overview of referenting
description::
· referenting is the-model-evaluating of an-info (= finding the-type of the-relation between an-info and its referent).
name::
* McsEngl.McsCor000020.last.html!⇒referenting,
* McsEngl.dirCor/McsCor000020.last.html!⇒referenting,
* McsEngl.doing.referenting!⇒referenting,
* McsEngl.info'evaluating!⇒referenting,
* McsEngl.model-evaluating.referenting!⇒referenting,
* McsEngl.referenting,
* McsEngl.referenting'(doing.referenting)!⇒referenting,
argument of referenting
description::
* human: doer,
* info,
* referent,
* rlnReferenting,
name::
* McsEngl.argReferenting,
* McsEngl.referenting'argument!⇒argReferenting,
info of referenting
description::
· the-info for which the-doer want to find its rlnReferent.
name::
* McsEngl.argReferenting.info,
* McsEngl.referenting'info,
referent of referenting
description::
· the-referent of this info.
name::
* McsEngl.argReferenting.referent,
* McsEngl.referenting'referent,
relation of referenting
description::
· the-rlnReferent of this info and referent.
name::
* McsEngl.argReferenting.relation,
* McsEngl.referenting'relation,
info-resource of referenting
name::
* McsEngl.referenting'Infrsc,
addressWpg::
* proof-theory-of-math-logic,
evoluting of referenting
name::
* McsEngl.referenting'evoluting,
{2021-08-09}::
=== McsHitp-creation:
· creation of current concept.
WHOLE-PART-TREE of referenting
name::
* McsEngl.referenting'whole-part-tree,
whole-tree-of-referenting::
*
* ... Sympan.
part-tree-of-referenting::
*
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of referenting
name::
* McsEngl.referenting'generic-specific-tree,
generic-tree-of-referenting::
* model-evaluating
* ... entity.
specific-tree-of-referenting::
* proving,
* disproving,
referenting.proving
description::
· proving is the-true referenting.
· ΑΠΟΔΕΙΞΗ είναι η 'ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ' με την οποία δείχνουμε ότι μια 'πραγματική πληροφορία' είναι 'ΑΛΗΘΙΝΗ'.
[hmnSngo.{1994-05}]
name::
* McsEngl.referenting.proving!⇒proving,
* McsEngl.prove!⇒proving,
* McsEngl.prove!~verbEnglC:prov-e-es-ed-ing-en,
* McsEngl.proving,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.απόδειξη!=proving,
* McsElln.αποδεικνύω!~verbElln:proving,
proving.SPECIFIC
description::
* practice,
* time,
* info-resource,
===
* direct-proving,
* indirect-proving,
===
* theoritical-proving,
* practical-proving,
===
* valid-proving,
* invalid-proving,
===
* experimenting,
name::
* McsEngl.proving.specific,
referenting.disproving
description::
· disproving is the-false referenting.
name::
* McsEngl.disproving,
* McsEngl.provingNo!⇒disproving,
* McsEngl.referenting.disproving!⇒disproving,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.διαδικασία-διάψευσης!=disproving,
proving.practice
description::
· practice as the-opposite of theory is the-best type of proving.
· but on most cases we can not use it.
name::
* McsEngl.practical-proving,
* McsEngl.proving.practice!⇒practical-proving,
specific-tree-of-practical-proving::
* experimenting,
proving.time
description::
· time is another type of proving a-forcast.
· but we can not use it at present.
name::
* McsEngl.proving.time,
proving.info-resource
description::
· an-info-resource is a-secondary type of proving.
· a-RELIABLE-info-resource give us a-POSSIBILITY of proving.
· anonymous-info-resource is by definition unreliable!
name::
* McsEngl.proving.info-resource,
proving.practiceNo (theory)
description::
· not practical-proving, by thinking.
name::
* McsEngl.proving.theory,
* McsEngl.theoritical-proving,
proving.direct
description::
"In direct proof, the conclusion is established by logically combining the axioms, definitions, and earlier theorems. For example, direct proof can be used to establish that the sum of two even integers is always even:
For any two even integers x and y we can write x = 2a and y = 2b for some integers a and b, since both x and y are multiples of 2. But the sum x + y = 2a + 2b = 2(a + b) is also a multiple of 2, so it is therefore even by definition.
This proof uses definition of even integers, as well as distribution law.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof]
name::
* McsEngl.direct-proof,
* McsEngl.proving.direct,
proving.directNo
description::
"In logic and mathematics, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition, by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Proof by contradiction is also known as indirect proof, proof by assuming the opposite, and reductio ad impossibile.[1]"
[{2021-08-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction]
name::
* McsEngl.indirect-proof!⇒provingDirectNo,
* McsEngl.proof-by-assuming-the-opposite!⇒provingDirectNo,
* McsEngl.proof-by-contradiction!⇒provingDirectNo,
* McsEngl.proving.directNo!⇒provingDirectNo,
* McsEngl.provingDirectNo,
* McsEngl.reduction-ad-impossibile!⇒provingDirectNo,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.απαγωγή-σε-άτοπο!=provingDirectNo,
* McsElln.απόδειξη-με-την-απαγωγή-σε-άτοπο!=provingDirectNo,
proving.valid
description::
· a-proving without mistakes.
name::
* McsEngl.valid-proving,
* McsEngl.proving.valid,
proving.validNo
description::
· a-proving with mistakes.
name::
* McsEngl.invalid-proving,
* McsEngl.proving.validNo,
validNo.irrelevant-conclusion
description::
"An irrelevant conclusion,[1] also known as ignoratio elenchi (Latin for 'ignoring refutation') or missing the point, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may or may not be logically valid and sound, but (whose conclusion) fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class of relevance fallacies.[2]
The irrelevant conclusion should not be confused with formal fallacy, an argument whose conclusion does not follow from its premises, instead, it is that despite its formal consistency it is not relevant to the subject being talked about."
[{2021-08-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelevant_conclusion]
name::
* McsEngl.irrelevant-conclusion,
* McsEngl.proving-validNo.irrelevant-conclusion,
validNo.sophism
description::
"An intentional mistake made with a view to confusing an opponent and passing off a false judgement for a true one, is called a sophism"
[{1989} Getmanova, Logic, p232]
name::
* McsEngl.sophism,
proving.experimenting
description::
"An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies.
A child may carry out basic experiments to understand how things fall to the ground, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon. Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to student learning in the science classroom. Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time.[1] Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons (e.g. tasting a range of chocolates to find a favorite), to highly controlled (e.g. tests requiring complex apparatus overseen by many scientists that hope to discover information about subatomic particles). Uses of experiments vary considerably between the natural and human sciences.
Experiments typically include controls, which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method. Ideally, all variables in an experiment are controlled (accounted for by the control measurements) and none are uncontrolled. In such an experiment, if all controls work as expected, it is possible to conclude that the experiment works as intended, and that results are due to the effect of the tested variables.
[{2021-08-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment]
name::
* McsEngl.experiment!⇒experimenting,
* McsEngl.experimenting,
* McsEngl.proving.experimenting!⇒experimenting,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.πείραμα!=experimenting,
* McsElln.πειραματίζομαι!~verbElln!=experimenting,
