04_output (logo-view) of lagoTurk
description::
· logoTurk is the-logo-view of lagoTurk.
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'logo-view!⇒logoTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'output!⇒logoTurk,
* McsEngl.logoTurk,
unit of logoTurk
description::
· unitTurk is any indivisible part of logoTurk.
name::
* McsEngl.logoTurk'unit!⇒unitTurk,
* McsEngl.unitTurk,
unitTurk.phoneme of speech
description::
"Turkish phonemes are the distinct units of sound that distinguish words in the Turkish language. Here’s a detailed overview:
01) /C/-⟨Ç⟩-[tʃ]
02) /J/-⟨C⟩-[dʒ]
03) /S/-⟨Ş⟩-[ʃ]
04) /Z/-⟨J⟩-[ʒ]
05) /a/
06) /b/
07) /d/
08) /e/
09) /e8/-(round)-⟨ë⟩
10) /f/
11) /g/
12) /h/
13) /i/
14) /i3/-(back)-⟨ı⟩
15) /i8/-(round)--⟨ü⟩
16) /k/
17) /l/
18) /m/
19) /n/
20) /o/
21) /p/
22) /r/-[ɾ]
23) /s/
24) /t/
25) /u/
26) /v/
27) /y/-⟨y⟩-[j]
28) /z/
### Consonants
Turkish has 21 consonant phonemes:
1. **Plosives:**
- Voiceless: /p/, /t/, /k/, /c/ (as in "ç")
- Voiced: /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /ɟ/ (as in "g" in "gel")
2. **Fricatives:**
- Voiceless: /f/, /s/, /ʃ/ (as in "ş"), /x/ (as in "h" in "hall")
- Voiced: /v/, /z/, /ʒ/ (as in "j" in "je")
3. **Affricates:**
- Voiceless: /t͡ʃ/ (as in "ç")
- Voiced: /d͡ʒ/ (as in "c" in "ce")
4. **Nasals:**
- /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ (as in "ñ" in "kampanya")
5. **Liquids:**
- /l/, /ɾ/ (a flap, as in the English "better")
6. **Glides:**
- /j/ (as in "y" in "yeni")
### Vowels
Turkish has 8 vowel phonemes, which can be categorized by their frontness, roundedness, and height:
1. **Front unrounded:**
- High: /i/
- Mid: /e/
2. **Front rounded:**
- High: /y/
- Mid: /ø/ (as in "ö")
3. **Back unrounded:**
- High: /ɯ/
- Mid: /a/
4. **Back rounded:**
- High: /u/
- Mid: /o/
### Phonotactics
Turkish phonotactics (rules for permissible combinations of phonemes) include:
- Syllables typically follow a (C)V(C) structure, where C stands for consonant and V for vowel.
- Clusters of more than two consonants are generally avoided within a syllable.
- Vowel harmony is a significant feature, where vowels within a word harmonize to be either front or back, and rounded or unrounded.
### Stress
- Stress is usually on the last syllable of the word, although some suffixes can alter the stress pattern.
Understanding these phonemes and their properties is crucial for learning accurate pronunciation and improving comprehension of the Turkish language."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/909bbfc1-94a6-453c-bf18-24cd3e088155]
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'phoneme!⇒TurkPhnm,
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm!=Turkish-phoneme,
TurkPhnm.vowel
description::
"Turkish vowels can be categorized according to three criteria:
i. The position of the lips decides whether a vowel is “rounded” or “unrounded”.
ii.The space in your mouth decides whether a vowel is “open” or “closed”.
iii.“Front” or “Back”, according to the position of your tongue."
[{2022-11-08 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/turkish-vowels]
* back: a ı o u
* front: e i ö ü
* open: a, e, o, ö
* close: i, ı, u, ü
* round: o, ö, u, ü
* unround: a, e, ı, i
name::
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm.vowel!⇒TurkVowlPhnm,
* McsEngl.TurkVowlPhnm,
* McsEngl.vowelTurkSpch!⇒TurkVowlPhnm,
vowel-harmony of TurkVowlPhnm
* e, i, ü, ö ===> e
* a, ı, u, o ===> a
* a, ı ===> ı
* o, u ===> u
* e, i ===> i
* ö, ü ===> ü
"Turkish is an agglutinative language, it means that new words are formed by adding suffixes to word roots. And vowel harmony rules decide which suffix needs to be attached so that the harmony is sustained.
Google describes vowel harmony as “the phenomenon in some languages, e.g. Turkish, for all the vowels in a word to be members of the same subclass, for example all front vowels or all back vowels.”
| Unrounded | Unrounded | Rounded | Rounded | |
| Open | Close | Open | Close | |
| BACK | a | ı | o | u |
| FRONT | e | i | ö | ü |
Vowel harmony is a common feature of agglutinative languages with some exceptions like the Guarani Language. Vowel harmony develops in languages mainly because of the natural tendency towards a muscular economy and creating harmonious sounds with the less effort.
[{2022-11-08 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/vowel-harmony-turkish-language]
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'vowel-harmony,
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm'vowel-harmony,
* McsEngl.TurkVowlPhnm'harmony,
* McsEngl.vowel-harmony-of-lagoTurk,
TurkVowlPhnm./a/
TurkVowlPhnm./e/
TurkVowlPhnm./e8/-(round)-⟨ë⟩
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./e8/-(round)-⟨ë⟩,
* McsEngl.TurkVowlPhnm./e8/-(round)-⟨ë⟩,
TurkVowlPhnm./i/
TurkVowlPhnm./i3/-(back)-⟨ı⟩
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./i3/-(back)-⟨ı⟩,
* McsEngl.TurkVowlPhnm./i3/-(back)-⟨ı⟩,
TurkVowlPhnm./i8/-(round)--⟨ü⟩
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./i8/-(round)--⟨ü⟩,
* McsEngl.TurkVowlPhnm./i8/-(round)--⟨ü⟩,
TurkVowlPhnm./o/
TurkVowlPhnm./u/
TurkPhnm.vowelNo
name::
* McsEngl.consonantSpchTurk!⇒TurkConsPhnm,
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm,
harmony of TurkConsPhnm
description::
"Consonant harmony is mainly for making speech more fluent, it does not have a major effect on understandability."
[{2022-11-08 retrieved} https://www.turkishclass.com/turkish_lesson_63]
· p, t, k, s, ş, ç, h, f (KePT FiSH) ===> t
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm'harmony,
* McsEngl.consonant-assimilation-of-langTurk,
* McsEngl.consonant-harmony-of-langTurk,
* McsEngl.consonant-mutation-of-langTurk,
* McsEngl.langTurk'consonant-mutation,
TurkConsPhnm./p/
TurkConsPhnm./b/
TurkConsPhnm./t/
TurkConsPhnm./d/
TurkConsPhnm./k/
TurkConsPhnm./g/
TurkConsPhnm./C/-⟨Ç⟩-[tʃ]
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm./C/-⟨Ç⟩-[tʃ],
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./C/-⟨Ç⟩-[tʃ],
TurkConsPhnm./J/-⟨C⟩-[dʒ]
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm./J/-⟨C⟩-[dʒ],
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./J/-⟨C⟩-[dʒ],
TurkConsPhnm./f/
TurkConsPhnm./v/
TurkConsPhnm./s/
TurkConsPhnm./z/
TurkConsPhnm./S/-⟨Ş⟩-[ʃ]
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm./S/-⟨Ş⟩-[ʃ],
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./S/-⟨Ş⟩-[ʃ],
TurkConsPhnm./Z/-⟨J⟩-[ʒ]
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm./Z/-⟨J⟩-[ʒ],
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./Z/-⟨J⟩-[ʒ],
TurkConsPhnm./h/
TurkConsPhnm./m/
TurkConsPhnm./n/
TurkConsPhnm./r/-[ɾ]
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm./r/-[ɾ],
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./r/-[ɾ],
TurkConsPhnm./l/
TurkConsPhnm./y/-⟨y⟩-[j]
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-03-11},
·
name::
* McsEngl.TurkConsPhnm./y/-⟨y⟩-[j],
* McsEngl.TurkPhnm./y/-⟨y⟩-[j],
unitTextTurk.phonemogram
description::
· 01-A|a-a-65|97, 02-B|b-be-66|98, 03-C|c-Je-67|99, 04-Ç|ç-Ce-199|231, 05-D|d-de-68|100, 06-E|e-e-69|101, 07-F|f-fe-70|102, 08-G|g-ge-71|103, 09-Ğ|ğ-yumuSakge-286|287, 10-H|h-he-72|104, 11-I|ı-i2-73|305, 12-İ|i-i-304|105, 13-J|j-Ze-74|106, 14-K|k-ke-75|107, 15-L|l-le-76|108, 16-M|m-me-77|109, 17-N|n-ne-78|110, 18-O|o-o-79|111, 19-Ö|ö-e3-214|246, 20-P|p-pe-80|112, 21-R|r-re-82|114, 22-S|s-se-83|115, 23-Ş|ş-Se-350|351, 24-T|t-te-84|116, 25-U|u-u-85|117, 26-Ü|ü-i3-220|252, 27-V|v-ve-86|118, 28-Y|y-ye-89|121, 29-Z|z-ze-90|122,
· A B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ö P R S Ş T U Ü V Y Z,
· a b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y z,
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'phonemogram!⇒letterTurk,
* McsEngl.letterTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.mektup.Türkçe!=letterTurk,
letterTurk.01-a-/a/
description::
· 01-A|a-a-65|97.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.01-a-/a/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.a-01-/a/,
letterTurk.02-b-/be/
description::
· 02-B|b-be-66|98.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.02-b-/be/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.b-02-/be/,
letterTurk.03-c-/Je/
description::
· 03-C|c-Je-67|99.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.03-c-/Je/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.c-03-/Je/,
letterTurk.04-ç-/Ce/
description::
· 04-Ç|ç-Ce-199|231, html-name=ccedil.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.04-ç-/Ce/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.ç-04-/Ce/,
letterTurk.05-d-/de/
description::
· 05-D|d-de-68|100.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.05-d-/de/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.d-05-/de/,
letterTurk.06-e-/e/
description::
· 06-E|e-e-69|101.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.06-e-/e/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.e-06-/e/,
letterTurk.07-f-/fe/
description::
· 07-F|f-fe-70|102.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.07-f-/fe/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.f-07-/fe/,
letterTurk.08-g-/ge/
description::
· 08-G|g-ge-71|103.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.08-g-/ge/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.g-08-/ge/,
letterTurk.09-ğ-/yumuSakge/
description::
· 09-Ğ|ğ-yumuSakge-286|287, html=gbreve,
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.09-ğ-/yumuSak-ge/-soft-g,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.ğ-09-/yumuSak-ge/-soft-g,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.soft-g-ğ-/yumuSak-ge/,
letterTurk.10-h-/he/
description::
· 10-H|h-he-72|104.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.10-h-/he/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.h-10-/he/,
letterTurk.11-ı-/i2/
description::
· 11-I|ı-i2-73|305, i-back.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.11-ı-/i2/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.ı-11-/i2/,
letterTurk.12-i-/i/
description::
· 12-İ|i-i-304|105.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.12-i-/i/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.i-12-/i/,
letterTurk.13-j-/Ze/
description::
· 13-J|j-Ze-74|106.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.13-j-/Ze/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.j-13-/Ze/,
letterTurk.14-k-/ke/
description::
· 14-K|k-ke-75|107.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.14-k-/ke/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.k-14-/ke/,
letterTurk.15-l-/le/
description::
· 15-L|l-le-76|108.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.15-l-/le/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.l-15-/le/,
letterTurk.16-m-/me/
description::
· 16-M|m-me-77|109.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.16-m-/me/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.m-16-/me/,
letterTurk.17-n-/ne/
description::
· 17-N|n-ne-78|110.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.17-n-/ne/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.n-17-/ne/,
letterTurk.18-o-/o/
description::
· 18-O|o-o-79|111.
· round, back, open.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.18-o-/o/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.o-18-/o/,
letterTurk.19-ö-/e3/
description::
· 19-Ö|ö-e3-214|246, html-name=ouml.
· round, front, open.
"The Turkish letter "ö" is pronounced somewhat similarly to the "i" in the English word "bird" or the "u" in the French word "lune," though it is not exactly the same sound. Here are some steps to help you pronounce it correctly:
1. **Start with the sound "e"** (as in "bet").
2. **Round your lips**: While keeping the tongue position for "e," round your lips as if you are going to pronounce "o."
Another way to get the feel of it:
- Try to say the English "oo" as in "food," but while saying it, try to spread your lips as if you were going to say "ee" (as in "see").
Practicing with words can help:
- örnek (example)
- köy (village)
- göz (eye)
Listening to native speakers and mimicking their pronunciation can also be very beneficial. There are many online resources and pronunciation guides that can provide audio examples."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/eb81e661-ef20-43c8-ba17-0ffd08117dbd]
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.19-ö-/e3/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.ö-19-/e3/,
letterTurk.20-p-/pe/
description::
· 20-P|p-pe-80|112.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.20-p-/pe/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.p-20-/pe/,
letterTurk.21-r-/re/
description::
· 21-R|r-re-82|114.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.21-r-/re/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.r-21-/re/,
letterTurk.22-s-/se/
description::
· 22-S|s-se-83|115.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.22-s-/se/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.s-22-/se/,
letterTurk.23-ş-/Se/
description::
· 23-Ş|ş-Se-350|351, html-name=scedil.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.23-ş-/Se/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.ş-23-/Se/,
letterTurk.24-t-/te/
description::
· 24-T|t-te-84|116.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.24-t-/te/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.t-24-/te/,
letterTurk.25-u-/u/
description::
· 25-U|u-u-85|117.
· round, back, close.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.25-u-/u/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.u-25-/u/,
letterTurk.26-ü-/i3/
description::
· 26-Ü|ü-i3-220|252, html-name=uuml,
· round, front, close.
"The pronunciation of the Turkish letter "ü" is similar to the French "u" in "lune" or the German "ü" in "über". To pronounce it, you need to form your lips as if you were going to say "u" (as in "flute") but say "ee" (as in "see"). The sound is made with rounded lips and the tongue positioned close to the front of the mouth.
Here is a step-by-step guide:
1. **Form your lips as if to say "u" (as in "flute").**
2. **Keep your lips rounded and tight.**
3. **Say "ee" (as in "see") while maintaining the lip shape.**
In the context of the word "Türk," it would sound like "türk," with the "ü" having the aforementioned sound."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/badea277-d882-4f4e-8df2-38713f0bd10d]
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.26-ü-/i3/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.ü-26-/i3/,
letterTurk.27-v-/ve/
description::
· 27-V|v-ve-86|118.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.27-v-/ve/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.v-27-/ve/,
letterTurk.28-y-/ye/
description::
· 28-Y|y-ye-89|121.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.28-y-/ye/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.y-28-/ye/,
letterTurk.29-z-/ze/
description::
· 29-Z|z-ze-90|122.
name::
* McsEngl.letterTurk.29-z-/ze/,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.z-29-/ze/,
letterTurk.diphthong
description::
"Since Turkish does not have diphthongs, it is easy to pronounciate letters correctly."
[{2022-11-07 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/the-turkish-alphabet]
name::
* McsEngl.diphthongTurk,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.diphthong,
letterTurk.circumflex
description::
"1. In Turkish, some adjectives are made from nouns by adding –i with a circumflex accent. This rule is only valid for Arabic loanwords.
Hayat
life
Hayatî
vital
2. In the recent years, Turkish Language Society (TDK) has restricted the use of the circumflex accent unless the absence of it leads to an uncertainty or misunderstanding.
Kar
snow
Kâr
profit"
[{2022-11-08 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/circumflex]
name::
* McsEngl.circumflexTurk,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.circumflex,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şapka!=hat!=circumflexTurk,
letterTurk.apostrophe
description::
"Ali’nin
of Ali
Istanbul’da
in Istanbul
2. In some cases, an omission of a letter may occur. To indicate this, you must use an apostrophe.
How to say “what’s up” in Turkish?
Ne haber? (eng. What’s up? – informal saying– ) > N’aber?"
[{2022-11-08 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/circumflex]
name::
* McsEngl.apostropheTurk,
* McsEngl.letterTurk.apostrophe,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.apostrof!=apostropheTurk,
* McsTurk.kesme-işareti!=apostropheTurk,
unitTextTurk.punctuation
description::
· The apostrophe in Turkish is used before suffixes attached to proper nouns.
[{2022-10-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
word of logoTurk
description::
· wordTurk is a-free logo-node which is a-name or part of a-name.
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'word!⇒wordTurk,
* McsEngl.wordTurk,
suffix of wordTurk
description::
* forming-suffix,
* inflectional-suffix,
This category has the following 111 subcategories, out of 111 total.
* A
* Turkish terms suffixed with -a- (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -acak (3 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ak (14 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -akalmak (6 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -al (3 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -an (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -anak (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ar (7 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ay (2 e)
* B
* Turkish terms suffixed with -bilim (2 e)
* C
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ca (66 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -cak (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ce (48 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ci (263 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -cik (30 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -cil (10 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ç (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -çu (1 e)
* D
* Turkish terms suffixed with -dan (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -dar (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -daş (9 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -de (12 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -di (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -dir (22 e)
* E
* Turkish terms suffixed with -e (1 c, 6 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -e (dative) (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ek (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -el (7 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -elge (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -en (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -enek (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -er (9 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -erek (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ev (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ey (8 e)
* F
* Turkish terms suffixed with -fobi (1 e)
* G
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ge (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -gen (10 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -gi (7 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -gin (11 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -gâh (3 e)
* H
* Turkish terms suffixed with -hane (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ı (4 e)
* I
* Turkish terms suffixed with -i (21 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ici (6 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -içe (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ik (41 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -il (6 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -im (33 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -in (8 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -inci (55 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -inti (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ip (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ir (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -istan (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -iş (1 c, 22 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -iş (verbal) (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -it (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ivermek (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -iye (15 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -iyet (2 e)
* K
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ki (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -kâr (6 e)
* L
* Turkish terms suffixed with -l (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -la (32 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -lan (7 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -le (61 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -lek (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -lem (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -len (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ler (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -leş (6 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -leyin (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -lık (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -li (484 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -lik (473 e)
* M
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ma (10 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -mak (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -me (9 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -mek (75 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -mez (4 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -miş (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -mser (3 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -muş (1 e)
* N
* Turkish terms suffixed with -n (10 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -na (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -name (3 e)
* R
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ra (2 e)
* S
* Turkish terms suffixed with -sa (6 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -sal (3 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -se (5 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -sel (27 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -sı (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -si (13 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -siz (181 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -sul (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -syon (193 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ş (9 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -şar (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -şer (2 e)
* T
* Turkish terms suffixed with -t (21 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -tay (3 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ti (1 e)
* U
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ul (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -un (1 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ü (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ün (2 e)
* Turkish terms suffixed with -ür (1 e)
* V
* Turkish terms suffixed with -vari (1 e)
* Y
* Turkish terms suffixed with -yla (2 e)
* Î
* Turkish terms suffixed with -î (5 e)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_terms_by_suffix]
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'suffix!⇒suffixTurk,
* McsEngl.suffixTurk,
info-resource::
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_terms_by_suffix,
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_terms_by_etymology,
specific-tree-of-suffixTurk::
* derivational-suffix,
* inflectional-suffix,
· 'suffixes' of words and names:
* noun-suffixes,
* adjective-suffixes,
* adverb-suffixes,
* verb-suffixes,
name of logoTurk
description::
· nameTurk is a-logo-node that denotes concepts (semo-concepts or mind-concepts).
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'name!⇒nameTurk,
* McsEngl.nameTurk,
info-resource of nameTurk
description::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_vocabulary,
argo-name of logoTurk
description::
· argoTurk is a-SET of terms that denote ONE stxv-ondo\a\ (any entity) with or without some relations of it\a\.
· it has 3 members: noun, adjective, adverb.
member of argoTurk
description::
· an-argoTurk\a\ has many terms, these are its\a\ members.
name::
* McsEngl.ArgombrTurk,
* McsEngl.argoTurk'member!⇒ArgombrTurk,
noun-name of argoTurk
description::
· nounTurk is an-ArgombrTurk (= denotes an-entity) except adjective and adverb.
name::
* McsEngl.nounTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.önemli.Türkçe!=nounTurk,
member of nounTurk
* stem-plural-possessive-case: Araba-lar-ım-a,
* stem-plural-possessive-case-tense-person: Araba-lar-ım-da-ydı-n
01) absolute-singular: -∅, ev, araba,
02) accusative-singular: -(y)ı-, -(y)i-, -(y)u-, -(y)ü, evi, arabayı,
03) dative-singular: -(y)a-, -(y)e-, eve, arabaya,
04) locative-singular: -da-, -de-, -ta-, -te-, evde, arabada,
05) ablative-singular: -dan-, -den-, -tan-, -ten-, evden, arabadan,
06) genitive-singular: -(n)ın-, -(n)in-, -(n)un-, -(n)ün-, evin, arabanın,
07) instrumental-singular: -(y)le-, -(y)la-, evle, arabayla,
08) absolute-plural: -ler, -lar,
09) accusative-plural: -leri,
10) dative-plural: -lere,
11) locative-plural: -lerde,
12) ablative-plural: -lerden,
13) genitive-plural: -lerin,
14) instrumental-plural: -lerle, -larla,
15) person-1-singular: evim, arabam,
16) person-2-singular: evin, araban,
17) person-3-singular: evi, arabası,
18) person-1-plural: evimiz, arabamız,
19) person-2-plural: eviniz, arabanız,
10) person-3-plural: evleri, arabaları,
| Case | Ending | Example1 | Example2 | Translation1 | Translation2 |
| Absolute | -∅- | ev | adam | house | man |
| Accusative | -(y)ı-, -(y)i-, -(y)u-, -(y)ü- | evi | adamı | "the house" | "the man" |
| Dative | -(y)a-, -(y)e- | eve | adama | "to the house" | "to the man" |
| Locative | -da-, -de-, -ta-, -te- | evde | adamda | "at home" | "in/on the man" |
| Ablative | -dan-, -den-, -tan-, -ten- | evden | adamdan | "from the house" | "from the man" |
| Genitive | -(n)ın-, -(n)in-, -(n)un-, -(n)ün- | evin | adamın | "the house's" | "the man's" |
| Instrumental | -(y)le-, -(y)la- | evle | adamla | "with the house" | "with the man" |
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk!⇒NounmbrTurk,
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk!=member-of-nounTurk, {2024-07-07}
* McsEngl.memberNounTurk!⇒NounmbrTurk,
* McsEngl.mNTurk!⇒NounmbrTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'member!⇒NounmbrTurk,
absolute-case of nounTurk
description::
× suffix: ∅, -ler.
× denotes: subject, indefinite-concept, mind-concept.
"The absolute case combines the uses of the nominative, vocative, and (in part) accusative cases. It is for subjects, and for names of people being addressed. It is also used for indefinite direct objects. Definite direct objects are in the definite-accusative case:
şiir "poem" (absolute case)
· stxTurk: Şiir okur. "S/he reads a poem/poetry." (absolute case, indefinite direct object)
· stxTurk: Şiiri okur. "S/he reads the poem." (accusative case, definite direct object)"
[{2022-10-23 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.absolute-case,
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.nominative-case,
* McsEngl.absolute-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'absolute-case,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'nominative-case,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-ler-case.absolute.plural,
* McsTurk.yalın-durum!=absolute-case-(bare),
accusative-case of nounTurk
description::
× suffix: -(y)i, -leri.
× denotes: direct-object, definite-attribute.
"After the possessive marker (including the compound marker) and pronouns the suffix is nı, ni, nu, nü.
Ayşe kitap okuyor ‘Ayşe is reading (a) book.’
Ayşe kitabı okuyor ‘Ayşe is reading the book.’"
[{2022-11-20 retrieved} https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Turkish%2C%20A%20Student%20Grammar%20of%20%28Ketrez%29.pdf]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.accusative-case,
* McsEngl.accusative-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.definite-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'accusative-case,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-i-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-yi-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-ı-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-yı-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-u-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-yu-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-ü-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-yü-case.accusative.singular,
* McsTurk.-leri-case.accusative.plural,
* McsTurk.belirtme-durumu!=definite-accusative-(clarifying),
info-resource::
* https://louisrli.github.io/blog/2021/01/14/understanding-the-turkish-accusative/,
dative-case of nounTurk
description::
× suffix: -(y)e, -lere.
× denotes: indirect object, motion toward.
"The dative case tells the place to which. Thus it has roughly the meaning of the English prepositions "to" and "into", and also "in" when it can be replaced with "into":
· stxTurk: Birayı buzdolabına koy.
the-beer into-icebox put
"Put the beer in(to) the fridge."
The dative also is for objects, usually indirect objects, but sometimes objects that in English would be considered direct:
· stxTurk: Güneşin batışına bak.
sun's at-its-sinking look
"Look at the sunset."
· stxTurk: Hükümete güven.
in-government trust
"Trust the government.""
[{2022-10-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.dative-case,
* McsEngl.dative-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'dative-case,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-a-case.dative.singular,
* McsTurk.-ya-case.dative.singular,
* McsTurk.-e-case.dative.singular,
* McsTurk.-ye-case.dative.singular,
* McsTurk.-lere-case.dative.plural,
* McsTurk.yönelme-durumu!=dative-case-(facing-towards),
locative-case of nounTurk
description::
× suffix: -de, -lerde.
× denotes: in a place.
"The locative case tells where, hence corresponds to the English prepositions "at", "on", and "in" (when it does not mean "into").
ev "house" → evde "at home"
· stxTurk: Buzdolabında dört bira var
in-icebox four beer exist
"There are four beers in the fridge.""
[{2022-10-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.locative-case,
* McsEngl.locative-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'locative-case,
* McsEngl.prepositional-caseTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-da-case.locative.singular,
* McsTurk.-de-case.locative.singular,
* McsTurk.-ta-case.locative.singular,
* McsTurk.-te-case.locative.singular,
* McsTurk.-lerde-case.locative.plural,
* McsTurk.bulunma-durumu!=locative-case-(being-present),
ablative-case of nounTurk
description::
× suffix: -den, -lerden.
× denotes: motion from.
"The ablative case tells whence, that is, the place from which (or through which), hence:
* material out of which something is made;
kumdan yapılmış kale
of-sand made castle
"castle made of sand"
* a cause by which something is effected;
açlıktan öl
of-hunger die
"die of hunger"
* that to which other things are being compared"
[{2022-10-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.ablative-case,
* McsEngl.ablative-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'ablative-case,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αφαιρετική-πτώση-Τουρκική!η!=caseTurkAblative,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-dan-case.ablative.singular,
* McsTurk.-den-case.ablative.singular,
* McsTurk.-tan-case.ablative.singular,
* McsTurk.-ten-case.ablative.singular,
* McsTurk.-lerden-case.ablative.plural,
* McsTurk.çıkma-durumu!=ablative-case-(going-out),
genitive-case of nounTurk
description::
× suffix: -(n)in, -lerin.
× denotes: owner-of, of-X.
"The genitive case indicates a "compounding" (tamlayan) word. The corresponding "compounded" (tamlanan) word will take the appropriate suffix of possession. The pair of these words is then a definite compound (belirtili tamlama):
anne "mother"
annesi "her mother"
Ayşe'nin annesi "Ayşe's mother"
(The apostrophe in Turkish is used before suffixes attached to proper nouns.)
However, if two nouns are connected, but not by ownership, then the second noun generally takes an ending of possession, while the first takes no ending. The result is an indefinite compound (belirtisiz tamlama):
Türkiye'nin Cumhurbaşkanı "The President of Turkey" (definite)
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti "The Republic of Turkey" (indefinite)"
[{2022-10-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.genitive-case,
* McsEngl.genitive-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'genitive-case,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-in-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-nin-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-ın-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-nın-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-un-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-nun-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-ün-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-nün-case.genitive.singular,
* McsTurk.-lerin-case.genitive.plural,
* McsTurk.tamlayan-eki!=genitive-case-(compounding),
instrumental-case of nounTurk
description::
"The postposition ile is often absorbed onto the noun as -(y)le, and some authors analyse this as an instrumental and comitative case.[8] As it differs from the other case markers in several ways,[9] it may be considered as an "inflectional marker" but not a case marker.[10] In particular, unlike the other case endings, -(y)le is never accentuated.[11] Also, when combined with the personal pronouns, the demonstratives, or the interrogative kim, they are used in the genitive, e.g., kiminle 'with whom', not *kimle."
[{2022-10-23 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_grammar#Nouns]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.instrumental-case,
* McsEngl.instrumental-caseTurk,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'instrumental-case,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-le-case.instrumental,
* McsTurk.-yle-case.instrumental,
* McsTurk.-la-case.instrumental,
* McsTurk.-yla-case.instrumental,
* McsTurk.aracılık-halı!=instrumental-case-(mediation),
* McsTurk.araç-durumu!=instrumental-case,
number of nounTurk
description::
* singular-number:
* plural-number: -ler, -lar,
"For the plural in Turkish we have the following cases:
1. Words with their last vowel to be (a, ı, o, u)
We add the ending -lar as in the following examples:
çatal (fork) -----> çatallar
sınıf (class) -----> sınıflar
kol (hand) -----> kollar
okul (school) -----> okullar
2. Words with their last vowel to be (e, i, ö, ü)
We add the ending -ler as in the following examples:
öğretmen (teacher) -----> öğretmenler
silgi (eraser) -----> silgiler
köy (village) -----> köyler
otobüs (bus) -----> otobüsler
3. Exceptions
Some non-Turkish words do not follow the above rules:
Examples:
hayal (dream) -----> hayaller
saat (hour) -----> saatler
kalp (heart) -----> kalpler
harf (letter) -----> harfler"
[{2022-11-20 retrieved} http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/PluralSetEn.asp]
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.number,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'number,
possesion of nounTurk
description::
· ending in a, ı, o, u:
* person1-sing: araba-m, kapı-m,
* person2-sing: araba-n, kapı-n,
* person3-sing: araba-si, kapı-si,
* person1-plur: araba-miz, kapı-miz,
* person2-plur: araba-niz, kapı-niz,
* person3-plur: araba-lari, kapı-lari,
· ending in e, i, ö, ü:
* person1-sing: bahçe-m, silgi-m,
* person2-sing: bahçe-n, silgi-n,
* person3-sing: bahçe-si, silgi-si,
* person1-plur: bahçe-miz, silgi-miz,
* person2-plur: bahçe-niz, silgi-niz,
* person3-plur: bahçe-leri, silgi-leri,
· ending in consonant except ç, k, p, t:
* person1-sing: koyun-um, kız-ım, gün-üm, asansör-üm,
* person2-sing: koyun-un, kız-ın, gün-ün, asansör-ün,
* person3-sing: koyun-u, kız-ı, gün-ü, asansör-ü,
* person1-plur: koyun-umuz, kız-ımız, gün-ümüz, asansör-ümüz,
* person2-plur: koyun-unuz, kız-ınız, gün-ünüz, asansör-ünüz,
* person3-plur: koyun-lari, kız-lari, gün-leri, asansör-leri,
· ending in ç, k, p, t that change:
* person1-sing: ağa-cım, yazlı-ğım, çora-büm, yur-dum,
* person2-sing: ağa-cın, yazlı-ğın, çora-bün, yur-dun,
* person3-sing: ağa-cı, yazlı-ğı, çora-bü, yur-du,
* person1-plur: ağa-cımız, yazlı-ğımız, çora-bümüz, yur-dumuz,
* person2-plur: ağa-cınız, yazlı-ğınız, çora-bünüz, yur-dunuz,
* person3-plur: ağa-çlari, yazlı-klari, çora-plari, yur-tlari,
* Exception to the above are some words ending in nk. Example: renk(color). In that case the letter k changes to g.
· ending in ç, k, p, t that DO-NOT change:
* person1-sing: saç-ım, ok-ım, ...p-üm, ot-um,
* person2-sing: saç-ın, ok-ın, ...p-ün, ot-un,
* person3-sing: saç-ı, ok-ı, ...p-ü, ot-u,
* person1-plur: saç-ımız, ok-ımız, ...p-ümüz, ot-umuz,
* person2-plur: saç-ınız, ok-ınız, ...p-ünüz, ot-unuz,
* person3-plur: saç-lari, ok-lari, ...p-lari, ot-lari,
· words that loose last vowel:
* person1-sing: şeh-rim,
* person2-sing: şeh-rin,
* person3-sing: şeh-ri,
* person1-plur: şeh-rimiz,
* person2-plur: şeh-riniz,
* person3-plur: şeh-irlari,
· words non Turkish origin without vowel harmony:
* person1-sing: hayal-im,
* person2-sing: hayal-in,
* person3-sing: hayal-i,
* person1-plur: hayal-imiz,
* person2-plur: hayal-iniz,
* person3-plur: hayal-leri,
name::
* McsEngl.NounmbrTurk.possession,
* McsEngl.nounTurk'possession,
* McsEngl.possessive-suffix--of-lagoTurk,
suffix of nounTurk
description::
* forming-suffix,
* inflectional-suffix,
name::
* McsEngl.nounTurk'suffix,
suffixForming of nounTurk
description::
* -ek|-ak: Creates nouns out of verbs.
- küre- (“to shovel”) + -ek → kürek (“shovel”).
- gevre- (“to become crisp”) + -ek → gevrek (“crisp”).
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ek#Turkish]
* -gi|-gu|-gü: Suffix creating a new word who related to its root.
- bilmek (“to know”) + -gi → bilgi (“knowledge”)
- övmek (“to praise”) + -gi → övgü (“praise”)
- çizmek (“to draw a line”) + -gi → çizgi (“line”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-gi#Turkish]
* -i|-u|-ı|-ü: Suffix creating nouns out of verbs
- ver- (“to give”) + -i → veri (“data”)
- diz- (“to align”) + -i → dizi (“sequence, set, series”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i#Turkish]
* -im: attached to a verb stem, forming a noun that represents an instance of, or a result of performing, the action implied by the verb
- de- (“to say”) → deyim (“saying”)
- dil- (“to cut into slices”) → dilim (“slice”)
- giy- (“to wear”) → giyim (“clothing”)
- seç- (“to choose”) → seçim (“choice, election”)
- yut- (“to swallow”) → yudum (“gulp”) or yutum (“swallowing”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-im#Turkish]
* -iş: A suffix forming nouns from verbs.
- bakmak (“to look”) → bakış (“look”)
- binmek (“to board (a vehicle)”) → biniş (“boarding”)
- görmek (“to see”) → görüş (“sight”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i%C5%9F#Turkish]
* -lik: -ness, -hood, -ship, -dom
- genç (“young”) + -lik → gençlik (“youngness”)
- anne (“mother”) + -lik → annelik (“motherhood”)
- üye (“member”) + -lik → üyelik (“membership”)
- kral (“king”) + -lik → krallık (“kingdom”)
- özgür (“free”) + -lik → özgürlük (“freedom”)
: being (like) ...
- aydın (“bright”) + -lik → aydınlık (“lightened”)
- dağ (“mountain”) + -lik → dağlık (“mountainous”)
: belonging to ..., used for ..., suitable for ..., ... container
- salça (“sauce”) + -lik → salçalık (“sauceboat”)
- salça (“sauce”) + -lik → salçalık (“suitable for making a sauce”)
- kalem (“pencil”) + -lik → kalemlik (“pencil case”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-lik#Turkish]
* -tay: used to form neologisms for terms denoting some assembly of people
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-tay#Turkish]
* a: araba != car,
* b:
* c:
* ç: ağaç != tree,
* d:
* e: anne != mother,
* f:
* g:
* ğ:
* h:
* ı: kapı != door,
* i: silgi != eraser,
* j: makyaj != make-up,
* k: sağlık != health,
* l: okul != school,
* m: adam != man,
* n: gün != day,
* o:
* ö:
* p: çorap != sock, cep != pocket,
* r: asansör != elevator,
* s: polis != police,
* ş: iş != work,
* t: bilet != ticket,
* u: kutu != box,
* ü: ütü != iron (for ironing clothes),
* v: ev != house,
* y: onay != approval,
* z: kız != girl,
suffixInflectional of nounTurk
description::
* -da: noun, locative / prepositional case,
* -dan: noun,ablative case / motion from,
* -de: noun, locative / prepositional case,
* -den: noun, ablative case / motion from,
* -i: noun, accusative|definite case / direct object,
* -i: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -im: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -imiz: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -in: noun, owned (by you-singular) in a possession relationship,
* -in: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -iniz: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -ı: noun, direct object / definite case,
* -ı: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -ım: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -ımız: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -ın: noun, owned (by you-singular) in a possession relationship,
* -ın: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -ınız: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -lar: noun, plural,
* -lari: noun, owned (by them) in a possession relationship,
* -ler: noun, plural,
* -leri: noun, owned (by them) in a possession relationship,
* -li: noun, "with" adjectival form of,
* -lik: noun, abstract formation,
* -lı: noun, "with" adjectival form of,
* -lık: noun, abstract formation,
* -lu: noun, "with" adjectival form of,
* -luk: noun, abstract formation,
* -lü: noun, "with" adjectival form of,
* -lük: noun, abstract formation,
* -m: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -miz: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -mız: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -muz: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -müz: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -n: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -nin: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -niz: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -nın: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -nız: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -nun: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -nuz: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -nün: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -nüz: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -si: noun, owned (by he/she/it) in a possession relationship,
* -siz: noun, "without" adjectival form of,
* -sı: noun, owned (by he/she/it) in a possession relationship,
* -sız: noun, "without" adjectival form of,
* -su: noun, owned (by he/she/it) in a possession relationship,
* -suz: noun, "without" adjectival form of,
* -sü: noun, owned (by he/she/it) in a possession relationship,
* -süz: noun, "without" adjectival form of,
* -ta: noun, locative / prepositional case,
* -tan: noun, motion from / ablative case,
* -te: noun, locative / prepositional case,
* -ten: noun, motion from / ablative case,
* -u: noun, direct object / definite case,
* -u: noun, owned (by he/she/it) in a possession relationship,
* -um: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -umuz: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -un: noun, owned (by you-singular) in a possession relationship,
* -un: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -unuz: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -ü: noun, direct object / definite case,
* -ü: noun, owned (by he/she/it) in a possession relationship,
* -üm: noun, owned (by me) in a possession relationship,
* -ümüz: noun, owned (by us) in a possession relationship,
* -ün: noun, owned (by you-singular) in a possession relationship,
* -ün: noun, owner in a possession relationship,
* -ünüz: noun, owned (by you-plural) in a possession relationship,
* -ya: noun, indirect object / motion to / dative case,
* -ye: noun, indirect object / motion to / dative case,
* -yi: noun, direct object / definite case,
* -yı: noun, direct object / definite case,
* -yu: noun, direct object / definite case,
* -yü: noun, direct object / definite case,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
adjective-name of argoTurk
description::
· adjective is an-Argo-member that has an-attribute-relation with another noun.
· güzel kız != beautiful girl,
· güzel bir kız != a beautiful girl,
· Bu kız güzel. != this girl is beautiful.
"Turkish adjectives are not declined. However, most adjectives can also be used as nouns, in which case they are declined: e.g. güzel ("beautiful") – güzeller ("beautiful ones / people")."
[{2022-11-19 retrieved} https://www.pinhok.com/kb/turkish/348/turkish-grammar/]
name::
* McsEngl.adjeTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.sıfat.Türkçe!=adjeTurk,
member of adjeTurk
description::
* küçük (small)
* daha küçük (smaller)
* en küçük (smallest)
suffix of adjeTurk
description::
* -ce: adjective, modifies intensity,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
* -sel: gök (“sky”) + -sel → göksel (“celestial”)
[{2022-11-21 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-sel#Turkish]
* -vari: -like, -ish.
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-vari#Turkish]
"Turkish adjectives can have various suffixes, but some of the most common ones are:
* **-li (-lı, -lu, -lü):** This suffix is used to create adjectives from nouns and can often be translated as "with" or "having." It follows vowel harmony rules, so the vowel changes depending on the preceding vowel.
* Example: "güneş" (sun) becomes "güneşli" (sunny)
* **-siz (-sız, -suz, -süz):** This suffix means "without" or "lacking" and also follows vowel harmony rules.
* Example: "ev" (house) becomes "evsiz" (homeless)
* **-(i)m, -(i)n, -(s)i, -(s)i, -(y)i, -(y)i:** These are possessive suffixes used to indicate to whom or what the adjective belongs.
* Example: "güzel" (beautiful) becomes "güzel evim" (my beautiful house)
These are just a few examples, and Turkish grammar has many other suffixes that can be used to modify adjectives and convey different meanings.
For further information and examples, you can check the following resources:
* **Adjective Agreement in Turkish Grammar:** [https://talkpal.ai/grammar/adjective-agreement-in-turkish-grammar/](https://talkpal.ai/grammar/adjective-agreement-in-turkish-grammar/)
* **Turkish 136 - The -lİ suffix:** [https://elon.io/learn-turkish/lesson/the-li-suffix](https://elon.io/learn-turkish/lesson/the-li-suffix)
Please let me know if you have any other questions."
[{2024-07-07 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/652a3709ac001ee0]
* a: Kısa != Short
* b:
* c:
* ç: Genç != Young
* d:
* e:
* f: Hafif != Light
* g:
* ğ:
* h:
* ı: Acı != Bitter
* i: Yeni != New
* j:
* k: Karanlık != Dark
* l: Güzel != Beautiful / Pretty
* m:
* n: Uzun != Long
* o:
* ö:
* p: Pis != Dirty
* r: Dar != Narrow
* s:
* ş: Boş != Empty
* t:
* u: Dolu != Full
* ü: kötü != bad,
* v:
* y: Kolay != Easy
* z: Ucuz != Cheap
word-order of adjeTurk
adverb-name of argoTurk
description::
· adverb is an-Argo-member that has an-attribute-relation with another adjective, adverb or verb.
"Turkish adverbs usually come immediately before verbs. However, depending on what you want to emphasize, they might come before adjectives or other adverbs as well. As I mentioned earlier, they never come before nouns, because if they do, they become adjectives."
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://www.turkishclass101.com/blog/2020/10/19/turkish-adverbs/]
"Many adverbs are derived from verbs by the means of suffixes (such as –e, -erek, -meden and others)."
[{2022-11-19 retrieved} https://www.pinhok.com/kb/turkish/348/turkish-grammar/]
name::
* McsEngl.adveTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.zarf.Türkçe!=adveTurk,
word-order of adveTurk
suffix of adveTurk
description::
* -ce: adverb, forming one from an adjective,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
"In Turkish, almost all adjectives can serve you as an adverb.
More commonly than English, the repetition phrases act as adverbs. For example, “harıl harıl” means “incessantly” or “continuously” and is used very popularly, especially for studying."
[{2022-11-10 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/turkish-adverbs]
* a: Yavaşça != Slowly, Sonra != Later
* b:
* c:
* ç:
* d:
* e: Gizlice != Secretly
* f:
* g:
* ğ: Sağ != Right
* h: Sabah != In the morning
* ı: Karşı != Opposite
* i: Geri != Backward
* j:
* k: Sık Sık != Often
* l: Sol != Left
* m: Akşam != In the evening
* n: Dün != Yesterday
* o:
* ö:
* p: Hep != Always
* r:
* s:
* ş:
* t:
* u: Doğru != Towards
* ü:
* v:
* y:
* z:
argoTurk.pronoun
description::
· pronTurk is a-pronoun (denotes anonymously other names|entities) of the-Turkish-language.
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'pronoun!⇒pronTurk,
* McsEngl.pronTurk,
* McsEngl.pronoun.Turkish!⇒pronTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.zamir.Türkçe!=pronTurk,
pronTurk.personal
· pronTurkPersonal is a-pronoun that denotes a-person-of-language.
· interrogative: kim!=who,
· deictic:
| singular | plural | |||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
| absolute | ben | sen | o | biz | siz | onlar |
| accusative | beni | seni | onu | bizi | sizi | onları |
| dative | bana | sana | ona | bize | size | onlara |
| locative | bende | sende | onda | bizde | sizde | onlarda |
| ablative | benden | senden | ondan | bizden | sizden | onlardan |
| genitive | benim | senin | onun | bizim | sizin | onların |
| instrumental | benimle | seninle | onunla | bizimle | sizinle | onlarla |
| anne - mother | ev - house | |
| my | annem | evim |
| your | annen | evin |
| his|her|its | annesi | evi |
| our | annemiz | evimiz |
| your | anneniz | eviniz |
| their | anneleri | evleri |
name::
* McsEngl.pronPersonalTurk!⇒pronTurkPersonal,
* McsEngl.pronTurkPersonal,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.personal!⇒pronTurkPersonal,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.ben!=I-absolute,
* McsTurk.beni!=I-accusative,
* McsTurk.bana!=I-dative,
* McsTurk.bende!=I-locative,
* McsTurk.benden!=I-ablative,
* McsTurk.benim!=I-genitive,
* McsTurk.benimle!=I-instrumental,
* McsTurk.biz!=we-absolute-plural,
* McsTurk.bizi!=we-accusative-plural,
* McsTurk.bize!=we-dative-plural,
* McsTurk.bizde!=we-locative-plural,
* McsTurk.bizden!=we-ablative-plural,
* McsTurk.bizim!=we-genitive-plural,
* McsTurk.bizimle!=we-instrumental-plural,
* McsTurk.sen!=you-absolute,
* McsTurk.seni!=you-accusative,
* McsTurk.sana!=you-dative,
* McsTurk.sende!=you-locative,
* McsTurk.senden!=you-ablative,
* McsTurk.senin!=you-genitive,
* McsTurk.seninle!=you-instrumental,
* McsTurk.siz!=you-absolute-plural,
* McsTurk.sizi!=you-accusative-plural,
* McsTurk.size!=you-dative-plural,
* McsTurk.sizde!=you-locative-plural,
* McsTurk.sizden!=you-ablative-plural,
* McsTurk.sizin!=you-genitive-plural,
* McsTurk.sizinle!=you-instrumental-plural,
* McsTurk.o!=he-she-it-absolute,
* McsTurk.onu!=he-she-it-accusative,
* McsTurk.ona!=he-she-it-dative,
* McsTurk.onda!=he-she-it-locative,
* McsTurk.ondan!=he-she-it-ablative,
* McsTurk.onun!=he-she-it-genitive,
* McsTurk.onunla!=he-she-it-instrumental,
* McsTurk.onlar!=they-absolute-plural,
* McsTurk.onları!=they-accusative-plural,
* McsTurk.onlara!=they-dative-plural,
* McsTurk.onlarda!=they-locative-plural,
* McsTurk.onlardan!=they-ablative-plural,
* McsTurk.onların!=they-genitive-plural,
* McsTurk.onlarla!=they-instrumental-plural,
pronTurk.human
description::
· interrogative:
* kim!=who,
* kime!=whom,
* kimin!=whose,
· deictic:
* bu, o,
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkHuman,
* McsEngl.pronTurkHuman.kim!=who,
* McsEngl.pronTurkHuman.kime!=whom,
* McsEngl.pronTurkHuman.kimin!=whose,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.human!⇒pronTurkHuman,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.kim!=who!=pronTurkHuman,
* McsTurk.kime!=whom!=pronTurkHuman,
* McsTurk.kimin!=whose!=pronTurkHuman,
pronTurk.humanNo
description::
· interrogative:
* ne!=what,
· deictic:
* bu!=this, o!=that,
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkHumanNo,
* McsEngl.pronTurkHumanNo.bu!=this,
* McsEngl.pronTurkHumanNo.ne!=what,
* McsEngl.pronTurkHumanNo.o!=that,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.humanNo!⇒pronTurkHumanNo,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.bu!=this!=pronTurkHumanNo,
* McsTurk.new!=what!=pronTurkHumanNo,
* McsTurk.o!=that!=pronTurkHumanNo,
pronTurk.space
description::
· interrogative:
* nerede!=where,
· deictic:
* burada!=here, orada!=there
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkSpace,
* McsEngl.pronTurkSpace.burada!=here,
* McsEngl.pronTurkSpace.nerede!=where,
* McsEngl.pronTurkSpace.orada!=there,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.space!⇒pronTurkSpace,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.burada!=here!=pronTurkSpace,
* McsTurk.nerede!=where!=pronTurkSpace,
* McsTurk.orada!=there!=pronTurkSpace,
pronTurk.time
description::
· interrogative:
* ne zaman != when,
· deictic:
* şimdi!=now, o-zaman|sonra!=then,
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkTime,
* McsEngl.pronTurkTime.ne-zaman!=when,
* McsEngl.pronTurkTime.şimdi!=now,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.time!⇒pronTurkTime,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.ne-zaman!=when!=pronTurkTime,
* McsTurk.şimdi!=now!=pronTurkTime,
pronTurk.quantity
description::
· interrogative:
* kaç != how much|many,
· deictic:
* bu|o-kadar!=so-much, harikulade!=so-great,
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkQuantity,
* McsEngl.pronTurkQuantity.kaç!=interrogative,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.quantity!⇒pronTurkQuantity,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.kaç!=interrogative!=pronTurkQuantity,
pronTurk.manner
description::
· interrogative:
* nasıl != how,
· deictic:
* so, thus,
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkManner,
* McsEngl.pronTurkManner.nasıl!=how,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.manner!⇒pronTurkManner,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.nasıl!=how!=pronTurkManner,
pronTurk.cause
description::
· interrogative:
* niçin|neden != why,
· deictic:
* therefore, that's why, bu yüzden!=for this reason,
name::
* McsEngl.pronTurkCause,
* McsEngl.pronTurkCause.niçin!=why,
* McsEngl.pronTurk.cause!⇒pronTurkCause,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.niçin!=why!=pronTurkCause,
verb-name of logoTurk
description::
· verbTurk is a-set of TERMS that denote ONE stxv-verb (a-directed process-or-relation in time).
"Turkish verbs indicate person. They can be made negative, potential ("can"), or impotential ("cannot"). Furthermore, Turkish verbs show tense (present, past, future, and aorist), mood (conditional, imperative, inferential, necessitative, and optative), and aspect. Negation is expressed by the infix -me- immediately following the root of the verb.
Verbs in Turkish have six grammatical persons (three singular and three plural), various voices (active and passive, reflexive, reciprocal, and causative), and a large number of grammatical tenses.
Verbs also have a number of participial forms, which Turkish makes much use of. Clauses which begin with "who" or "because" in English are generally translated by means of participial phrases in Turkish.
Tense
There are 9 simple and 20 compound tenses in Turkish. 9 simple tenses are simple past (di'li geçmiş), inferential past (miş'li geçmiş), present continuous, simple present (aorist), future, optative, subjunctive, necessitative ("must") and imperative.
There are three groups of compound forms. Story (hikaye) is the witnessed past of the above forms (except command), rumor (rivayet) is the unwitnessed past of the above forms (except simple past and command), conditional (koşul) is the conditional form of the first five basic tenses.
There are also so-called combined verbs, which are created by suffixing certain verb stems (like bil or ver) to the original stem of a verb. Bil is the suffix for the sufficiency mood. It is the equivalent of the English auxiliary verbs "able to", "can" or "may". Ver is the suffix for the swiftness mood, kal for the perpetuity mood and yaz for the approach ("almost") mood. Thus, while gittin means "you went", gidebildin means "you could go" and gidiverdin means "you went swiftly"."
[{2022-11-19 retrieved} https://www.pinhok.com/kb/turkish/348/turkish-grammar/]
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'verb!⇒verbTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.fiil.Türkçe!=verbTurk,
member of verbTurk
description::
· a-verb is a-SET of terms\a\.
· these\a\ are its members.
- members-of-verb: yazmak != write
- voice-active: yazmak != to-write
- mood-indicative:
- narrative: yaz-dım != I wrote
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazdım yazmadım yazdım-mı? yazmadım-mı? sen yazdın yazmadın yazdın-mı? yazmadın-mı? o yazdı yazmadı yazdı-mı? yazmadı-mı? biz yazdık yazmadık yazdık-mı? yazmadık-mı? siz yazdınız yazmadınız yazdınız-mı? yazmadınız-mı? onlar yazdılar yazmadılar yazdılar-mı? yazmadılar-mı? - reported: yaz-mışım != I wrote
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazmışım yazmamışım yazmiş-mıyım? yazmamiş-mıyım? sen yazmışsın yazmamışsın yazmiş-mısın? yazmamiş-mısın? o yazmış yazmamış yazmiş-mı? yazmamiş-mı? biz yazmışız yazmamışız yazmiş-mıyız? yazmamiş-mıyız? siz yazmışsınız yazmamışsınız yazmiş-mısınız? yazmamiş-mısınız? onlar yazmışlar yazmamışlar yazmişlar-mı? yazmamişlar-mı? - aorist: yaz-arım != I write
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazarım yazmam yazar-mıyım? yazmaz-mıyım? sen yazarsın yazmazsın yazar-mısın? yazmaz-mısın? o yazar yazmaz yazar-mı? yazmaz-mı? biz yazarız yazmayız yazar-mıyız? yazmaz-mıyız? siz yazarsınız yazmazsınız yazar-mısınız? yazmaz-mısınız? onlar yazarlar yazmazlar yazarlar-mı? yazmazlar-mı? - aorist-narrative: yaz-ardım != I would write
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazardım yazmardım yazardım-mı? yazmardım-mı? sen yazardın yazmardın yazardın-mı? yazmardın-mı? o yazardı yazmardı yazardı-mı? yazmardı-mı? biz yazardık yazmardık yazardık-mı? yazmardık-mı? siz yazardınız yazmardınız yazardınız-mı? yazmardınız-mı? onlar yazardılar yazmardılar yazardılar-mı? yazmardılar-mı? - aorist-reported: yaz-armışım != I wrote
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazarmışım yazmazmışım yazarmış-mıyım? yazmazmış-mıyım? sen yazarmışsın yazmazmışsın yazarmış-mısın? yazmazmış-mısın? o yazarmış yazmazmış yazarmış-mı? yazmazmış-mı? biz yazarmışız yazmazmışız yazarmış-mıyız? yazmazmış-mıyız? siz yazarmışsınız yazmazmışsınız yazarmış-mısınız? yazmazmış-mısınız? onlar yazarmışlar yazmazmışlar yazarlarmış-mı? yazmazmışlar-mı? - present: yaz-ıyorum != I am-writing
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazıyorum yazmıyorum yazıyor-muyum? yazmıyor-muyum? sen yazıyorsum yazmıyorsun yazıyor-musun? yazmıyor-musun? o yazıyor yazmıyor yazıyor-mu? yazmıyor-mu? biz yazıyoruz yazmıyoruz yazıyor-muyuz? yazmıyor-muyuz? siz yazıyorsunuz yazmıyorsunuz yazıyor-musunuz? yazmıyor-musunuz? onlar yazıyorlar yazmıyorlar yazıyorlar-mı? yazmıyorlar-mı? - present-narrative: yaz-ıyordum != I was-writing
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazıyordum yazmıyordum yazıyor-muydum? yazmıyor-muydum? sen yazıyordun yazmıyordun yazıyor-muydun? yazmıyor-muydun? o yazıyordu yazmıyordu yazıyor-muydu? yazmıyor-muydu? biz yazıyorduk yazmıyorduk yazıyor-muyduk? yazmıyor-muyduk? siz yazıyordunuz yazmıyordunız yazıyor-muydunız? yazmıyor-muydunız? onlar yazıyordular|yazıyorlardi yazmıyordular|yazmıyorlardi yazmıyorlar-mıydı|yazıyordular-mı? yazmamişlar-mıydı|yazmıyordular-mı? - present-reported: yaz-ıyormuşum
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazıyourmuşum yazmıyormuşum yazıyormuş-mıyım? yazmıyormuş-muyum? sen yazıyourmuşsun yazmıyormuşsun yazıyormuş-mısın? yazmıyormuş-musun? o yazıyourmuş yazmıyormuş yazıyormuş-mı? yazmıyormuş-mu? biz yazıyourmuşuz yazmıyormuşuz yazıyormuş-mıyız? yazmıyormuş-muyuz? siz yazıyourmuşsunuz yazmıyormuşsunuz yazıyormuş-mısınız? yazmıyormuş-musunuz? onlar yazıyourmuşlar | yazıyorlamıs yazmıyormuşlar yazıyormuşlar-mı? | yazıyorlarmış-mı? yazmıyormuşlar-mı? | yazmıyorlarmış-mı? - past-narrative: yaz-ırdım != I would write
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazırdım yazmırdım yazırdım-mı? yazmırdım-mı? sen yazırdın yazmırdın yazırdın-mı? yazmırdın-mı? o yazırdı yazmırdı yazırdı-mı? yazmırdı-mı? biz yazırdık yazmırdık yazırdık-mı? yazmırdık-mı? siz yazırdınız yazmırdınız yazırdınız-mı? yazmırdınız-mı? onlar yazırdılar yazmırdılar yazırdılar-mı? yazmırdılar-mı? - past-reported: yaz-ırmışım != I wrote
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazırmışım yazmızmışım yazırmış-mıyım? yazmızmış-mıyım? sen yazırmışsın yazmızmışsın yazırmış-mısın? yazmızmış-mısın? o yazırmış yazmızmış yazırmış-mı? yazmızmış-mı? biz yazırmışız yazmızmışız yazırmış-mıyız? yazmızmış-mıyız? siz yazırmışsınız yazmızmışsınız yazırmış-mısınız? yazmızmış-mısınız? onlar yazırmışlar yazmızmışlar yazırlarmış-mı? yazmızmışlar-mı? - past-perfect: yaz-mıştım != I had-written
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazmıştım yazmamıştım yazmiş-mıydım? yazmamiş-mıydım? sen yazmıştın yazmamıştın yazmiş-mıydın? yazmamiş-mıydın? o yazmıştı yazmamıştı yazmiş-mıydı? yazmamiş-mıydı? biz yazmıştık yazmamıştık yazmiş-mıydık? yazmamiş-mıydık? siz yazmıştınız yazmamıştınız yazmiş-mıydınız? yazmamiş-mıydınız? onlar yazmıştılar yazmamıştılar yazmişlar-mıydı? yazmamişlar-mıydı? - past-perfect-reported: yaz-mışmışım
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazmışmışım yazmamışmışım yazmışmiş-mıyım? yazmamışmiş-mıyım? sen yazmışmışsın yazmamışmışsın yazmışmiş-mısın? yazmamışmiş-mısın? o yazmışmış yazmamışmış yazmışmiş-mı? yazmamışmiş-mı? biz yazmışmışız yazmamışmışız yazmışmiş-mıyız? yazmamışmiş-mıyız? siz yazmışmışsınız yazmamışmışsınız yazmışmiş-mısınız? yazmamışmiş-mısınız? onlar yazmışmışlar | yazmişlarmış yazmamışmışlar | yazmamişlarmış yazmışmişlar-mı? | yazmişlarmış-mı? yazmamışmişlar-mı? | yazmamişlarmış-mı? - future: yaz-acağım != I will-write
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazacağım yazmayacağım yazacak-mıyım? yazmayacak-mıyım? sen yazacaksın yazmayacaksın yazacak-mısın? yazmayacak-mısın? o yazacak yazmayacak yazacak-mı? yazmayacak-mı? biz yazacağız yazmayacağız yazacak-mıyız? yazmayacak-mıyız? siz yazacaksınız yazmayacaksınız yazacak-mısınız? yazmayacak-mısınız? onlar yazacaklar yazmayacaklar yazacaklar-mı? yazmayacaklar-mı? - future-narrative: yaz-acaktım
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazacaktım yazmayacaktım yazacak-mıydım? yazmayacak-mıydım? sen yazacaktın yazmayacaktın yazacak-mıydın? yazmayacak-mıydın? o yazacaktı yazmayacaktı yazacak-mıydı? yazmayacak-mıydı? biz yazacaktık yazmayacaktık yazacak-mıydık? yazmayacak-mıydık? siz yazacaktınız yazmayacaktınız yazacak-mıydınız? yazmayacak-mıydınız? onlar yazacaktılar yazmayacaklardı | yazmayacaktılar yazacaklar-mıydı? | yazacak-mıydılar yazmayacaklar-mıydı? | yazmayacak-mıydılar? - future-reported: yaz-acakmışım
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben yazacakmışım yazmayacakmışım yazacakmiş-mıyım? yazmayacakmiş-mıyım? sen yazacakmışsın yazmayacakmışsın yazakmiş-mısın? yazmayacakmiş-mısın? o yazacakmış yazmayacakmış yazakmiş-mı? yazmayacakmiş-mı? biz yazacakmışız yazmayacakmışız yazakmiş-mıyız? yazmayacakmiş-mıyız? siz yazacakmışsınız yazmayacakmışsınız yazakmiş-mısınız? yazmayacakmiş-mısınız? onlar yazacakmışlar | yazacaklarmış yazmayacakmışlar | yazmayacaklarmış yazakmişlar-mı? | yazaklarmış-mı? yazmayacakmişlar-mı? | yazmayacaklarmış-mı?
- narrative: yaz-dım != I wrote
- mood-imperative:
- : yaz != write,
affirmative negative interrogative interrogative-negative ben sen yaz yazma o yazsın yazmasın yazsın-mı? yazmasın-mı? biz siz yazın | yazınız yazmayın | yazmayınız onlar yazsınlar yazmasınlar yazsınlar-mı? yazmasınlar-mı?
- : yaz != write,
- mood-infinitive:
- : yaz-mak != to-write
- mood-indicative:
- voice-passive: yazılmak != to-be-written
- mood-indicative:
- present-simple: I am-written
- present-perfect: I have-been-written
- present-continuous: I am-being-written
- present-perfect-continuous: I have-being-written
- past-perfect: I had-been-written
- past-continuous: I was-being-written
- future-simple: I will-be-written
- future-perfect: I will-have-been-written
- future-perfect-continuous: I will-have-being-written
· the-indicative members are:
active-voice passive-voice imperfect perfect imperfect perfect pres inst ben yazarım
I write
(simple-present)I have-written
(present-perfect)I am-written I have-been-written cont ben yazıyorum
I am-writting
(present-continuous)I have-been-writing I am-being-written I have-being-written past inst ben yazdım
I wrote
(simple-past)I had-written
(past-perfect)I was-written I had-been-written cont ben yazıyordum
I was-writing
(past-continuous)I had-been-writing I was-being-written I had-being-written futu inst ben yazacağım
I will-write
(future-simple)I will-have-written
(future-perfect)I will-be-written I will-have-been-written cont I will-be-writing
(future-continuous)I will-have-been-writing I will-being-written I will-have-being-written name::
* McsEngl.VerbmbrTurk!⇒mVTurk,
* McsEngl.memberVerbTurk!⇒mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'form!⇒mVTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'member!⇒mVTurk,sibling of mVTurk
description::
* Chinese-mVerb,
* English-mVerb,
* Esperanto-mVerb,
* Greek-mVerb,
* GreekAncient-mVerb,
* Sinago-mVerb,mVTurk.SPECIFIC
description::
* indicative-mood,
* imperative-mood,
* ability-(can)-mood,
* necessative-(must)-mood,
* conditional-(if)-mood,
* volition-mood,
===
* present-tense,
* past-tense,
* future-tense,
===
* affirmative-member,
* negative-member,
===
* interrogative-member,
* interrogativeNo-member,
===
* progressive-member,
* progressiveNo-member,
===
* active-member,
* passive-member,
===
* witnessed-member,
* inferential-(it has said)-member,
===
* (-dik) Future personal participle != (-dik) eki gelecek,
* (-dik) Personal participle != (-dik) eki,
* Aorist != Geniş Zaman,
* Aorist Dubitative != Geniş zamanın rivayeti,
* Conditional Aorist != Geniş zamanın koşulu,
* Conditional Future != Gelecek zam. koşulu,
* Conditional Infinitive != Dilek koşul(mastar),
* Conditional Past(could realize) != Belirli geçmiş zam. koşulu,
* Conditional Past(couldn't realize) != Dilek koşul kip. hikâyesi,
* Conditional Present != Şimdiki zam. koşulu,
* Future != Gelecek zaman,
* Future Dubitative != Gelecek zamanın rivayeti,
* Imperative != Emir kipi,
* Imperfect != Şimdiki zamanın hikâyesi,
* Impossible past result != Gelecek zamanın hikâyesi,
* Necessitive != Gereklik kipi,
* Necessitive Conditional != Gereklik kipinin koşulu,
* Past != Geçmiş zaman,
* Past Dubitative != Belirsiz geçmiş zaman,
* Past Perfect != Belirli geçmiş zam. hik.,
* Past Perfect Dubitative != Belirsiz geçmiş zam. hik.,
* Past Strongly Dubitative != Belirsiz geçmiş zam. riv.,
* Present Continuous- Şimdiki zaman,
* Present dubitative != Şimdiki zamanın rivayeti,
* Repetitive action in the past != Geniş zamanın hikâyesi,
* Subjunctive mood != İstek kipi,mVTurk.aorist
description::
· aorist-simple,
· aorist-narrative,
· aorist-reported,
· aorist-conditional,name::
* McsEngl.aorist-mVTurk!⇒mVTurkAori,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAori,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.aorist!⇒mVTurkAori,mVTurkAori.simple
description::
· yaz-arım != I write.
· gel-irim != I come, I'll come.
"Things are habitually done are expressed by using the present tense in English. In contrast in Turkish, habitual things are expressed using aorist (tr. Geniş zaman)."
[{2022-11-09 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/present-tense]
"The Turkish Aorist wide-tense doesn't have an exact English language equivalent, but it's very close to our Simple Present Tense. It is a separate tense to express habitual action, or to express an idea that is generally accepted as true. And it can cover action in the past, the present, and the future. For example, the sentence, 'Sleepy' Ripurtus always goes to bed at 9 PM, would be translated using the Aorist Wide-tense verb form, 'Uykulu' Ripurtus her zaman saat dokuzda yatar."
[{2022-12-03 retrieved} http://learnturkish.freeservers.com/turkish-verbal-factoids.html#aorist%20wide%20tense]
* -irim: verb, present general posi (1-pers-sing),
* -ırım: verb, present general posi (1-pers-sing),
* -rim: verb, present general posi (1-pers-sing),
* -rım: verb, present general posi (1-pers-sing),
* -rum: verb, present general posi (1-pers-sing),
* -rüm: verb, present general posi (1-pers-sing),
* -irsin: verb, present general posi (2-pers-sing),
* -ırsın: verb, present general posi (2-pers-sing),
* -rsin: verb, present general posi (2-pers-sing),
* -rsın: verb, present general posi (2-pers-sing),
* -rsun: verb, present general posi (2-pers-sing),
* -rsün: verb, present general posi (2-pers-sing),
* -ir: verb, present general posi (3-pers-sing),
* -ır: verb, present general posi (3-pers-sing),
* -r: verb, present general posi (3-pers-sing),
* -ur: verb, present general posi (3-pers-sing),
* -ür: verb, present general posi (3-pers-sing),
* -iriz: verb, present general posi (1-pers-plur),
* -ırız: verb, present general posi (1-pers-plur),
* -rız: verb, present general posi (1-pers-plur),
* -riz: verb, present general posi (1-pers-plur),
* -ruz: verb, present general posi (1-pers-plur),
* -rüz: verb, present general posi (1-pers-plur),
* -irsiniz: verb, present general posi (2-pers-plur),
* -ırsınız: verb, present general posi (2-pers-plur),
* -rsiniz: verb, present general posi (2-pers-plur),
* -rsınız: verb, present general posi (2-pers-plur),
* -rsunuz: verb, present general posi (2-pers-plur),
* -rsünüz: verb, present general posi (2-pers-plur),
* -irler: verb, present general posi (3-pers-plur),
* -ırlar: verb, present general posi (3-pers-plur),
* -rlar: verb, present general posi (3-pers-plur),
* -rler: verb, present general posi (3-pers-plur),
* -ir miyim?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ır miyim?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -r miyim?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ur miyim?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ür miyim?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ir misin?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ır misin?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -r misin?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ur misin?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ür misin?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ir mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ır mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -r mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ur mu?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ür mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ir miyiz?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ır miyiz?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -r miyiz?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ur miyiz?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ür miyiz?: verb, present general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ir misiniz?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -ır misiniz?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -r misiniz?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -ur misiniz?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -ür misiniz?: verb, present general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -irler miyi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -ırlar mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -rlar mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -rler mi?: verb, present general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -mam: verb, present general nega (1-pers-sing),
* -mem: verb, present general nega (1-pers-sing),
* -mazsin: verb, present general nega (2-pers-sing),
* -mezsin: verb, present general nega (2-pers-sing),
* -maz: verb, present general nega (3-pers-sing),
* -mez: verb, present general nega (3-pers-sing),
* -mayiz: verb, present general nega (1-pers-plur),
* -meyiz: verb, present general nega (1-pers-plur),
* -mazsiniz: verb, present general nega (2-pers-plur),
* -mezsiniz: verb, present general nega (2-pers-plur),
* -mazlar: verb, present general nega (3-pers-plur),
* -mezler: verb, present general nega (3-pers-plur),
* -maz miyim?: verb, present general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mez miyim?: verb, present general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -maz misin?: verb, present general nega inter (2-pers-sing),
* -mez misin?: verb, present general nega inter (2-pers-sing),
* -maz mi?: verb, present general nega inter (3-pers-sing),
* -mez mi?: verb, present general nega inter (3-pers-sing),
* -maz miyiz?: verb, present general nega inter (1-pers-plur),
* -mez miyiz?: verb, present general nega inter (1-pers-plur),
* -maz misiniz?: verb, present general nega inter (2-pers-plur),
* -mez misiniz?: verb, present general nega inter (2-pers-plur),
* -mazlar mi?: verb, present general nega inter (3-pers-plur),
* -mezler mi?: verb, present general nega inter (3-pers-sing),
* -irsem: verb, present general cond (1-pers-sing),
* -rsem: verb, present general cond (1-pers-sing),
* -ırsam: verb, present general cond (1-pers-sing),
* -rsam: verb, present general cond (1-pers-sing),
* -irsen: verb, present general cond (2-pers-sing),
* -rsen: verb, present general cond (2-pers-sing),
* -ırsan: verb, present general cond (2-pers-sing),
* -rsan: verb, present general cond (2-pers-sing),
* -irse: verb, present general cond (3-pers-sing),
* -rse: verb, present general cond (3-pers-sing),
* -ırsa: verb, present general cond (3-pers-sing),
* -rsa: verb, present general cond (3-pers-sing),
* -irsek: verb, present general cond (1-pers-plur),
* -rsek: verb, present general cond (1-pers-plur),
* -ırsak: verb, present general cond (1-pers-plur),
* -rsak: verb, present general cond (1-pers-plur),
* -irseniz: verb, present general cond (2-pers-plur),
* -ırsanız: verb, present general cond (2-pers-plur),
* -rsanız: verb, present general cond (2-pers-plur),
* -rsanüz: verb, present general cond (2-pers-plur),
* -rseniz: verb, present general cond (2-pers-plur),
* -rsenuz: verb, present general cond (2-pers-plur),
* -irlerse: verb, present general cond (3-pers-plur),
* -rlerse: verb, present general cond (3-pers-plur),
* -ırlarsa: verb, present general cond (3-pers-plur),
* -rlarsa: verb, present general cond (3-pers-plur),
* -irmişim: verb, present general infe (1-pers-sing),
* -ırmışım: verb, present general infe (1-pers-sing),
* -rmişim: verb, present general infe (1-pers-sing),
* -rmışım: verb, present general infe (1-pers-sing),
* -urmuşum: verb, present general infe (1-pers-sing),
* -ürmüşüm: verb, present general infe (1-pers-sing),
* -irmişin: verb, present general infe (2-pers-sing),
* -ırmışın: verb, present general infe (2-pers-sing),
* -rmişin: verb, present general infe (2-pers-sing),
* -rmışın: verb, present general infe (2-pers-sing),
* -urmuşun: verb, present general infe (2-pers-sing),
* -ürmüşün: verb, present general infe (2-pers-sing),
* -irmiş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-sing),
* -ırmış: verb, present general infe (3-pers-sing),
* -rmiş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-sing),
* -rmış: verb, present general infe (3-pers-sing),
* -urmuş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-sing),
* -ürmüş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-sing),
* -irmişiz: verb, present general infe (1-pers-plur),
* -ırmışız: verb, present general infe (1-pers-plur),
* -rmişiz: verb, present general infe (1-pers-plur),
* -rmışız: verb, present general infe (1-pers-plur),
* -urmuşuz: verb, present general infe (1-pers-plur),
* -ürmüşüz: verb, present general infe (1-pers-plur),
* -irmişsiniz: verb, present general infe (2-pers-plur),
* -ırmışsınız: verb, present general infe (2-pers-plur),
* -rmişsiniz: verb, present general infe (2-pers-plur),
* -rmışsınız: verb, present general infe (2-pers-plur),
* -urmuşsunuz: verb, present general infe (2-pers-plur),
* -ürmüşsünüz: verb, present general infe (2-pers-plur),
* -irlermiş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-plur),
* -ırlarmış: verb, present general infe (3-pers-plur),
* -rlarmış: verb, present general infe (3-pers-plur),
* -rlermiş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-plur),
* -urlarmuş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-plur),
* -ürlermüş: verb, present general infe (3-pers-plur),
* -ir imiş*: verb, present general cond infe,
* -ır imiş*: verb, present general cond infe,
* -r imiş*: verb, present general cond infe,
* -ur imiş*: verb, present general cond infe,
* -ür imiş*: verb, present general cond infe,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkAori.simple!=aorist-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAori.general!=aorist-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.aorist-mVTurk!=aorist-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.general-aorist-mVTurk!=aorist-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.aorist-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.simple-aorist-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.geniş-zaman!=broad-tense!=aorist-simple-mVTurk,mVTurkAori.narrative
description::
· yaz-ardım.
· Used to do something OR I should have done something, but I didn't.name::
* McsEngl.aorist-narrative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAori.narrative,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.repetitive,
* McsEngl.past-repetitive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.repetitive-mVTurkPast,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.geniş-zamanın-hikâyesi!=past-repetitive-mVTurk,mVTurkAori.reported (link)
mVTurkAori.conditional (link)
mVTurk.present
description::
* present: ben yazarım != I write,
* present-inte: ben yazar mıyım? != do I write?,
* present-nega: ben yazmam != I do not write,
* present-nega-inte: ben yazmaz mıyım? != do I not write?,
* present-continuous: ben yazıyorum != I am writing,
* present-continuous-inte: ben yazıyor muyum? != am I writing?,
* present-continuous-nega: ben yazmıyorum != I am not writing,
* present-continuous-nega-inte: ben yazmıyor muyum? != am I not writing?,name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.present!⇒mVTurkPres,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPres,
* McsEngl.verbmTurk'present!⇒mVTurkPres,
* McsEngl.present-tense--of-lagoTurk!⇒mVTurkPres,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şimdiki-zaman!=present!=mVTurkPres,mVTurkPres.simple
description::
· yaz-mak: yaz-ıyorum != I am-writing.
· gel-mek: gel-iyorum != I am-coming.
· dur-mak: dur-uyorum != I am-standing.
· çöz-mek: çöz-üyorum != I am-soliving.
* -iyorum: verb, present progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -ıyorum: verb, present progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -uyorum: verb, present progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -üyorum: verb, present progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -yorum: verb, present progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -iyorsun: verb, present progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -ıyorsun: verb, present progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -uyorsun: verb, present progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -üyorsun: verb, present progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -yorsun: verb, present progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -iyor: verb, present progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -ıyor: verb, present progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -uyor: verb, present progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -üyor: verb, present progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -yor: verb, present progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -iyoruz: verb, present progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -ıyoruz: verb, present progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -uyoruz: verb, present progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -üyoruz: verb, present progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -iyorsunuz: verb, present progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -ıyorsunuz: verb, present progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -uyorsunuz: verb, present progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -üyorsunuz: verb, present progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -yoruz: verb, present progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -yorsunuz: verb, present progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -iyorlar: verb, present progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -ıyorlar: verb, present progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -uyorlar: verb, present progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -üyorlar: verb, present progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -yorlar: verb, present progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -iyor *?: verb, present progressive posi inter,
* -ıyor *?: verb, present progressive posi inter,
* -yor *?: verb, present progressive posi inter,
* -miyorum: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-sing),
* -mıyorum: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-sing),
* -muyorum: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-sing),
* -müyorum: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-sing),
* -miyorusun: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-sing),
* -mıyorusun: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-sing),
* -miyorsun: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-sing),
* -muyorsun: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-sing),
* -müyorsun: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-sing),
* -miyor: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-sing),
* -mıyor: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-sing),
* -muyor: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-sing),
* -müyor: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-sing),
* -miyoruz: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-plur),
* -mıyoruz: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-plur),
* -muyoruz: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-plur),
* -müyoruz: verb, present progressive nega (1-pers-plur),
* -miyorsunuz: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-plur),
* -mıyorsunuz: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-plur),
* -muyorsunuz: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-plur),
* -müyorsunuz: verb, present progressive nega (2-pers-plur),
* -miyorlar: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-plur),
* -mıyorlar: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-plur),
* -muyorlar: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-plur),
* -müyorlar: verb, present progressive nega (3-pers-plur),
* -miyor muyum?: verb, present progressive nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -miyor musun?: verb, present progressive nega inter (2-pers-sing),
* -miyor mı?: verb, present progressive nega inter (3-pers-plur),
* -miyor mu?: verb, present progressive nega inter (3-pers-sing),
* -miyor muyuz?: verb, present progressive nega inter (1-pers-plur),
* -miyor musunuz?: verb, present progressive nega inter (2-pers-plur),
* -mıyor *?: verb, present progressive nega inter,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.present-simple-lagoTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPresSimp,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPres.simple,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ενεστώτας-Τούρκικου-ρήματος,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şimdiki-zaman!=mVTurkPresSimp,mVTurkPres.perfect
description::
"The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE has no specific verbal pattern in Turkish as it does in English.
Indeed we should say that this tense does not exist in Turkish as a verbal tense but there is correspondance to some extent between the Turkish Simple Past Tense - Geçmiş zaman or the Reported past tense - Belirsiz geçmis zaman and the Present Perfect tense as we intend it in English.
Whatever in English is expressed in Present Perfect tense in Turkish is expressed in Simple Past tense or Reported past tense.
The key to understand whether a Turkish sentence in simple past tense or reported past is equivalent to an English Present perfect is the presence of some specific adverbs which indicate that an action started in the past still produces its effects in the present.
Among these adverbs the most important are:
Yeni: Just, already (it also means "new", depending on the context).
Henuz: Not yet
Hala: Yet
A model of sentence which can be translated in Present perfect is the following.
O henuz gelmedi - He hasn't arrived yet.
O henuz gelmemiş - He reportedly hasn't arrived yet
As you may notice, the Turkish sentences are in simple past tense and reported past respectively.They have been both translated in English using the Present Perfect tense."
[{2022-12-20 retrieved} https://easyturkishlearning.blogspot.com/2012/08/lesson-34the-present-perfect-and-past.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkPres.perfect,
* McsEngl.present-perfect-verbTurk,mVTurkPres.perfect.continuous
description::
· gel-mekteyim != I have been coming...name::
* McsEngl.present-perfect-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPres.perfect.continuous,mVTurkPres.reported (link)
mVTurkPres.conditional (link)
mVTurk.past
description::
* simple-past-definite: -Dİ,
* simple-past-definiteNo:
* evidential-past: -mİş,
name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.past!⇒mVTurkPast,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'past!⇒mVTurkPast,
* McsEngl.past-tense--of-lagoTurk!⇒mVTurkPast,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.geçmiş-zaman!=mVTurkPast,mVTurkPast.simple-(definite)
description::
· yaz-mak: yaz-dim != I wrote.
· gel-mek: gel-dim != I came, I did come... (Past, Definite Tense)
· at-mak: at-tım
· dur-mak: dur-dum
· çö-mek: çöz-düm
· stxTurk: Geçen sene Paris'e gittim != I went to Paris last year (past).
· stxTurk: Paris'e gittim != I have been to Paris (present-perfect).
[{2023-01-15 retrieved} https://www.tourkika.com/dili-gecmis-zaman/]
* -dim: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -dım: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -dum: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -düm: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -tim: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -tım: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -tum: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -tüm: verb, past definite (1-pers-sing),
* -din: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -dın: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -dun: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -dün: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -tin: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -tın: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -tun: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -tün: verb, past definite (2-pers-sing),
* -di: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -dı: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -du: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -dü: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -ti: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -tı: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -tu: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -tü: verb, past definite (3-pers-sing),
* -dik: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -dık: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -duk: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -dük: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -tik: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -tık: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -tuk: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -tük: verb, past definite (1-pers-plur),
* -diniz: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -dınız: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -dunuz: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -dünüz: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -tiniz: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -tınız: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -tünüz: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -tunuz: verb, past definite (2-pers-plur),
* -diler: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -dılar: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -dular: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -düler: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -tiler: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -tılar: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -tular: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
* -tüler: verb, past definite (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
"you must use simple past tense (-DI) to describe an action that happened in the past. Similar to English, Turkish past simple is used to describe things that happened and finished in the past. The suffix of past simple is -di/dı/ti/tı.
Different from miş-past, di-past is used to describe an action that the speaker has witnessed. Conversely, miş-past defines the actions that the speaker has only heard but not witnessed."
[{2022-11-13 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/turkish-past-tenses]name::
* McsEngl.definite-past-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.dI-past-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.definite,
* McsEngl.narrative-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.simple-past-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.di'li-geçmiş-zaman,mVTurkPast.continuous
description::
· yaz-ıyordum != I was-writing.
· gel-iyordum (Past Progressive, narrative).
* -iyordum: verb, past progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -ıyordum: verb, past progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -uyordum: verb, past progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -üyordum: verb, past progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -yordum: verb, past progressive (1-pers-sing),
* -iyordun: verb, past progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -ıyordun: verb, past progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -uyordun: verb, past progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -üyordun: verb, past progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -yordun: verb, past progressive (2-pers-sing),
* -iyordu: verb, past progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -ıyordu: verb, past progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -uyordu: verb, past progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -üyordu: verb, past progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -yordu: verb, past progressive (3-pers-sing),
* -iyorduk: verb, past progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -ıyorduk: verb, past progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -uyorduk: verb, past progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -üyorduk: verb, past progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -yorduk: verb, past progressive (1-pers-plur),
* -iyordunuz: verb, past progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -ıyordunuz: verb, past progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -uyordunuz: verb, past progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -üyordunuz: verb, past progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -yordunuz: verb, past progressive (2-pers-plur),
* -iyorlardı: verb, past progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -ıyorlardı: verb, past progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -uyorlardı: verb, past progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -üyorlardı: verb, past progressive (3-pers-plur),
* -yorlardı: verb, past progressive (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.progressive,
* McsEngl.narrative-present-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.imperfect-mVTurk!=past-continuous,
* McsEngl.past-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.past-progressive-narrative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.present-narrative-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şimdiki-zamanın-hikâyesi!=past-continuous-mVTurk,mVTurkPast.general
description::
· yaz-ırdım!= I would write.
* -irdim: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -ırdım: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -rdim: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -rdım: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -rdum: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -rdüm: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -urdum: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -ürdüm: verb, past general (1-pers-singular),
* -irdin: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -ırdın: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -rdin: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -rdın: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -rdun: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -rdün: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -urdun: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -ürdün: verb, past general (2-pers-singular),
* -irdi: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -irdi: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -ırdı: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -rdi: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -rdı: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -rdu: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -urdu: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -ürdü: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -rdü: verb, past general (3-pers-singular),
* -irdik: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -ırdık: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -rdik: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -rdık: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -rduk: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -rdük: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -ürdük: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -urduk: verb, past general (1-pers-plur),
* -irdiniz: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -ırdınız: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -rdiniz: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -rdınız: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -rdunuz: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -rdünüz: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -urdunuz: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -ürdünüz: verb, past general (2-pers-plur),
* -irlerdi: verb, past general (3-pers-plur),
* -ırlardı: verb, past general (3-pers-plur),
* -rlardı: verb, past general (3-pers-plur),
* -rlardu: verb, past general (3-pers-plur),
* -rlerdi: verb, past general (3-pers-plur),
* -rlerdü: verb, past general (3-pers-plur),
* -ir miydim?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ır miydim?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -r miydim?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ur miydim?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ür miydim?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-sing),
* -ir miydin?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ır miydin?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -r miydin?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ur miydin?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ür miydin?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-sing),
* -ir miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ır miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ur miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ür miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-sing),
* -ir miydik?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ır miydik?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -r miydik?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ur miydik?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ür miydik?: verb, past general posi inter (1-pers-plur),
* -ir miydiniz?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -ır miydiniz?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -r miydiniz?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -ur miydiniz?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -ür miydiniz?: verb, past general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
* -irler miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -rlar miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -rler miydi?: verb, past general posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -mazdım: verb, past general nega (1-pers-sing),
* -mezdim: verb, past general nega (1-pers-sing),
* -mazdın: verb, past general nega (2-pers-sing),
* -mezdin: verb, past general nega (2-pers-sing),
* -mazdı: verb, past general nega (3-pers-sing),
* -mezdi: verb, past general nega (3-pers-sing),
* -mazdık: verb, past general nega (1-pers-plur),
* -mezdik: verb, past general nega (1-pers-plur),
* -mazdınız: verb, past general nega (2-pers-plur),
* -mezdiniz: verb, past general nega (2-pers-plur),
* -mazlardı: verb, past general nega (3-pers-plur),
* -mezlerdi: verb, past general nega (3-pers-plur),
* -maz miydim?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -maz miydin?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -maz miydi?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -maz miydik?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -maz miydinin?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mazlar miydi?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mez miydim?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mez miydin?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mez miydi?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mez miydik?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mez miydiniz?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -mezler miydi?: verb, past general nega inter (1-pers-sing),
* -irdiysem: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-sing),
* -ırdıysam: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-sing),
* -urduysam: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-sing),
* -ürdüysem: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-sing),
* -ırdıysan: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-sing),
* -urduysan: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-sing),
* -irdiysen: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-sing),
* -ürdüysen: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-sing),
* -irdiyse: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-sing),
* -ırdıysa: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-sing),
* -urduysa: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-sing),
* -ürdüyse: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-sing),
* -irdiysek: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -ırdıysak: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -urduysak: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -ürdüysek: verb, past general conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -irdiyseniz: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -ırdıysanız: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -urduysanuz: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -ürdüysenüz: verb, past general conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -irdiyseler: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-plur),
* -ırdıysalar: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-plur),
* -urduysalar: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-plur),
* -ürdüyseler: verb, past general conditional (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]mVTurkPast.perfect
name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.perfect,
* McsEngl.past-perfect-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirli-geçmiş-zamanın-hikâyesi-Türkçe,mVTurkPast.perfect.dubitative
description::
· yaz-mıştım (Past Perfect, narrative).
· gel-miştim (Past Perfect, narrative).
* -mişdim: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -miştim: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mışdım: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mıştım: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -muşdum: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -muştum: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -müşdüm: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -müştüm: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mişdin: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -miştin: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -mışdın: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -mıştın: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -muşdun: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -muştun: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -müşdün: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -müştün: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-sing),
* -mişdi: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mişti: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mışdı: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mıştı: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -muşdu: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -muştu: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -müşdü: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -müştü: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mişdik: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -miştik: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mışdık: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mıştık: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -muşduk: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -muştuk: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -müşdük: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -müştük: verb, past perfect posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mişdiniz: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -miştiniz: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mışdınız: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mıştınız: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -muşdunuz: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -muştunuz: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -müşdünüz: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -müştünüz: verb, past perfect posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mişlerdi: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-plur),
* -mışlardı: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-plur),
* -muşlardu: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-plur),
* -müşlerdü: verb, past perfect posi (3-pers-plur),
* -memişdim: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memiştim: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memışdım: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memıştım: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memuşdum: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memuştum: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memüşdüm: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memüştüm: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memişdin: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memiştin: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memışdın: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memıştın: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memuşdun: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memuştun: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memüşdün: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memüştün: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memişdi: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memişti: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memışdı: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memıştı: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memuşdu: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memuştu: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memüşdü: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memüştü: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memişdik: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memiştik: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memışdık: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memıştık: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memuşduk: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memuştuk: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memüşdük: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memüştük: verb, past perfect nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memişdiniz: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memiştiniz: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memışdınız: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memıştınız: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memuşdunuz: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memuştunuz: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memüşdünüz: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memüştünüz: verb, past perfect nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memişlerdi: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memışlardı: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memuşlardu: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memüşlerdü: verb, past perfect nega (3-pers-plur),
* -mişsem: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-sing),
* -mışsam: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-sing),
* -muşsem: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-sing),
* -müşsam: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-sing),
* -mişsen: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-sing),
* -mışsan: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-sing),
* -muşsen: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-sing),
* -müşsan: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-sing),
* -mişse: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-sing),
* -mışsa: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-sing),
* -muşse: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-sing),
* -müşsa: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-sing),
* -mişsek: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-plur),
* -mışsak: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-plur),
* -muşsek: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-plur),
* -müşsak: verb, past perfect cond (1-pers-plur),
* -mişseniz: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-plur),
* -mışsanız: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-plur),
* -muşsenuz: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-plur),
* -müşsanüz: verb, past perfect cond (2-pers-plur),
* -mişseler: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-plur),
* -mışsalar: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-plur),
* -muşseler: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-plur),
* -müşsalar: verb, past perfect cond (3-pers-plur),
* -miş *: verb, past perfect infe,
* -mış *: verb, past perfect infe,
* -muş *: verb, past perfect infe,
* -müş *: verb, past perfect infe,
* -mişmişim: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-sing),
* -mişmişsin: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-sing),
* -mişmişse: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-sing),
* -mişmişsek: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-plur),
* -mişmişseniz: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-plur),
* -mişmişseler: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-plur),
* -mışmışım: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-sing),
* -mışmışsın: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-sing),
* -mışmışsa: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-sing),
* -mışmışsak: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-plur),
* -mışmışsanız: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-plur),
* -mışmışsalar: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-plur),
* -muşmuşum: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-sing),
* -muşmuşsun: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-sing),
* -muşmuşsa: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-sing),
* -muşmuşsak: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-plur),
* -muşmuşsanuz: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-plur),
* -muşmuşsalar: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-plur),
* -müşmüşüm: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-sing),
* -müşmüşsün: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-sing),
* -müşmüşse: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-sing),
* -müşmüşsek: verb, past perfect infe (1-pers-plur),
* -müşmüşsenüz: verb, past perfect infe (2-pers-plur),
* -müşmüşseler: verb, past perfect infe (3-pers-plur),
* -miş *: verb, past perfect infe cond,
* -mış *: verb, past perfect infe cond,
* -muş *: verb, past perfect infe cond,
* -müş *: verb, past perfect infe cond,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.miş-past-past,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.pluperfect,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.perfect,
* McsEngl.past-dubitative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.pluperfect-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirsiz-geçmiş-zamanın-hikâyesi-Türkçe,mVTurkPast.narrative
description::
* -mişimdir: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mışımdır: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-sing),
* -muşumdur: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-sing),
* -müşümdür: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mişsindir: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-sing),
* -mışşındır: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-sing),
* -muşşundur: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-sing),
* -müşşündür: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-sing),
* -mişdir: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mışdır: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-sing),
* -muşdur: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-sing),
* -müşdür: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mişizdir: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mışızdır: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-plur),
* -muşuzdur: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-plur),
* -müşüzdür: verb, past narrative posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mişsinizdir: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mışşınızdır: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-plur),
* -muşşunuzdur: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-plur),
* -müşşünüzdür: verb, past narrative posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mişlerdir: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-plur),
* -mışlardar: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-plur),
* -muşlardar: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-plur),
* -müşlerder: verb, past narrative posi (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.narrative,
* McsEngl.past-narrative-verbTurk,mVTurkPast.reported-(indefinite) yaz-mışım (link)
mVTurkPast.future
description::
· yaz-acaktım (Future in the Past).
· gel-ecektim (Future in the Past).
* -acaktım: verb, future past (1-pers-singular),
* -ecektim: verb, future past (1-pers-singular),
* -yacaktım: verb, future past (1-pers-singular),
* -yecektim: verb, future past (1-pers-singular),
* -acaktın: verb, future past (2-pers-singular),
* -ecektin: verb, future past (2-pers-singular),
* -yacaktın: verb, future past (2-pers-singular),
* -yecektin: verb, future past (2-pers-singular),
* -acaktı: verb, future past (3-pers-singular),
* -ecekti: verb, future past (3-pers-singular),
* -yacaktı: verb, future past (3-pers-singular),
* -yecekti: verb, future past (3-pers-singular),
* -acaktık: verb, future past (1-pers-plur),
* -ecektik: verb, future past (1-pers-plur),
* -yacaktık: verb, future past (1-pers-plur),
* -yecektik: verb, future past (1-pers-plur),
* -acaktınız: verb, future past (2-pers-plur),
* -ecektiniz: verb, future past (2-pers-plur),
* -yacaktınız: verb, future past (2-pers-plur),
* -yecektiniz: verb, future past (2-pers-plur),
* -acaklardı: verb, future past (3-pers-plur),
* -eceklerdi: verb, future past (3-pers-plur),
* -yacaklardı: verb, future past (3-pers-plur),
* -yeceklerdi: verb, future past (3-pers-plur),
* -acek *: verb, future past conditional,
* -ecek *: verb, future past conditional,
* -yacak *: verb, future past conditional,
* -yecek *: verb, future past conditional,
* -acek *: verb, future past inferential,
* -ecek *: verb, future past inferential,
* -yacak *: verb, future past inferential,
* -yecek *: verb, future past inferential,
* -acek *: verb, future past inferential conditional,
* -ecek *: verb, future past inferential conditional,
* -yacak *: verb, future past inferential conditional,
* -yecek *: verb, future past inferential conditional,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.future-in-past-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.impossible-past-result-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.future,
* McsEngl.past.future-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gelecek-zamanın-hikâyesi-Türkçe,mVTurkPast.repetitive yaz-ardım (link)
mVTurk.future
description::
* future general,
* future conditional,
* future past,
* future past conditional,
* future past inferential,
* future past inferential conditional,
* -ası: verb, future II,
* -esi: verb, future II,
* -(y)ecek-: Actions that will happen,name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.future!⇒mVTurkFutu,
* McsEngl.mVTurkFutu,
* McsEngl.future-tense--of-lagoTurk!⇒mVTurkFutu,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'future!⇒mVTurkFutu,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gelecek-zaman!=mVTurkFutu,
* McsTurk.-ecek-verb-future,
* McsTurk.-yecek-verb-future,
* McsTurk.-asi-verb-future-II,
* McsTurk.-esi-verb-future-II,mVTurkFutu.simple
description::
· yaz-acağım != I will-write.
· gel-eceğim != I will come...
* -acagım-ecegim-yacagım-yecegim: verb, future general (1-pers-singular),
* -acaksın-eceksin-yacaksın-yeceksin: verb, future general (2-pers-singular),
* -acaktır-ecektir-yecektir-yacaktır: verb, future general (3-pers-singular),
* -acagız-ecegiz-yacagız-yecegiz: verb, future general (1-pers-plur),
* -acaksınız-eceksiniz-yacaksınız-yeceksiniz: verb, future general (2-pers-plur),
* -acaklardır-eceklerdir-yacaklardır-yeceklerdir: verb, future general (3-pers-plur),
* -acak *?: verb, future general posi inte verb,
* -acaklar *?: verb, future general posi inte verb,
* -ecek *?: verb, future general posi inte verb,
* -ecekler *?: verb, future general posi inte verb,
* -miyecegim-mıyacagım: verb, future general nega (1-pers-singular),
* -miyeceksin-mıyacaksın: verb, future general nega (2-pers-singular),
* -miyecektir-mıyacaktır: verb, future general nega (3-pers-singular),
* -miyecegiz-mıyacagız: verb, future general nega (1-pers-plur),
* -miyeceksiniz-mıyacaksınız: verb, future general nega (2-pers-plur),
* -miyeceklerdir-mıyacaklardır: verb, future general nega (3-pers-plur),
* -miyecek *?: verb, future general nega inte verb,
* -miyecekler *?: verb, future general nega inte verb,
* -mıyacak *?: verb, future general nega inte verb,
* -mıyacaklar *?: verb, future general nega inte verb,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]mVTurkFutu.continuous
description::
· geliyor olacağım != I shall be coming... (Future Continuous)name::
* McsEngl.future-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkFutu.continuous,mVTurkFutu.perfect.continuous
description::
· gelmekte olacağım != I shall have been coming... (Future Perfect Continuous )name::
* McsEngl.future-perfect-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkFutu.perfect.continuous,mVTurkFutu.past
description::
· yaz-mış olacağım (Past in the Future)
· gel-miş olacağım; I shall/will have come... (Future Perfect (Past in the Future))
· gelmiş olacağım (Past in the Future)name::
* McsEngl.future.past-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkFutu.past,
* McsEngl.past-in-future-mVTurk,mVTurkFutu.reported yaz-acakmışım (link)
mVTurkFutu.conditional yaz-acaksam (link)
mVTurk.person
description::
· the most common suffixes:
* Ben – m
* Sen – n
* O – no ending
* Biz – iz or k (depending on the tense)
* Siz – iniz
* Onlar – larname::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.person,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-m-verb-person-sing-first,
* McsTurk.-im-verb-person-sing-first,
* McsTurk.-n-verb-person-sing-second,
* McsTurk.-in-verb-person-sing-second,
* McsTurk.-sin-verb-person-sing-second,
* McsTurk.-iz-verb-person-plur-first,
* McsTurk.-k-verb-person-plur-first,
* McsTurk.-yiz-verb-person-plur-first,
* McsTurk.-niz-verb-person-plur-second,
* McsTurk.-iniz-verb-person-plur-second,
* McsTurk.-siniz-verb-person-plur-second,
* McsTurk.-lar-verb-person-plur-third,
* McsTurk.-ler-verb-person-plur-third,mVTurk.negative
description::
* -me-: verb, negation,
* -mı-: verb, negation,
* -muş-: verb, negation,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
- görmek = "to see", görmemek = "not to see"name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.negative,
* McsEngl.negative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'negative,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.olumsuz!=negative-mVTurk,
* McsTurk.-me-verb-negation,
* McsTurk.-mı-verb-negation,
* McsTurk.-muş-verb-negation,mVTurk.negativeNo-(affirmative)
name::
* McsEngl.affirmative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.negativeNo-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.positive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.negativeNo,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.possitive,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.olumlu!=affirmative-mVTurk,mVTurk.interrogative
description::
* affirmative-interrogative,
* negative-interrogative,name::
* McsEngl.interrogative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.interrogative,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.question,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'interrogative,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.soru!=interrogative-mVTurk,mVTurk.interrogativeNo
description::
· non interrogative.name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.interrogativeNo,
* McsEngl.non-interrogative-mVTurk,mVTurk.progressive
description::
"Turkish doesn’t use continuous tense for the things that English would use continuous tense. That’s why many sources confuse when naming them."
[{2022-11-09 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/present-tense]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.continuous,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.progressive,
* McsEngl.continuous-tense-lagoTurk,
* McsEngl.progressive-tense-lagoTurk,mVTurk.progressiveNo
description::
"Turkish doesn’t use continuous tense for the things that English would use continuous tense. That’s why many sources confuse when naming them."
[{2022-11-09 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/present-tense]mVTurk.reported-(mIş)-(it is said)
description::
Present dubitative - Şimdiki zamanın rivayeti: (It is said that something happens)
Past Dubitative - Belirsiz geçmiş zaman: (It is said that something happened)
Past Perfect Dubitative - Belirsiz geçmiş zamanın hikâyesi: (It is said that something had happened - Nowadays it is also used as Past perfect tense)
Future Dubitative - Gelecek zamanın rivayeti: (It is said that will happen)
Past Strongly Dubitative - Belirsiz geçmiş zamanın rivayeti: (It is said that something happened, but we doubt.)
Aorist Dubitative - Geniş zamanın rivayeti: (It is said that something keeps happening or used to happen)
[{2022-11-26 retrieved} http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/TensesSetEn.asp]
===
"The Caucasus is part of a large area where systems centered on marking events as not witnessed by the speaker are widespread among genealogically unrelated languages.
It is often suggested that Turkic languages could be the source of diffusion in this case, because evidentiality is an old and prominent feature of Turkic grammar."
[{2022-12-03 retrieved} https://escholarship.org/content/qt1zf7z1ck/qt1zf7z1ck_noSplash_784d585c123c6753c874582bdc3ce038.pdf]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.dubitative,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.hearsay,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.inferential,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.reported,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.unwitnessed,
* McsEngl.dubitative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.hearsay-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.inferential-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.non-witnessed-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.unwitnessed-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.rivayeti-zaman,mVTurkReported.aorist
description::
· yaz-armışım (Indefinite Past (Past Aorist)).
· gel-irmişim (Indefinite Past (Past Aorist))
· gel-irmişim != It's said that I would come (used to come)... (Present Dubitative Simple Compound Tense (used for hearsay) )
· It is said that something keeps happening or used to happen.name::
* McsEngl.aorist-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.aorist,
* McsEngl.reported-aorist-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.geniş-zamanın-rivayeti!=reported-aorist-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.present.continuous
description::
· yaz-ıyormuşum.
· gel-iyormuşum (Past Progressive, dubitative).
· It is said that something happensname::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.present,
* McsEngl.present-dubitative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-present-continuous-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şimdiki-zamanın-rivayeti!=reported-present-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.past.simple
description::
· yaz-mışım != I wrote (reported)
· gel-mişmişim != It's said that I had come... (Past, Dubitative Compound (a tense for sarcasm))
· gel-mişmişim (Doubtful Distant Past)
· It is said that something happened.
"We use reported past tense for events that are "reported" to us by someone else. It is used when there isn't complete certainty about whether a particular event has taken place or not.
Since reported past tense has no equivalent in English, definite and reported past tense usually look the same when translated:
· stxTurk: Arkadaşım Türkiyeye gitti - My friend went to Turkey
· stxTurk: Arkadaşım Türkiyeye gitmiş - My friend went to Turkey"
[{2022-12-03 retrieved} https://turkishbasics.com/verbs/reported-past-tense.php#gsc.tab=0]
* -mişim: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mışım: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-sing),
* -muşum: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-sing),
* -müşüm: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-sing),
* -mişsin: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-sing),
* -mışşın: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-sing),
* -muşşun: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-sing),
* -müşşün: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-sing),
* -miş: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mış: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-sing),
* -muş: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-sing),
* -müş: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-sing),
* -mişiz: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mışız: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-plur),
* -muşuz: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-plur),
* -müşüz: verb, past indefinite posi (1-pers-plur),
* -mişsiniz: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mışşınız: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-plur),
* -muşşunuz: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-plur),
* -müşşünüz: verb, past indefinite posi (2-pers-plur),
* -mişler: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-plur),
* -mışlar: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-plur),
* -muşlar: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-plur),
* -müşler: verb, past indefinite posi (3-pers-plur),
* -miş *?: verb, past indefinite posi inter,
* -mış *?: verb, past indefinite posi inter,
* -muş *?: verb, past indefinite posi inter,
* -müş *?: verb, past indefinite posi inter,
* -mişler mi?: verb, past indefinite posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -mışlar mi?: verb, past indefinite posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -muşlar mi?: verb, past indefinite posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -müşler mi?: verb, past indefinite posi inter (3-pers-plur),
* -memişim: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memışım: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memuşum: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memüşüm: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-sing),
* -memişşin: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memışşın: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memuşşun: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memüşşün: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-sing),
* -memiş: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memış: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memuş: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memüş: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-sing),
* -memişiz: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memışız: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memuşuz: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memüşüz: verb, past indefinite nega (1-pers-plur),
* -memişşiniz: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memışşınız: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memuşşunuz: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memüşşünüz: verb, past indefinite nega (2-pers-plur),
* -memişler: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memışlar: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memuşlar: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memüşler: verb, past indefinite nega (3-pers-plur),
* -memiş *?: verb, past indefinite nega inter,
* -memişler mi?: verb, past indefinite nega inter (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
"I have done
Events that supposedly happened in the past, but the speaker does not have adequate information to definitively report it without question. As opposed to "He definitely went", this can render "He (apparently, allegedly, reportedly, presumably, or ostensibly) went (but I am not sure enough of this assertion to honestly use the past definite form)." And since the first-person singular exists, you can make unfounded allegations about yourself!
Put another (less entertaining) way, the point is that something has happened, not the activity itself. Lewis' example is kar yağmiş, or snow has fallen, where the point is that there is snow on the ground, never mind the details of how it got there."
[{2022-11-06 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/verbs.html]name::
* McsEngl.evidential-past-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.indefinite-past-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.indefinite,
* McsEngl.mVTurkPast.miş-past-simple,
* McsEngl.miş-past--of-lagoTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past,
* McsEngl.past-dubitative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirsiz-geçmiş-zaman!=reported-past-mVTurk,
* McsTurk.duyulan-geçmiş-zaman!=reported-past,
* McsTurk.mişli-geçmiş-zaman!=reported-past,mVTurkReported.past.continuous
description::
· gel-iyormuşum (Past Progressive, dubitative)name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past.continuous,
* McsEngl.reported-past-continuous-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.past.doubtful
description::
· yaz-mışmışım (Doubtful Distant Past).
· gel-mişmişim != It's said that I had come... (Past, Dubitative Compound (a tense for sarcasm))
· gel-mişmişim (Doubtful Distant Past)name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past.doubtful,
* McsEngl.past-strongly-dubitative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported.past.doubtful-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirsiz-geçmiş-zamanın-rivayeti-Türkçe,mVTurkReported.past.perfect
description::
· gel-miştim != I had come... (Past Perfect, Compound Narrative)
· It is said that something had happened - Nowadays it is also used as Past perfect tense.
[{2022-12-24 retrieved} http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/TensesSetEn.asp]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past.perfect,
* McsEngl.past-perfect-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-perfect-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirsiz-geçmiş-zamanın-hikâyesi!=reported-past-perfect-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.past.subjunctive
description::
· yaz-aymışım (Subjunctive Past, reportative).
· gel-eymişim != I wished I had come... (subjunctive Past, Compound Reportative (a tense for literature))name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past.subjunctive,
* McsEngl.mVTurkSubj.past.reported,
* McsEngl.past-reported-subjunctive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.past-reported-volition-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-subjunctive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-volition-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.volition-past-reported-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.past.doubtful
description::
· It is said that something happened, but we doubt.
[{2022-12-24 retrieved} http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/TensesSetEn.asp]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past.doubtful,
* McsEngl.past-doubtful-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-doubtful-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirsiz-geçmiş-zamanın-rivayeti!=reported-past-doubtful-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.past.conditional
description::
· gel-eymişim (Conditional Past, reportative).
· gel-mişsem; If I have come... (Past Dubitative, Compound Conditional)name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.past.conditional,
* McsEngl.conditional-past-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.past-reported-conditional-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-conditional-mVTurk,mVTurkReported.future
description::
· yaz-acakmışım.
· gel-ecekmişim != It's said that I'm going to come... (Future, Dubitative Compound)
· gel-ecekmişim (Future dubitative).
· It is said that will happen.name::
* McsEngl.future-dubitative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkReported.future,
* McsEngl.reported-future-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gelecek-zamanın-rivayeti!=reported-future-mVTurk,mVTurk.reportedNo
name::
* McsEngl.narrative-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.reportedNo,
* McsEngl.reportedNo-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.hikâyesi-zaman,mVTurk.indicative-mood
description::
* şimdiki zaman: yazıyorum,
* geniş zaman: yazarım,
* dili geçmiş zaman: yazdım,
* şimdiki zamanın rivayeti: yazıyormuşum,
* geniş zamanın rivayeti: yazarmışım,
* şimdiki zamanın hikayesi: yazıyordum,
* mişli geçmiş zamanın hikayesi: yazmıştım,
* mişli geçmiş zamanın rivayeti: yazmışmışım,
* mişli geçmiş zamanın geleceği: yazmış olacağım,
* şartın hikayesi: yazsaydım,
* şartın rivayeti: yazsaymışım,
* gelecek zaman: yazacağım,
* gelecek zamanın şartı: yazacaksam,
[{2022-12-04 retrieved} https://www.logosconjugator.org/item/146203/]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.indicative-mood,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.οριστική-έγκλιση-Τουρκική!=indicative-moodTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.bildirme-kipi!=indicative-moodTurk,mVTurk.imperative-mood
description::
· gel, gelin, geliniz != [you] come...
* -yin: verb, imperative (2-pers-sing),
* -yın: verb, imperative (2-pers-sing),
* -sin: verb, imperative (3-pers-sing),
* -sın: verb, imperative (3-pers-sing),
* -iniz: verb, imperative (2-pers-plur),
* -ınız: verb, imperative (2-pers-plur),
* -yiniz: verb, imperative (2-pers-plur),
* -yınız: verb, imperative (2-pers-plur),
* -sinler: verb, imperative (3-pers-plur),
* -sınlar: verb, imperative (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
"When you eliminate -mek/-mak, you form the imperative for the second person singular. Among other Turkish verb moods, the imperative must be the easiest and the most useful. However, if you want to be polite while giving a command, things get a little bit complicated"
[{2022-11-14 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/turkish-verb-moods]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkImpe,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.imperative!⇒mVTurkImpe,
* McsEngl.imperative-moodTurk!⇒mVTurkImpe,
* McsEngl.imperativeTurk!⇒mVTurkImpe,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.emir-kipi!=imperative-moodTurk,mVTurk.subjunctive-mood
description::
"Its suffix is -e/-a attached to the verb stem. Then, for the first person singular, it becomes -eyim/-ayım."
[{2022-11-15 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/turkish-verb-moods]
* dilek: yaz-ayım,
* dileğin-hikayesi: yaz-aydım,
* dileğin-rivayeti: yaz-aymışım,
[{2022-12-04 retrieved} https://www.logosconjugator.org/item/146203/]
"The Optative Mood Tenses: expressing a desire, wish, or condition...
The Subjunctive Mood Tenses: expressing a wish, doubt, or probability..."
[{2023-01-01 retrieved} http://learnturkish.freeservers.com/links-to-turkish-verb-tenses.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.volition!⇒mVTurkSubj,
* McsEngl.mVTurkSubj,
* McsEngl.mVTurkVoli!⇒mVTurkSubj,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.may-might,
* McsEngl.optative-mVTurk!⇒mVTurkSubj,
* McsEngl.subjunctive-mVTurk!⇒mVTurkSubj,
* McsEngl.volition-mVTurk!⇒mVTurkSubj,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.dilek-kipi-Türkçe!=mVTurkVoli,
* McsTurk.istek-kipi-Türkçe!=mVTurkVoli,
* McsTurk.-ayım-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-eyim-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-yayım-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-yeyim-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-asın-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-esin-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-yasın-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-yesin-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-aya-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-eye-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-yaya-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-yeye-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-sing),
* McsTurk.-alım-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-elim-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-yelim-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-yalım-verb-may-or-might-(1-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-asınız-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-esiniz-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-yasınız-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-yesiniz-verb-may-or-might-(2-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-alar-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-eler-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-yalar-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-plur),
* McsTurk.-yeler-verb-may-or-might-(3-pers-plur),mVTurkSubj.present.simple
description::
· yaz-ayım (Subjunctive Simple Tense).
· gel-eyim (Subjunctive Simple Tense).
* -ayım: verb, may or might (1-pers-sing),
* -eyim: verb, may or might (1-pers-sing),
* -yayım: verb, may or might (1-pers-sing),
* -yeyim: verb, may or might (1-pers-sing),
* -asın: verb, may or might (2-pers-sing),
* -esin: verb, may or might (2-pers-sing),
* -yasın: verb, may or might (2-pers-sing),
* -yesin: verb, may or might (2-pers-sing),
* -aya: verb, may or might (3-pers-sing),
* -eye: verb, may or might (3-pers-sing),
* -yaya: verb, may or might (3-pers-sing),
* -yeye: verb, may or might (3-pers-sing),
* -alım: verb, may or might (1-pers-plur),
* -elim: verb, may or might (1-pers-plur),
* -yelim: verb, may or might (1-pers-plur),
* -yalım: verb, may or might (1-pers-plur),
* -asınız: verb, may or might (2-pers-plur),
* -esiniz: verb, may or might (2-pers-plur),
* -yasınız: verb, may or might (2-pers-plur),
* -yesiniz: verb, may or might (2-pers-plur),
* -alar: verb, may or might (3-pers-plur),
* -eler: verb, may or might (3-pers-plur),
* -yalar: verb, may or might (3-pers-plur),
* -yeler: verb, may or might (3-pers-plur),
* -mayayım: verb, may or might not (1-pers-sing),
* -meyeyim: verb, may or might not (1-pers-sing),
* -mayasın: verb, may or might not (2-pers-sing),
* -meyesin: verb, may or might not (2-pers-sing),
* -maya: verb, may or might not (3-pers-sing),
* -meye: verb, may or might not (3-pers-sing),
* -mayalım: verb, may or might not (1-pers-plur),
* -meyelim: verb, may or might not (1-pers-plur),
* -mayasınız: verb, may or might not (2-pers-plur),
* -meyesiniz: verb, may or might not (2-pers-plur),
* -mayalar: verb, may or might not (3-pers-plur),
* -meyeler: verb, may or might not (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.volition-present-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkSubj.present,
* McsEngl.present-volition-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.istek-kipi,mVTurkSubj.past.simple
description::
· yaz-aydım (Conditional Past, narrative).
· gel-eydim (Conditional Past, narrative).name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkSubj.past.simple,
* McsEngl.past-simple-volition-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.volition-past-simple-mVTurk,mVTurkSubj.past.reported (link)
mVTurk.conditional-mood
description::
· Ben yazarsam != If I write.
· order: tense + if + person.
* -sa-: verb, cond mood,
* -sam-: verb, cond mood,
* -se-: verb, cond mood,
* -sem-: verb, cond mood,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
* şart: yazsam,
* şimdiki zamanın şartı: yazıyorsam,
* geniş zamanın şartı: yazarsam,
* dili geçmişin şartı: yazdıysam,
* mişli geçmişin şartı: yazmışsam,
[{2022-12-04 retrieved} https://www.logosconjugator.org/item/146203/]
* gelecek zamanın şartı: yazacaksam,
* şartın hikayesi: yazsaydım,
* şartın rivayeti: yazsaymışım,
* Conditional infinitive - Dilek koşul(mastar): (If I do something)
* Conditional Present - Şimdiki zamanın koşulu: (If I am doing)
* Conditional Future - Gelecek zamanın koşulu: (If I do something in the future)
* Conditional Past (couldn't realize) - Dilek koşul kipinin hikâyesi: (If I did something that didn't happen)
* Conditional Past (could realize) - Belirli geçmiş zamanın koşulu: (If I did something that happened)
* Conditional Aorist - Geniş zamanın koşulu: (If I do something)
* Necessitive conditional - Gereklik kipinin koşulu: (If I must do something)
[{2022-11-26 retrieved} http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/TensesSetEn.asp]
* Present Continuous, Compound Conditional Tense -- geliyorsam ; If I'm coming...
* Present Simple Compound Conditional Tense -- gelirsem; If I come, if I should/would come...
* Past Definite, Compound Conditional -- geldiysem; If I came, if I have come...
* Past Dubitative, Compound Conditional ... -- gelmissem; If I have come...
* Future, Compound Conditional -- geleceksem; If I'm going to come...
* Past, Conditional -- Keske ... gelseydim -- If only I had come...; I wish I had come...
[{2022-12-04 retrieved} http://learnturkish.freeservers.com/links-to-turkish-verb-tenses.html]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.conditional!⇒mVTurkCond,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.if!⇒mVTurkCond,
* McsEngl.conditional-mVTurk!⇒mVTurkCond,
* McsEngl.conditional-moodTurk!⇒mVTurkCond,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şart-kipi!=conditional-moodTurk,
* McsTurk.-sa-verb-conditional,
* McsTurk.-sam-verb-conditional,
* McsTurk.-se-verb-conditional,
* McsTurk.-sem-verb-conditional,mVTurkCond.aorist
description::
· yaz-arsam (Conditional Aorist/Present).
· gel-irsem (Conditional Aorist/Present).
· gel-irsem != If I come, if I should/would come... (Present Simple Compound Conditional Tense)
· Conditional Aorist - Geniş zamanın koşulu: (If I do something)name::
* McsEngl.aorist--conditional-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.conditional-aorist-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.conditional-present-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.present.simple,
* McsEngl.present-conditional-simple-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.geniş-zamanın-koşulu!=conditional-present-simple-mVTurk,mVTurkCond.present.continous
description::
· yaz-ıyorsam (Conditional Present Progressive).
· gel-iyorsam (Conditional Present Progressive).
· gel-iyorsam != If I'm coming...
· Şimdiki zamanın koşulu: (If I am doing)name::
* McsEngl.conditional-present-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.present.continuous,
* McsEngl.present-conditional-continuous-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.şimdiki-zamanın-koşulu!=conditional-present-continuous-mVTurk,mVTurkCond.past.simple
description::
· yaz-dıysam (Conditional Past Definite).
· gel-diysem != If I came, if I have come... (Past Definite, Compound Conditional)
· Conditional Past (could realize) - Belirli geçmiş zamanın koşulu: (If I did something that happened)name::
* McsEngl.conditional-past-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.past.simple,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.belirli-geçmiş-zamanın-koşulu-Türkçe,mVTurkCond.past.subjunctive
description::
· yaz-saydım (Past Conditional, narrative).
· gel-seydim (Past Conditional, narrative).
· Keşke ... gelseydim != If only I had come...; I wish I had come...
· Dilek koşul kipinin hikâyesi.name::
* McsEngl.conditional-past-subjunctive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.past.subjunctive,
* McsEngl.past-conditional-subjunctive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.subjunctive-past-conditional-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.dilek-koşul-kipinin-hikâyesi-Türkçe,mVTurkCond.past.reported
description::
· yaz-saymışım (Past Conditional, dubitative)
· gel-seymişim (Past Conditional, dubitative)
· yaz-mışsam (Conditional Indefinite Past).
· gel-mişsem (Conditional Indefinite Past).name::
* McsEngl.conditional-past-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.past.reported,
* McsEngl.past-conditional-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.reported-past-conditional-mVTurk,mVTurkCond.future
description::
· yaz-acaksam (Future conditional).
· gel-eceksem (Future conditional).
· gel-eceksem; If I'm going to come... (Future, Compound Conditional)
· Gelecek zamanın koşulu: (If I do something in the future)
* -acaksam: verb, future conditional (1-pers-singular),
* -yacaksam: verb, future conditional (1-pers-singular),
* -eceksem: verb, future conditional (1-pers-singular),
* -yeceksem: verb, future conditional (1-pers-singular),
* -acaksan: verb, future conditional (2-pers-singular),
* -yacaksan: verb, future conditional (2-pers-singular),
* -eceksen: verb, future conditional (2-pers-singular),
* -yeceksen: verb, future conditional (2-pers-singular),
* -acaksa: verb, future conditional (3-pers-singular),
* -yacaksa: verb, future conditional (3-pers-singular),
* -ecekse: verb, future conditional (3-pers-singular),
* -yecekse: verb, future conditional (3-pers-singular),
* -acaksak: verb, future conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -yacaksak: verb, future conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -eceksek: verb, future conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -yeceksek: verb, future conditional (1-pers-plur),
* -acaksanız: verb, future conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -yacaksanız: verb, future conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -ecekseniz: verb, future conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -yecekseniz: verb, future conditional (2-pers-plur),
* -acaklar: verb, future conditional (3-pers-plur),
* -yacaklar: verb, future conditional (3-pers-plur),
* -yecekler: verb, future conditional (3-pers-plur),
* -ecekler: verb, future conditional (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.conditional-future-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.future.simple,
* McsEngl.mVTurkFutu.conditional,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gelecek-zamanın-koşulu!=conditional-future-simple-mVTurk,mVTurkCond.infinitive
description::
· yaz-sam (Conditional Simple Tense).
· gel-sem (Conditional Simple Tense).
· Dilek koşul(mastar): (If I do something)name::
* McsEngl.conditional-infinitive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.infinitive,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.dilek-koşul-mastar-Türkçe,mVTurkCond.necessitive
name::
* McsEngl.conditional-necessitive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkCond.necessitive,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gereklik-kipinin-koşulu-Türkçe,mVTurk.necessitive-must-mood
description::
· Ben yazmalıyım != I must write
Necessitive - Gereklik kipi: (I must do something)
Necessitive conditional - Gereklik kipinin koşulu: (If I must do something)
* -meli-: verb, necessity,
* -malı *?: verb, necessity, posi inter verb,
* -malılar *?: verb, necessity, posi inter verb,
* -meli *?: verb, necessity, posi inter verb,
* -meliler *?: verb, necessity, posi inter verb,
* -mamalı *?: verb, necessity, nega inter verb,
* -mamalılar *?: verb, necessity, nega inter verb,
* -memeli *?: verb, necessity, nega inter verb,
* -memeliler *?: verb, necessity, nega inter verb,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
* -malıyım: verb, must (1-pers-sing),
* -meliyim: verb, must (1-pers-sing),
* -malısın: verb, must (2-pers-sing),
* -melisin: verb, must (2-pers-sing),
* -malı: verb, must (3-pers-sing),
* -meli: verb, must (3-pers-sing),
* -malıyız: verb, must (1-pers-plur),
* -meliyiz: verb, must (1-pers-plur),
* -malısınız: verb, must (2-pers-plur),
* -melisiniz: verb, must (2-pers-plur),
* -malılar: verb, must (3-pers-plur),
* -meliler: verb, must (3-pers-plur),
* -mamalıyım: verb, must not (1-pers-sing),
* -memeliyim: verb, must not (1-pers-sing),
* -mamalısın: verb, must not (2-pers-sing),
* -memelisin: verb, must not (2-pers-sing),
* -mamalı: verb, must not (3-pers-sing),
* -memeli: verb, must not (3-pers-sing),
* -mamalıyız: verb, must not (1-pers-plur),
* -memeliyiz: verb, must not (1-pers-plur),
* -mamalsınız: verb, must not (2-pers-plur),
* -memelsiniz: verb, must not (2-pers-plur),
* -mamalılar: verb, must not (3-pers-plur),
* -memeliler: verb, must not (3-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
* gereklilik: yazmalıyım,
* gerekliliğin hikayesi: yazmalıydım,
* gerekliliğin rivayeti: yazmalıymışım,name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkNece,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.must!⇒mVTurkNece,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.necessity!⇒mVTurkNece,
* McsEngl.necessative-mVTurk!⇒mVTurkNece,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gereklilik-Türkçe,
* McsTurk.gereklik-kipi-Türkçe,
* McsTurk.-mali-verb-necessity,
* McsTurk.-meli-verb-necessity,mVTurkNece.present.simple
description::
· yaz-malıyım (Necessitative Simple Tense).
· gel-meliyim (Necessitative Simple Tense)
· gel-meliyim != I must come, I have to come, I should come... (Simple Tense)
· gelmem gerekiyor != I'll have to come (my coming is necessary) (Other Necessitative, with gerekmek)name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkNece.present.simple,
* McsEngl.necessitative-present-simple-mVTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.gereklik-kipi-Türkçe,mVTurkNece.present.continuous
mVTurkNece.present.aorist
mVTurkNece.past.simple
description::
· yaz-malıydım (Necessitative Past, Narrative).
· gel-meliydim (Necessitative Past, Narrative).
· gel-meliydim != I should have come, I ought to have come... (Past Narrative Compound)name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkNece.past.simple,
* McsEngl.necessitative-past-simple-mVTurk,mVTurkNece.past.reported
description::
· yaz-malıymışım (Necessitative Past, dubitative).
· gel-meliymişim (Necessitative Past, dubitative).
· yaz-mışsam.
· gelm-eliymişim (Necessitative Past, Narrative).name::
* McsEngl.mVTurkNece.past.reported,
* McsEngl.necessitative-past-reported-mVTurk,mVTurk.ability-can-mood
description::
· Ben yazabilirim != I can write
· Ben yazamam != I cannot write
* -bili-: verb, ability to ,
* -ebil-: verb, ability, to be able to,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.ability-mood-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.ability,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.can,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.potential,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-bili-verb-ability-to,
* McsTurk.-ebil-verb-ability-to,mVTurkAbil.present.simple
description::
· gel-ebilirim; I can come [at all times], I am able to come, I'm in a position to come... (Simple Tense)name::
* McsEngl.ability-present-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAbil.present.simple,mVTurkAbil.present.continuous
description::
· gelebiliyorum; I can/may come [right now], I may be able to come... (Present Continuous Tense )name::
* McsEngl.ability-present-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAbil.present.continuous,mVTurkAbil.past.simple
description::
· gelebildim; I was able (could) to come... (Definite Past )name::
* McsEngl.ability-past-simple-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAbil.past.simple,mVTurkAbil.past.continuous
description::
· gelebiliyordum; I was able (could) to come... (Past Continuous Tense)name::
* McsEngl.ability-past-continuous-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAbil.past.continuous,mVTurkAbil.past.perfect
description::
· gelebilirdim; I could have come, I would have been able to come... (Definite Past Perfect, Simple Tense)name::
* McsEngl.ability-past-perfect-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAbil.past.perfect,mVTurkAbil.reported
description::
· gelebilmişim; It is said that I was able to come... (Dubitative Past Tense)name::
* McsEngl.ability-reported-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkAbil.reported,mVTurk.infinitive
description::
· this is the-member found in dictionaries.
* -mak: verb, infinitive verb,
* -mek: verb, infinitive verb,
* -mamak: verb, infinitive nega verb,
* -memek: verb, infinitive nega verb,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
"used as subject
... It should be noted that there are many other uses of the infinitive, but here we’re talking only about its usage as a noun derived from a verb."
[{2022-11-14 retrieved} https://louisrli.github.io/blog/2020/04/20/turkish-fiilimsi-verbal-derivatives/]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.infinitive,
* McsEngl.infinitiveTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurkInfi,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'infinitive,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.mastar-Türkçe!=infinitive,
* McsTurk.-mak-verb-infinitive,
* McsTurk.-mek-verb-infinitive,
* McsTurk.-mamak-verb-infinitive-nega,
* McsTurk.-memek-verb-infinitive-nega,mVTurk.mood
description::
* indicative-mood,
* imperative-mood,
* ability-(can)-mood,
* necessative-(must)-mood,
* conditional-(if)-mood,name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.mood!⇒moodTurk,
* McsEngl.moodTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.kipi!=moodTurk,mVTurk.voice
description::
"Voice alternations (passive, causative, reflexive and reciprocal) are achieved through suffixation and represent the most common way of deriving verbs from verbs."
[{2022-12-01 retrieved} https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Turkish%2C%20A%20Student%20Grammar%20of%20%28Ketrez%29.pdf]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.voice,
* McsEngl.voiceTurk,
* McsEngl.voice-mVTurk,mVTurk.passive-voice
description::
· oku-mak = "to read", oku-nmak = "to be read"
· bil-mek = "to know", bil-inmek = "to be known"
· ver-mek = "to give", ver-ilmek = "to be given"
"Case 1 - Ends in vowel: ("n")
Case 2 - Ends in "l": ("ın/in/un/ün")
Case 3 - Ends in consonant: ("ıl/il/ul/ül")"
[{2022-12-20 retrieved} https://turkishbasics.com/verbs/passive-voice.php]name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.passive,
* McsEngl.passive-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.voiceTurk.passive,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.-il-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-consonant-but-l),
* McsTurk.-ıl-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-consonantbut-l),
* McsTurk.-n-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-vowel),
* McsTurk.-in-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-l),
* McsTurk.-ın-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-l),
* McsTurk.-ul-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-consonantbut-l),
* McsTurk.-un-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-l),
* McsTurk.-ül-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-consonantbut-l),
* McsTurk.-ün-verb-passive-(if-stem-ends-in-l),mVTurk.passiveNo-voice
name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.passiveNo,
* McsEngl.voiceTurk.active,mVTurk.causative
description::
· FORMING-suffix:
* from function to action of subject.
* -dir-: verb, causative verb, "to make to",
* -dır-: verb, causative verb, "to make to",
* -it-: verb, causative verb, "to make to" (if stem ends in ş or ç),
* -ıt-: verb, causative verb, "to make to" (if stem ends in ş or ç),
* -t-: verb, causative verb, "to make to" (if stem ends in vowel),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
* -t:
· anla-mak = "to understand", anlatmak = "to explain"
· ara-mak != “To look for”, aratmak != “To have somebody look for”
· Otur-mak – “To sit down”, Oturtmak – “To seat somebody”
* -it|ut:
· Kork-mak – “To be scared”, Korkutmak – “To scare someone”
· Ak-mak – “To flow”, Akıtmak – “To let something flow”
* -dir:
· bil-mek = "to know", bildirmek = "to inform" or "to announce"
* -ir|ur:
· iç-mek = "to drink", içirmek = "to cause or make to drink"
· düş-mek – “To fall”, düşürmek – “To make somebody fall”name::
* McsEngl.verbTurk.causative,
* McsEngl.causative-verbTurk,
* McsEngl.voiceTurk.causative,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.suffixTurkForming.dir-verb-causative-to-make-to,
* McsTurk.suffixTurkForming.it-verb-causative-to-make-to-(if-stem-ends-in-ş-or-ç),
* McsTurk.suffixTurkForming.t-verb-causative-to-make-to-(if-stem-ends-in-vowel),mVTurk.reflexive
description::
· FORMING-suffix.
* -in-: verb, reflexive verb, "to make to" (if stem ends in ş or ç),
* -ın-: verb, reflexive verb, "to make to" (if stem ends in ş or ç),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
· giymek = "to wear clothes", giyinmek = "to dress oneself"
· giyindirmek = "to dress someone else"name::
* McsEngl.verbTurk.reflexive,
* McsEngl.reflexive-verbTurk,
* McsEngl.voiceTurk.reflexive,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.suffixTurkForming.in-verb-reflexive-to-make to-(if-stem-ends-in-ş-or-ç),mVTurk.reciprocal
description::
· FORMING-suffix.
* -iş-: verb, mutual action verb,
* -ış-: verb, mutual action verb,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]
· görmek = "to see", görüşmek = "to see one another" or "to converse"name::
* McsEngl.mVTurk.mutual-action,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.reciprocal,
* McsEngl.reciprocal-mVTurk,
* McsEngl.voiceTurk.reciprocal,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.suffixTurkForming.iş-verb-reciprocal,mVTurk.fiilimsi
description::
"This post talks about the concept of “fiilimsi”, which are nouns, adjectives, or adverbs derived from verbs. In English, for example, these include gerunds (“Running is fun”) or participle adjectives (“The dog that I saw”).
This post is not intended to be a comprehensive resource of all fiilimsi. There are three categories of fiilimsi:
1. isim-fiil: verbal noun
2. sıfat-fiil: verbal adjective
3. zarf-fiil: verbal adverb"
[{2022-11-13 retrieved} https://louisrli.github.io/blog/2020/04/20/turkish-fiilimsi-verbal-derivatives/]name::
* McsEngl.fiilimsi-verbTurk,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.fiilimsi,
* McsEngl.mVTurk.verbal,
* McsEngl.verbalTurk,
* McsEngl.synomind-of-verbTurk,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ρηματικό-παράγωγο-Τουρκικό,verbal.noun
description::
* infinitive,
* gerund,name::
* McsEngl.verbal.noun-of-lagoTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.isim-fiil-Türkçe,mVTurk.gerund
description::
"The gerund form is constructed by adding -ma/-me to the verb root (alternatively, one can think of simply removing the k from the infinitive).
- yapma (doing)
- bakma (looking)
- sorma (sormak)
Usage
The gerund form:
* used as object
* can be declined"
[{2022-11-14 retrieved} https://louisrli.github.io/blog/2020/04/20/turkish-fiilimsi-verbal-derivatives/]
* -a: verb, gerund verb,
* -e: verb, gerund verb,
* -ya: verb, gerund verb,
* -ye: verb, gerund verb,
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]verbal.adjective
description::
· -(y)an/-en: Subject participles
· -dIk and possessor suffix: Object participles
[{2022-11-14 retrieved} https://louisrli.github.io/blog/2020/04/20/turkish-fiilimsi-verbal-derivatives/]name::
* McsEngl.verbal.adjective-of-lagoTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.sıfat-fiil-Türkçe,verbal.adverb
description::
· -eli/ali: Since
· -madan/meden: before (with önce) / without
· -ar -maz / -er -mez: as soon as
· -(y)arak/erek: “by”
· -ıp/ip/up/üp: two actions in succession
[{2022-11-14 retrieved} https://louisrli.github.io/blog/2020/04/20/turkish-fiilimsi-verbal-derivatives/]name::
* McsEngl.verbal.adverb-of-lagoTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.zarf-fiil-Türkçe,stem of verbTurk
description::
· dropping the-mek from the-infinitive we get the-stem: görmek —> gör-name::
* McsEngl.verbTurk'stem,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'root,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ρίζα-Τούρκικου-ρήματος,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.kök,suffix of verbTurk
description::
· Turkish-verbs indicate person as Spanish|Greek-verbs do.
* Subject: Personal-Ending
* Ben (I): -(i)m
* Sen (You): -(s)(i)n
* O (He/she/it): No suffix
* Biz (We): -k (only in seen past tense and conditional) or -(y)iz (in other tenses and moods)
* Siz (You): -(s)(i)niz
* Onlar (They): -ler
[{2022-11-03 retrieved} https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Turkish/Verbs]
===
· 896 suffixes!
* -ırlar miydiniz? past general posi inter (2-pers-plur),
[{2022-10-17 retrieved} https://cromwell-intl.com/turkish/turkish-suffixes.html]name::
* McsEngl.verbTurk'suffix,
* McsEngl.suffixVerbTurk,order of suffixVerbTurk
description::
* stem + can + tense + person,
* stem + tense + if + person.harmony of suffixVerbTurk
description::
* yaz-mak != to-write,
* yık-mak != to-demolish,
* boz-mak != to-spoil,
* bul-mak != to-find,
* yen-mek != to-win,
* bit-mek != to-finish,
* çöz-mek != to-solve,
* düş-mek != to-fall,
* kapa-mak != to-close,
* taşı-mak != to-carry,
* kuru-mak != to-get-dry,
* de-mek != to-say,
* eri-mek!=to-melt,
* sürü-mek != to-drag,suffixForming of verbTurk
description::
* -iş: A suffix forming reciprocative verbs
- bakmak (“to look”) → bakışmak (“to look at one another”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i%C5%9F#Turkish]
* -in: Reflexive suffix
- giy- (“to wear”) + -in → giyin- (“to dress oneself”)
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-in#Turkish]
* -le: forms a verb stem from an adjective or noun
- alkışlamak (“to applaude”) from alkış (“applause”) + -la
- temizlemek (“to clean”) from temiz (“clean”) + -le
[{2022-11-22 retrieved} https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-le#Turkish]
* -a-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -al-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -ar-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -e-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -el-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -er-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -imse-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -ımsa-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -l-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -la-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -lan-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -laş-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -le-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -len-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -leş-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -sa-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -se-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -umsa-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* -ümse-: verb, forming a verb from a noun or adjective,
* a: hazırla-mak != to prepare
* b:
* c:
* ç: i̇ç-mek != to drink
* d:
* e: Söyle-mek != to say / to tell
* f:
* g:
* ğ: boğ-mak != to choke, to strangle
* h:
* ı: ağrı-mak != to feel pain
* i: eri-mek != to melt
* j:
* k: acık-mak != to be hungry
* l: bil-mek != to know,
* m:
* n: kullan-mak != to use
* o:
* ö:
* p: yap-mak != to do
* r: Gör-mek != to see
* s: asmak != to hung
* ş: çalış-mak != to work,
* t: kaybet-mek != to lose,
* u: oku-mak != to read
* ü: yürü-mek != to walk,
* v: döv-mek != to beat
* y: koy-mak != to put,
* z: çiz-mek != to drawname::
* McsEngl.suffixTurkFormingVerb,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'suffixForming,member-finder of verbTurk
description::
* https://www.verbix.com/languages/turkish,
* https://cooljugator.com/tr,
* http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/ConjugationSetEn.asp,
* https://www.logosconjugator.org/index.php,name::
* McsEngl.conjugator.verbTurk!⇒memberorVerbTurk,
* McsEngl.memberorVerbTurk,
* McsEngl.memberorTurkVerb!⇒memberorVerbTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'conjugator!⇒memberorVerbTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk'member-finder!⇒memberorVerbTurk,info-resource of verbTurk
verbTurk.SPECIFIC
name::
* McsEngl.verbTurk.specific,
* McsEngl.accept!=kabul-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.accumulate!=birikmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.accuse!=suçlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.acquire!=edinmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.adapt!=uymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.advance!=ilerlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.advice!=öğütlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.affect!=etkilemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.agree!=anlaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.amuse!=eğlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.anger-(someone)!=darıltmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.appeal!=başvurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.appear!=belli-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.apply!=uygulamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.appoint!=buluşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.appreciate!=değerlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.approve!=tasvip-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.arrest!=yakalamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.arrive!=varmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.arrive-(get-to-target)!=ulaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.ask!=sormak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.attack!=saldırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.avoid!=kaçınmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.avoid-doing!=kaytarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bake!=pişirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-affected!=duygulanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-affected!=etkilenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-applied!=uygulanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-arrested!=yakalanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-ashamed!=utanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-baked!=pişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-bent!=eğilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-blown!=şişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-born!=doğmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-collected!=toplanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-concentrated!=birikmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-concentrated!=odaklanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-connected!=birleşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-controlled!=denetilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-corrected!=düzelmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-cured!=onmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-daunted-by!=yılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-dazzled!=kamaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-decorated!=süslenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-defeated!=yenilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-divided!=bölüşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-done!=edilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-drawn!=çekilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-dried!=kurulanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-eliminated!=elenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-eliminated!=kahrolmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-embraced!=kucaklanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-engraved!=gömülmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-enough!=yetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-enrolled!=kaydedilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-excited!=heyecanlandırılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-filled!=dolmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-formed!=şekillenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-glad!=sevinmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-hungry!=acıkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-inordinately-proud!=gururlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-installed!=yerleşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-introduced!=tanışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-kissed!=öpülmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-made!=edilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-materialized!=gerçekleşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-mistaken!=yanılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-misunderstood!=gücenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-objected!=sakınca-görmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-on-strike!=grev-yapmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-parched!=kurumak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-patient!=sabretmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-perceived!=algılanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-pleased!=memnun-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-plugged!=tıkanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-pressed!=basılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-printed!=basılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-produced!=üretilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-pulled!=çekilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-punished!=cezalanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-realized!=gerçekleşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-reflected!=yansımak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-reflected!=yansıtılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-sated-with!=doymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-satisfied!=hoşnut-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-satisfied!=tatmin-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-scratched!=kaşınmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-shared!=paylaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-shaved!=tıraş-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-silent!=susmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-spread-out!=serilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-squeezed!=sıkılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-stretched!=gerilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-stripped!=soyunmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-surprised!=şaşırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-surrendered!=teslim-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-turned-upside-down!=devrilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-warmed!=ısınmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-watered!=sulanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.be-waved!=sallanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bear!=katlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.beat!=dövmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become!=olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-a-member!=üye-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-cloudy!=bulanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-more-intense!=şiddetlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-nervous!=sinirlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-puffed-up!=kabarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-rich!=mallanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.become-timid!=ürkekleşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.beg!=dilenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.beg!=yalvarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.believe!=inanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.benefit!=yaramak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.besiege!=kuşatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.betray!=ihanet-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bite!=ısırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.blow!=esmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.blow!=üflemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.blow!=şişirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.blow-up!=havaya-uçurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.boil!=kaynatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.boo!=yuhalamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.borrow!=ödünç-almak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bother!=rahatsız-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.break!=kırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.break-in-two!=kopmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.break-up!=bozuşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bring!=getirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bump!=çarpışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.bump!=çatışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.burn!=yanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.calm!=sakinleşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cancel!=iptal-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.carry!=taşımak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.catch!=yetişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.catch-up!=yetişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.caution!=tembih-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.celebrate!=kutlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.change!=değişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.change-something!=değiştirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.characterize!=nitelendirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cheat!=aldatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.chew!=çiğnemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.chill!=üşütmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.choke!=boğmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.choose!=seçmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.clap!=alkışlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.clean!=temizlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.click-(with-a-mouse)!=tıklamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.climb!=tırmanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.close!=kapamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.collapse!=çökmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.collect!=toplamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.color!=boyamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.come!=gelmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.come-close!=yaklaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.comment!=yorumlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.compare!=benzetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.compare!=karşılaştırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.complain!=şikâyet-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.comply!=uymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.comprehend!=kavramak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.concentrate!=biriktirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.concentrate!=odaklamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.condemn!=mahkûm-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.condition!=şartlandırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.confess!=itiraf-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.confirm!=gerçeklemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.confront!=karşılaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.confront!=önlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.connect!=bağlı-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.connect!=birleştirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.conquer!=fethetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consent!=onaylamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consent!=razı-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consider-important!=önemsemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consist!=oluşturmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consist-of!=oluşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.console!=avutmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.constrain!=zorlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consult!=danışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consult!=tavsiye-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.consume!=tüketmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.contest!=yarışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.continue!=devam-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.control!=denetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.convince!=ikna-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.convince!=inandırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cool!=soğumak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cooperate!=işbirliği-yapmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.correct!=düzeltmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cough!=öksürmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.crack!=çatlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.crave!=can-atmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.craze!=delirtmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.create!=yaratmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.criticize!=eleştirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cross!=kesişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cry!=ağlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.cut!=kesmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.dance!=dans-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.dazzle!=kamaştırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.debate!=tartışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.debilitate!=zayıflamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.decay!=yıpratmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.deceive!=kaldırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.decide!=karar-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.decline!=reddetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.decorate!=süslemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.decrease!=azaltmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.defend!=savunmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.delete!=silmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.delude!=avutmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.demolish!=yıkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.denigrate!=aşağılamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.deny!=inkar-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.deposit-(money)!=yatırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.describe!=tarif-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.destroy!=imha-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.determine!=tespit-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.diagnose!=teşhis-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.diagnose!=teşhis-koymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.die!=ölmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.differ!=farklı-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.disappear!=yokolmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.disapprove!=itiraz-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.divide!=bölmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.divorce!=boşanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.do!=etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.do!=yapmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.dominate!=hakim-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.drag!=sürüklemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.drag!=sürümek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.draw!=plan-çizmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.draw!=çizmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.drill!=delmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.drink!=içmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.eat!=yemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.educate!=eğitmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.eliminate!=kahretmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.eliminate!=yoketmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.embrace!=kucaklamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.emphasize!=vurgulamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.empty!=boşalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.empty!=boşaltmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.endure!=dayanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.endure!=katlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.enforce!=güçlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.enjoy!=eğlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.enroll!=kaydetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.enter!=girmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.escape!=kaçmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.escort!=götürmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.evacuate!=terk-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.evacuate!=vazgeçmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.evaluate!=takdir-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.exaggerate!=abartmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.excite!=heyecanlandırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.expel!=kovmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.expel!=kovuşturmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.explain!=anlatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.explain!=açıklamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.explode!=patlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.export!=ihraç-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.express!=dile-getirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.faint!=bayılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fall!=düşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fatten!=şişmanlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fear!=korkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fear!=ürkütmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feed!=beslemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel!=duymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-disgust!=iğrenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-dizzy!=başı-dönmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-indisposed!=rahatsız-duymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-jealous!=kıskanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-pain!=acımak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-pain!=ağrımak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-shy!=çekinmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.feel-sorry!=üzülmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fight!=güreşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fight!=mücadele-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fill!=doldurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fill!=eklemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.find!=bulmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.find-something-right!=haklı-bulmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.finish!=bitmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fit!=takmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fit-into!=sığmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fix!=saptamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.flutter!=çırpınmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fly!=uçmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fly-out!=fırlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.follow!=izlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.force!=zorlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.forget!=unutmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.forgive!=affetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.form!=şekillendirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.freeze!=donmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.fry!=kızartmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.gain-or-win!=kazandırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.gather!=toplamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get!=edinmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-angry!=kızmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-angry!=öfkelenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-back!=dönmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-better!=düzelmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-better!=iyileşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-bored!=sıklaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-bored!=usanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-bored-by-or-with!=bıkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-cold!=soğumak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-crazy!=çıldırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-dark!=kararmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-dry!=kurumak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-dull!=körelmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-easy!=kolaylaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-educated!=eğitilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-late!=gecikmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-late!=geç-kalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-married!=evlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-on!=binmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-out!=çıkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-rid-of!=kovmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-someone-stripped!=soydurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-thirsty!=susamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-used!=alışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-wet!=ıslanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.get-wounded!=yaralanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.give!=vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.give-explanations!=bulunmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.gleam!=parıldamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.go!=gitmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.go-about!=gezmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.go-down!=inmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.go-into!=girmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.go-mad!=delirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grab!=tutmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.graduate!=mezun-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow!=artırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow!=büyümek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow-impatient!=sabırsızlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow-old!=yaşlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow-up!=büyümek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow-up!=gelişmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.grow-up-(something)!=geliştirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hate!=nefret-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.have-(someone)-attain-or-achieve!=erdirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.have-(someone)-stretch!=gerdirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.have-a-look!=göz-atmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.have-difficulties!=zorlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.have-or-let-(someone)-print!=bastırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hear!=duymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.help!=yardım-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.herd!=gütmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hesitate!=tereddüt-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hide!=gizlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hint!=ima-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hit!=vurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hope!=ümit-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hung!=asmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hunt!=avlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.hurt!=zarar-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.imply!=ima-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.import!=ithal-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.increase!=artmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.inform!=bildirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.insert!=sokmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.install!=yerleştirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.introduce!=salık-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.introduce!=tanımak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.invent!=keşfetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.jeer!=yuhalamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.judge!=değerlendirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.judge!=yargılamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.jump!=atlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.keep-notes!=not-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.kiss!=öpmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.know!=bilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.last!=dayanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.last!=sürmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.laugh!=gülmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.leak!=süzülmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lean!=dayamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lean!=eğmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.learn!=öğrenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.learn-by-heart!=ezberlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.leave!=bırakmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.leave!=vazgeçmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lick!=yalamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lie-down-(to-bed)!=yatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lift!=kaldirmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.light!=aydınlatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.light!=yakmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.like!=beğenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.like!=hoşlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.liken!=benzetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.limit!=kısıtlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.live!=yaşamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.load!=yüklemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.look-at!=bakmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.look-forward-to!=can-atmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.look-like!=benzemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.look-like-each-other!=benzeşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.loosen!=gevşetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lose!=kaybetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lose-weight!=zayıflamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.love!=sevmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.lower!=azalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make!=etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make!=yapmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-(something)-fit-into!=sığdırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-clear!=belirtmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-fun!=alay-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-it-easy!=kolaylaştırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-move!=kıpırdamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-someone-crazy!=çıldırtmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-someone-realize!=bilinçlendirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-something-difficult!=zorlaştırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-something-swell!=kabartmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.make-sunbath!=güneşlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.manage!=yönetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.massacre!=katletmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.materialize!=gerçekleştirilmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.mature!=olgunlaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.measure!=ölçmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.meet!=rastgelmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.meet-by-chance!=rastlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.melt!=erimek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.menace!=tehdit-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.mind!=aldırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.miss-someone!=özlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.misunderstand!=darılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.mock!=alay-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.move!=hareket-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.neglect!=ihmal-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.object!=itiraz-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.observe!=gözlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.obstruct!=engellemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.offer!=ikram-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.open!=açmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.order!=buyurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.order!=emir-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.order!=emretmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.order(commerce)!=sipariş-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.organize!=düzenlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.organize!=örgütlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.paint!=boyamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.paint!=resim-yapmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.paint!=çizmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pair!=yakışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.part!=ayrılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.part!=ayırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pass!=geçmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pass-(a-vehicle)!=sollamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pay!=ödemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pay-attention!=aldırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.perish!=yıpranmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.permit!=izin-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.persist!=ısrar-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.plant!=dikmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.play!=oynamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.please!=rica-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pop-out!=fırlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.postpone!=ertelemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.praise!=övmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pray!=dua-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.predict!=önceden-görmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.prefer!=tercih-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.prefer!=yeğlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.prevent;to-hinder!=mani-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.print!=yazdırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.proceed!=işlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.produce!=imal-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.produce!=üretmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.produce-pain!=acıtmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.prohibit!=yasaklamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.propose!=salık-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.propose!=teklif-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.prove!=kanıtlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.provide!=sağlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.provoke!=kışkırtmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.provoke-(illness;accident)!=sebeple-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.publish!=yayınlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.pull!=çekmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.push!=itmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.put!=koymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.put-in-trouble!=zahmet-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.put-off-(fire)!=söndürmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.put-oil!=yağlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.put-out!=çıkarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.react!=tepki-göstermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.read!=okumak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.realize!=bilinçlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rebel!=isyan-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.recover!=onmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.reflect!=yansıtmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.refuse!=reddetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.regress!=gerilemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.regret!=pişman-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.regulate!=ayarlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.reject!=kaytarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.relax!=gevşetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.remember!=hatırlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.renew!=yenilenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.repair!=onarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.repair!=tamir-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.repeat!=tekrarlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.represent!=temsil-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.resign!=istifa-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.resist!=direnmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rest!=dinlenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rest!=istirahat-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.retreat!=ödün-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rise!=artmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rival!=rakip-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.roll!=akmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rot!=çürümek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.ruin!=harab-olmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.rumple!=buruşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.run!=koşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.run-down!=aşağılamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.run-out-of!=bitkin-düşmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.run-out-of!=tükenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sacrifice!=feda-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sate!=doymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.satisfy!=tatmin-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.save!=kurtarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.say!=demek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.say!=söylemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.say-good-bye!=veda-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.scatter!=dağıtmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.scratch!=kaşımak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.search!=aramak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.see!=bakmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.see!=görmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sell!=satmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.send!=göndermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.separate!=ayrılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.separate!=ayırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.share!=paylaştırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.shave!=tıraş-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.shine!=parlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.shorten!=kısalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.shout!=bağırmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.show!=göstermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sightsee!=gezmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sing!=şarkı-(türkü)-söylemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sink!=batmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sink!=dalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sit!=oturmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sleep!=uyumak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.slide!=kaymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.smile!=gülümsemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.solve!=çözmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.source!=kaynaklanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.speak!=konuşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.specialize!=ustalaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.spend!=harcamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.spoil!=bozmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.spread!=yayılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.spread-out!=sermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.squeeze!=sıkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stabilize!=saptamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.start!=başlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stay!=kalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stay-for-the-night-at!=konmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.steal!=çalmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.step!=basmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stick!=sokmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stick!=yapışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stop!=durmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.strangle!=boğmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.stretch!=germek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.strip!=soymak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.struggle!=çırpınmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.study!=incelemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.submit!=sunmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.succeed!=başarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.suggest!=önermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.suicide!=intihar-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.support!=desteklemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.surrender!=teslim-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.surround!=kuşatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.suspect!=huylanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.suspect!=şüphelenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.swallow!=yutmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.sweep!=kurulamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.swell-up!=kabarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.swim!=yüzmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.take!=almak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.take-advice!=danışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.take-care-of!=umursamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.take-off!=havalanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.take-part-in!=katılmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.take-photo!=görüntülemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.target!=amaçlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.target!=işaret-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.teach!=öğretmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.tear!=yırtmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.tell!=konuşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.tend!=uzatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.testify!=ifade-vermek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.think!=düşünmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.think!=sanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.think!=zannetmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.throw!=atmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.throw-(something)!=savurmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.tie!=bağlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.tolerate!=katlanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.touch!=dokunmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.train!=idman-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.transfer!=aktarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.transpose!=aktarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.travel!=yolculuk-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.tremble!=titremek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.trust!=güvenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.try!=denemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.try!=tatmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.try!=uğraşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.try!=çabalamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.turn-(head)!=çevirmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.turn-pale!=sararmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.turn-up!=görünmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.turn-up!=yakmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.underestimate!=küçümsemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.understand!=anlamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.use!=kullanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.view!=izlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.violate!=çiğnemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.vomit!=kusmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wait!=beklemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wake-up!=kalkmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wake-up!=uyanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.walk!=yürümek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.walk-around!=dolaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wander!=dolaşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.want!=istemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.warn!=tembih-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.warn!=uyarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wash!=yıkamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wash!=yıkanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.waste-away!=körelmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.watch!=izlemek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.watch!=seyretmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.water!=sulamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wave!=sallamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wear!=giymek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.weigh!=tartmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.whistle!=ıslıklamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.win!=kazanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.win!=yenmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.win!=zafer-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wish!=arzulamak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.work!=çalışmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.worry!=kaygılanmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.worry!=merak-etmek!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wrap-around!=sarmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.wrinkle!=buruşmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.write!=yazmak!~verbTurk,
* McsEngl.yawn!=esnemek!~verbTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.abartmak!=to-exaggerate,
* McsTurk.acıkmak!=to-be-hungry,
* McsTurk.acımak!=to-feel-pain,
* McsTurk.acıtmak!=to-produce-pain,
* McsTurk.affetmek!=to-forgive,
* McsTurk.akmak!=to-roll,
* McsTurk.aktarmak!=to-transfer;to-transpose,
* McsTurk.alay-etmek!=to-make-fun;to-mock,
* McsTurk.aldatmak!=to-cheat,
* McsTurk.aldırmak!=to-mind;to-pay-attention,
* McsTurk.algılanmak!=to-be-perceived,
* McsTurk.alkışlamak!=to-clap,
* McsTurk.almak!=to-take,
* McsTurk.alışmak!=to-get-used,
* McsTurk.amaçlamak!=to-target,
* McsTurk.anlamak!=to-understand,
* McsTurk.anlatmak!=to-explain,
* McsTurk.anlaşmak!=to-agree,
* McsTurk.aramak!=to-search,
* McsTurk.artmak!=to-increase;to-rise,
* McsTurk.artırmak!=to-grow,
* McsTurk.arzulamak!=to-wish,
* McsTurk.asmak!=to-hung,
* McsTurk.atlamak!=to-jump,
* McsTurk.atmak!=to-throw,
* McsTurk.avlamak!=to-hunt,
* McsTurk.avutmak!=to-console;to-delude,
* McsTurk.ayarlamak!=to-regulate,
* McsTurk.aydınlatmak!=to-light,
* McsTurk.ayrılmak!=to-part;to-separate,
* McsTurk.ayırmak!=to-part;to-separate,
* McsTurk.azalmak!=to-lower,
* McsTurk.azaltmak!=to-decrease,
* McsTurk.açmak!=to-open,
* McsTurk.açıklamak!=to-explain,
* McsTurk.ağlamak!=to-cry,
* McsTurk.ağrımak!=to-feel-pain,
* McsTurk.aşağılamak!=to-run-down;to-denigrate,
* McsTurk.bakmak!=to-see;to-look-at,
* McsTurk.basmak!=to-step,
* McsTurk.bastırmak!=to-have-or-let-(someone)-print,
* McsTurk.basılmak!=to-be-pressed;to-be-printed,
* McsTurk.batmak!=to-sink,
* McsTurk.bayılmak!=to-faint,
* McsTurk.bağlamak!=to-tie,
* McsTurk.bağlı-olmak!=to-connect,
* McsTurk.bağırmak!=to-shout,
* McsTurk.başarmak!=to-succeed,
* McsTurk.başlamak!=to-start,
* McsTurk.başvurmak!=to-appeal,
* McsTurk.başı-dönmek!=to-feel-dizzy,
* McsTurk.beklemek!=to-wait,
* McsTurk.belirtmek!=to-make-clear,
* McsTurk.belli-olmak!=to-appear,
* McsTurk.benzemek!=to-look-like,
* McsTurk.benzetmek!=to-liken;compare,
* McsTurk.benzeşmek!=to-look-like-each-other,
* McsTurk.beslemek!=to-feed,
* McsTurk.beğenmek!=to-like,
* McsTurk.bildirmek!=to-inform,
* McsTurk.bilinçlendirmek!=to-make-someone-realize,
* McsTurk.bilinçlenmek!=to-realize,
* McsTurk.bilmek!=to-know,
* McsTurk.binmek!=to-get-on,
* McsTurk.birikmek!=to-accumulate;to-be-concentrated,
* McsTurk.biriktirmek!=to-concentrate,
* McsTurk.birleşmek!=to-be-connected,
* McsTurk.birleştirmek!=to-connect,
* McsTurk.bitkin-düşmek!=to-run-out-of,
* McsTurk.bitmek!=to-finish,
* McsTurk.boyamak!=to-paint;to-color,
* McsTurk.bozmak!=to-spoil,
* McsTurk.bozuşmak!=to-break-up,
* McsTurk.boğmak!=to-choke;to-strangle,
* McsTurk.boşalmak!=to-empty,
* McsTurk.boşaltmak!=to-empty,
* McsTurk.boşanmak!=to-divorce,
* McsTurk.bulanmak!=to-become-cloudy,
* McsTurk.bulmak!=to-find,
* McsTurk.bulunmak!=to-give-explanations,
* McsTurk.buluşmak!=to-appoint,
* McsTurk.buruşmak!=to-rumple;to-wrinkle,
* McsTurk.buyurmak!=to-order,
* McsTurk.bölmek!=to-divide,
* McsTurk.bölüşmek!=to-be-divided,
* McsTurk.büyümek!=to-grow;grow-up,
* McsTurk.bıkmak!=to-get-bored-by-or-with,
* McsTurk.bırakmak!=to-leave,
* McsTurk.can-atmak!=to-look-forward-to;to-crave,
* McsTurk.cezalanmak!=to-be-punished,
* McsTurk.dalmak!=to-sink,
* McsTurk.dans-etmek!=to-dance,
* McsTurk.danışmak!=to-take-advice;to-consult,
* McsTurk.darılmak!=to-misunderstand,
* McsTurk.darıltmak!=to-anger-(someone),
* McsTurk.dayamak!=to-lean,
* McsTurk.dayanmak!=to-last;to-endure,
* McsTurk.dağıtmak!=to-scatter,
* McsTurk.delirmek!=to-go-mad,
* McsTurk.delirtmek!=to-craze,
* McsTurk.delmek!=to-drill,
* McsTurk.demek!=to-say,
* McsTurk.denemek!=to-try,
* McsTurk.denetilmek!=to-be-controlled,
* McsTurk.denetmek!=to-control,
* McsTurk.desteklemek!=to-support,
* McsTurk.devam-etmek!=to-continue,
* McsTurk.devrilmek!=to-be-turned-upside-down,
* McsTurk.değerlendirmek!=to-judge,
* McsTurk.değerlenmek!=to-appreciate,
* McsTurk.değişmek!=to-change,
* McsTurk.değiştirmek!=to-change-something,
* McsTurk.dikmek!=to-plant,
* McsTurk.dile-getirmek!=to-express,
* McsTurk.dilenmek!=to-beg,
* McsTurk.dinlenmek!=to-rest,
* McsTurk.direnmek!=to-resist,
* McsTurk.dokunmak!=to-touch,
* McsTurk.dolaşmak!=to-wander;to-walk-around,
* McsTurk.doldurmak!=to-fill,
* McsTurk.dolmak!=to-be-filled,
* McsTurk.donmak!=to-freeze,
* McsTurk.doymak!=to-sate;to-be-sated-with,
* McsTurk.doğmak!=to-be-born,
* McsTurk.dua-etmek!=to-pray,
* McsTurk.durmak!=to-stop,
* McsTurk.duygulanmak!=to-be-affected,
* McsTurk.duymak!=to-feel;hear,
* McsTurk.dönmek!=to-get-back,
* McsTurk.dövmek!=to-beat,
* McsTurk.düzelmek!=to-get-better;to-be-corrected,
* McsTurk.düzeltmek!=to-correct,
* McsTurk.düzenlemek!=to-organize,
* McsTurk.düşmek!=to-fall,
* McsTurk.düşünmek!=to-think,
* McsTurk.edilmek!=to-be-done;be-made,
* McsTurk.edinmek!=to-get;to-acquire,
* McsTurk.eklemek!=to-fill,
* McsTurk.elenmek!=to-be-eliminated,
* McsTurk.eleştirmek!=to-criticize,
* McsTurk.emir-vermek!=to-order,
* McsTurk.emretmek!=to-order,
* McsTurk.engellemek!=to-obstruct,
* McsTurk.erdirmek!=to-have-(someone)-attain-or-achieve,
* McsTurk.erimek!=to-melt,
* McsTurk.ertelemek!=to-postpone,
* McsTurk.esmek!=to-blow,
* McsTurk.esnemek!=to-yawn,
* McsTurk.etkilemek!=to-affect,
* McsTurk.etkilenmek!=to-be-affected,
* McsTurk.etmek!=to-do;make,
* McsTurk.evlenmek!=to-get-married,
* McsTurk.ezberlemek!=to-learn-by-heart,
* McsTurk.eğilmek!=to-be-bent,
* McsTurk.eğitilmek!=to-get-educated,
* McsTurk.eğitmek!=to-educate,
* McsTurk.eğlenmek!=to-amuse;to-enjoy,
* McsTurk.eğmek!=to-lean,
* McsTurk.farklı-olmak!=to-differ,
* McsTurk.feda-etmek!=to-sacrifice,
* McsTurk.fethetmek!=to-conquer,
* McsTurk.fırlamak!=to-pop-out;to-fly-out,
* McsTurk.gecikmek!=to-get-late,
* McsTurk.gelişmek!=to-grow-up,
* McsTurk.geliştirmek!=to-grow-up-(something),
* McsTurk.gelmek!=to-come,
* McsTurk.gerdirmek!=to-have-(someone)-stretch,
* McsTurk.gerilemek!=to-regress,
* McsTurk.gerilmek!=to-be-stretched,
* McsTurk.germek!=to-stretch,
* McsTurk.gerçeklemek!=to-confirm,
* McsTurk.gerçekleşmek!=to-be-materialized;to-be-realized,
* McsTurk.gerçekleştirilmek!=to-materialize,
* McsTurk.getirmek!=to-bring,
* McsTurk.gevşetmek!=to-loosen;to-relax,
* McsTurk.gezmek!=to-go-about;to-sightsee,
* McsTurk.geç-kalmak!=to-get-late,
* McsTurk.geçmek!=to-pass,
* McsTurk.girmek!=to-enter;to-go-into,
* McsTurk.gitmek!=to-go,
* McsTurk.giymek!=to-wear,
* McsTurk.gizlemek!=to-hide,
* McsTurk.grev-yapmak!=to-be-on-strike,
* McsTurk.gururlanmak!=to-be-inordinately-proud,
* McsTurk.gömülmek!=to-be-engraved,
* McsTurk.göndermek!=to-send,
* McsTurk.görmek!=to-see,
* McsTurk.görünmek!=to-turn-up,
* McsTurk.görüntülemek!=to-take-photo,
* McsTurk.göstermek!=to-show,
* McsTurk.götürmek!=to-escort,
* McsTurk.göz-atmak!=to-have-a-look,
* McsTurk.gözlemek!=to-observe,
* McsTurk.gücenmek!=to-be-misunderstood,
* McsTurk.gülmek!=to-laugh,
* McsTurk.gülümsemek!=to-smile,
* McsTurk.güneşlenmek!=to-make-sunbath,
* McsTurk.güreşmek!=to-fight,
* McsTurk.gütmek!=to-herd,
* McsTurk.güvenmek!=to-trust,
* McsTurk.güçlenmek!=to-enforce,
* McsTurk.hakim-olmak!=to-dominate,
* McsTurk.haklı-bulmak!=to-find-something-right,
* McsTurk.harab-olmak!=to-ruin,
* McsTurk.harcamak!=to-spend,
* McsTurk.hareket-etmek!=to-move,
* McsTurk.hatırlamak!=to-remember,
* McsTurk.havalanmak!=to-take-off,
* McsTurk.havaya-uçurmak!=to-blow-up,
* McsTurk.heyecanlandırmak!=to-excite,
* McsTurk.heyecanlandırılmak!=to-be-excited,
* McsTurk.hoşlanmak!=to-like,
* McsTurk.hoşnut-olmak!=to-be-satisfied,
* McsTurk.huylanmak!=to-suspect,
* McsTurk.idman-etmek!=to-train,
* McsTurk.ifade-vermek!=to-testify,
* McsTurk.ihanet-etmek!=to-betray,
* McsTurk.ihmal-etmek!=to-neglect,
* McsTurk.ihraç-etmek!=to-export,
* McsTurk.ikna-etmek!=to-convince,
* McsTurk.ikram-etmek!=to-offer,
* McsTurk.ilerlemek!=to-advance,
* McsTurk.ima-etmek!=to-imply;to-hint,
* McsTurk.imal-etmek!=to-produce,
* McsTurk.imha-etmek!=to-destroy,
* McsTurk.inandırmak!=to-convince,
* McsTurk.inanmak!=to-believe,
* McsTurk.incelemek!=to-study,
* McsTurk.inkar-etmek!=to-deny,
* McsTurk.inmek!=to-go-down,
* McsTurk.intihar-etmek!=to-suicide,
* McsTurk.iptal-etmek!=to-cancel,
* McsTurk.istemek!=to-want,
* McsTurk.istifa-etmek!=to-resign,
* McsTurk.istirahat-etmek!=to-rest,
* McsTurk.isyan-etmek!=to-rebel,
* McsTurk.ithal-etmek!=to-import,
* McsTurk.itiraf-etmek!=to-confess,
* McsTurk.itiraz-etmek!=to-object;to-disapprove,
* McsTurk.itmek!=to-push,
* McsTurk.iyileşmek!=to-get-better,
* McsTurk.izin-vermek!=to-permit,
* McsTurk.izlemek!=to-follow;watch;view,
* McsTurk.içmek!=to-drink,
* McsTurk.iğrenmek!=to-feel-disgust,
* McsTurk.işaret-etmek!=to-target,
* McsTurk.işbirliği-yapmak!=to-cooperate,
* McsTurk.işlemek!=to-proceed,
* McsTurk.kabarmak!=to-swell-up;to-become-puffed-up,
* McsTurk.kabartmak!=to-make-something-swell,
* McsTurk.kabul-etmek!=to-accept,
* McsTurk.kahretmek!=to-eliminate,
* McsTurk.kahrolmak!=to-be-eliminated,
* McsTurk.kaldirmak!=to-lift,
* McsTurk.kaldırmak!=to-deceive,
* McsTurk.kalkmak!=to-wake-up,
* McsTurk.kalmak!=to-stay,
* McsTurk.kamaşmak!=to-be-dazzled,
* McsTurk.kamaştırmak!=to-dazzle,
* McsTurk.kanıtlamak!=to-prove,
* McsTurk.kapamak!=to-close,
* McsTurk.karar-vermek!=to-decide,
* McsTurk.kararmak!=to-get-dark,
* McsTurk.karşılaşmak!=to-confront,
* McsTurk.karşılaştırmak!=to-compare,
* McsTurk.katlanmak!=to-bear;tolerate;to-endure,
* McsTurk.katletmek!=to-massacre,
* McsTurk.katılmak!=to-take-part-in,
* McsTurk.kavramak!=to-comprehend,
* McsTurk.kaybetmek!=to-lose,
* McsTurk.kaydedilmek!=to-be-enrolled,
* McsTurk.kaydetmek!=to-enroll,
* McsTurk.kaygılanmak!=to-worry,
* McsTurk.kaymak!=to-slide,
* McsTurk.kaynaklanmak!=to-source,
* McsTurk.kaynatmak!=to-boil,
* McsTurk.kaytarmak!=to-reject;to-avoid-doing,
* McsTurk.kazandırmak!=to-gain-or-win,
* McsTurk.kazanmak!=to-win,
* McsTurk.kaçmak!=to-escape,
* McsTurk.kaçınmak!=to-avoid,
* McsTurk.kaşımak!=to-scratch,
* McsTurk.kaşınmak!=to-be-scratched,
* McsTurk.kesişmek!=to-cross,
* McsTurk.kesmek!=to-cut,
* McsTurk.keşfetmek!=to-invent,
* McsTurk.kolaylaşmak!=to-get-easy,
* McsTurk.kolaylaştırmak!=to-make-it-easy,
* McsTurk.konmak!=to-stay-for-the-night-at,
* McsTurk.konuşmak!=to-speak;to-tell,
* McsTurk.kopmak!=to-break-in-two,
* McsTurk.korkmak!=to-fear,
* McsTurk.kovmak!=to-expel;to-get-rid-of,
* McsTurk.kovuşturmak!=to-expel,
* McsTurk.koymak!=to-put,
* McsTurk.koşmak!=to-run,
* McsTurk.kucaklamak!=to-embrace,
* McsTurk.kucaklanmak!=to-be-embraced,
* McsTurk.kullanmak!=to-use,
* McsTurk.kurtarmak!=to-save,
* McsTurk.kurulamak!=to-sweep,
* McsTurk.kurulanmak!=to-be-dried,
* McsTurk.kurumak!=to-get-dry;to-be-parched,
* McsTurk.kusmak!=to-vomit,
* McsTurk.kutlamak!=to-celebrate,
* McsTurk.kuşatmak!=to-surround;to-besiege,
* McsTurk.körelmek!=to-get-dull;to-waste-away,
* McsTurk.küçümsemek!=to-underestimate,
* McsTurk.kıpırdamak!=to-make-move,
* McsTurk.kırmak!=to-break,
* McsTurk.kısalmak!=to-shorten,
* McsTurk.kıskanmak!=to-feel-jealous,
* McsTurk.kısıtlamak!=to-limit,
* McsTurk.kızartmak!=to-fry,
* McsTurk.kızmak!=to-get-angry,
* McsTurk.kışkırtmak!=to-provoke,
* McsTurk.mahkûm-etmek!=to-condemn,
* McsTurk.mallanmak!=to-become-rich,
* McsTurk.mani-olmak!=to-prevent;to-hinder,
* McsTurk.memnun-olmak!=to-be-pleased,
* McsTurk.merak-etmek!=to-worry,
* McsTurk.mezun-olmak!=to-graduate,
* McsTurk.mücadele-etmek!=to-fight,
* McsTurk.nefret-etmek!=to-hate,
* McsTurk.nitelendirmek!=to-characterize,
* McsTurk.not-etmek!=to-keep-notes,
* McsTurk.odaklamak!=to-concentrate,
* McsTurk.odaklanmak!=to-be-concentrated,
* McsTurk.okumak!=to-read,
* McsTurk.olgunlaşmak!=to-mature,
* McsTurk.olmak!=to-become,
* McsTurk.oluşmak!=to-consist-of,
* McsTurk.oluşturmak!=to-consist,
* McsTurk.onarmak!=to-repair,
* McsTurk.onaylamak!=to-consent,
* McsTurk.onmak!=to-be-cured;to-recover,
* McsTurk.oturmak!=to-sit,
* McsTurk.oynamak!=to-play,
* McsTurk.parlamak!=to-shine,
* McsTurk.parıldamak!=to-gleam,
* McsTurk.patlamak!=to-explode,
* McsTurk.paylaşmak!=to-be-shared,
* McsTurk.paylaştırmak!=to-share,
* McsTurk.pişirmek!=to-bake,
* McsTurk.pişman-olmak!=to-regret,
* McsTurk.pişmek!=to-be-baked,
* McsTurk.plan-çizmek!=to-draw,
* McsTurk.rahatsız-duymak!=to-feel-indisposed,
* McsTurk.rahatsız-vermek!=to-bother,
* McsTurk.rakip-olmak!=to-rival,
* McsTurk.rastgelmek!=to-meet,
* McsTurk.rastlamak!=to-meet-by-chance,
* McsTurk.razı-olmak!=to-consent,
* McsTurk.reddetmek!=to-refuse;to-decline,
* McsTurk.resim-yapmak!=to-paint,
* McsTurk.rica-etmek!=to-please,
* McsTurk.sabretmek!=to-be-patient,
* McsTurk.sabırsızlanmak!=to-grow-impatient,
* McsTurk.sakinleşmek!=to-calm,
* McsTurk.sakınca-görmek!=to-be-objected,
* McsTurk.saldırmak!=to-attack,
* McsTurk.sallamak!=to-wave,
* McsTurk.sallanmak!=to-be-waved,
* McsTurk.salık-vermek!=to-introduce;to-propose,
* McsTurk.sanmak!=to-think,
* McsTurk.saptamak!=to-fix;to-stabilize,
* McsTurk.sararmak!=to-turn-pale,
* McsTurk.sarmak!=to-wrap-around,
* McsTurk.satmak!=to-sell,
* McsTurk.savunmak!=to-defend,
* McsTurk.savurmak!=to-throw-(something),
* McsTurk.sağlamak!=to-provide,
* McsTurk.sebeple-olmak!=to-provoke-(illness;accident),
* McsTurk.serilmek!=to-be-spread-out,
* McsTurk.sermek!=to-spread-out,
* McsTurk.sevinmek!=to-be-glad,
* McsTurk.sevmek!=to-love,
* McsTurk.seyretmek!=to-watch,
* McsTurk.seçmek!=to-choose,
* McsTurk.silmek!=to-delete,
* McsTurk.sinirlenmek!=to-become-nervous,
* McsTurk.sipariş-vermek!=to-order(commerce),
* McsTurk.sokmak!=to-insert;to-stick,
* McsTurk.sollamak!=to-pass-(a-vehicle),
* McsTurk.sormak!=to-ask,
* McsTurk.soydurmak!=to-get-someone-stripped,
* McsTurk.soymak!=to-strip,
* McsTurk.soyunmak!=to-be-stripped,
* McsTurk.soğumak!=to-get-cold;to-cool,
* McsTurk.sulamak!=to-water,
* McsTurk.sulanmak!=to-be-watered,
* McsTurk.sunmak!=to-submit,
* McsTurk.susamak!=to-get-thirsty,
* McsTurk.susmak!=to-be-silent,
* McsTurk.suçlamak!=to-accuse,
* McsTurk.söndürmek!=to-put-off-(fire),
* McsTurk.söylemek!=to-say,
* McsTurk.sürmek!=to-last,
* McsTurk.sürüklemek!=to-drag,
* McsTurk.sürümek!=to-drag,
* McsTurk.süslemek!=to-decorate,
* McsTurk.süslenmek!=to-be-decorated,
* McsTurk.süzülmek!=to-leak,
* McsTurk.sıklaşmak!=to-get-bored,
* McsTurk.sıkmak!=to-squeeze,
* McsTurk.sıkılmak!=to-be-squeezed,
* McsTurk.sığdırmak!=to-make-(something)-fit-into,
* McsTurk.sığmak!=to-fit-into,
* McsTurk.takdir-etmek!=to-evaluate,
* McsTurk.takmak!=to-fit,
* McsTurk.tamir-etmek!=to-repair,
* McsTurk.tanımak!=to-introduce,
* McsTurk.tanışmak!=to-be-introduced,
* McsTurk.tarif-etmek!=to-describe,
* McsTurk.tartmak!=to-weigh,
* McsTurk.tartışmak!=to-debate,
* McsTurk.tasvip-etmek!=to-approve,
* McsTurk.tatmak!=to-try,
* McsTurk.tatmin-etmek!=to-satisfy,
* McsTurk.tatmin-olmak!=to-be-satisfied,
* McsTurk.tavsiye-etmek!=to-consult,
* McsTurk.taşımak!=to-carry,
* McsTurk.tehdit-etmek!=to-menace,
* McsTurk.teklif-etmek!=to-propose,
* McsTurk.tekrarlamak!=to-repeat,
* McsTurk.tembih-etmek!=to-caution;to-warn,
* McsTurk.temizlemek!=to-clean,
* McsTurk.temsil-etmek!=to-represent,
* McsTurk.tepki-göstermek!=to-react,
* McsTurk.tercih-etmek!=to-prefer,
* McsTurk.tereddüt-etmek!=to-hesitate,
* McsTurk.terk-etmek!=to-evacuate,
* McsTurk.teslim-etmek!=to-surrender,
* McsTurk.teslim-olmak!=to-be-surrendered,
* McsTurk.tespit-etmek!=to-determine,
* McsTurk.teşhis-etmek!=to-diagnose,
* McsTurk.teşhis-koymak!=to-diagnose,
* McsTurk.titremek!=to-tremble,
* McsTurk.toplamak!=to-gather;to-collect,
* McsTurk.toplanmak!=to-be-collected,
* McsTurk.tutmak!=to-grab,
* McsTurk.tükenmek!=to-run-out-of,
* McsTurk.tüketmek!=to-consume,
* McsTurk.tıkanmak!=to-be-plugged,
* McsTurk.tıklamak!=to-click-(with-a-mouse),
* McsTurk.tıraş-etmek!=to-shave,
* McsTurk.tıraş-olmak!=to-be-shaved,
* McsTurk.tırmanmak!=to-climb,
* McsTurk.ulaşmak!=to-arrive-(get-to-target),
* McsTurk.umursamak!=to-take-care-of,
* McsTurk.unutmak!=to-forget,
* McsTurk.usanmak!=to-get-bored,
* McsTurk.ustalaşmak!=to-specialize,
* McsTurk.utanmak!=to-be-ashamed,
* McsTurk.uyanmak!=to-wake-up,
* McsTurk.uyarmak!=to-warn,
* McsTurk.uygulamak!=to-apply,
* McsTurk.uygulanmak!=to-be-applied,
* McsTurk.uymak!=to-adapt;to-comply,
* McsTurk.uyumak!=to-sleep,
* McsTurk.uzatmak!=to-tend,
* McsTurk.uçmak!=to-fly,
* McsTurk.uğraşmak!=to-try,
* McsTurk.varmak!=to-arrive,
* McsTurk.vazgeçmek!=to-evacuate;to-leave,
* McsTurk.veda-etmek!=to-say-good-bye,
* McsTurk.vermek!=to-give,
* McsTurk.vurgulamak!=to-emphasize,
* McsTurk.vurmak!=to-hit,
* McsTurk.yakalamak!=to-arrest,
* McsTurk.yakalanmak!=to-be-arrested,
* McsTurk.yaklaşmak!=to-come-close,
* McsTurk.yakmak!=to-turn-up;to-light,
* McsTurk.yakışmak!=to-pair,
* McsTurk.yalamak!=to-lick,
* McsTurk.yalvarmak!=to-beg,
* McsTurk.yanmak!=to-burn,
* McsTurk.yansımak!=to-be-reflected,
* McsTurk.yansıtmak!=to-reflect,
* McsTurk.yansıtılmak!=to-be-reflected,
* McsTurk.yanılmak!=to-be-mistaken,
* McsTurk.yapmak!=to-do;to-make,
* McsTurk.yapışmak!=to-stick,
* McsTurk.yaralanmak!=to-get-wounded,
* McsTurk.yaramak!=to-benefit,
* McsTurk.yaratmak!=to-create,
* McsTurk.yardım-etmek!=to-help,
* McsTurk.yargılamak!=to-judge,
* McsTurk.yarışmak!=to-contest,
* McsTurk.yasaklamak!=to-prohibit,
* McsTurk.yatmak!=to-lie-down-(to-bed),
* McsTurk.yatırmak!=to-deposit-(money),
* McsTurk.yayılmak!=to-spread,
* McsTurk.yayınlamak!=to-publish,
* McsTurk.yazdırmak!=to-print,
* McsTurk.yazmak!=to-write,
* McsTurk.yağlamak!=to-put-oil,
* McsTurk.yaşamak!=to-live,
* McsTurk.yaşlanmak!=to-grow-old,
* McsTurk.yemek!=to-eat,
* McsTurk.yenilenmek!=to-renew,
* McsTurk.yenilmek!=to-be-defeated,
* McsTurk.yenmek!=to-win,
* McsTurk.yerleşmek!=to-be-installed,
* McsTurk.yerleştirmek!=to-install,
* McsTurk.yetişmek!=to-catch;to-catch-up,
* McsTurk.yetmek!=to-be-enough,
* McsTurk.yeğlemek!=to-prefer,
* McsTurk.yoketmek!=to-eliminate,
* McsTurk.yokolmak!=to-disappear,
* McsTurk.yolculuk-etmek!=to-travel,
* McsTurk.yorumlamak!=to-comment,
* McsTurk.yuhalamak!=to-boo;to-jeer,
* McsTurk.yutmak!=to-swallow,
* McsTurk.yönetmek!=to-manage,
* McsTurk.yüklemek!=to-load,
* McsTurk.yürümek!=to-walk,
* McsTurk.yüzmek!=to-swim,
* McsTurk.yıkamak!=to-wash,
* McsTurk.yıkanmak!=to-wash,
* McsTurk.yıkmak!=to-demolish,
* McsTurk.yılmak!=to-be-daunted-by,
* McsTurk.yıpranmak!=to-perish,
* McsTurk.yıpratmak!=to-decay,
* McsTurk.yırtmak!=to-tear,
* McsTurk.zafer-etmek!=to-win,
* McsTurk.zahmet-vermek!=to-put-in-trouble,
* McsTurk.zannetmek!=to-think,
* McsTurk.zarar-vermek!=to-hurt,
* McsTurk.zayıflamak!=to-debilitate;to-lose-weight,
* McsTurk.zorlamak!=to-force;to-constrain,
* McsTurk.zorlanmak!=to-have-difficulties,
* McsTurk.zorlaştırmak!=to-make-something-difficult,
* McsTurk.çabalamak!=to-try,
* McsTurk.çalmak!=to-steal,
* McsTurk.çalışmak!=to-work,
* McsTurk.çarpışmak!=to-bump,
* McsTurk.çatlamak!=to-crack,
* McsTurk.çatışmak!=to-bump,
* McsTurk.çekilmek!=to-be-pulled;to-be-drawn,
* McsTurk.çekinmek!=to-feel-shy,
* McsTurk.çekmek!=to-pull,
* McsTurk.çevirmek!=to-turn-(head),
* McsTurk.çizmek!=to-paint;to-draw,
* McsTurk.çiğnemek!=to-chew;to-violate,
* McsTurk.çökmek!=to-collapse,
* McsTurk.çözmek!=to-solve,
* McsTurk.çürümek!=to-rot,
* McsTurk.çıkarmak!=to-put-out,
* McsTurk.çıkmak!=to-get-out,
* McsTurk.çıldırmak!=to-get-crazy,
* McsTurk.çıldırtmak!=to-make-someone-crazy,
* McsTurk.çırpınmak!=to-struggle;to-flutter,
* McsTurk.ödemek!=to-pay,
* McsTurk.ödün-vermek!=to-retreat,
* McsTurk.ödünç-almak!=to-borrow,
* McsTurk.öfkelenmek!=to-get-angry,
* McsTurk.öksürmek!=to-cough,
* McsTurk.ölmek!=to-die,
* McsTurk.ölçmek!=to-measure,
* McsTurk.önceden-görmek!=to-predict,
* McsTurk.önemsemek!=to-consider-important,
* McsTurk.önermek!=to-suggest,
* McsTurk.önlemek!=to-confront,
* McsTurk.öpmek!=to-kiss,
* McsTurk.öpülmek!=to-be-kissed,
* McsTurk.örgütlemek!=to-organize,
* McsTurk.övmek!=to-praise,
* McsTurk.özlemek!=to-miss-someone,
* McsTurk.öğrenmek!=to-learn,
* McsTurk.öğretmek!=to-teach,
* McsTurk.öğütlemek!=to-advice,
* McsTurk.üflemek!=to-blow,
* McsTurk.ümit-etmek!=to-hope,
* McsTurk.üretilmek!=to-be-produced,
* McsTurk.üretmek!=to-produce,
* McsTurk.ürkekleşmek!=to-become-timid,
* McsTurk.ürkütmek!=to-fear,
* McsTurk.üye-olmak!=to-become-a-member,
* McsTurk.üzülmek!=to-feel-sorry,
* McsTurk.üşütmek!=to-chill,
* McsTurk.ıslanmak!=to-get-wet,
* McsTurk.ıslıklamak!=to-whistle,
* McsTurk.ısrar-etmek!=to-persist,
* McsTurk.ısınmak!=to-be-warmed,
* McsTurk.ısırmak!=to-bite,
* McsTurk.şarkı-(türkü)-söylemek!=to-sing,
* McsTurk.şartlandırmak!=to-condition,
* McsTurk.şaşırmak!=to-be-surprised,
* McsTurk.şekillendirmek!=to-form,
* McsTurk.şekillenmek!=to-be-formed,
* McsTurk.şiddetlenmek!=to-become-more-intense,
* McsTurk.şikâyet-etmek!=to-complain,
* McsTurk.şişirmek!=to-blow,
* McsTurk.şişmanlamak!=to-fatten,
* McsTurk.şişmek!=to-be-blown,
* McsTurk.şüphelenmek!=to-suspect,verbTurk.to-be
description::
* -im: verb, to be, present (1-pers-sing),
* -ım: verb, to be, present (1-pers-sing),
* -yim: verb, to be, present (1-pers-sing),
* -sin: verb, to be, present (2-pers-sing),
* -sın: verb, to be, present (2-pers-sing),
* -dir: verb, to be, present (3-pers-sing),
* -dır: verb, to be, present (3-pers-sing),
* -tir: verb, to be, present (3-pers-sing),
* -tır: verb, to be, present (3-pers-sing),
* -iz: verb, to be, present (1-pers-plur),
* -ız: verb, to be, present (1-pers-plur),
* -yiz: verb, to be, present (1-pers-plur),
* -siniz: verb, to be, present (2-pers-plur),
* -sınız: verb, to be, present (2-pers-plur),
* -dirler: verb, to be, present (3-pers-plur),
* -dırlar: verb, to be, present (3-pers-plur),
* -tirler: verb, to be, present (3-pers-plur),
* -tırlar: verb, to be, present (3-pers-plur),verbTurk.auxiliary
description::
* etmek - to do/to perform,
* olmak - to be/become,
* vermek - to give,name::
* McsEngl.auxiliary-verbTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk.auxiliary,verbTurk.etmek
description::
"Etmek - to do/to perform
etmek - cannot be used alone as a verb. It is an auxiliary verb used with nouns.It is most used along with Arabic or Persian words as well as foreign words imported into Turkish.
Look at this list below and try to memorize them.Most of the compound verbs have an Arabic stem to which -Etmek is added.
telefon etmek - to telephone
dans etmek - to dance
şikâyet etmek - to complain
tereddüt etmek - to hesitate
talep etmek - to ask, to demand
Itaat etmek - to obey
istifa etmek - to resign, to step down
Vefat etmek - to die, to pass away
The list could continue but it is sufficient for you now to remind that this is one of the applications of the auxiliary "etmek"
It should be noted that many Arabic words do not follow the rules of vowel harmony within themselves but any Turkish suffixes added will always be governed by the final vowel in the word, although there are a few exceptions to this. One we have already met saat hour saatler hours.
Sometimes in Turkish there are two words in general use for the same meaning, one Arabic using - etmek - to form its verb, whilst the Turkish rooted word will follow normal rules of conjugation.
Example
tamir etmek- to repair [arab] or onarmak - to repair [turk]
The auxiliary Etmek has up to nine different meanings according to the most accurate dictionaries:
1. - to do, make - kâr etmek - to make a profit
2. - to do well or wrong - Ne iyi ettin. - How well you did!- iyi etmedin - you did not do well!
3. - reach (a time) - Ay sonunu etmek - To reach the end of the month
4. - to deprive (someone) of (something) - Bu iş beni sağlığımdan etti. (-den etmek) - This job wore me out.
5. - to equal, make - Dört üç daha yedi eder. - Four plus three makes seven
6. - to be worth - O kitap yüz elli lira eder. - That book is worth 150 lira.
7. - to amount to, make - Toplam sekiz dolar ediyor.- The total amounts to 8 dollars
8. - to wrong, treat (someone) unjustly - Bana neler etti. - What (bad things) he did to me.
9. - to soil or wet (one's underpants, bed etc.) - donuna etmek ; yatağına etmek"
[{2022-12-30 retrieved} https://easyturkishlearning.blogspot.com/2012/09/lesson-48-auxiliary-verbs-in-turkish.html]verbTurk.olmak
description::
"olmak - to be/become
This verb meaning to be or to become is also used as an auxiliary with foreign loan words. It is also attached directly to single syllable roots or written separately when used with roots of more that one syllable. It does not change its own vowels as it is a verb in its own right. One of its most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Future Tense and Potential Mood of the verb - to be."
[{2022-12-30 retrieved} https://easyturkishlearning.blogspot.com/2012/09/lesson-48-auxiliary-verbs-in-turkish.html]verbTurk.vermek
description::
"The verb - vermek - to give - can also be added to the subjunctive verb stem and in this case it gives a sense of urgency and speed of action to the main verb. In this case - vermek- loses its meaning - to give. Then with the direct addition of vermek - to "get a move on.."
Examples:
koşmak - to run - koşuvermek - to hurry up and run
When adding "vermek" to a verb then the vowel of the subjunctive ending -e narrows to -i or -ü thus: (güle becomes gülüverin and kese becomes kesıverin), while that of the subjunctive ending -a narrows to -ı or -u thus: (baka becomes bakıverin and tuta becomes tutuverin)."
[{2022-12-30 retrieved} https://easyturkishlearning.blogspot.com/2012/09/lesson-48-auxiliary-verbs-in-turkish.html]name::
* McsEngl.verbTurk.vermek,
* McsEngl.vermek-verbTurk,verbTurk.dative
description::
· a-verb with dative-case syntax.
"Dative verbs are those that have a “to” directional feel. The most obvious is “go” which in Turkish is gitmek."
[{2022-12-03 retrieved} https://storylearning.com/learn/turkish/turkish-tips/turkish-verb-conjugation/]verbTurk.ablative
description::
· a-verb with ablative-case syntax.
"Ablative verbs are those that carry a “from” connotation. There probably aren’t quite as many ablative verbs in Turkish as there are dative verbs."
[{2022-12-03 retrieved} https://storylearning.com/learn/turkish/turkish-tips/turkish-verb-conjugation/]verbTurk.accusative
description::
· a-verb with accusative-case syntax.
"By far the most common type of verb is the accusative verb. In fact just about every active verb that isn’t dative or ablative is accusative."
[{2022-12-03 retrieved} https://storylearning.com/learn/turkish/turkish-tips/turkish-verb-conjugation/]verbTurk.compound
description::
"Compound Verbs are one of the main ways of accepting new verbs into Turkish. Most of these verbs will be familiar to you if you are an Arabic or Persian speaker, but if you aren't, this is new vocabulary to learn. Note that verbs which undergo a sound change are written together."
[{2022-12-30 retrieved} https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Turkish/Compound_Verbs]
"Compound verbs are the ones of structures that have been being used since the initial texts of Turkish language. These structures are classified in two titles with regards to their facts as being formed ‘noun + verb’ or ‘verb + verb’. Two of frequently used auxiliary verbs in compound verb structures formed as ‘noun + verb’ in various periods of Turkish language are et- (it-) and kıl-. In this study, compound verb structures formed with these auxiliary verbs in Fuzulî’s Turkish Divan are studied, compound verbs formed with these two auxiliary verbs are compared and determinations are made about progress of literary language belonging to Oğuz Turkish Dialect with reference to frequency of occurence of auxiliary verbs et- (it-); kıl-. The results concluded about the use of auxiliary verbs et- (it-) and kıl- in the study are below. In the study, it is determined that auxiliary verb et- (it-) is used in 939 couplets and auxiliary verb kıl- is used in 625 couplets. When ommiting their common use it is seen that the number of compound verbs formed with auxiliary verb et- (it-) is 470 and the number of compound verbs formed with auxiliary verb kıl- is 359. It’s remakable that Noun elements are common in 140 of 829 compound verbs in total. For instance, zulm et- (it-), zulm kıl- . As a conclusion, There are 557 compound verbs as lexical entry in the alphabetical list belonging to auxiliary verb et- (it-) and 405 compound verbs in the alphabetical list of auxiliary verb kıl- in Divan. There are also 962 compound verbs in total in the mutual alphabetical list belonging to auxiliary verbs et- (it-) and kıl-. The number of compound verbs in the alphabetical lists is more than the number of determined compound verbs. The reason for this is adding of subtitles of lexical entries given by enumerated. For instance, compound verb ‘gark it-’ is given under the article title as well as compound verb examples like ‘gark-ı hûn –âb it-‘ that is the extended version of the compound verb ‘gark it-‘ is given under subtitles."
[{2022-12-30 retrieved} https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_ing_ozet&makale_id=22463]
"Compound verbs in Turkish consist of a finite verb and an auxiliary verb. Although these verbs are usually coupled into a single word, they may also be decoupled. In such forms, they may be confused with phrasal verbs, but they still function as compounds in which the auxiliary verb ascribes a distinct mood to the finite verb.
The following verbs can be used as auxiliary to form compound verbs:
vermek (to give)
durmak (to stop)
kalmak (to remain, to stay)
gelmek (to come)
koymak (to put)
görmek (to see)
yazmak (to write, to spread)
gitmek (to go)
These are of course their literal meanings, which have little to do with the actual meaning of the compound verb they help form. As indicated before, the resulting compound is attributed with a distinct mood when merged with the finite verb."
[{2022-12-30 retrieved} https://strictlyturkishgrammar.quora.com/Turkish-Compound-Verbs]name::
* McsEngl.compound-verbTurk,
* McsEngl.verbTurk.compound,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.acele-etmek!=to-hurry,
* McsTurk.affetmek!=to-forgive,
* McsTurk.akıl-etmek!=to-devise,
* McsTurk.akın-etmek!=to-swarm,
* McsTurk.alakadar-etmek!=to-concern-(someone),
* McsTurk.alay-etmek!=to-make-fun-of,
* McsTurk.alet-etmek!=to-mediatize,
* McsTurk.alt-etmek!=to-overcome,
* McsTurk.altüst-etmek!=to-wreak-havoc;to-revolutionize,
* McsTurk.ameliyat-etmek!=to-operate-(do-a-surgery),
* McsTurk.analiz-etmek!=to-analyse,
* McsTurk.anons-etmek!=to-announce,
* McsTurk.arz-etmek!=to-present-(formal-speech),
* McsTurk.arzu-etmek!=to-wish;to-want,
* McsTurk.ateş-etmek!=to-fire-(at-someone),
* McsTurk.atfetmek!=to-atribute,
* McsTurk.ayıp-etmek!=to-behave-shamefully,
* McsTurk.ayırt-etmek!=to-differentiate,
* McsTurk.azletmek!=to-impeach,
* McsTurk.azmetmek!=to-determine-(to-have-determination),
* McsTurk.bahane-etmek!=to-make-up-a-reason,
* McsTurk.bahsetmek!=to-mention,
* McsTurk.baş-etmek!=to-deal-with,
* McsTurk.beddua-etmek!=to-wish/prey-for-something-bad-to-happen-to-a-person,
* McsTurk.belli-etmek!=to-make-something-obvious,
* McsTurk.beraat-etmek!=to-be-acquitted,
* McsTurk.bertaraf-etmek!=to-abolish,
* McsTurk.beyan-etmek!=to-declare,
* McsTurk.bloke-etmek!=to-block,
* McsTurk.boca-etmek!=to-pour,
* McsTurk.boykot-etmek!=to-boycott,
* McsTurk.cesaret-etmek!=to-have-courage-to-do-something,
* McsTurk.cüda-etmek!=to-separate,
* McsTurk.cüret-etmek!=to-dare-,
* McsTurk.dâhil-etmek!=to-include,
* McsTurk.dans-etmek!=to-dance,
* McsTurk.davet-etmek!=to-invite,
* McsTurk.defetmek!=to-expel,
* McsTurk.defnetmek!=to-bury-(the-body-of-someone),
* McsTurk.depo-etmek!=to-store,
* McsTurk.deşifre-etmek!=to-decypher,
* McsTurk.devam-etmek!=to-continiue,
* McsTurk.devretmek!=to-transfer,
* McsTurk.dezenfekte-etmek!=to-disinfect,
* McsTurk.dikkat-etmek!=to-pay-attention,
* McsTurk.dikte-etmek!=to-dictate,
* McsTurk.dua-etmek!=to-pray,
* McsTurk.elde-etmek!=to-acquire,
* McsTurk.emanet-etmek!=to-trust-someone-to-keep-one-of-your-belongings,
* McsTurk.emretmek!=to-order-(someone),
* McsTurk.endişe-etmek!=to-worry,
* McsTurk.eşlik-etmek!=to-company,
* McsTurk.etki-etmek!=to-affect,
* McsTurk.eziyet-etmek!=to-make-(someone)-suffer,
* McsTurk.fark-etmek!=to-notice,
* McsTurk.farz-etmek!=to-assume,
* McsTurk.feda-etmek!=to-sacrifice,
* McsTurk.felç-etmek!=to-paralyze,
* McsTurk.feshetmek!=to-dissolve-(an-institution),
* McsTurk.fethetmek!=to-conquer,
* McsTurk.firar-etmek!=to-flee,
* McsTurk.flört-etmek!=to-flirt,
* McsTurk.garanti-etmek!=to-guarantee,
* McsTurk.gasbetmek!=to-extort;to-mug,
* McsTurk.gayret-etmek!=to-put-effort,
* McsTurk.göç-etmek!=to-migrate,
* McsTurk.haczetmek!=to-seize;to-repossess,
* McsTurk.hak-etmek!=to-deserve,
* McsTurk.hakaret-etmek!=to-insult,
* McsTurk.halletmek!=to-take-care-of-(a-job),
* McsTurk.hapsetmek!=to-jail,
* McsTurk.haram-etmek!=to-commit-haram,
* McsTurk.harap-etmek!=to-devastate,
* McsTurk.hareket-etmek!=to-move,
* McsTurk.hatmetmek!=to-read-the-whole-Qur'an,
* McsTurk.havale-etmek!=to-endorse;to-turn-over,
* McsTurk.hayal-etmek!=to-dream,
* McsTurk.hayret-etmek!=to-be-surprized,
* McsTurk.heba-etmek!=to-waste,
* McsTurk.hediye-etmek!=to-gift,
* McsTurk.hesap-etmek!=to-calculate,
* McsTurk.heves-etmek!=to-have-a-desire,
* McsTurk.hicret-etmek!=synonymous-with-göç-etmek,
* McsTurk.hipnotize-etmek!=to-hypnotize,
* McsTurk.hitap-etmek!=to-adress;to-appeal-(to-a-group),
* McsTurk.hoşnut-etmek!=to-make-someone-satisfied/happy,
* McsTurk.hücum-etmek!=to-assault,
* McsTurk.hükmetmek!=to-dominate;to-deliver-a-verdict,
* McsTurk.ıslah-etmek!=to-reforem-(someone),
* McsTurk.ısrar-etmek!=to-insist,
* McsTurk.iade-etmek!=to-return-(something),
* McsTurk.ibadet-etmek!=to-pray/worship,
* McsTurk.icap-etmek!=to-be-necessary,
* McsTurk.icat-etmek!=to-invent,
* McsTurk.idam-etmek!=to-execute-(someone),
* McsTurk.idare-etmek!=to-handle;to-administer;to-make-do-(with-something),
* McsTurk.iddia-etmek!=to-claim-(to-do-something);to-bet,
* McsTurk.idrak-etmek!=to-comprehend,
* McsTurk.ifade-etmek!=to-state,
* McsTurk.iflas-etmek!=to-be-bankrupt;(for-organs)-to-fail,
* McsTurk.ifşa-etmek!=to-expose,
* McsTurk.iftar-etmek!=muslim-dinner-in-Ramadan-after-the-end-of-fasting,
* McsTurk.iftihar-etmek!=to-take-pride,
* McsTurk.iftira-etmek/atmak!=to-slander;to-defame-,
* McsTurk.ihale-etmek!=to-tender,
* McsTurk.ihanet-etmek!=to-betray,
* McsTurk.ihbar-etmek!=to-report-(to-authorities),
* McsTurk.ihlal-etmek!=to-violate,
* McsTurk.ihraç-etmek!=to-export;to-expell,
* McsTurk.ikamet-etmek!=to-inhabit,
* McsTurk.ikâmet-etmek-(colloquially)!=to-inhabit,
* McsTurk.ikaz-etmek!=to-warn,
* McsTurk.ikmal-etmek!=to-top-up,
* McsTurk.ikna-etmek!=to-convinve,
* McsTurk.ilan-etmek!=to-announce;to-declare,
* McsTurk.ilave-etmek!=to-add,
* McsTurk.ilhak-etmek!=to-annex,
* McsTurk.iltifat-etmek!=to-compliment,
* McsTurk.ima-etmek!=to-imply,
* McsTurk.iman-etmek!=to-have-faith,
* McsTurk.imha-etmek!=to-destruct,
* McsTurk.imtihan-etmek!=to-test-(someone),
* McsTurk.inat-etmek!=to-insist,
* McsTurk.infaz-etmek!=to-execute-(a-task),
* McsTurk.inkâr-etmek!=to-reject;to-deny-(that-an-event-took-place),
* McsTurk.insaf-etmek!=to-have-mercy,
* McsTurk.inşa-etmek!=to-build,
* McsTurk.inşaat-etmek-(colloquially)!=to-build,
* McsTurk.intihar-etmek!=to-commit-suicide,
* McsTurk.ipotek-etmek!=to-mortgage,
* McsTurk.iptal-etmek!=to-cancel,
* McsTurk.isabet-etmek!=to-hit-a-target-successfully,
* McsTurk.ispat-etmek!=to-prove,
* McsTurk.israf-etmek!=to-waste,
* McsTurk.istifa-etmek!=to-resign,
* McsTurk.istifade-etmek!=to-make-use-of,
* McsTurk.istifra-etmek!=to-throw-up,
* McsTurk.istihdam-etmek!=to-employ,
* McsTurk.istila-etmek!=to-invade,
* McsTurk.istinat-etmek!=to-base-on,
* McsTurk.istismar-etmek!=to-abuse,
* McsTurk.istişare-etmek!=to-counsel,
* McsTurk.isyan-etmek!=to-rebel,
* McsTurk.işaret-etmek!=to-point,
* McsTurk.işgal-etmek!=to-occupy,
* McsTurk.itaat-etmek!=to-obey,
* McsTurk.itilaf-etmek!=to-come-to-an-agreement,
* McsTurk.itina-etmek!=to-give-attention-while-doing-a-job,
* McsTurk.itiraf-etmek!=to-confess,
* McsTurk.itiraz-etmek!=to-object,
* McsTurk.izah-etmek!=to-explain,
* McsTurk.izole-etmek!=to-isolate,
* McsTurk.kabul-etmek!=to-accept,
* McsTurk.kahretmek!=to-curse,
* McsTurk.kahvaltı-etmek!=to-have-breakfast,
* McsTurk.kastetmek!=to-mean,
* McsTurk.katetmek!=to-make-progress,
* McsTurk.katletmek!=to-massacre,
* McsTurk.kavga-etmek!=to-fight,
* McsTurk.kaybetmek!=to-lose,
* McsTurk.kaydetmek!=to-record,
* McsTurk.kâr-etmek!=to-make-profit,
* McsTurk.kem-küm-etmek!=to-stutter,
* McsTurk.keşfetmek!=to-discover,
* McsTurk.kolaçan-etmek!=to-poke-around;to-check,
* McsTurk.komuta-etmek!=to-command,
* McsTurk.kontrol-etmek!=to-control;to-check,
* McsTurk.koordine-etmek!=to-coordinate,
* McsTurk.kumanda-etmek!=to-command,
* McsTurk.kurban-etmek!=to-sacrifice,
* McsTurk.küfretmek!=to-swear-(use-bad-language),
* McsTurk.laf-etmek!=to-chat;to-complain,
* McsTurk.lanet-etmek!=to-curse-(cast-a-curse),
* McsTurk.lime-lime-etmek!=to-shred,
* McsTurk.linç-etmek!=to-lynch,
* McsTurk.lütfetmek!=to-grant,
* McsTurk.mağdur-etmek!=to-victimize,
* McsTurk.mağlup-etmek!=to-defeat-(someone),
* McsTurk.mahcup-etmek!=to-embarass,
* McsTurk.mahçup-etmek-(colloquially)!=to-embarass,
* McsTurk.mahkûm-etmek!=to-damn;to-condemn-(into-a-fate),
* McsTurk.mahrum-etmek!=to-deprive,
* McsTurk.mahvetmek!=to-ruin,
* McsTurk.mars-etmek!=win-a-2-point-score-in-backgammon,
* McsTurk.mat-etmek!=to-checkmate,
* McsTurk.mecbur-etmek!=to-obligate,
* McsTurk.memnun-etmek!=to-satisfy,
* McsTurk.menetmek!=to-forbid,
* McsTurk.merak-etmek!=to-wonder,
* McsTurk.merhamet-etmek!=to-have-mercy,
* McsTurk.meşgul-etmek!=to-occupy-(one's-time),
* McsTurk.misafir-etmek!=to-entertain-a-guest,
* McsTurk.mobilize-etmek!=to-mobilize,
* McsTurk.muamele-etmek!=to-treat,
* McsTurk.muayene-etmek!=to-check-up;to-survey;to-examine,
* McsTurk.muayne-etmek-(colloquially)!=to-check-up;to-survey;to-examine,
* McsTurk.muhabbet-etmek!=to-chat,
* McsTurk.muhafaza-etmek!=to-preserve,
* McsTurk.muhakeme-etmek!=to-reason,
* McsTurk.muhalefet-etmek!=to-oppose,
* McsTurk.muvafakat-etmek!=to-consent,
* McsTurk.mübadele-etmek!=to-exchange,
* McsTurk.mübalağa-etmek!=to-exaggerate,
* McsTurk.mücadele-etmek!=to-struggle,
* McsTurk.müdafaa-etmek!=to-defend,
* McsTurk.müdahale-etmek!=to-intervene,
* McsTurk.münakaşa-etmek!=to-debate-(less-formal-than-münazara-etmek),
* McsTurk.müracaat-etmek!=to-apply-(send-an-application),
* McsTurk.müsaade-etmek!=to-allow;to-let-something-happen,
* McsTurk.müzakere-etmek!=to-discuss,
* McsTurk.nakletmek!=to-transfer,
* McsTurk.nasip-etmek!=to-grant,
* McsTurk.nefret-etmek!=to-hate,
* McsTurk.niyet-etmek!=to-intend,
* McsTurk.not-etmek!=to-note,
* McsTurk.organize-etmek!=to-organize,
* McsTurk.park-etmek!=to-park,
* McsTurk.pay-etmek!=to-split,
* McsTurk.perişan-etmek!=to-desolate,
* McsTurk.pes-etmek!=to-give-up,
* McsTurk.pişman-etmek!=to-make-someone-regret,
* McsTurk.problem-etmek!=to-make-something-into-a-problem,
* McsTurk.protesto-etmek!=to-protest,
* McsTurk.prova-etmek!=rehearse,
* McsTurk.rahat-etmek!=to-feel-comfortable,
* McsTurk.rapor-etmek!=to-report,
* McsTurk.reddetmek!=to-deny,
* McsTurk.rekabet-etmek!=to-compete,
* McsTurk.rencide-etmek!=to-embarass,
* McsTurk.rezil-etmek!=to-disgrace,
* McsTurk.sabote-etmek!=to-sabotage,
* McsTurk.sabretmek!=to-have-patience,
* McsTurk.sansür-etmek!=to-censor,
* McsTurk.servis-etmek!=to-serve,
* McsTurk.sevk-etmek!=to-send;to-refer-(to-somewhere),
* McsTurk.seyahat-etmek!=to-travel,
* McsTurk.seyretmek!=to-watch,
* McsTurk.sınır-dışı-etmek!=to-expell,
* McsTurk.sipariş-etmek!=to-order-(an-item),
* McsTurk.sitem-etmek!=to-reproach,
* McsTurk.sohbet-etmek!=to-chat,
* McsTurk.söz-etmek!=to-mention,
* McsTurk.sual-etmek!=to-ask,
* McsTurk.suistimal-etmek!=to-misuse;to-abuse,
* McsTurk.sünnet-etmek!=to-circumcize,
* McsTurk.şarj-etmek!=to-charge,
* McsTurk.şikâyet-etmek!=to-complain,
* McsTurk.şükretmek!=to-thank,
* McsTurk.taarruz-etmek!=to-assault,
* McsTurk.taburcu-etmek!=to-discharge-(from-hospital),
* McsTurk.taciz-etmek!=to-disturb;to-sexually-abuse,
* McsTurk.tahakkuk-etmek!=to-come-true,
* McsTurk.tahammül-etmek!=to-tolerate,
* McsTurk.tahliye-etmek!=to-evacuate,
* McsTurk.tahmin-etmek!=to-guess,
* McsTurk.takas-etmek!=to-exchange,
* McsTurk.takdir-etmek!=to-appreciate,
* McsTurk.takip-etmek!=to-follow,
* McsTurk.taklit-etmek!=to-imitate,
* McsTurk.taksim-etmek!=synonymous-with-paylaşmak,
* McsTurk.takviye-etmek!=to-reinforce,
* McsTurk.talan-etmek!=to-loot,
* McsTurk.talep-etmek!=to-request,
* McsTurk.tamir-etmek!=to-fix,
* McsTurk.tarif-etmek!=to-describe,
* McsTurk.tasarruf-etmek!=to-save-(a-resource),
* McsTurk.tatil-etmek!=to-declare-holiday,
* McsTurk.tatmin-etmek!=to-satisfy,
* McsTurk.tavsiye-etmek!=synonymous-with-önermek,
* McsTurk.tebessüm-etmek!=to-smile,
* McsTurk.tebliğ-etmek!=to-issue,
* McsTurk.tebrik-etmek!=to-congratulate,
* McsTurk.tecavüz-etmek!=to-rape,
* McsTurk.tecrübe-etmek!=to-experience,
* McsTurk.tedarik-etmek!=to-procure,
* McsTurk.tedirgin-etmek!=to-worry-(transative),
* McsTurk.tehdit-etmek!=to-threaten,
* McsTurk.tekabül-etmek!=to-correspond,
* McsTurk.tekrar-etmek!=to-repeat,
* McsTurk.telaffuz-etmek!=to-pronounce,
* McsTurk.telafi-etmek!=to-compensate,
* McsTurk.tembih-etmek!=to-recommend,
* McsTurk.temin-etmek!=to-get-access-to-(something),
* McsTurk.temsil-etmek!=to-represent,
* McsTurk.teneffüs-etmek!=to-have-a-break-(in-school),
* McsTurk.terbiye-etmek!=to-discipline,
* McsTurk.tercih-etmek!=to-prefer,
* McsTurk.tercüme-etmek!=to-translate;to-interpret,
* McsTurk.tereddüt-etmek!=to-doubt,
* McsTurk.terfi-etmek!=to-promote,
* McsTurk.terk-etmek!=to-leave,
* McsTurk.teslim-etmek!=to-hand-over,
* McsTurk.tespit-etmek!=to-determine,
* McsTurk.test-etmek!=to-test,
* McsTurk.teşebbüs-etmek!=to-attempt,
* McsTurk.teşekkür-etmek!=to-thank,
* McsTurk.teşvik-etmek!=to-incentivize,
* McsTurk.tıraş-etmek!=to-shave,
* McsTurk.umut-etmek!=hope,
* McsTurk.un-ufak-etmek!=to-shred-into-pieces,
* McsTurk.uyuz-etmek!=to-annoy,
* McsTurk.ümit-etmek!=synonymous-with-umut-etmek,
* McsTurk.vadetmek!=to-promise,
* McsTurk.vakfetmek!=to-devote,
* McsTurk.var-etmek!=to-create,
* McsTurk.veda-etmek!=to-say-goodbye,
* McsTurk.vefat-etmek!=to-die-(more-polite-than-ölmek),
* McsTurk.vekâlet-etmek!=to-act-(be-acting-in-a-position),
* McsTurk.veto-etmek!=to-veto,
* McsTurk.yağma-etmek!=to-loot,
* McsTurk.yardım-etmek!=to-help,
* McsTurk.yemin-etmek!=to-swear;to-promise,
* McsTurk.yok-etmek!=to-destroy,
* McsTurk.yolcu-etmek!=synonymous-with-veda-etmek,
* McsTurk.zahmet-etmek!=to-bother,
* McsTurk.zarar-etmek!=to-turn-a-loss,
* McsTurk.zikretmek!=to-mention,
* McsTurk.ziyan-etmek!=synonymous-with-israf-etmek,
* McsTurk.ziyaret-etmek!=to-visit,conjunction-name of logoTurk
description::
· conjunction-of-lagoTurk is a-term that denotes a-semo-conjunction (a-directed-timeless-relation).name::
* McsEngl.conjTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'conjTurk,generic-tree-of-conjTurk::
* conjHmnm,suffix of conjTurk
description::
* a: ama != but, yet,
* b:
* c:
* ç: hariç != included, except / excluding,
* d:
* e: bile != even, even if,
* f:
* g:
* ğ:
* h:
* ı: dolayı != because of,
* i: gibi != like, as,
* j:
* k: ancak != but, only, however,
* l: dahil != included, except / excluding,
* m: hem...hem (de) != both...and,
* n: zaten != already, anyway,
* o:
* ö:
* p:
* r: ister...ister / isterse != either...or, whether...or,
* s:
* ş:
* t: fakat != but, yet, however,
* u:
* ü: çünkü != because,
* v:
* y:
* z:conjTurk.SPECIFIC
description::
* ama != but, yet,
* ancak != but, only, however,
* ayrıca != besides, furthermore, otherwise,
* bile != even, even if,
* bu nedenle, bunun için != because of this, therefore,
* bu yüzden, böylece != because of this, so,
* buna rağmen != nevertheless, despite that,
* dahil, hariç != included, except / excluding,
* de, da != and, also, too,
* demek, demek ki != so, as a matter of fact,
* dolayı != because of,
* fakat != but, yet, however,
* gerek...gerekse != both...and, whether...or,
* gibi != like, as,
* hem...hem (de) != both...and,
* herhalde != surely, certainly, in any case,
* ister...ister / isterse != either...or, whether...or,
* madem, mademki != since, as,
* mesela, örneğin != for example, e.g.,
* meğerse != It seems that, apparently,
* ne...ne (de) != neither...nor,
* sanki != as if,
* ve != and,
* veya != or,
* ya...ya (da) != either...or,
* yani != namely, in other words, so,
* yeter ki != as long as, provided that,
* yoksa != or, otherwise,
* zaten != already, anyway,
* çünkü != because,
* üstelik != furthermore, in addition,verb-argument of logoTurk
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-02-06},
× generic: verb-argument,
"Let's break down Turkish verb arguments. Here's a comprehensive explanation, covering the core concepts, examples, and nuances:
**Understanding Verb Arguments in Turkish**
Verb arguments are the noun phrases (or pronouns) that are *required* by a verb to complete its meaning. They are essential for the sentence to be grammatically correct and understandable. Think of them as the actors and objects involved in the action or state described by the verb.
Turkish, unlike English, marks these arguments through suffixes (case endings) added to the nouns. This system of suffixes clearly indicates the grammatical function of each noun phrase in relation to the verb.
**Key Case Endings and Their Argument Roles**
Here are the primary case endings used to mark verb arguments in Turkish, along with their typical roles:
1. **Nominative (Yalın Hal):** No suffix. This is the *subject* of the verb – the doer of the action (in active sentences) or the entity being described (in stative verbs).
* *Example:* **Kedi** uyuyor. (**The cat** is sleeping.) - *Kedi* is the subject.
2. **Accusative (Belirtme Hali):** Suffixes: **-(y)i, -(y)ı, -(y)u, -(y)ü**. This marks the *definite direct object* of the verb – the thing directly affected by the action. The presence of the accusative suffix indicates that the object is specific and known to both the speaker and listener.
* *Example:* Kediyi gördüm. (I saw **the cat**.) - *Kediyi* is the definite direct object.
* *Contrast with:* Bir kedi gördüm. (I saw **a cat**.) - *kedi* is indefinite, no accusative.
3. **Dative (Yönelme Hali):** Suffixes: **-(y)e, -(y)a**. This indicates the *indirect object* or the direction/goal/recipient of the action. It often translates to "to" or "towards" in English.
* *Example:* Kitabı **Ali'ye** verdim. (I gave the book **to Ali**.) - *Ali'ye* is the indirect object.
* *Example:* **Okula** gidiyorum. (I'm going **to school**.) - *Okula* shows direction.
4. **Locative (Bulunma Hali):** Suffix: **-de, -da, -te, -ta** (after voiceless consonants). This indicates *location* – where the action takes place. It corresponds to prepositions like "in," "at," or "on" in English.
* *Example:* Kitap **masada** duruyor. (The book is **on the table**.) - *Masada* shows location.
* *Example:* **Evdeyim**. (I am **at home**.)
5. **Ablative (Ayrılma Hali):** Suffixes: **-den, -dan, -ten, -tan** (after voiceless consonants). This indicates *movement away from* a location, source, or origin. It translates to "from" in English.
* *Example:* **Okuldan** geliyorum. (I'm coming **from school**.) - *Okuldan* shows the origin of the movement.
* *Example:* **Ali'den** bir mektup aldım. (I received a letter **from Ali**.)
6. **Genitive (Tamlayan Eki)** Suffixes: **-(n)in, -(n)ın, -(n)un, -(n)ün**. This shows possession. The noun it is attached to is the *possessor*, and is typically followed by another noun which is the *possessed*.
* Example: **Ali'nin** kitabı. (**Ali's** book.) - *Ali'nin* shows the possessor, and is followed by *kitabı*, the possessed item.
**Important Considerations and Nuances**
* **Valency (Geçişlilik/Geçişsizlik):** The number of arguments a verb takes is called its valency.
* **Intransitive Verbs (Geçişsiz Fiiller):** These verbs take only one argument – the subject (nominative case). Examples: *uyumak* (to sleep), *gitmek* (to go), *gülmek* (to laugh).
* *Example:* Çocuk uyuyor. (The child is sleeping.)
* **Transitive Verbs (Geçişli Fiiller):** These verbs take at least two arguments: a subject (nominative) and a direct object (accusative). Examples: *okumak* (to read), *yemek* (to eat), *görmek* (to see).
* *Example:* Kitabı okuyorum. (I am reading the book.)
* **Ditransitive Verbs:** These verbs take three arguments: a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object. Examples: *vermek* (to give), *söylemek* (to tell), *göstermek* (to show).
* *Example:* Arkadaşıma kitabı verdim. (I gave the book to my friend.)
* **Definiteness and the Accusative:** The most crucial point about the accusative case is that it marks *definite* direct objects. An indefinite direct object (like "a cat," "some books") does *not* take the accusative suffix.
* *Example:* Elma yiyorum. (I'm eating **an apple**.) - Indefinite, no suffix.
* *Example:* Elmayı yiyorum. (I'm eating **the apple**.) - Definite, accusative suffix.
* **Pronouns:** Pronouns also take case endings just like nouns.
* *Example:* **Ben** seni görüyorum. (I see you.) - *Ben* (I) is nominative, *seni* (you) is accusative.
* *Example:* **Ona** bir hediye verdim. (I gave a gift to him/her/it.) - *Ona* (to him/her/it) is dative.
* **Postpositions (İlgeçler):** Turkish uses postpositions (words like "için" (for), "gibi" (like), "ile" (with)) *after* the noun, unlike English prepositions. These postpositions often govern specific cases.
* *Example:* **Senin için** geldim. (I came **for you**.) - *için* requires the genitive case (*senin*).
* *Example:* **Kedi ile** oynuyorum. (I am playing **with the cat**.) - *ile* can often be replaced with the comitative case, which, for nouns, functions identically to the nominative.
* **Passive Voice (Edilgen Çatı):** In the passive voice, the grammatical subject is the *recipient* of the action, not the doer. The doer (if mentioned) is often marked with the ablative case or *tarafından* (by).
* *Example (Active):* Ali kitabı okudu. (Ali read the book.)
* *Example (Passive):* Kitap (Ali tarafından) okundu. (The book was read (by Ali).) - *Kitap* is now the subject (nominative), and *Ali tarafından* indicates the agent.
* **Causative Verbs (Ettirgen Çatı):** Causative verbs take an additional argument. These verbs denote that the subject is *causing* someone else to perform the action.
* *Example:* Ben mektubu **Ali'ye** yazdırıyorum. (*I am having the letter written by Ali.* or *I am having Ali write the letter.*)
The verb *yazdırmak* (to have someone write), takes three arguments, a subject (nominative) *ben* (I), a direct object (accusative), *mektubu* (the letter), and a dative object that indicates the performer of the root verb, *Ali'ye* (Ali).
**Putting It All Together: Example Analysis**
Let's analyze a slightly more complex sentence:
"Öğretmen öğrencilere yeni kitabı okulda gösterdi." (The teacher showed the new book to the students at school.)
* **Öğretmen** (teacher): Nominative case (no suffix) – Subject.
* **öğrencilere** (to the students): Dative case (-e) – Indirect object.
* **yeni kitabı** (the new book): Accusative case (-ı) – Definite direct object.
* **okulda** (at school): Locative case (-da) – Location.
* **gösterdi** (showed): Verb.
This breakdown demonstrates how Turkish verb arguments, marked by case endings, create a clear and unambiguous sentence structure. The suffixes tell us exactly *who* is doing *what* to *whom*, *where*, and sometimes *why* or *how*."
[{2025-02-06 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/a96dd2b16696bb38]name::
* McsEngl.TurkVerbArgu!=Turkish--verb-argument,
* McsEngl.VerbArgu.Turk!⇒TurkVerbArgu,
* McsEngl.logoTurk'verb-argument!⇒TurkVerbArgu,sentence of logoTurk
description::
"Turkish sentences differ from English sentences in a few key ways:
1. **Word Order:** The basic word order in Turkish is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). This means that the verb usually comes at the end of the sentence. For example:
* English: I am eating an apple. (Subject-Verb-Object)
* Turkish: Ben elma yiyorum. (Subject-Object-Verb)
2. **Agglutination:** Turkish is an agglutinative language, meaning that suffixes are added to words to indicate tense, case, plurality, etc. These suffixes can make words very long, but they also make the language very expressive.
3. **Vowel Harmony:** Turkish has a system of vowel harmony, which means that the vowels in a word must belong to a certain group. This can affect the pronunciation of suffixes, but it also helps to make the language sound more harmonious.
4. **No Grammatical Gender:** Turkish does not have grammatical gender, so there is no need to worry about whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter.
5. **Flexibility:** Turkish sentence structure is quite flexible, and word order can be changed for emphasis or stylistic reasons.
Here are some resources that can provide you with more information about Turkish sentences:
* **The Basics of Turkish Sentence Structure & Word Order:** [https://www.turkishclass101.com/blog/2020/08/07/turkish-word-order/](https://www.turkishclass101.com/blog/2020/08/07/turkish-word-order/)
* **An Easy Beginner's Guide To Turkish Sentence Structure In 15 Mins:** [https://ling-app.com/tr/turkish-sentence-structure/](https://ling-app.com/tr/turkish-sentence-structure/)
* **Turkish sentence structure and phrases:** [invalid URL removed]
I hope this overview is helpful! Let me know if you have any other questions."
[{2024-07-07 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/296beb7a7ae98a73]name::
* McsEngl.logoTurk'sentence!⇒sentenceTurk,
* McsEngl.sentenceTurk,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.cümleTürkçe!=sentenceTurk,word-order of sentenceTurk
description::
"The Order of Sentence Elements
1. Subject
2. Time
3. Place
4. Indirect object
5. Direct object
6. Modifier of verb
7. Verb
Basically, you can remember this order as SOV (subject, object, verb).
A sentence not following the order given above is called an inverted sentence, “devrik cümle” in Turkish.
This order is essential to learn yet there are exceptions in both daily speech and written language. The Turkish language is very flexible in this sense. However, deciding correctly what to change for non-native speakers is not easy at the beginning. Moreover, each change can emphasize things that you do not mean to.
[{2022-11-10 retrieved} https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar/turkish-word-order]name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'word-order,
* McsEngl.sentenceTurk'word-order,info-resource of lagoTurk
addressWpg::
* Beginner to Intermediate Turkish Lessons, Learn Turkish with Turkishaholic, 62 videos, https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt4ygjU3XRvZfIp6ZjQP-XG_cQo2oxoA1,
* https://fluentinturkish.com/grammar,
* TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR, http://polanco.jesuits-africa.education:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/310/Turkish%20comprehensive%20grammar.pdf,
* A Student Grammar of Turkish, F. N IHAN KETREZ, https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Turkish%2C%20A%20Student%20Grammar%20of%20%28Ketrez%29.pdf,
* http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/,
* https://www.tourkika.com/ (in Greek),name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'Infrsc,dictionary of lagoTurk
description::
* https://tureng.com/en/turkish-english,
* https://www.turkishdictionary.net/,name::
* McsEngl.dictionary.lagoTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'dictionary,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.türkçe-sözlük,evoluting of lagoTurk
description::
"The evolution of the Turkish language is a fascinating journey that spans over centuries, shaped by migration, cultural exchange, and political events.
**Origins and Early Development:**
* **Proto-Turkic:** The roots of Turkish trace back to Proto-Turkic, an ancestral language spoken by nomadic tribes in Central Asia around 2000 BCE.
* **Old Turkic:** This period, spanning from the 6th to the 13th centuries, represents the earliest documented form of the Turkish language. It was used by various Turkic states and was written using the Orkhon script.
**Migration and Influence of Islamic Culture:**
* **Anatolian Turkish (11th-15th centuries):** The migration of Turkic tribes to Anatolia led to the development of Anatolian Turkish. It incorporated elements from Persian and Arabic due to the influence of Islamic culture.
* **Ottoman Turkish (15th-20th centuries):** This period saw the rise of the Ottoman Empire, and Ottoman Turkish became the official language. It was influenced by Arabic and Persian vocabulary and was used extensively in literature and administration.
**Language Reform and Modern Turkish:**
* **20th Century:** With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, a language reform movement aimed to modernize and "purify" the language.
* **Adoption of the Latin alphabet (1928):** The Arabic script was replaced with the Latin alphabet, making the language more accessible to a wider population.
* **Turkish Language Association (TDK):** Founded in 1932, the TDK played a crucial role in standardizing the language, coining new words of Turkic origin to replace foreign loanwords.
**Modern Turkish:**
* **Today:** Modern Turkish is spoken by over 83 million people worldwide, primarily in Turkey, but also in communities in Europe and Central Asia.
* **Dynamic and evolving:** The language continues to evolve, incorporating new words and expressions while maintaining its core grammatical structure and vocabulary.
The evolution of the Turkish language reflects the rich history and diverse cultural influences that have shaped the region. Understanding its development provides valuable insights into the social, political, and linguistic landscape of Turkey and its place in the world."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/ed17bab4e4e39498]name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-lagoTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'evoluting,{2022-10-16}::
=== McsHitp-creation:
· creation of current concept.{1928}-Latin-alphabet::
"Turkish is written using a Latin alphabet introduced in 1928 by Atatürk to replace the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, a version of Perso-Arabic alphabet."
[{2022-10-16 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language#Writing_system]FAMILY-TREE of lagoTurk
description::
"Turkic languages are a language family spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area stretching from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China. They are characterized by several linguistic features, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and a lack of gender. Here's an overview of the Turkic languages:
### Major Branches of Turkic Languages:
1. **Oghuz Branch:**
- **Turkish:** Spoken in Turkey and Cyprus.
- **Azerbaijani:** Spoken in Azerbaijan and parts of Iran.
- **Turkmen:** Spoken in Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.
2. **Kipchak Branch:**
- **Kazakh:** Spoken in Kazakhstan and parts of China, Mongolia, and Russia.
- **Kyrgyz:** Spoken in Kyrgyzstan and parts of China.
- **Tatar:** Spoken in Russia, particularly in Tatarstan.
- **Bashkir:** Spoken in Russia, particularly in Bashkortostan.
3. **Karluk Branch:**
- **Uzbek:** Spoken in Uzbekistan and parts of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
- **Uyghur:** Spoken in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.
4. **Siberian Branch:**
- **Yakut:** Spoken in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) of Russia.
- **Tuvan:** Spoken in Tuva Republic of Russia.
5. **Chuvash:**
- **Chuvash:** Spoken in the Chuvash Republic of Russia. It is the most divergent of the Turkic languages and forms its own branch.
6. **Arghu:**
- This is a lesser-known branch with languages like Khalaj, spoken in parts of Iran.
### Common Characteristics:
- **Vowel Harmony:** Vowels within a word harmonize to be either front or back vowels.
- **Agglutination:** Use of suffixes to express grammatical relations and meanings.
- **Lack of Grammatical Gender:** Turkic languages typically do not have grammatical gender distinctions.
- **SOV Order:** Subject-Object-Verb word order is common.
### Cultural and Historical Context:
- The Turkic languages have a rich history that dates back to ancient times. They were influenced by various empires and migrations, including the Mongol Empire and the spread of Islam.
- Many Turkic languages have borrowed heavily from Arabic and Persian due to historical Islamic influence.
- The modern Turkic-speaking populations are spread across many countries, reflecting a complex history of migration, conquest, and cultural exchange.
### Writing Systems:
- The writing systems for Turkic languages vary widely. Historically, many were written in scripts such as Arabic, Cyrillic, or Latin.
- Turkish, for instance, switched from Arabic to Latin script in the 1920s.
- Other languages like Kazakh and Uzbek are in the process of transitioning from Cyrillic to Latin script.
Understanding Turkic languages involves appreciating their linguistic features, historical development, and the diverse regions in which they are spoken."
[{2024-06-22 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/f9961365-15c1-4eda-8350-6dd1c3ffec77]
· the-evolutionary-tree of lagoTurk.
===
* Turkic
* Common Turkic
* Oghuz
* Western Oghuz
* Turkish
=== Early forms:
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish
=== Standard forms:
* Istanbul Turkish
=== Dialects:
* Cypriot Turkish
* Iraqi Turkmen
* Karamanli Turkish
* Meskhetian Turkish
* Rumelian Turkish
* Syrian Turkishname::
* McsEngl.Turkic-language-family!⇒lagTrkf,
* McsEngl.Turkic-languages!⇒lagTrkf,
* McsEngl.lagHmnm.0026-Turkic-languages!⇒lagTrkf,
* McsEngl.lagHmnm.Turkic-languages!⇒lagTrkf,
* McsEngl.lagTrkf!=Turkic-languages,
* McsEngl.lagTrkf;lagoTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'family-tree,oghuz-languages of lagTrkf
description::
"The Oghuz languages are a branch of the Turkic language family, which is a large group of languages spoken across a vast region from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China. The Oghuz branch is particularly significant as it includes several major languages spoken by millions of people. Here is an overview of the Oghuz languages:
### Major Oghuz Languages:
1. **Turkish**:
- **Regions**: Turkey, Cyprus, and significant immigrant communities in Europe and the Middle East.
- **Speakers**: Over 80 million.
- **Features**: Turkish has a rich literary tradition and is written in the Latin script.
2. **Azerbaijani**:
- **Regions**: Azerbaijan and parts of Iran (South Azerbaijani).
- **Speakers**: Around 30 million.
- **Features**: Azerbaijani has two main dialects (North and South Azerbaijani) and uses both Latin and Cyrillic scripts in different regions.
3. **Turkmen**:
- **Regions**: Turkmenistan and neighboring regions.
- **Speakers**: About 6 million.
- **Features**: Turkmen is written in the Latin script, and it has a strong influence from Persian due to historical interactions.
### Lesser-Known Oghuz Languages:
1. **Gagauz**:
- **Regions**: Moldova (Gagauzia), Ukraine, and some parts of Bulgaria and Romania.
- **Speakers**: Around 150,000.
- **Features**: Gagauz is written in the Latin script and has many similarities with Turkish.
2. **Crimean Tatar**:
- **Regions**: Crimea (Ukraine), and diaspora communities in Turkey and Romania.
- **Speakers**: Around 500,000.
- **Features**: Crimean Tatar has three main dialects (Northern, Central, and Southern), and it uses both Latin and Cyrillic scripts.
3. **Khorasani Turkish**:
- **Regions**: Northeastern Iran.
- **Speakers**: Approximately 400,000.
- **Features**: Khorasani Turkish has a strong Persian influence and is typically written in the Persian script.
### Characteristics of Oghuz Languages:
- **Phonology**: Oghuz languages share common phonological features, such as vowel harmony and agglutination, which are typical of Turkic languages.
- **Grammar**: They use postpositions rather than prepositions, have a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, and extensive use of suffixes to indicate grammatical relationships and nuances.
- **Vocabulary**: While they have a shared Turkic base, each language has absorbed loanwords from neighboring languages and cultures, such as Arabic, Persian, Russian, and European languages.
- **Writing Systems**: The languages have historically used various scripts, including Arabic, Cyrillic, and Latin. Today, the trend is towards the Latin script, especially for languages like Turkish and Turkmen.
### Historical and Cultural Context:
The Oghuz languages have a rich history connected to the Oghuz Turks, a historical group of nomadic tribes who played a significant role in the history of Central Asia and the Middle East. The spread of these languages is tied to the movements and conquests of Oghuz Turks, such as the Seljuks and the Ottomans, who established vast empires in the medieval period.
### Modern Relevance:
Today, Oghuz languages are not only important in terms of their number of speakers but also in their cultural and political influence. Turkish, for instance, is a major language of international diplomacy, media, and commerce. Azerbaijani is crucial for energy politics in the Caspian region, and Turkmen plays a vital role in the cultural identity of Turkmenistan.
Understanding the Oghuz languages provides insight into the linguistic diversity and cultural richness of the Turkic-speaking world, highlighting the interconnectedness of these languages and their speakers."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/644fea7e-f8d7-4ee2-9884-218d97729111]name::
* McsEngl.lagTrkf;oghuz-languages,
* McsEngl.oghuz-languages,WHOLE-PART-TREE of lagoTurk
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'part-whole-tree,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'whole-part-tree,whole-tree-of-lagoTurk::
*
* ... Sympan.GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of lagoTurk
name::
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'generic-specific-tree,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk'specific-generic-tree,generic-tree-of-lagoTurk::
* human-mind-language,
* language,
* mapping-method,
* method,
* info,
* model,
* entity,lagoTurk.speech
description::
"Spoken Turkish, also known as Turkish or Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages. Here are some key points about the Turkish language:
### Language Family
- **Language Family**: Turkic
- **Branch**: Oghuz
- **Related Languages**: Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, and Gagauz
### Phonetics and Phonology
- **Vowels**: Turkish has 8 vowels (a, e, ı, i, o, ö, u, ü).
- **Consonants**: There are 21 consonants in Turkish.
- **Vowel Harmony**: A significant feature where vowels within a word harmonize to be either front or back vowels.
- **Stress**: Generally placed on the last syllable of a word, but there are exceptions.
### Grammar
- **Agglutinative Language**: Uses suffixes to indicate grammatical functions.
- **Word Order**: Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)
- **Cases**: Six grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, and genitive).
- **No Gender**: There is no grammatical gender in Turkish.
- **Definiteness**: No definite articles (like "the" in English), but there are ways to express definiteness through context and sentence structure.
### Vocabulary
- **Loanwords**: Contains many loanwords from Arabic, Persian, French, Italian, English, and other languages due to historical influences.
- **Modern Influence**: Continues to adopt words from English and other languages, particularly in technology and science.
### Common Phrases
- **Hello**: Merhaba
- **How are you?**: Nasılsın?
- **Thank you**: Teşekkür ederim
- **Yes/No**: Evet/Hayır
- **Please**: Lütfen
- **Goodbye**: Hoşça kal (if the other person is leaving), Güle güle (if you are leaving)
### Cultural Context
- **Use in Turkey**: Turkish is the official language of Turkey and is spoken by over 75 million people.
- **Diaspora**: Significant Turkish-speaking communities exist in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Greece, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia.
### Writing System
- **Alphabet**: Uses a modified version of the Latin alphabet, introduced in 1928 as part of Atatürk's reforms. It consists of 29 letters.
- **Diacritics**: Some letters include diacritical marks, such as Ç, Ş, Ğ, İ, and Ü, which represent sounds specific to Turkish.
### Example Sentence
- **English**: I am learning Turkish.
- **Turkish**: Türkçe öğreniyorum.
Learning Turkish involves understanding its unique structure and appreciating its rich history and cultural context."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/33708459-6c71-4fda-aba6-e25a8b9d00e4]name::
* McsEngl.lagSpchTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk.speech!⇒lagSpchTurk,phoneme (link) of lagSpchTurk
lagoTurk.alphabetic
description::
"The written Turkish language has a rich and fascinating history, having undergone significant transformations over time.
**Historical Overview:**
* **Old Turkic (7th-13th centuries):** The earliest known form of written Turkish used the Orkhon script, an alphabet with similarities to Nordic runes. This script was primarily used for inscriptions and official documents.
* **Ottoman Turkish (14th-20th centuries):** With the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the Perso-Arabic script was adopted. This period saw a significant influence of Arabic and Persian vocabulary and grammar on the Turkish language. However, the Perso-Arabic script was not well-suited to represent Turkish sounds, leading to ambiguities in pronunciation and spelling.
* **Modern Turkish (1928-present):** In 1928, as part of Atatürk's reforms, the Turkish alphabet was officially changed to a modified Latin script. This new alphabet, consisting of 29 letters, better reflected Turkish phonetics and facilitated literacy efforts. This marked the beginning of Modern Turkish, characterized by a simplified grammar and a conscious effort to remove foreign loanwords.
**Key Features of Modern Written Turkish:**
* **Latin Alphabet:** The modern Turkish alphabet is a modified Latin script with 29 letters. It includes eight vowels (a, e, ı, i, o, ö, u, ü) and 21 consonants.
* **Phonetic:** The writing system is highly phonetic, meaning that words are generally spelled as they are pronounced. This makes it relatively easy to learn to read and write Turkish.
* **Agglutinative:** Turkish is an agglutinative language, where words are formed by adding suffixes to a root word. This can result in very long words that convey complex meanings.
* **Vowel Harmony:** Vowel harmony is a key feature of Turkish grammar. It dictates that vowels within a word must belong to specific groups (front/back, rounded/unrounded), leading to changes in the suffixes added to words.
**Additional Notes:**
* The Turkish Language Association (TDK) plays a crucial role in regulating and standardizing the Turkish language.
* Modern Turkish literature has flourished since the alphabet reform, with a wide range of genres and styles.
I hope this overview provides a helpful introduction to the written Turkish language. Please let me know if you have any further questions."
[{2024-06-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/91f64a771980c7cb]name::
* McsEngl.lagAlfaTurk,
* McsEngl.lagoTurk.asphabetic!⇒lagAlfaTurk,old-Turkic-alphabet of lagAlfaTurk
description::
"The Old Turkic alphabet, also known as the Göktürk script, Orkhon script, or Orkhon-Yenisey script, is an ancient writing system used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic Khanates from the 8th to the 10th century. This script was primarily used to write the Old Turkic language and is best known from inscriptions found in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia.
### Key Features of the Old Turkic Alphabet:
1. **Origins and Influences**: The Old Turkic script has its origins possibly in runic or Sogdian scripts, with some influence from other neighboring writing systems.
2. **Direction**: It was written in a variety of directions: vertically from bottom to top, or horizontally from right to left.
3. **Characters**: The alphabet consists of 38 characters, which include 4 vowels and 34 consonants.
4. **Inscriptions**: The most famous inscriptions are the Orkhon inscriptions, which date back to the early 8th century and provide significant historical information about the Turkic peoples.
### Examples of Characters:
Here are some characters from the Old Turkic alphabet along with their phonetic values:
| Character | Phonetic Value |
|-----------|----------------|
| 𐰀 | a |
| 𐰁 | ä |
| 𐰂 | b |
| 𐰃 | č |
| 𐰄 | d |
| 𐰅 | e |
| 𐰆 | ğ |
| 𐰇 | h |
| 𐰈 | i |
| 𐰉 | j |
| 𐰊 | k |
| 𐰋 | l |
| 𐰌 | m |
| 𐰍 | n |
| 𐰎 | o |
| 𐰏 | ö |
| 𐰐 | p |
| 𐰑 | r |
| 𐰒 | s |
| 𐰓 | š |
| 𐰔 | t |
| 𐰕 | u |
| 𐰖 | ü |
| 𐰗 | w |
| 𐰘 | y |
| 𐰙 | z |
### Historical Significance:
The Old Turkic script is significant not only for its use in the documentation of the early Turkic peoples' language and culture but also for its insights into the political and social history of Central Asia. The inscriptions provide invaluable data about the Göktürk Khaganate, its rulers, and their accomplishments.
### Preservation:
Today, the Old Turkic script is studied by linguists, historians, and archaeologists who seek to understand more about the early Turkic civilizations. Various inscriptions and artifacts can be found in museums and are the subject of ongoing research and conservation efforts."
[{2024-06-25 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a28b13c2-2f66-4391-bc17-92b3ab223ee4]name::
* McsEngl.lagAlfaTurk'old-Turkic-alphabet,
* McsEngl.old-Turkic-alphabet,relation of runic-alphabet of old-Turkic-alphabet
description::
"The Germanic runic alphabet (Elder Futhark) and the Old Turkic alphabet (Orkhon script) share some visual similarities, but their relationship is debated and not definitively established.
**Similarities:**
* **Visual resemblance:** Some characters in both alphabets share a similar appearance, consisting of straight lines and simple shapes. This could be attributed to the limited ways to combine a few straight lines into symbols or a potential common influence from an earlier script.
* **Non-linear writing:** Both scripts were written in various directions (right-to-left, left-to-right, or boustrophedon), which is uncommon for most alphabets.
**Differences:**
* **Origin:** The Elder Futhark is believed to have developed in Northern Europe around the 1st century AD, while the Old Turkic script emerged in Central Asia around the 8th century AD.
* **Sound values:** While some characters look similar, they often represent different sounds in the two languages.
* **Linguistic family:** Germanic languages belong to the Indo-European family, while Turkic languages are part of the unrelated Turkic family.
**Theories about the Relationship:**
1. **Coincidence:** The visual similarities could be purely coincidental, resulting from the limited number of simple symbols that can be created using straight lines.
2. **Common ancestral script:** Both alphabets might have evolved from an earlier, unknown writing system, leading to some shared characteristics.
3. **Cultural exchange:** Some scholars propose that contact between Germanic and Turkic peoples through trade or migration could have influenced the development of the scripts. However, there is little concrete evidence to support this theory.
**Conclusion:**
The relationship between the Germanic runic alphabet and the Old Turkic alphabet remains an open question. While visual similarities exist, the differences in origin, sound values, and linguistic families suggest that any connection is likely indirect or coincidental. More research is needed to determine the true nature of their relationship."
[{2024-06-25 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/d02b0dbf6bdbb882]name::
* McsEngl.old-Turkic-alphabet'relation-to-runic-alphabet,meta-info
this page was-visited times since {2022-10-16}
page-wholepath: synagonism.net / worldviewSngo / dirLag / lagoTurk
SEARCH::
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• author: Kaseluris.Nikos.1959
• email:
• edit on github: https://github.com/synagonism/McsWorld/blob/master/dirMcs/dirLag/McsLag000030.last.html,
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- past-continuous: I was-being-written
- present-simple: I am-written
- mood-indicative:
- voice-active: yazmak != to-write