marked by significant events, especially in regions like Greece, Persia, and India. Here are some key events from this period:
1. **Golden Age of Athens (c. 480-404 BCE)**: Following the Persian Wars, Athens experienced a period of unprecedented cultural, economic, and political growth. This era saw the rise of democracy, the construction of the Parthenon, and the flourishing of arts, philosophy, and sciences with figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristophanes.
2. **Persian Wars (c. 499-449 BCE)**: A series of conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. Key battles include Marathon (490 BCE), Thermopylae and Salamis (480 BCE), and Plataea (479 BCE). These wars significantly influenced the balance of power in the ancient world.
3. **Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)**: A protracted and devastating conflict between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies. This war ended the Golden Age of Athens and marked a shift in the power dynamics of ancient Greece.
4. **The Life of Confucius (551-479 BCE)**: In China, Confucius, one of the most influential philosophers in history, lived during this century. His teachings and philosophy would shape Chinese society for centuries.
5. **The Rise of the Maurya Empire in India (c. late 4th century BCE)**: Although the foundation of the Maurya Empire is slightly later than the 5th century BCE, its roots lie in this period. Under leaders like Chandragupta Maurya, it would become one of the largest empires in ancient India.
6. **Development of Drama in Greece**: The 5th century BCE saw the rise of drama in Greece, with playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides writing their timeless tragedies.
7. **Construction of the Acropolis in Athens (c. 447-432 BCE)**: The Acropolis, including the Parthenon, was built during this time, symbolizing the cultural and political zenith of Athens.
8. **Reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles in Athens (461 BCE)**: These reforms led to the development of a more radical form of democracy in Athens, with increased participation from the lower classes.
9. **The Histories by Herodotus (c. 450 BCE)**: Herodotus, often called the 'Father of History,' wrote his accounts, which provide invaluable insights into the Greco-Persian Wars and the customs of different cultures of that time.
10. **Buddhism and Jainism in India**: This century also witnessed the spread and consolidation of Buddhism and Jainism in India, religions that would have a profound impact on Indian culture and spirituality.
These events collectively shaped the trajectory of ancient civilizations and laid foundational aspects for future developments in politics, philosophy, culture, and religion."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7f6f611d-d97b-43b3-b27e-fdf532d51a5b]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0500},
* McsEngl.{Bce0500i100},

name::
* McsEngl.5th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce5th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce05th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0500,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0500,

century.Bce0600-{Bce0600..Bce0501} of entity

{Bce0600..Bce0501}::
* {Bce0509} EUROPE: Roman-Republic.
* {Bce0525} Egypt: is in decline, and falls to the Achaemenids.
* {Bce0540} PERSIAN-EMPIRE: Babylonian rule was ended by Cyrus, who founded the Persian Empire in its stead. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0547} PERSIAN-EMPIRE: Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0586} JUDAH: The-Kingdom-of-Judah came to an end when Babylonian forces under Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem, and removed most of its population to their own lands. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0600..Bce0501} EGYPT: the-Late-Period begins with the-26th-dynasty starting with the-coronation of Psamtik-I. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0600..Bce0501} INDIA: Buddha and Mahavira founded Buddhism and Jainism respectively. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0600..Bce0501} AMERICA: decline of Olmec civilization in Central America. [wikipedia]

">events in 6th century BCE:
The 6th century BCE was a period of significant historical, cultural, and philosophical development in various parts of the world. Here are some notable events and trends from that era:
1. **Rise of Persian Empire**: Under leaders such as Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the Persian Empire expanded to become one of the largest empires of the ancient world, encompassing areas of the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of Europe.
2. **Greco-Persian Wars**: This century marked the beginning of the conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, which would shape much of the subsequent history of the region.
3. **Philosophical Developments in Greece**: This period saw the emergence of pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus in Greece, who began to explore natural phenomena and the nature of existence in new ways, laying the foundations for Western philosophy.
4. **Buddha and Confucius**: In Asia, this century is notable for the life and teachings of two of history's most influential figures: Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) in India, who founded Buddhism, and Confucius in China, whose teachings would become central to Chinese culture and government.
5. **Jewish Exile and Return**: The Jewish population in Judah faced significant upheavals, including the Babylonian Exile after the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE and their subsequent return and rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem under Persian rule.
6. **Scientific Advancements**: In various cultures, this century witnessed advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and other sciences. For instance, the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, known for his theorem in geometry, was active during this time.
7. **Art and Literature**: There were also developments in art and literature, with the continued creation of classic works in various cultures, from Greek epics to the rich literary traditions of India and China.
8. **Political and Social Changes**: Many regions experienced significant political and social changes, including the rise and fall of city-states, the formulation of new political systems, and shifts in power dynamics.
This century set the stage for many of the political, philosophical, and cultural developments that would shape the ancient world and influence subsequent history."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/dd629305-66e7-4c39-a6cf-98eeb78748e5]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0600},
* McsEngl.{Bce0600i100},

name::
* McsEngl.6th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce6th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce06th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0600,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0600,

century.Bce0700-{Bce0700..Bce0601} of entity

{Bce0700..Bce0601}::
* {Bce0612} ASSYRIANS: their capital Nineveh destroyed.
* {Bce0700..Bce0601} CHINA: Zhou-Dynasty continues.
* {Bce0700..Bce0601} EGYPT: the-Late-Period begins with the-26th-dynasty starting with the-coronation of Psamtik-I. [wikipedia]

">events in 7th century BCE:
The 7th century BCE was a period of significant developments and events across various civilizations. Here are some key events from that era:
1. **Assyrian Empire's Expansion (Middle East)**: The Assyrian Empire, centered in Mesopotamia, reached its peak during this century. Under kings like Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal, it expanded to encompass much of the Near East.
2. **Rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (Mesopotamia)**: The latter part of the 7th century BCE saw the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Nebuchadnezzar II, its most famous king, rebuilt Babylon as one of the ancient world's most impressive cities.
3. **Founding of Rome (Italy)**: According to tradition, Rome was founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus. This marks the beginning of Roman civilization, although the historical accuracy of this date and event is debated.
4. **Growth of Greek City-States (Greece)**: This century witnessed the development and growth of Greek city-states like Athens, Sparta, and Corinth, each with its unique form of government and culture.
5. **Reforms of Draco and Solon in Athens (Greece)**: In Athens, the legal codes of Draco and the subsequent reforms by Solon laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
6. **Zoroastrianism in Persia**: The 7th century BCE is often considered the period when Zoroastrianism, one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, was founded by the prophet Zoroaster in ancient Persia.
7. **Judean Kingdom under King Hezekiah (Levant)**: Significant biblical events, including the reign of King Hezekiah in Judah, are dated to this period. Hezekiah is known for his religious reforms and rebellion against the Assyrians.
8. **Construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Mesopotamia)**: One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, is said to have been constructed by Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife, Amytis of Media.
9. **Iron Age in Europe**: The 7th century BCE was also a period of technological advancement in Europe, marking a transition to the Iron Age, where iron tools and weapons became prevalent.
10. **Poetry of Sappho (Greece)**: The Greek poet Sappho, known for her lyric poetry, was active during this century. She is one of the first known female poets.
These events illustrate the dynamic and transformative nature of the 7th century BCE across various regions, setting the stage for significant historical developments in the subsequent centuries."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/73bafe39-ae9a-4301-84e3-65ca3dad785a]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0700},
* McsEngl.{Bce0700i100},

name::
* McsEngl.7th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce7th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce07th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0700,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0700,

century.Bce0800-{Bce0800..Bce0701} of entity

{Bce0800..Bce0701}::
* {Bce0753} Europe: foundation of Rome.
* {Bce0776} Greece: First Olympiad.
* {Bce0800..Bce0701} GREECE: alphabet.

">events in 8th century BCE:
The 8th century BCE was a significant period in ancient history, marked by various important events and developments across different civilizations. Here are some key events from that era:
1. **Rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia):** This period saw the expansion of the Assyrian Empire, making it one of the most powerful states in the Near East. Notable Assyrian kings like Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II led military campaigns that greatly expanded the empire's territory.
2. **Foundation of Rome (753 BCE):** According to tradition, Rome was founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus. This event marks the beginning of Roman civilization, which would eventually become one of the most influential empires in history.
3. **First Olympic Games (776 BCE):** The first recorded Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, in 776 BCE. This event marked the beginning of the Olympic tradition, which celebrated athletic prowess and was deeply intertwined with religious observance.
4. **Hebrew Prophets in Ancient Israel:** This century witnessed the emergence of significant Hebrew prophets like Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea, whose teachings and writings had a profound impact on the religious and moral life of the Israelites.
5. **Emergence of Greek City-States:** The 8th century BCE was a period of significant development for Greek city-states (polis), including Sparta, Athens, and Corinth. These city-states began to form the distinct political and social structures that characterized ancient Greek civilization.
6. **Homeric Poems and Greek Literature:** The epic poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey," traditionally attributed to Homer, were likely composed around this time. These works had a lasting impact on Greek culture and Western literature.
7. **Iron Age Technology:** The spread of iron metallurgy significantly impacted various civilizations during this period, leading to advancements in tools, weapons, and agricultural equipment.
8. **Expansion of Phoenician Trade:** The Phoenicians, known for their seafaring skills, expanded their trade networks across the Mediterranean, establishing colonies and trading posts in regions like North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula.
9. **Reforms of Draco in Athens (c. 621 BCE):** Draco, an Athenian lawmaker, introduced a written code of laws. Although harsh (leading to the term "Draconian"), these laws were a step toward a more structured legal system in Athens.
10. **Urartu Kingdom in the Armenian Highlands:** This period saw the rise of the Kingdom of Urartu, a significant regional power in the Armenian Highlands, noted for its unique culture and artistry.
Each of these events played a crucial role in shaping the cultural, political, and social landscapes of the ancient world."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1552f5ca-208d-4b61-ae13-d532a076aa8f]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0800},
* McsEngl.{Bce0800i100},

name::
* McsEngl.8th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce8th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce08th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0800,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0800,

century.Bce0900-{Bce0900..Bce0801} of entity

{Bce0900..Bce0801}::
* {Bce0900..Bce0801} EUROPE: It is the beginning of the Iron Age in Central Europe, with the spread of the Proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture, and the Proto-Celtic language. [wikipedia]
* {Bce0900..Bce0801} AFRICA: Carthage founded by Phoenicians.
- In Egypt, a severe flood covers the floor of Luxor temple, and years later, a civil war starts. [wikipedia]

">events in 9th century BCE:
The 9th century BCE was a significant period in ancient history, marked by various important events and developments across different civilizations. Here are some key events from that era:
1. **Assyrian Empire Expansion**: During the 9th century BCE, the Assyrian Empire, centered in Mesopotamia, expanded significantly under rulers like Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III. This expansion was marked by military campaigns, the building of monumental architecture, and the development of administrative systems.
2. **Founding of Carthage**: According to traditional accounts, the city of Carthage in North Africa was founded in the late 9th century BCE by Phoenician settlers. Carthage would later grow to be a major power in the Mediterranean.
3. **Rise of the Kingdom of Israel**: This century saw the rise and consolidation of the Kingdom of Israel under figures like King Omri and Ahab. The kingdom experienced political and religious developments, including interactions and conflicts with neighboring states like Moab and Aram-Damascus.
4. **Greek Colonization**: The 9th century BCE was a period of Greek colonization, where Greek city-states established colonies throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. This expansion was driven by trade, overpopulation, and political unrest in mainland Greece.
5. **Cultural Developments in China**: In the Zhou Dynasty of China, this century was a time of cultural and philosophical development. The era is known for the consolidation of the Zhou rule and the beginnings of what would later be recognized as Confucian and Daoist thought.
6. **Urartu Kingdom Flourishment**: In the Armenian Highlands, the kingdom of Urartu flourished during this period. This kingdom is known for its advanced metallurgy and distinctive fortresses and was a rival to the Assyrians.
These events collectively highlight the dynamic and transformative nature of the 9th century BCE across various regions and cultures."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/f66522a6-f75f-418a-82fd-b2578e3e0b9b]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0900},
* McsEngl.{Bce0900i100},

name::
* McsEngl.9th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce9th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce09th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce0900,
* McsEngl.century.Bce0900,

century.Bce1000-{Bce1000..Bce0901} of entity

{Bce1000..Bce0901}::
* {Bce1000..Bce0901} GREECE: Dark-Ages continued.
* {Bce1000..Bce0901} CHINA: Zhou dynasty.
* {Bce1000..Bce0901} INDIA: the Vedic period is ongoing.

">events in 10th century BCE:
The 10th century BCE was a significant period in ancient history, marked by several important events and developments across different civilizations. Here are some key occurrences from that era:
1. **Rise of the Kingdom of Israel**: This century witnessed the establishment of the united monarchy of Israel under Kings Saul, David, and Solomon. King David's reign, in particular, was notable for the expansion of the kingdom and the establishment of Jerusalem as its capital.
2. **Phoenician Expansion**: The Phoenicians, known for their seafaring and trading skills, began to establish colonies across the Mediterranean. Their most famous colony, Carthage, was founded in the 9th century BCE, but the groundwork and expansion for such endeavors began in the 10th century BCE.
3. **Division of Egypt**: During this time, Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower regions, each ruled by different pharaohs. This division led to a period of decline in Egyptian power and influence.
4. **Development in Chinese States**: In China, the Zhou dynasty, which began in the 11th century BCE, continued to rule. This period saw the development of the Chinese feudal system and significant cultural advancements, including the beginnings of Confucian and Taoist thought.
5. **Growth of Assyrian Empire**: The Assyrian Empire began to rise in power during this century. Though it had not yet reached the peak of its influence, it was steadily growing and expanding its territory in the Near East.
6. **Founding of Greek City-States**: The foundation and development of various Greek city-states, like Athens and Sparta, began around this time. This period laid the groundwork for the classical Greek civilization that would emerge in the following centuries.
7. **Advancements in Iron Technology**: The 10th century BCE is also notable for the spread and advancement of iron technology, which began to replace bronze in many parts of the world. This technological shift had significant impacts on warfare, agriculture, and daily life.
These events collectively shaped the historical and cultural landscape of the ancient world, setting the stage for the developments in the subsequent centuries."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/b99032b3-54e6-4763-9f40-7ad3c1615da4]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce1000},
* McsEngl.{Bce1000i100},

name::
* McsEngl.10th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce10th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce10th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce1000,
* McsEngl.century.Bce1000,

century.Bce1100-{Bce1100..Bce1001} of entity

description::

">events in 11th century BCE:
The 11th century BCE is a period that falls within the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age, characterized by significant developments and events across various civilizations. Here are some key events and characteristics of this era:
1. **Near East and Mediterranean Civilizations**:
- This period saw the continued growth and influence of various Near Eastern civilizations such as the Assyrians and Babylonians.
- In the Mediterranean, the Mycenaean civilization in Greece was declining, leading to the onset of the Greek Dark Ages.
- The Hittite Empire, centered in modern-day Turkey, also began to decline during this time.
2. **Rise of the Israelite Kingdoms**:
- The 11th century BCE is crucial in the history of ancient Israel and Judah. It is traditionally the time of figures like Samuel, Saul, and the early years of King David.
- The United Monarchy under Saul and then David is said to have been established during this period.
3. **Developments in China**:
- In China, this period corresponds to the later stages of the Shang Dynasty, known for its advancements in bronze working, astronomy, and the development of Chinese writing.
4. **Iron Age Technology**:
- This century marks the transition to the Iron Age in some parts of the world. The use of iron for tools and weapons began to become more widespread, changing warfare and agricultural practices.
5. **Cultural and Religious Developments**:
- Significant cultural and religious developments were occurring in different parts of the world. In the Near East, various Semitic cultures were developing their own distinct identities and religious practices.
6. **Phoenician Expansion**:
- The Phoenicians, based in modern-day Lebanon, began their expansion across the Mediterranean. They were notable for their seafaring skills and the spread of the Phoenician alphabet.
7. **India's Vedic Period**:
- In the Indian subcontinent, the later part of the Vedic period was underway, laying the foundational cultural and religious ideas that would influence Hinduism.
8. **Civilizations in the Americas**:
- In the Americas, complex societies were beginning to form in regions like Mesoamerica, though they were still in relatively early stages compared to the Old World civilizations.
This century is characterized by a mix of decline in some ancient civilizations and the rise of new powers and cultural ideas, setting the stage for significant changes in the subsequent centuries."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/4861a245-91ea-4d13-8d86-4a594b8a535a]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce1100},
* McsEngl.{Bce1100i100},

name::
* McsEngl.11th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce11th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce11th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce1100,
* McsEngl.century.Bce1100,

century.Bce1200-{Bce1200..Bce1101} of entity

description::

">events in 12th century BCE:
The 12th century BCE, a period marked by significant events and transitions across various civilizations, saw the following notable occurrences:
1. **Late Bronze Age Collapse (around 1200 BCE):** This period witnessed the decline and fall of many ancient civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. Major powers like the Hittite Empire, Egypt, and the Mycenaean kingdoms faced severe disruptions due to a combination of factors including invasions, internal rebellions, economic hardship, and environmental changes.
2. **Rise of the Sea Peoples:** During this century, the mysterious group known as the Sea Peoples commenced their raids and invasions along the coasts of the Eastern Mediterranean. Their activities contributed to the destabilization and collapse of several states, including parts of Egypt and the Hittite Empire.
3. **Israelite Settlement in Canaan:** This century is traditionally associated with the Israelite settlement in Canaan. The exact timeline remains a subject of debate among scholars, but it's generally agreed that this period marked a significant phase in the emergence of the Israelite identity and their establishment in the region.
4. **Development of the Phoenician Civilization:** In the aftermath of the Bronze Age Collapse, the Phoenician city-states (like Tyre and Sidon) began to gain prominence. This era marked the beginning of their maritime trade expansion and cultural influence across the Mediterranean.
5. **Philistine Settlement in the Levant:** The Philistines, part of the Sea Peoples, settled in the coastal areas of the Levant (around present-day Gaza Strip). Their presence and interactions with neighboring cultures, particularly the Israelites, had a lasting impact on the region's history.
6. **Assyrian Expansion:** The Assyrian Empire began its gradual expansion and consolidation of power in the Near East, laying the groundwork for its eventual dominance in the region in subsequent centuries.
7. **Decline of Mycenaean Civilization and the Greek Dark Ages:** The Mycenaean civilization in Greece witnessed a significant decline, leading to the period known as the Greek Dark Ages. This era was characterized by reduced population, fewer settlements, and a loss of writing systems like Linear B.
8. **Elamite and Babylonian Developments:** In Mesopotamia and surrounding regions, Elamite and Babylonian civilizations continued to evolve, although they also faced challenges due to the broader regional upheavals.
9. **Iron Age Technology:** The 12th century BCE is often considered the beginning of the Iron Age in various parts of the world. The use of iron for tools and weapons began to become more widespread, marking a significant technological shift.
This century was a pivotal time that shaped the course of ancient history, leading to the end of the Bronze Age and setting the stage for the developments of the Iron Age."
[{2023-12-19 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/73c7f2a2-cd24-43b9-a606-853ec899550a]

* McsEngl.{i100.Bce1200},
* McsEngl.{Bce1200i100},

name::
* McsEngl.12th-century-Bce,
* McsEngl.Bce12th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'Bce12th-century,
* McsEngl.Entevg'i100.Bce1200,
* McsEngl.century.Bce1200,

entity.knownNo

description::
· unknown-entity is an-entity we do-not-know.
· the-majority of entities are unknown.

name::
* McsEngl.entity.knownNo,
* McsEngl.knownNo-entity,
* McsEngl.unknown-entity,

earth (link) of Sympan

sky (link) of Sympan

galaxy.SPECIFIC

description::
"Our Galaxy, the Milky Way, has over 100 thousand million stars. And based on data from NASA's New Horizons space probe, we now estimate that our Universe contains roughly 200 billion galaxies."
[{2022-02-14 retrieved} Peter Diamandis peter@diamandis.com]

">types of galaxies:
Galaxies are vast systems composed of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter, bound together by gravity. There are several types of galaxies, primarily classified based on their shape and structure. Here are the main types:
1. **Spiral Galaxies**:
- **Characteristics**: They have a flat, rotating disk with spiral arms, a central bulge, and often a surrounding halo.
- **Examples**: The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
- **Subtypes**:
- **Normal Spirals (S)**: Prominent spiral arms originating from the center.
- **Barred Spirals (SB)**: A central bar-shaped structure with spiral arms extending from the ends of the bar.
2. **Elliptical Galaxies**:
- **Characteristics**: They range from nearly spherical (E0) to highly elongated shapes (E7). They have little to no structure and contain older, red stars with minimal interstellar gas and dust.
- **Examples**: M87 in the Virgo Cluster.
- **Subtypes**: Classified from E0 (almost spherical) to E7 (highly elongated).
3. **Lenticular Galaxies**:
- **Characteristics**: They have a central bulge and a disk but lack significant spiral arms. They are an intermediate type between elliptical and spiral galaxies.
- **Examples**: NGC 2787.
- **Subtypes**: S0 (normal lenticular) and SB0 (barred lenticular).
4. **Irregular Galaxies**:
- **Characteristics**: They lack a distinct shape or structure. Often chaotic in appearance, they can be rich in gas and dust, and have active star formation.
- **Examples**: The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC).
5. **Peculiar Galaxies**:
- **Characteristics**: They exhibit unusual shapes or properties often resulting from gravitational interactions or collisions with other galaxies.
- **Examples**: The Antennae Galaxies.
6. **Dwarf Galaxies**:
- **Characteristics**: These are smaller galaxies containing a few billion stars, compared to the hundreds of billions in larger galaxies. They can be elliptical, spiral, or irregular.
- **Examples**: The Fornax Dwarf and the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy.
Each galaxy type contributes to our understanding of the universe's structure, formation, and evolution."
[{2024-05-14 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/619236c0-fe83-45b2-ab3b-07eaabf39289]

name::
* McsEngl.galaxy.specific,

galaxy.Milky-Way (link) of Sympan

entity.deictic.nearA.one

description::
· entity, deictic, near personA, one.

name::
* McsEngl.entity.deictic-nearA-one,
* McsEngl.this,
====== langoSinago:
* McsSngo.o-δio-fo!=entity.deictic.oneNo,
* McsSngo.o-dhio-fo!=entity.deictic.one,

entity.deictic.nearA.oneNo

description::
· entity, deictic, near personA, oneNo.

name::
* McsEngl.entity.deictic-nearA-oneΝο,
* McsEngl.these,
====== langoSinago:
* McsSngo.o-δio-foUgo!=entity.deictic.oneNo,
* McsSngo.o-dhio-foUgo!=entity.deictic.oneNo,