phoneSpch.SPECIFIC

description::
"Στις γλώσσες που μιλιούνται στον κόσμο εμφανίζεται μια τεράστια ποικιλία ήχων (φθόγγων). Κανένα ζώο δεν μπορεί να παραγάγει την ποικιλία των ήχων που βρίσκουμε στις ανθρώπινες γλώσσες. Βρίσκουμε περίπου διακόσια είδη φωνηέντων και εξακόσια είδη συμφώνων! Ήχοι που σε μια γλώσσα δεν λειτουργούν ως φθόγγοι (ως υλικό για την κατασκευή λέξεων) μπορεί να λειτουργούν με αυτό τον τρόπο σε μια άλλη γλώσσα. Έτσι, στα ελληνικά ο ήχος που κάνουμε όταν καθαρίζουμε τον λαιμό μας δεν λειτουργεί ως φθόγγος, δεν φτιάχνουμε λέξεις με αυτού του είδους τον ήχο. Στα αραβικά τέτοιοι ήχοι (τους λέμε φαρυγγικούς γιατί ο φάρυγγας παίζει ρόλο στη δημιουργία τους) είναι φθόγγοι με τους οποίους δημιουργούνται λέξεις. Επίσης, στα ελληνικά ο ήχος που παράγουμε για να δηλώσουμε άρνηση (tsk, το τσού που κάνουμε) δεν εμφανίζεται ως φθόγγος της γλώσσας μας. Αν προσέξτε πώς σχηματίζεται αυτός ο ήχος, θα δείτε ότι δημιουργείται με το «ρούφηγμα» του αέρα και όχι με την εξώθησή του, το βγάλσιμό του έξω από τη στοματική κοιλότητα. Τέτοιου είδους ήχοι είναι σπάνιοι, ως φθόγγοι, στις γλώσσες του κόσμου. Ωστόσο, σε κάποιες γλώσσες της Αφρικής υπάρχουν και λειτουργούν ως φθόγγοι. Για να δώσουμε ένα τελευταίο παράδειγμα, στα νέα ελληνικά που μιλάμε όλοι μας, στην κοινή νέα ελληνική, το παχύ σ που χρησιμοποιούμε όταν θέλουμε να επιβάλουμε τη σιωπή (σσσσ!) δεν εμφανίζεται ως φθόγγος της γλώσσας. Σε πολλές όμως διαλέκτους της νέας ελληνικής βρίσκουμε αυτό το παχύ σ να συμμετέχει στον σχηματισμό λέξεων."
[{2022-04-15 retrieved} https://www.greek-language.gr/Resources/ancient_greek/history/ag_history/browse.html?start=18]

name::
* McsEngl.phoneSpch.specific,

phoneSpch.IPA of speech of SpchLago

description::
"The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an academic standard created by the International Phonetic Association.
IPA is a phonetic notation system that uses a set of symbols to represent each distinct sound that exists in human spoken language. It encompasses all languages spoken on earth. The system was created in 1886 and was last updated in 2005. It consists of 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks."
[http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/]

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/IPA_chart_2020.svg]

name::
* McsEngl.IPA!=international-phonetic-alphabet,
* McsEngl.phoneSpch.IPA,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΦΑ!=Διεθνές-Φωνητικό-Αλφάβητο!=IPA,
* McsElln.Διεθνές-Φωνητικό-Αλφάβητο!=IPA,

addressWpg::
* Unicode-block: IPA-Extensions,
* http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/,
* http://www.ipachart.com/,
* http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-charts/ipa-symbols-with-unicode-decimal-and-hex-codes/,
* https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm,

1) front|horizontal-1-2-3 of VowlPhnm

description::
· where, in a-horizontal axis, the-sound is-produced, front or back.
* h1 = horizontal1 = front-1,
* h2 = horizontal2 = central-2,
* h3 = horizontal3 = back-3,
[hmnSngo.{2025-07-27}]

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'1-front,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'2-central,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'3-back,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'backness,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'frontness,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'horizontal-axis,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'position,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'tongue-position,

2) closed|vertical-1-2-3 of VowlPhnm

description::
· where, in a-vertical axis, the-sound is-produced, closed or opened mouth.
* v1 = vertical1 = closed,
* v2 = vertical2 = mid,
* v3 = vertical3 = opened,
[hmnSngo.{2025-07-27}]
* close-4,, (close)
* near-close, (close+),
* close-mid, (mid-)
* mid-5, (mid)
* open-mid, (mid+)
* near-open, (open-)
* open-6, (open)

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'4-closed,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'5-mid-closed,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'6-opened,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'closeness,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'hight,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'lip-openess,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'openess,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'vertical-axis,

3) round-1-2 of VowlPhnm

description::
* r1 = round1 = round,
* r2 = round2 = unround,
[hmnSngo.{2025-07-27}]
* unround-7,
* round-8,

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'7-unround,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'8-round,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'lip-roundness,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'roundness,

4) nasal-1-2 of VowlPhnm

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-03},
· if you say long time a-vowel, is becoming nasal when you have no more breath.

· n1 = nasal1 = nasal
· n2 = nasal2 = not-nasal
[hmnSngo.{2025-07-27}]

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'9-nasal,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'nasal,

5) short-1-2 of VowlPhnm

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-17},

· s1 = short1 = short
· s2 = short2 = not short
[hmnSngo.{2025-07-27}]

· English: sit, seat.
· German:
· Italian: Pesca/peska/(peach), pesca/pe6ska/(fishing).
· eg Vietnamese have this attribute:
· 5 back-unrounded: ơ|â, a|ă, (mid|short, open|short),

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'longness-shortness,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'shortness-longness,

6) aspirated-1-2 of VowlPhnm

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-06},
· like Hindi अः (aḥ) - aspirated sound

· a1 = aspirated1 = aspirated
· a2 = aspirated2 = not aspirated
[hmnSngo.{2025-07-27}]

name::
* McsEngl.aspirated-VowlPhnm,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'10-aspiration,
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'aspiration,

info-resource of VowlPhnm

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-24},

* Vowel Pronunciation Tutorial • IPA: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpR5GdKXpGc,

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'Infrsc,

evoluting of VowlPhnm

description::
× Mcsh-creation: {2025-07-29},
"Below is an outline of how vowel systems in human languages tend to evolve over time, from small, “unmarked” inventories to large, complex ones, illustrated with key processes and cross‑linguistic patterns.
---
## 1. The “Unmarked” Core: Five‑Vowel System
Many proto‑languages and modern isolates begin with a maximally stable five‑vowel inventory:
| Front | Central | Back |
| :---: | :-----: | :--: |
| i | | u |
| e | a | o |
* **Examples:** Proto‑Indo‑European, Classical Arabic, Swahili, Standard Spanish
* **Why stable?**
* **Perceptual spacing:** Maximizes acoustic distinctiveness
* **Articulatory ease:** Simple contrasts of high/low and front/back
---
## 2. Expansion: Splits, Length, and Centralization
Starting from five vowels, languages tend to **add** new contrasts via several pathways:
1. **Length distinctions**
* *e* → /e/ vs. /eː/ (e.g. Classical Greek, early Old English)
2. **Diphthongization**
* /eː/ → \[ei̯] → split into new /e/ + /i/ (e.g. Great Vowel Shift in English)
3. **Central vowel emergence**
* Schwa /ə/ appears by reduction of unstressed vowels (e.g. French, many Germanic dialects)
4. **Rounding and fronting/backing splits**
* /u/ → /ʉ/ vs. /u/ (e.g. Norwegian)
* /e/ → /e/ vs. /ø/ (e.g. Old Norse front rounded vowels)
---
## 3. Reduction: Mergers and Losses
Conversely, inventories can **shrink** or simplify by:
* **Mergers**
* Cot–caught (/ɑ/ vs. /ɔ/) merger in North American English dialects
* Pin–pen merger (/ɪ/ vs. /ɛ/) in southern U.S. dialects
* **Neutralization**
* Vowel harmony breakdown: multiple back vowels collapse to a single underspecified /ɐ/ (some dialects of Hindi)
* **Syncope and apocope**
* Loss of medial or final vowels (e.g. Latin → Spanish *pane* → *pan* \[pan])
---
## 4. Chain Shifts
A small change in one vowel often triggers a **chain reaction**:
* **Northern Cities Vowel Shift** (U.S. Great Lakes region)
* /æ/ raises toward \[ɛə], /ɛ/ lowers, /ɪ/ lowers toward \[ɛ], etc.
* **California Vowel Shift**
* Front vowels glide upward; back vowels front.
Chain shifts preserve maximal distinctiveness by moving neighboring vowels in complementary directions.
---
## 5. Areal and Typological Patterns
* **Tonal vs. Non‑tonal correlates:** Tone languages often have fewer vowel qualities but richer tone contrasts (e.g. Mandarin: 5 vowels + 4 tones).
* **Vowel harmony zones:** Uralic, Altaic, and many African families favor harmonic splits (e.g. front vs. back series).
* **Island vs. continental:** Isolated languages (e.g. Pacific islands) often preserve small inventories; contact‑rich areas (e.g. Europe) favor expansions and borrowings.
---
## 6. Phonetic Drivers of Change
* **Articulatory ease:** Tendency to centralize peripheral vowels in unstressed or rapid speech → schwa.
* **Perceptual distinctiveness:** Undershot targets in crowded vowel spaces → chain shifts to maintain contrast.
* **Sociolinguistic factors:** Prestige varieties may introduce shifts (e.g. Received Pronunciation’s trap–bath split).
---
## 7. Historical Case Studies
| Language Family | Proto‑System | Modern Reflexes |
| Indo‑European | *i, e, a, o, u* | English: 20+ vowel phonemes (length, diphthongs, schwa) |
| Bantu | *i, e, a, o, u* | Swahili: retains five; Zulu: adds /ɛ, ɔ/ by vowel harmony |
| Austronesian | *i, u, e, o, a* | Hawaiian: reduces to /i, u, ɑ/; Tagalog: adds schwa |
| Afro‑Asiatic | */i, a, u/* | Arabic: retains three; Hebrew: splits into /i, e, a, o, u/ |
---
## 8. Theoretical Perspectives
* **Feature geometry:** New vowels appear when featural space allows—e.g. \[+round, +front].
* **Optimality Theory:** Rankings shift to favor new contrasts (e.g. *MAX‑ROOT* outranks *DEP‑LONG* → length emerges).
* **Usage‑based models:** Frequency effects cause reduction in high‑frequency vowels → centralization.
---
### Summary
Evolution of vowel systems is driven by a balance between **ease of articulation**, **perceptual distinctiveness**, and **social factors**. From the prototypical five‑vowel “quintet,” languages can both elaborate (splits, length, diphthongs) and simplify (mergers, reductions), often via elegant chain shifts that preserve maximal contrast in a crowded vowel space."
[{2025-07-29 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/6888a557-5b48-8329-9ae9-9a961a1df156]
===
"The evolution of vowel phonemes is a complex process shaped by historical, linguistic, and social factors. Vowel phonemes, the distinct vowel sounds in a language, evolve through changes in pronunciation, phonemic mergers, splits, and shifts influenced by phonetic environments, language contact, and internal linguistic dynamics. Below is a concise overview of how vowel phonemes evolve, with examples grounded in linguistic history.
### 1. **Phonetic Changes and Sound Shifts**
Vowel phonemes often change through systematic shifts in articulation, such as tongue position (height, frontness/backness) or lip rounding. These shifts can affect entire vowel systems.
- **Great Vowel Shift (English, 14th–17th centuries)**: In Middle English, long vowels underwent a dramatic shift. For example, /iː/ in *bite* shifted from [iː] to [aɪ], and /uː/ in *house* from [uː] to [aʊ]. This chain shift raised high vowels and diphthongized mid vowels, reshaping the English vowel system.
- **Chain Shifts**: Vowels often shift in coordinated patterns. In a *push chain*, a vowel moves into the space of another, pushing it elsewhere (e.g., in some Germanic languages, /a/ → /æ/ pushed /æ/ → /e/). In a *pull chain*, a vowel vacates a space, allowing others to fill it.
### 2. **Mergers and Splits**
Vowel phonemes can merge (two sounds become one) or split (one sound diverges into two), altering the phonemic inventory.
- **Mergers**: In some American English dialects, the *cot-caught merger* collapsed /ɑ/ (as in *cot*) and /ɔ/ (as in *caught*) into a single phoneme, reducing the vowel inventory. This is common in Western U.S. dialects.
- **Splits**: The *bad-lad split* in Australian English distinguishes /æ/ in *bad* (lengthened to [æː]) from /æ/ in *lad* ([æ]). Splits often arise from phonetic conditioning, like vowel length or adjacent consonants.
### 3. **Phonetic Conditioning and Allophonic Variation**
Vowel phonemes evolve when allophones (variant pronunciations) become phonemic due to changes in context.
- **Umlaut**: In Germanic languages, vowels shifted due to influence from neighboring sounds. For example, in Old English, *mus* (“mouse”) became *mys* (modern *mice*) because a plural suffix *-i* fronted the vowel /u/ to /y/. Over time, this created new phonemes.
- **Vowel Harmony**: In languages like Turkish or Hungarian, vowels harmonize in features like frontness or rounding, which can lead to new phonemic distinctions as harmony rules change or weaken.
### 4. **Language Contact and Borrowing**
Contact with other languages can introduce or modify vowel phonemes.
- **Norman Influence on English**: After the Norman Conquest (1066), French loanwords introduced nasal vowels (e.g., in *vin* “wine”) to Middle English, though these later merged with oral vowels.
- **Colonial Influence**: In languages like Hindi, contact with English has led to the adoption of new vowel distinctions in loanwords, though these are often adapted to fit native phonology.
### 5. **Vowel Reduction and Loss**
Vowels often weaken or disappear in unstressed syllables, reshaping phoneme systems.
- **Schwa Development**: In many languages, unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/ (schwa). In English, this is evident in words like *about* ([əˈbaʊt]). Over time, reduction can eliminate phonemic distinctions in unstressed positions.
- **Vowel Elision**: In some Romance languages, like French, unstressed vowels were lost entirely, simplifying the vowel system compared to Latin.
### 6. **Typological Patterns**
Languages tend to maintain balanced vowel systems, often with 5–7 vowels (e.g., /i, e, a, o, u/), as seen in Spanish or Japanese. Systems with more or fewer vowels evolve through mergers, splits, or shifts to maintain symmetry and contrast.
- **Small Inventories**: Languages like Arabic (3 vowels: /i, a, u/) maintain minimal systems, but length or quality distinctions add complexity.
- **Large Inventories**: Languages like Danish or French have complex vowel systems with nasal, rounded, or front/back distinctions, often from historical splits or borrowings.
### 7. **Social and Regional Factors**
Vowel phonemes evolve differently across dialects due to social factors like migration or prestige forms.
- **Northern Cities Vowel Shift**: In U.S. cities like Chicago, vowels like /æ/ (as in *cat*) raised to [ɛə], while /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ shifted, driven by urban social dynamics.
- **Standardization**: Prestige dialects, like Received Pronunciation in English, can stabilize certain vowel phonemes while marginalizing others.
### Examples Across Language Families
- **Indo-European**: Proto-Indo-European had a simple vowel system (/e, o, a/) that expanded in daughter languages like Latin or Greek through diphthongization and lengthening.
- **Bantu Languages**: Vowel systems often reduced from 7 to 5 vowels due to mergers, as in Swahili.
- **Sino-Tibetan**: Mandarin Chinese developed tone-vowel interactions, where pitch contours became phonemic, influencing vowel perception.
### Sources and Methodology
This overview draws from general linguistic knowledge, including historical phonology and comparative linguistics. For deeper analysis, I could search X or the web for specific studies or dialect data, or analyze user-uploaded texts for vowel patterns. Let me know if you want me to pursue these options or focus on a specific language or time period!"
[{2025-07-29 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok?conversation=1950147588193153302]

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm'evoluting,

VowlPhnm.SPECIFIC

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-10},

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio,

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.specific,

VowlPhnm.aggregate

name::
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.aggregate,

VowlPhnm./a/-(26-central-open)

description::
"The open front unrounded vowel, or low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. It is one of the eight primary cardinal vowels, not directly intended to correspond to a vowel sound of a specific language but rather to serve as a fundamental reference point in a phonetic measuring system.[2]
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨a⟩, and in the IPA vowel chart it is positioned at the lower-left corner. However, the accuracy of the quadrilateral vowel chart is disputed, and the sound has been analyzed acoustically as extra-open at a position where the front/back distinction has lost its significance. There are also differing interpretations of the exact quality of the vowel: the classic sound recording of [a] by Daniel Jones is slightly more front but not quite as open as that by John Wells.[3]
In practice, it is considered normal by many phoneticians to use the symbol ⟨a⟩ for an open central unrounded vowel and instead approximate the open front unrounded vowel with ⟨æ⟩ (which officially signifies a near-open front unrounded vowel).[4] This is the usual practice, for example, in the historical study of the English language. The loss of separate symbols for open and near-open front vowels is usually considered unproblematic, because the perceptual difference between the two is quite small, and very few languages contrast the two. If there is a need to specify the backness of the vowel as fully front one can use the symbol ⟨æ̞⟩, which denotes a lowered near-open front unrounded vowel.
The Hamont dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels.[5] This is extremely unusual."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel]

name::
* McsEngl./v26/-/a/-(central-open),
* McsEngl./a/-(26-central-open),
* McsEngl.SpchLago'a-(26-central-open),
* McsEngl.SpchLago-open-vowel,
* McsEngl.phoneme./a/-(26-central-open),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./a/-(26-central-open),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.central-open-a,

VowlPhnm./a5/-(mid)-[ə]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-05},
· IPA /ə/ unstressed central vowel.
· mid open than /a/.

name::
* McsEngl./v25/-/a5/-(cental-mid)-[ə],
* McsEngl./a5/-(a-mid)-[ə],
* McsEngl.[ə]-/a5/-(a-mid),
* McsEngl.phoneme./a5/-(mid)-[ə],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./a5/-(mid)-[ə],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.[ə]-/a5/-(mid),

VowlPhnm./a1/-(front)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-05},
· more front than /a/.
· ipa/æ/

name::
* McsEngl./a1/-(a-front),
* McsEngl./a6/!⇒/a1/-(a-front),
* McsEngl.phoneme./a1/-(front),
* McsEngl.phoneme.[æ]!⇒/a1/-(front),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./a1/-(front),

VowlPhnm./a9/-(nasal)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-03},
· nasal /a/ like Hindi अं (aṃ) - nasal sound.

name::
* McsEngl./a9/-(a-nasal),
* McsEngl.phoneme./a9/-(nasal),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.a9-(nasal),

VowlPhnm./a10/-(aspirated)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-06},
· aspirated /a/ like Hindi अः (aḥ) - aspirated sound

name::
* McsEngl./a10/-(aspirated),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./a10/-(aspirated),
* McsEngl.phoneme./a10/-(aspirated),

VowlPhnm./a0/-(short)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-12},

· like Vietnamese.

name::
* McsEngl./a0/-(a-short),
* McsEngl.phoneme./a0/-(short),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./a0/-(short),

VowlPhnm./aa/-(long)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-23},

· German uses long-short vowels.

name::
* McsEngl./aa/-a-(long),
* McsEngl.phoneme./aa/-(long),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./aa/-(long),

VowlPhnm./e/-(15-front-mid)

description::
"The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel]

name::
* McsEngl./v14/-/e/-(front-mid),
* McsEngl./e/-(15-front-mid),
* McsEngl.SpchLago'e-(15-front-mid),
* McsEngl.SpchLago-front-openMid-vowel,
* McsEngl.phoneme./e/-(15-front-mid),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./e/-(15-front-mid),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.front-mid-e,

VowlPhnm./ee/-(long)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-23},

·

name::
* McsEngl./ee/-e-(long),
* McsEngl.phoneme./ee/-(long),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./ee/-(long),

VowlPhnm./e6/-(open)-[ɛ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-17},

· Italian open e.

name::
* McsEngl./e6/-(open)-[ɛ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./e6/-(open)-[ɛ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ɛ]-/e6/-(open),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./e6/-(open)-[ɛ],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.[ɛ]-/e6/-(open),

VowlPhnm./e8/-(round)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-23},

· German has e-round.

name::
* McsEngl./e8/-(round),
* McsEngl.phoneme./e8/-(round),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./e8/-(round),

VowlPhnm./e9/-(nasal)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-03},


· _stxFrac: pain/pe9/(bread)

name::
* McsEngl./e9/-(nasal),
* McsEngl.phoneme./e9/-(nasal),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./e9/-(nasal),

VowlPhnm./i/-(14-front-closed)

description::
"The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English.[2] Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as /iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound.[3] A pure [i] sound is also heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.
The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant [j]. The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [i̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [j] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit), and /iː/ is more commonly represented by ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ei⟩, as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift). Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel]

name::
* McsEngl./v14/-/i/-(front-closed),
* McsEngl./i/-(14-front-closed),
* McsEngl.SpchLago'i-(14-front-closed),
* McsEngl.SpchLago-openNo-frontNo-vowel,
* McsEngl.phoneme./i/-(14-front-closed),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./i/-(14-front-closed),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.front-closed-i,

VowlPhnm./ii/-(long)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-23},

· German has long-short vowels.

name::
* McsEngl./ii/-(long),
* McsEngl.phoneme./ii/-(long),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./ii/-(long),

VowlPhnm./i2/-(central)-[ɨ]

description::
× Mcsh-creation: {2025-07-26},
· [ɨ] char.616,
· Romanian with letters Â, Î.

name::
* McsEngl./i2/-(central)-[ɨ],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./i2/-(central)-[ɨ],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.[ɨ]-/i2/-(central),
* McsEngl.phoneme./i2/-(central)-[ɨ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ɨ]-/i2/-(central),

VowlPhnm./i3/-(back)

description::
· back (short) /i/, old i2. {2025-02-17}

name::
* McsEngl./i3/-(back),
* McsEngl./i2/old!⇒/i3/-(back),
* McsEngl.phoneme./i2/old!⇒/i3/-(back),
* McsEngl.phoneme./i3/-(back),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./i3/-(back),

VowlPhnm./i8/-(round)-[ʏ]

description::
· round lips /i/ (old i3) {2025-02-17}

name::
* McsEngl./i8/-[ʏ]-(round),
* McsEngl./i3/old!⇒/i8/-[ʏ]-(round),
* McsEngl.phoneme./i3/old!⇒/i8/-[ʏ]-(round),
* McsEngl.phoneme./i8/-[ʏ]-(round),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./i8/-[ʏ]-(round),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.[ʏ]-/i8/-(round),

VowlPhnm./o/-(35-back-mid)

description::
"The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.
For the close-mid back rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʊ⟩ or ⟨u⟩, see near-close back rounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨o⟩, the vowel is listed here."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel]

name::
* McsEngl./v35/-/o/-(back-mid),
* McsEngl./o/-(35-back-mid),
* McsEngl.SpchLago-o,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-openMid-front-vowel,
* McsEngl.phoneme./o/-(35-back-mid),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./o/-(35-back-mid),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.openMid-front,

VowlPhnm./oo/-(long)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-23},

· German has long-short vowels.

name::
* McsEngl./oo/-o-(long),
* McsEngl.phoneme./oo/-(long),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./oo/-(long),

VowlPhnm./o6/-(open)-[ɔ]

description::
× Mcsh-creation: {2025-07-27},
· o more open (mid+)

name::
* McsEngl./o6/-(open)-[ɔ],
* McsEngl.[ɔ]-/o6/-(open),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./o6/-(open)-[ɔ],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.[ɔ]-/o6/-(open),
* McsEngl.phoneme./o6/-(open)-[ɔ],

VowlPhnm./o8/-(round)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-03},

·

name::
* McsEngl./o8/-(round),
* McsEngl.phoneme./o8/-(round),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./o8/-(round),

VowlPhnm./u/-(34-back-close)

description::
"The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.
In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').
The close back rounded vowel is almost identical featurally to the labio-velar approximant [w]. [u] alternates with [w] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [u̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [w] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel]

name::
* McsEngl./v34/-/u/-(back-close),
* McsEngl./u/-(34-back-close),
* McsEngl.SpchLago'u,
* McsEngl.phoneme./u/-(34-back-close),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./u/-(34-back-close),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.openNo-front,

VowlPhnm./uu/-(long)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-23},

· German has long-short vowels.

name::
* McsEngl./uu/-u-(long),
* McsEngl.phoneme./uu/-(long),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./uu/-(long),

VowlPhnm./u7/-(unround)-[ɤ̞]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-10},

· near unround [u].
· Bulgarian.

name::
* McsEngl./u7/-(unround)-[ɤ̞],
* McsEngl.[ɤ̞]-/u7/-(unround),
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm./u7/-(unround)-[ɤ̞],
* McsEngl.VowlPhnm.[ɤ̞]-/u7/-(unround),
* McsEngl.phoneme./u7/-(unround)-[ɤ̞],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ɤ̞]-/u7/-(unround),

airstream of ConsPhnm

description::
* pulmonic,
* pulmonicNo,

"Pulmonic Consonants: The Breath-Powered Sounds of Speech
Pulmonic consonants are the foundational sounds of most of the world's languages, produced by the outward flow of air from the lungs. The term "pulmonic" itself is derived from the Latin word pulmo, meaning lung. These consonants are formed when the stream of air, or the airstream, is initiated by the lungs and then obstructed or modified at some point in the vocal tract.
The vast majority of consonants in English and other major world languages are pulmonic. In fact, many languages exclusively use pulmonic consonants for their entire consonant inventory. These sounds are contrasted with non-pulmonic consonants, which utilize different airstream mechanisms, such as the clicks found in some African languages, ejectives, and implosives.
The production of a pulmonic consonant involves a complex interplay of several articulatory features:
Airstream Mechanism: The process begins with the lungs pushing air out, a process known as a pulmonic egressive airstream.
Place of Articulation: This refers to the point in the vocal tract where the airflow is constricted. This can range from the lips (bilabial sounds like /p/ and /b/) to the back of the throat (glottal sounds like /h/). Other places of articulation include the teeth (dental), the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth (alveolar), the hard palate (palatal), and the soft palate or velum (velar).
Manner of Articulation: This describes how the airflow is modified. It can be completely stopped and then released (plosives or stops like /t/ and /d/), forced through a narrow channel (fricatives like /f/ and /s/), or diverted through the nasal cavity (nasals like /m/ and /n/). Other manners include approximants, laterals, and affricates.
Phonation: This refers to the state of the vocal cords during the articulation of the sound. If the vocal cords vibrate, the sound is "voiced" (e.g., /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/). If they do not vibrate, the sound is "voiceless" (e.g., /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/).
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) provides a comprehensive chart of all known pulmonic consonants, systematically organizing them by their place and manner of articulation, as well as their voicing. This chart is an essential tool for linguists, phoneticians, and speech-language pathologists in analyzing and transcribing the sounds of human language."
[{2025-07-27 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/cf5725c64ecc5d49]

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm'airstream,

place-of-articulation of ConsPhnm

description::
"Places of articulation (active and passive)
1. Exo-labial (outer part of lip)
2. Endo-labial (inner part of lip)
3. Dental (teeth)
4. Alveolar (front part of alveolar ridge)
5. Post-alveolar (rear part of alveolar ridge & slightly behind it)
6. Pre-palatal (front part of hard palate that arches upward)
7. Palatal (hard palate)
8. Velar (soft palate)
9. Uvular (a.k.a. Post-velar; uvula)
10. Pharyngeal (pharyngeal wall)
11. Glottal (a.k.a. Laryngeal; vocal folds)
12. Epiglottal (epiglottis)
13. Radical (tongue root)
14. Postero-dorsal (back of tongue body)
15. Antero-dorsal (front of tongue body)
16. Laminal (tongue blade)
17. Apical (apex or tongue tip)
18. Sub-laminal (a.k.a. Sub-apical; underside of tongue)
Notes:
- Some phoneticians may define terms slightly differently and may include more or less distinctions (e.g. Post-velar could be an area between Velar and Uvular; or Exo-labial and Endo-labial could be subsumed under Labial). The scheme used above is from Catford (1977).
- Pharyngeal can usefully be divided into different regions.
- The term Retroflex is better thought of as a particular combination of a sublaminal/apical active articulator and a alveolar/postalveolar/prepalatal/palatal passive region.
- Radical is often considered to be both the upper tongue root (#13) and the lower tongue root including the epiglottis (#12)."
[{2022-08-27 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Places_of_articulation.svg]
* Labial,
* Coronal,
* Dorsal,
* Laryngeal,
===
* Bi­labial,
* Labio­dental,
* Linguo­labial,
* Dental,
* Alveolar,
* Post­alveolar,
* Retro­flex,
* Palatal,
* Velar,
* Uvular,
* Pharyngeal/epiglottal
* Glottal,

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm'place-of-articulation,

mode-of-articulation of ConsPhnm

description::
* nasal,
* stop,
* sibilant-fricative,
* non-sibilant-fricative,
* approximant,
* tap/flap,
* trill,
* lateral fricative,
* lateral approximant,
* lateral tap/flap,

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm'manner,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm'mode,

voiceness of ConsPhnm

description::
· many languages use this antithesis to create consonants.
* voicedNo:voiced,
* /f:v/, /th:dh/, /t:d/, /s:z/, /c:j/, /k:g/, /h:y/,

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm'voiceness,
* McsEngl.voiceness-of-ConsPhnm,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.άηχο-ηχηρό-σύμφωνοΠρφκ,
* McsElln.ηχηρό-άηχο-σύμφωνοΠρφκ,
* McsElln.σύμφωνοΠρφκ.άηχο-ηχηρό,
* McsElln.σύμφωνοΠρφκ.ηχηρό-άηχο,

aspiration of ConsPhnm

description::
· Chinese-family-languages use this antithesis to create consonants.
* /p:pʰ/, /k:kʰ/, /t:tʰ/, /c:cʰ/, /C:Cʰ/, /cc:ccʰ/,
"Ancient Greek, including the Classical Attic and Koine Greek dialects, had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These series were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα (psilá, daséa, mésa) "smooth, rough, intermediate", respectively, by Koine Greek grammarians."
[{2022-08-25 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant#Greek]
* /p pʰ b/
* /t tʰ d/
* /k kʰ g/

"Aspiration in the Chinese language refers to the puff of air that accompanies the pronunciation of certain consonants, particularly the voiceless stops p, t, k, c, and ch. This aspiration is a key feature in distinguishing between different sounds and words in Chinese.
For example, the word "pā" (to climb) is aspirated, while "bā" (eight) is not. This difference in aspiration is crucial for understanding the meaning of these words.
Here are some resources where you can learn more about aspiration in Chinese:
* **Chinese Aspirated Sounds: Basics & Examples | Vaia:** [https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/chinese/chinese-grammar/chinese-aspirated-sounds/](https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/chinese/chinese-grammar/chinese-aspirated-sounds/)
* **Cambridge Dictionary - Aspiration:** [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-chinese-simplified/aspiration](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-chinese-simplified/aspiration)
If you have any other questions, feel free to ask."
[{2024-07-17 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/aa7895aeb31641e4]

name::
* McsEngl.aspiration-of-ConsPhnm,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm'aspiration,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δασύτητα-συμφώνουΠρφκ!=aspiration,
* McsElln.σύμφωνοΠρφκ'δασύτητα!=aspiration,

ConsPhnm.SPECIFIC

description::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio,
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_consonants,

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.specific,

ConsPhnm.aggregate

description::
"Πόσα φωνήεντα βρίσκουμε στις γλώσσες του κόσμου; Το λιγότερο τρία και το περισσότερο είκοσι τέσσερα. Το πιο συχνό είναι να έχει μια γλώσσα γύρω στα πέντε φωνήεντα και το πιο κοινό φωνήεν είναι το [a]. Τα σύμφωνα όμως (οι φθόγγοι που παράγονται από τη συνάντηση του αέρα που ξεκινάει από τα πνευμόνια με διάφορα «εμπόδια» στο φωνητικό κανάλι) είναι περισσότερα.

Όπως λέγαμε νωρίτερα, στις γλώσσες του κόσμου , βρίσκουμε περίπου εξακόσια είδη συμφώνων. Στις δέκα πιο ομιλούμενες (με τους περισσότερους ομιλητές, δηλαδή) γλώσσες του κόσμου βρίσκουμε περίπου εκατό είδη συμφώνων. Αυτό δεν σημαίνει ότι η καθεμιά τους έχει εκατό σύμφωνα. Το πιο συνηθισμένο είναι να έχει γύρω στις δύο δεκάδες. Και τα πιο συχνά σύμφωνα είναι το [p], το [t] και το [k]. Αυτό δεν είναι παράξενο. Το [p] σχηματίζεται από την κίνηση των χειλιών - είναι διχειλικό, όπως λέγαμε· το [t] από την επαφή της άκρης της γλώσσας με τα δόντια - είναι οδοντικό· το [k] από την κίνηση του πίσω μέρους της γλώσσας προς το μαλακό τμήμα του ουρανίσκου, την υπερώα - είναι υπερωικό. Αυτές οι κινήσεις είναι οι πιο εύκολες για την άρθρωση συμφωνικών φθόγγων. Γι' αυτό και τα σύμφωνα αυτά είναι τα πιο συχνά στις γλώσσες του κόσμου. "
[{2022-04-16 retrieved} https://www.greek-language.gr/Resources/ancient_greek/history/ag_history/browse.html?start=23]

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.aggregate,

ConsPhnm.sd.voiceness

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.specs-div.voiceness,

ConsPhnm.sd.place

description::
* Labial,
* Coronal,
* Dorsal,
* Laryngeal,
===
* Bi­labial,
* Labio­dental,
* Linguo­labial,
* Dental,
* Alveolar,
* Post­alveolar,
* Retro­flex,
* Palatal,
* Velar,
* Uvular,
* Pharyngeal/epiglottal
* Glottal,

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.specs-div.place,

ConsPhnm.sd.mode

description::
* nasal,
* stop,
* sibilant-fricative,
* non-sibilant-fricative,
* approximant,
* tap/flap,
* trill,
* lateral fricative,
* lateral approximant,
* lateral tap/flap,

name::
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.specs-div.mode,

ConsPhnm./p/

description::
· example: pin,
· Greek: π,
· pinyin: b,
"The voiceless bilabial stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop]

name::
* McsEngl./p/-Pin-(pinyin'b),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./p/!⇒phoneme.p,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-p!⇒phoneme.p,
* McsEngl.phoneme./p/,

ConsPhnm./b/

description::
· example: bubble,
· Greek: μπ,
· GreekAncient: Β,
"The voiced bilabial stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨b⟩ in obey."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop]

name::
* McsEngl./b/-Bubble,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./b/!⇒phoneme.b,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-b!⇒phoneme.b,
* McsEngl.phoneme./b/,

ConsPhnm./f/

description::
· example: five,
"The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./f/-Five,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./f/!⇒phoneme.f,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-f!⇒phoneme.f,
* McsEngl.phoneme./f/,

ConsPhnm./v/

description::
· example: vine,
"The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers, but cross-linguistically it is a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. Moreover, Most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia. Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound tend to pronounce it as [b] (Korean and Japanese), or [f]/[w] (Cantonese and Mandarin), thus failing to distinguish a number of English minimal pairs.[citation needed]
In certain languages, such as Danish, Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./v/-Vine,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./v/!⇒phoneme.v,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-v!⇒phoneme.v,
* McsEngl.phoneme./v/,

ConsPhnm./th/-[θ]

description::
· example: thanks,
· Greek: θ,
· char.952'θ'
"The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in thing. Though rather rare as a phoneme in the world's inventory of languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential (see below). The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨θ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta".
The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.
This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages. Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English, various dialects of Arabic, Standard European Spanish, Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), Burmese, and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative.[citation needed] Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative (/s/) (as in Indonesian), voiceless dental stop (/t/), or a voiceless labiodental fricative (/f/); known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting.
The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots, English, Elfdalian, and Icelandic, but it is alveolar in the last of these. Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages, Castilian Spanish, Venetian, Albanian, few Occitan dialects and Greek. It has likewise disappeared from many Semitic languages, such as Hebrew (excluding Yemenite Hebrew) and many modern varieties of Arabic (excluding Tunisian, Mesopotamian Arabic and various dialects in the Arabian Peninsula which still include it)."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./th/-[θ]-THanks,
* McsEngl.[θ]-/th/-THanks,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./th/!⇒phoneme.th-[θ],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-th!⇒phoneme.th-[θ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./th/-[θ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.θ!⇒phoneme.th-[θ],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-θ!⇒phoneme.th-[θ],

ConsPhnm./dh/-[ð]

description::
· example: this,
· Greek: δ,
· char.948'δ' char.240'ð'
"The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers, as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or [ð] and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced interdental non-sibilant fricative.
The letter ⟨ð⟩ is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative,[1] but the approximant is more clearly written with the lowering diacritic: ⟨ð̞⟩. Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include ⟨ʋ̠⟩ (retracted [ʋ]), ⟨ɹ̟⟩ (advanced [ɹ]) and ⟨ɹ̪⟩ (dentalized [ɹ]). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨ð⟩ or reversed ⟨ð⟩ be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage this has not gained general acceptance. Dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in English), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.
This sound and its unvoiced counterpart are rare phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as German, French, Persian, Japanese, and Mandarin, lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant [z], a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop [d], or a voiced labiodental fricative [v]; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages as Gascon, Welsh, English, Icelandic, Elfdalian, Kven, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Skolt Sami, Ume Sami, Mari, Greek, Albanian, Sardinian, some dialects of Basque and most speakers of Spanish have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones.
Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Turoyo, Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, as well as in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./dh/-[ð]-THis,
* McsEngl.[ð]-/dh/-THis,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./dh/!⇒phoneme.dh-[ð],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-dh!⇒phoneme.dh-[ð],
* McsEngl.phoneme./dh/-[ð],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.δ!⇒phoneme.dh-[ð],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-δ!⇒phoneme.dh-[ð],

ConsPhnm./t/

description::
· example: tip,
· Greek: τ,
· pinyin: d,
"The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically; the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (except for Niʻihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop [k] for loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops]

name::
* McsEngl./t/-Tip-(pinyin'd),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./t/!⇒phoneme.t,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-t!⇒phoneme.t,
* McsEngl.phoneme./t/,

ConsPhnm./d/

description::
· example: dad,
· Greek: ντ,
· GreekAncient: Δ,
"The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops]

name::
* McsEngl./d/-Dad,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./d/!⇒phoneme.d,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-d!⇒phoneme.d,
* McsEngl.phoneme./d/,

ConsPhnm./s/

description::
· example: sit,
· Greek: σ,ς,
"The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as sea and pass, and is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨s⟩. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as sssst! or psssst!.
The voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have [s].[2] However, some languages have a related sibilant sound, such as [ʃ], but no [s]. In addition, sibilants are absent from Australian Aboriginal languages, in which fricatives are rare; even the few indigenous Australian languages that have developed fricatives do not have sibilants.[citation needed]
The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant (commonly termed the voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant) is a fricative that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, usually with the tip of the tongue (apex) against the alveolar ridge. It is a sibilant sound and is found most notably in a number of languages in a linguistic area covering northern and central Iberia. It is most well known from its occurrence in the Spanish of this area. In the Middle Ages, it occurred in a wider area, covering Romance languages spoken throughout France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as Old High German and Middle High German."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant]

name::
* McsEngl./s/-Sit,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./s/!⇒phoneme.s,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-s!⇒phoneme.s,
* McsEngl.phoneme./s/,

ConsPhnm./z/

description::
· example: zed,
· Greek: ζ,
"The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant]

name::
* McsEngl./z/-Zed,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./z/!⇒phoneme.z,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-z!⇒phoneme.z,
* McsEngl.phoneme./z/,

ConsPhnm./c/-[ts]

description::
· example: tsunami,
· Greek: τσ,
· pinyin: z,
"A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type and has an abrupt hissing sound, as the ts in English cats.
The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. It is found e.g. in Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.
The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.
The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] is found in certain languages, such as Cherokee, Icelandic and Nahuatl."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate]

name::
* McsEngl./c/-[ts]-TSunami-(pinyin'z),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./c/-[ts]!⇒phoneme.c,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-c-[ts]!⇒phoneme.c,
* McsEngl.phoneme./c/-[ts],

ConsPhnm./j/-[dz]

description::
· example: lads,
· Greek: τζ, ντζ,
"The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩)."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate]

name::
* McsEngl./j/-[dz]-laDS,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./j/-[dz]!⇒phoneme.j,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-j-[dz]!⇒phoneme.j,
* McsEngl.phoneme./j/-[dz],

ConsPhnm./k/

description::
· example: kit,
· pinyin: g,
"The voiceless velar stop or voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.
The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar stop, e.g. Tahitian.
Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar stop,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless palatal stop.
Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar stop,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless uvular stop."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop]

name::
* McsEngl./k/-Kit-(pinyin'g),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./k/!⇒phoneme.k,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-k!⇒phoneme.k,
* McsEngl.phoneme./k/,

ConsPhnm./g/

description::
· example: gun,
· Greek: γκ, γγ,
· GreekAncient: γ,
"The voiced velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages.
Some languages have the voiced pre-velar stop, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiced palatal stop.
Conversely, some languages have the voiced post-velar stop, which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiced uvular stop."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop]

name::
* McsEngl./g/-Gun,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./g/!⇒phoneme.g,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-g!⇒phoneme.g,
* McsEngl.phoneme./g/,

ConsPhnm./h/

description::
· example: hear,
· Greek: χ,
"The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate,[1][2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h, although [h] has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:
[h and ɦ] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract […] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. […] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard h and ɦ as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for h, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.[3]
Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[4]"
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./h/-Hear,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./h/!⇒phoneme.h,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-h!⇒phoneme.h,
* McsEngl.phoneme./h/,

ConsPhnm./y/-[j|γ]

description::
· example: yes,
· Greek: γ,
· char.121'y' char.947'γ'
"The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but it existed in Old English {Baker, 2012, P. 15}.[full citation needed] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[1] use for the voiced velar fricative.
The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ], though there can be stylistic reasons to not use it in phonetic transcription.
There is also a voiced post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For voiced pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiced palatal fricative."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./y/-[j|γ]-Yes,
* McsEngl.[j|γ]-/y/-Yes,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./y/!⇒phoneme.y-[j|γ],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-y!⇒phoneme.y-[j|γ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./y/-[j|γ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.γ!⇒phoneme.y-[j|γ],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-y!⇒phoneme.y-[j|γ],
* McsEngl.SpchLago-γ!⇒phoneme.y-[j|γ],

ConsPhnm./m/

description::
· example: man,
· voiced bilabial nasal [m]

name::
* McsEngl./m/-Man,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./m/!⇒phoneme.m,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-m!⇒phoneme.m,
* McsEngl.phoneme./m/,

ConsPhnm./n/

description::
· example: net,
· voiced alveolar nasal [n]

name::
* McsEngl./n/-Net,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./n/!⇒phoneme.n,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-n!⇒phoneme.n,
* McsEngl.phoneme./n/,

ConsPhnm./r/

description::
· example: ring,
· Greek: ρ,
"The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ⟨ɹ⟩, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
There is no separate symbol for the dental approximant (as in Spanish nada) in the International Phonetic Alphabet, which most scholars transcribe with the symbol for a voiced dental fricative, ⟨ð⟩.
The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ⟨ɹ̠⟩, but ⟨ɹ⟩ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol ⟨r⟩ even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants]

name::
* McsEngl./r/-Ring,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./r/!⇒phoneme.r,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-r!⇒phoneme.r,
* McsEngl.phoneme./r/,

ConsPhnm./l/

description::
· example: love,
· Greek: λ,
"The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/ are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ].
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.[1] Some languages have only clear l.[2] Others may not have a clear l at all, or only before front vowels (especially [i])."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants]

name::
* McsEngl./l/-Love,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./l/!⇒phoneme.l,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-l!⇒phoneme.l,
* McsEngl.phoneme./l/,

ConsPhnm./ng/-[ŋ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-25},

· velar nasal.
· pinyin (ng).

name::
* McsEngl./ng/-[ŋ],
* McsEngl.[ŋ]-/ng/,
* McsEngl.phoneme./ng/-[ŋ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ŋ]-/ng/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./ng/-[ŋ],

ConsPhnm./ss/-(long /s/)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-01},

· long /s/.

name::
* McsEngl./ss/-(long /s/),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./ss/-(long /s/),
* McsEngl.phoneme./ss/-(long /s/),

ConsPhnm./C/-[tʃ]

description::
· /c/-strong.
· example: chip,
· pinyin: zh,
· char.116't' char.643'ʃ'
"The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ⟩ or ⟨tʃ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ⟩). The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese etc.)."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate]

name::
* McsEngl./C/-[tʃ]-CHip-(pinyin'zh),
* McsEngl.[tʃ]-/C/-CHip-(pinyin'zh),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./C/!⇒phoneme.C,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-C!⇒phoneme.C,
* McsEngl.phoneme./C/, {2022-03-04},

ConsPhnm./H/-[x]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-25},

· strong /h/. German Bach (brook).

name::
* McsEngl./H/-[x]-strong-/h/,
* McsEngl.[x]-/H/,
* McsEngl.phoneme./H/-[x],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[x]-/H/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./H/-[x],

ConsPhnm./J/-[dʒ]

description::
· /j/-strong.
· example: jam,
· char.100'd' char.658'ʒ'
"The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate]

name::
* McsEngl./J/-[dʒ]-Jam,
* McsEngl[dʒ]-./J/-Jam,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./J/!⇒phoneme.J,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-J!⇒phoneme.J,
* McsEngl.phoneme./J/-[dʒ], {2022-03-04},
* McsEngl.phoneme.[dʒ]-/J/,

ConsPhnm./L/-[ɫ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-15},
· strong /l/, albanian ⟨ll⟩.

name::
* McsEngl./L/-[ɫ]-strong-/l/,
* McsEngl.[ɫ]-/L/-strong-/l/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./L/-[ɫ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./L/-[ɫ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ɫ]-/L/,

ConsPhnm./S/-[ʃ]

description::
· /s/-strong,
· example: sure,
· char.643'ʃ'
"Voiceless fricatives produced in the postalveolar region include the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ], the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠̊˔], the voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ], and the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative [ɕ]. This article discusses the first two."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./S/-[ʃ]-Sure,
* McsEngl.[ʃ]-/S/-Sure,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./S/-[ʃ]!⇒phoneme.S,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-S!⇒phoneme.S,
* McsEngl.phoneme./S/-[ʃ], {2022-03-04},
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ʃ]-/S/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.ʃ!⇒phoneme.S,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-ʃ!⇒phoneme.S,

ConsPhnm./Z/-[ʒ]

description::
· /z/-strong.
· example: treasure,
· char.658'ʒ'
"Voiced fricatives produced in the postalveolar region include the voiced palato-alveolar fricative [ʒ], the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔], the voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ], and the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ]. This article discusses the first two."
[{2019-08-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative]

name::
* McsEngl./Z/-[ʒ]-treaSure-strong-/z/,
* McsEngl.[ʒ]-/Z/-treaSure,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./Z/-[ʒ]!⇒phoneme.Z,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-Z!⇒phoneme.Z,
* McsEngl.phoneme./Z/-[ʒ], {2022-03-04},
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ʒ]-/Z/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm.ʒ!⇒phoneme.Z,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-ʒ!⇒phoneme.Z,

ConsPhnm./sj/-(si)-[ɕ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-01},

· consume/consjúm/,
· sja, sjo, sju,
· Montenegrin.

name::
* McsEngl./sj/-(si)-[ɕ],
* McsEngl.[ɕ]-/sj/-(si),
* McsEngl./ss/!⇒/sj/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./sj/-[ɕ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./sj/-[ɕ],

ConsPhnm./zj/-(zi)-[ʑ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-01},

· zja, zjo, zju,

name::
* McsEngl./zj/-(zi)-[ʑ],
* McsEngl.[ʑ]-/zj/-(zi),
* McsEngl./zz/!⇒/zj/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./zj/-[ʑ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./zj/-[ʑ],

ConsPhnm./cj/-(ci)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-01},

· cja, cjo, cju,

name::
* McsEngl./cj/-(ci),
* McsEngl./cc/!=/cj/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./cj/,
* McsEngl.phoneme./cj/,

ConsPhnm./jj/-(ji)

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-01},

· jja, jjo, jju,

name::
* McsEngl./jj/-(ji),
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./jj/,
* McsEngl.phoneme./jj/,

ConsPhnm./kj/-(ki)

description::
· IPA [c].
· kja, kjo, kju,

name::
* McsEngl./kj/-(ki)-cute,
* McsEngl./kk/!⇒/kj/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./kk/!⇒phoneme.kj,
* McsEngl.phoneme./kj/(ki),
* McsEngl.phoneme.[c]!⇒/kj/(ki),

ConsPhnm./gj/-(gi)-[ɟ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-01},
· gja, gjo, gju,
· ipa/ɟ/

name::
* McsEngl./gj/-(gi)-[ɟ],
* McsEngl./gg/!⇒/gj/-[ɟ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./gj/-[ɟ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./gj/-[ɟ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ɟ]!⇒/gj/,

ConsPhnm./hj/-(hi)-[ç]

description::
· hja, hjo, hju,
· example: huge /hjuj/.

name::
* McsEngl./hj/-(hi)-[ç]-Huge,
* McsEngl./hh/!⇒/hj/,
* McsEngl.[ç]-/hj/-Huge,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./hj/!⇒phoneme.hj,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-hj!⇒phoneme.hj,
* McsEngl.phoneme./hj/-[ç],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ç]-/hj/,

ConsPhnm./yj/-(yi)

description::
· yja, yjo, yju,
· _stxEngl: you /yju/.

· _stxElln: γιαγιά /yjayjá/

name::
* McsEngl./yj/-(yi)-You,
* McsEngl./yy/!⇒/yj/,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./yj/!⇒phoneme.yj,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-yj!⇒phoneme.yj,
* McsEngl.phoneme./yj/,

ConsPhnm./nj/-(ni)-[ɲ]

description::
· IPA [ɲ].
· nja, nje, nji, njo, nju,
· example: new /nju/.

name::
* McsEngl./nj/-(ni)-[ɲ]-New,
* McsEngl./nn/!⇒/nj/,
* McsEngl.[ɲ]-/nj/-(ni)-New,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./nj/!⇒phoneme.nj,
* McsEngl.SpchLago-nj!⇒phoneme.nj,
* McsEngl.phoneme./nj/-[ɲ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ɲ]-/nj/,

ConsPhnm./lj/-(li)-[ʎ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-01},

· lja, lje, lji, ljo, lju,

name::
* McsEngl./lj/-(li)-[ʎ],
* McsEngl.[ʎ]-/lj/-(li),
* McsEngl./ll/!⇒/lj/-(li)-[ʎ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./lj/-[ʎ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./lj/-[ʎ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[ʎ]-/lj/,

ConsPhnm./kd/-[kʰ]

description::
· aspirated.
· Chinese, GreekAncient, Armenian, ...

name::
* McsEngl./kd/-[kʰ]-aspirated-k,
* McsEngl.[kʰ]-/kd/-aspirated-k,
* McsEngl.aspirated-k./kd/-[kʰ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./kd/-[kʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./kd/-[kʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[kʰ]-/kd/,

ConsPhnm./pd/-[pʰ]

description::
· aspirated.
· Chinese, GreekAncient, Armenian, ...

name::
* McsEngl./pd/-[pʰ]-aspirated-p,
* McsEngl.[pʰ]-/pd/-aspirated-p,
* McsEngl.aspirated-p./pd/-[pʰ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./pd/-[pʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./pd/-[pʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[pʰ]-/pd/,

ConsPhnm./td/-[tʰ]

description::
· aspirated.
· Chinese, GreekAncient, Armenian, ...
· 'd' from Greek 'dasia'.

name::
* McsEngl./td/-[tʰ]-aspirated-t,
* McsEngl.[tʰ]-/td/-aspirated-t,
* McsEngl.aspirated-t./td/-[tʰ],
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./td/-[tʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./td/-[tʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme.[tʰ]-/td/,

ConsPhnm./df/-[dˤ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-23},
· pharyngeal d.

name::
* McsEngl./df/-[dˤ]-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.[dˤ]-/df/-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./df/-[dˤ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./df/-[dˤ],

ConsPhnm./dhf/-[dhˤ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-23},
· pharyngeal dh.

name::
* McsEngl./dhf/-[dhˤ]-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.[dhˤ]-/dhf/-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./dhf/-[dhˤ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./dhf/-[dhˤ],

ConsPhnm./hf/-[hˤ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-23},
· pharyngeal h.

name::
* McsEngl./hf/-[hˤ]-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.[hˤ]-/hf/-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.Consphnm./hf/-[hˤ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./hf/-[hˤ],

ConsPhnm./kf/-[kˤ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-23},
· pharyngeal k.

name::
* McsEngl./kf/-[kˤ]-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.[kˤ]-/kf/-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.Consphnm./kf/-[kˤ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./kf/-[kˤ],

ConsPhnm./sf/-[sˤ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-23},
· pharyngeal s.

name::
* McsEngl./sf/-[sˤ]-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.[sˤ]-/sf/-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.Consphnm./sf/-[sˤ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./sf/-[sˤ],

ConsPhnm./tf/-[tˤ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-23},
· pharyngeal t.

name::
* McsEngl./tf/-[tˤ]-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.[tˤ]-/tf/-pharyngeal-Arabic,
* McsEngl.Consphnm./tf/-[tˤ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./tf/-[tˤ],

ConsPhnm./bb/-[bʱ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· breathy

name::
* McsEngl./bb/-[bʱ]-breathy-b,
* McsEngl.[bʱ]-/bb/-breathy-b,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./bb/-[bʱ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./bb/-[bʱ],

ConsPhnm./db/-[d̪ʱ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· breathy

name::
* McsEngl./db/-[d̪ʱ]-breathy-d,
* McsEngl.[d̪ʱ]-/db/-breathy-d,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./db/-[d̪ʱ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./db/-[d̪ʱ],

ConsPhnm./gb/-[ɡʱ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· breathy

name::
* McsEngl./gb/-[ɡʱ]-breathy-g,
* McsEngl.[ɡʱ]-/gb/-breathy-g,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./gb/-[ɡʱ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./gb/-[ɡʱ],

ConsPhnm./Jb/-[d͡ʒʱ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· breathy

name::
* McsEngl./Jb/-[d͡ʒʱ]-breathy-J,
* McsEngl.[d͡ʒʱ]-/Jb/-breathy-J,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./Jb/-[d͡ʒʱ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./Jb/-[d͡ʒʱ],

ConsPhnm./dr/-[ɖ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex

name::
* McsEngl./dr/-[ɖ]-retroflex,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./dr/-[ɖ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./dr/-[ɖ],

ConsPhnm./drb/-[ɖʱ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex-breathy

name::
* McsEngl./drb/-[ɖʱ]-retroflex-breathy,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./drb/-[ɖʱ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./drb/-[ɖʱ],

ConsPhnm./nr/-[ɳ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex

name::
* McsEngl./nr/-[ɳ]-retroflex,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./nr/-[ɳ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./nr/-[ɳ],

ConsPhnm./rr/-[ɽ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex

name::
* McsEngl./rr/-[ɽ]-retroflex,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./rr/-[ɽ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./rr/-[ɽ],

ConsPhnm./rrb/-[ɽʱ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex-breathy

name::
* McsEngl./rrb/-[ɽʱ]-retroflex-breathy,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./rrb/-[ɽʱ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./rrb/-[ɽʱ],

ConsPhnm./sr/-[ʂ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex

name::
* McsEngl./sr/-[ʂ]-retroflex,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./sr/-[ʂ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./sr/-[ʂ],

ConsPhnm./tr/-[ʈ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex

name::
* McsEngl./tr/-[ʈ]-retroflex,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./tr/-[ʈ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./tr/-[ʈ],

ConsPhnm./trd/-[ʈʰ]

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-03},
· retroflex-aspirated

name::
* McsEngl./trd/-[ʈʰ]-retroflex-aspirated,
* McsEngl.ConsPhnm./trd/-[ʈʰ],
* McsEngl.phoneme./trd/-[ʈʰ],