overview of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.McsNtr000004.last.html//dirNtr//dirMcs!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.dirMcs/dirNtr/McsNtr000004.last.html!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.material.005-molecule!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.material.molecule!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.mol!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.molecule!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.moleculeMtrl!⇒mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol!=McsNtr000004,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol!=material-molecule,
* McsEngl.mtrlMolecule!⇒mtrlMol,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μόριο-υλικό!=mtrlMol,
description::
"A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.[4][5][6][7][8] Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.
In the kinetic theory of gases, the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are monatomic molecules.[9]
A molecule may be homonuclear, that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with oxygen (O2); or it may be heteronuclear, a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with water (H2O). Atoms and complexes connected by non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds, are typically not considered single molecules.[10]
Molecules as components of matter are common in organic substances (and therefore biochemistry). They also make up most of the oceans and atmosphere. However, the majority of familiar solid substances on Earth, including most of the minerals that make up the crust, mantle, and core of the Earth, contain many chemical bonds, but are not made of identifiable molecules. Also, no typical molecule can be defined for ionic crystals (salts) and covalent crystals (network solids), although these are often composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane (such as in graphene) or three-dimensionally (such as in diamond, quartz, or sodium chloride). The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most condensed phases with metallic bonding, which means that solid metals are also not made of molecules. In glasses (solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state), atoms may also be held together by chemical bonds with no presence of any definable molecule, nor any of the regularity of repeating units that characterizes crystals."
[{2020-04-02} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule]
01_atom of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'01_atomMtrl,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'att001-atomMtrl,
* McsEngl.atomMtrl-of-mtrlMol,
description::
· an-atomMtrl of a-moleculeMtr.
02_intramolecular-bond (link) of mtrlMol
03_shape of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'03_shape,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'shape,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'att004-shape,
description::
"Do molecules have a real shape or are they just some kind of random blob like a piece of jello? Well, molecules do have shape (even the molecules that make up jello have shape) and their shape is important. Some molecules, like enzymes (which are proteins), have shapes that help them do their job."
[{2020-05-11} https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/f/3775/files/2013/11/nanooze_edition_11-1ljz4uy.pdf]
04_weight of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'04_weight,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'weight,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'att005-weight,
description::
"Molecules have size and different molecules are different sizes. When talking about the size of a molecule, most scientists will mention its molecular weight. That is the total weight of all of the atoms in the molecule. So water, which is made up of two hydrogen atoms (1 atomic mass unit each) and one oxygen atom (16 atomic mass units) has a molecular weight of 18 (well, 18.01528 to be exact).
Glucose has a molecular weight of 180. DNA, which is very long, can have a molecular weight that is around 1010 (about the weight of one human chromosome)."
[{2020-05-11} https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/f/3775/files/2013/11/nanooze_edition_11-1ljz4uy.pdf]
size of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'size,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'att006-size,
description::
"In addition to mass, we can also measure how big a molecule is. A water molecule is about 0.27 of a nanometer across. DNA is about 2 nanometers across and can stretch out to meters in length. Amazing, when you think about that length of DNA being stuffed inside a cell. But that is because it is so thin, about 1/1,000,000,000 as thick as it is long. That width-to-length ratio is like a human hair that is the length of a football field."
[{2020-05-11} https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/f/3775/files/2013/11/nanooze_edition_11-1ljz4uy.pdf]
editor of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'att003-editor,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'editor-att003,
description::
"A molecule editor is a computer program for creating and modifying representations of chemical structures.
Molecule editors can manipulate chemical structure representations in either a simulated two-dimensional space or three-dimensional space, via 2D computer graphics or 3D computer graphics, respectively. Two-dimensional output is used as illustrations or to query chemical databases. Three-dimensional output is used to build molecular models, usually as part of molecular modelling software packages.
Database molecular editors such as Leatherface,[1] RECAP,[2] and Molecule Slicer[3] allow large numbers of molecules to be modified automatically according to rules such as 'deprotonate carboxylic acids' or 'break exocyclic bonds' that can be specified by a user.
Molecule editors typically support reading and writing at least one file format or line notation. Examples of each include Molfile and simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES), respectively.
Files generated by molecule editors can be displayed by molecular graphics tools."
[{2020-04-04} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_editor]
specific-tree-of-::
* https://medevel.com/15-3d-molecular-protein-modelling/,
* http://molview.org/,
picture of mtrlMol
description::
· an actual picture of a molecule taken by IBM created by using a technique called Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): https://twitter.com/PhysInHistory/status/1687679143885119488,
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'picture,
resource of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'attResource,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'Infrsc,
addressWpg::
*
EVOLUTING of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-mtrlMol,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'evoluting,
{2020-04-02}::
=== McsHitp-creation:
· creation of current concept.
WHOLE-PART-TREE of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'whole-part-tree,
whole-tree-of-mtrlMol::
*
* ... Sympan.
part-tree-of-mtrlMol::
*
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of mtrlMol
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol'generic-specific-tree,
generic-tree-of-mtrlMol::
* ,
* ... entity.
specific-tree-of-mtrlMol::
* ,
mtrlMol.organism-001 (link)
mtrlMol.diatomic-003
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.003-diatomic,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.diatomic-003,
* McsEngl.diatomic-mtrlMol-003,
description::
"Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. The prefix di- is of Greek origin, meaning "two". If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as hydrogen (H2) or oxygen (O2), then it is said to be homonuclear. Otherwise, if a diatomic molecule consists of two different atoms, such as carbon monoxide (CO) or nitric oxide (NO), the molecule is said to be heteronuclear. The bond in a homonuclear diatomic molecule is non-polar.
The only chemical elements that form stable homonuclear diatomic molecules at standard temperature and pressure (STP) (or typical laboratory conditions of 1 bar and 25 °C) are the gases hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), and chlorine (Cl2).[1]
The noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon) are also gases at STP, but they are monatomic. The homonuclear diatomic gases and noble gases together are called "elemental gases" or "molecular gases", to distinguish them from other gases that are chemical compounds.[2]
At slightly elevated temperatures, the halogens bromine (Br2) and iodine (I2) also form diatomic gases.[3] All halogens have been observed as diatomic molecules, except for astatine, which is uncertain.
Other elements form diatomic molecules when evaporated, but these diatomic species repolymerize when cooled. Heating ("cracking") elemental phosphorus gives diphosphorus, P2. Sulfur vapor is mostly disulfur (S2). Dilithium (Li2) and disodium (Na2)[4] are known in the gas phase. Ditungsten (W2) and dimolybdenum (Mo2) form with sextuple bonds in the gas phase. Dirubidium (Rb2) is diatomic."
[{2020-04-04} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_molecule]
specific-tree-of-::
* aluminium monochloride,
* aluminium monofluoride,
* aluminium(II) oxide|Aluminium monoxide,
* argonium,
* carbon monophosphide,
* carbon monosulfide,
* carbon monoxide,
* silicon carbide|Carborundum,
* cyanogen, radical
* diatomic carbon,
* fluoromethylidynium,
* helium hydride ion,
* hydrogen chloride,
* hydrogen fluoride,
* hydrogen, (molecular)
* hydroxyl radical,
* iron(II) oxide,
* magnesium monohydride cation,
* methylidyne radical,
* nitric oxide,
* nitrogen, (molecular)
* interstellar nitrogen monohydride|Nitrogen monohydride,
* mononitrogen monosulfide|Nitrogen sulfide,
* oxygen, (molecular)
* phosphorus monoxide,
* phosphorus mononitride,
* potassium chloride,
* silicon carbide,
* silicon nitride#Production|Silicon mononitride,
* sulfanyl|Silicon monoxide,
* silicon monosulfide,
* sodium chloride,
* sodium iodide,
* sulfanyl|Sulfur monohydride,
* sulfur monoxide,
* titanium oxide,
mtrlMol.triatomic-004
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.004-triatomic,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.triatomic-004,
* McsEngl.triatomic-mtrlMol-004,
description::
"Triatomic molecules are molecules composed of three atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements. Examples include H2O, CO2 (pictured) and HCN."
[{2020-04-04} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatomic_molecule]
specific-tree-of-::
* aluminium hydroxide,
* aluminium isocyanide,
* amino radical,
* carbon dioxide,
* carbonyl sulfide,
* cCP radical,
* halonium ion|Chloronium,
* diazenylium,
* dicarbon monoxide,
* disilicon carbide,
* ethynyl radical,
* formyl radical,
* hydrogen cyanide, (HCN)
* hydrogen isocyanide, (HNC)
* hydrogen sulfide,
* hydroperoxyl,
* iron cyanide,
* isoformyl,
* magnesium cyanide,
* magnesium isocyanide,
* methylene (compound)|Methylene radical,
* diazenylium|N2H+,
* nitrous oxide,
* nitroxyl,
* ozone,
* methylidynephosphane|Phosphaethyne,
* potassium cyanide,
* trihydrogen cation|Protonated molecular hydrogen,
* sodium cyanide,
* sodium hydroxide,
* silicon carbonitride,
* c-Silicon dicarbide,
* siNC,
* sulfur dioxide,
* thioformyl,
* thioxoethenylidene,
* titanium dioxide,
* tricarbon,
* water,
mtrlMol.four-atoms-005
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.005-four-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.four-atoms-005,
* McsEngl.four-atoms-mtrlMol-005,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* acetylene,
* ammonia,
* isocyanic acid|Cyanic acid,
* polyyne|Cyanoethynyl,
* cyclopropynylidyne,
* formaldehyde,
* fulminic acid,
* hCCN,
* hydrogen peroxide,
* hydromagnesium isocyanide,
* isocyanic acid,
* thiocyanic acid|Isothiocyanic acid,
* ketenyl,
* methylene amidogen,
* methyl radical,
* propynylidyne,
* protonate,d [[carbon dioxide]]
* protonate,d [[hydrogen cyanide]]
* silicon tricarbide,
* 1,3,5-Trithiane|Thioformaldehyde,
* tricarbon monoxide,
* tricarbon sulfide,
* thiocyanic acid,
mtrlMol.five-atoms-006
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.006-five-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.five-atoms-006,
* McsEngl.five-atoms-mtrlMol-006,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* ammonium, ion
* polyyne|Butadiynyl,
* carbodiimide,
* cyanamide,
* cyanoacetylene,
* cyanoformaldehyde,
* cyanomethyl,
* cyclopropenylidene,
* formic acid,
* isocyanoacetylene,
* ketene,
* methane,
* methoxy|Methoxy radical,
* methylenimine,
* propadienylidene,
* protonate,d [[formaldehyde]]
* protonated formaldehyde,
* silane,
* graphene#Silicon carbide|Silicon-carbide cluster,
mtrlMol.six-atoms-007
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.007-six-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.six-atoms-007,
* McsEngl.six-atoms-mtrlMol-007,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* acetonitrile,
* cyanobutadiynyl radical,
* e-Cyanomethanimine,
* cyclopropenone,
* diacetylene,
* ethylene,
* formamide,
* hC4N|HC4N,
* ketenimine,
* methanethiol,
* methanol,
* methyl isocyanide,
* polyyne|Pentynylidyne,
* propynal,
* protonated, cyanoacetylene,
mtrlMol.seven-atoms-008
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.008-seven-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.seven-atoms-008,
* McsEngl.seven-atoms-mtrlMol-008,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* acetaldehyde,
* acrylonitrile,
** vinyl cyanide,
* cyanopolyyne|Cyanodiacetylene,
* ethylene oxide,
* glycolonitrile,
* hexatriynyl radical,
* propyne|Methylacetylene,
* methylamine,
* methyl isocyanate,
* vinyl alcohol,
mtrlMol.eight-atoms-009
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.009-eight-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.eight-atoms-009,
* McsEngl.eight-atoms-mtrlMol-009,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* acetic acid,
* aminoacetonitrile,
* cyanoallene,
* ethanimine,
* glycolaldehyde,
* heptatrienyl radical,
* polyyne|Hexapentaenylidene,
* polyyne|Methylcyanoacetylene,
* methyl formate,
* acrolein|Propenal,
mtrlMol.nine-atoms-010
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.010-nine-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.nine-atoms-010,
* McsEngl.nine-atoms-mtrlMol-010,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* acetamide,
* polyyne|Cyanohexatriyne,
* polyyne|Cyanotriacetylene,
* dimethyl ether,
* ethanol,
* polyyne|Methyldiacetylene,
* octatetraynyl radical,
* propene,
* propionitrile,
mtrlMol.ten-or-more-atoms-011
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.011-ten-or-more-atoms,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.ten-or-more-atoms-011,
* McsEngl.ten-or-more-atoms-mtrlMol-011,
description::
·
specific-tree-of-::
* acetone,
* benzene,
* benzonitrile,
* buckminsterfullerene, (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)
* c70 fullerene|C70 fullerene,
* cyanopolyyne|Cyanodecapentayne,
* cyanopolyyne|Cyanopentaacetylene,
* cyanopolyyne|Cyanotetra-acetylene,
* ethylene glycol,
* ethyl formate,
* methyl acetate,
* cyanopolyyne|Methyl-cyano-diacetylene,
* polyyne|Methyltriacetylene,
* propionaldehyde|Propanal,
* butyronitrile|n-Propyl cyanide,
* pyrimidine,
mtrlMol.macromolecule-012
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.012-macromolecule!⇒molMacro,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.macromolecule-012!⇒molMacro,
* McsEngl.macromolecule!⇒molMacro,
* McsEngl.molMacro,
description::
"A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly composed of the polymerization of smaller subunits called monomers. They are typically composed of thousands of atoms or more. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates) and large non-polymeric molecules (such as lipids and macrocycles).[1] Synthetic macromolecules include common plastics and synthetic fibers as well as experimental materials such as carbon nanotubes.[2][3]
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming a polymer. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The monomer of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. There are three forms of carbohydrates: energy, strorage, and structural molecules. A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. Another type of macromolecules are lipids. Lipids are hydrocarbons that do not form polymers. Fats are constructed from glycerol and fatty acids. Phospholipids are commonly found in the phospholipid bilayer of membranes. They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophopic tails. A protein is another type of macromolecules. Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Proteins have many different functions. There are proteins that are used for structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, defense against foreign substances, and more. Nucleic acids transmit and help express hereditary information. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA."
[{2020-04-08} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule]
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of molMacro
name::
* McsEngl.molMacro'generic-specific-tree,
GENERIC-TREE of molMacro
generic-of-molMacro::
*
attribute-tree-of-molMacro::
* ,
att-tree-inherited-from::
· :
* ,
att-tree-own-of-molMacro::
* ,
SPECIFIC-TREE of molMacro
specific-of-molMacro::
* oligomer,
* polymer,
===
* heteromer,
* homomer,
===
* human-molMacro,
macromolecule.human (link)
mtrlMol.polymer-macromolecule-013
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.013-polymer!⇒molPolymer,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.polymer-013!⇒molPolymer,
* McsEngl.macromolecule.polymer!⇒molPolymer,
* McsEngl.molMacro.polymer!⇒molPolymer,
* McsEngl.molPolymer,
* McsEngl.polymer-macromolecule!⇒molPolymer,
* McsEngl.polymer-mol!⇒molPolymer,
description::
"Are macromolecules and polymers the same?
Joëlle Jul 16, 2016
No, they are not necessarily the same.
Explanation:
The term macromolecules refers to large molecules that are built from smaller subunits. When all the subunits are of the same type the macromolecules are called polymers and the subunits are monomers. When the subunits are of different types they are simply referred to as macromolecules.
Examples of polymers:
* DNA: the monomers are all nucleotides
* Proteins: the monomers are all amino acids
* Carbohydrates: the monomers are all simple sugars
Example of macromolecule:
* triglycerides (fat): made of glycerol backbone and several fatty acid chains.
So all polymers are macromolecules, but not all macromolecules are polymers!"
[{2016-07-16} https://socratic.org/questions/are-macromolecules-and-polymers-the-same]
===
"A polymer (/ˈpɒlɪmər/;[4][5] Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.[6] Due to their broad range of properties,[7] both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life.[8] Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produces unique physical properties including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals. The terms polymer and resin are often synonymous with plastic.
The term "polymer" derives from the Greek word πολύς (polus, meaning "many, much") and μέρος (meros, meaning "part"), and refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties.[3] The units composing polymers derive, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.[3] The term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, though with a definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition.[9][10] The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger,[11] who spent the next decade finding experimental evidence for this hypothesis.[12]
Polymers are studied in the fields of biophysics and macromolecular science, and polymer science (which includes polymer chemistry and polymer physics). Historically, products arising from the linkage of repeating units by covalent chemical bonds have been the primary focus of polymer science; emerging important areas of the science now focus on non-covalent links. Polyisoprene of latex rubber is an example of a biological polymer, and the polystyrene of styrofoam is an example of a synthetic polymer. In biological contexts, essentially all biological macromolecules—i.e., proteins (polyamides), nucleic acids (polynucleotides), and polysaccharides—are purely polymeric, or are composed in large part of polymeric components—e.g., isoprenylated or lipid-modified glycoproteins, where small lipidic molecules and oligosaccharide modifications occur on the polyamide backbone of the protein.[13]
The simplest theoretical models for polymers are ideal chains."
[{2020-04-16} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer]
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of molPolymer
name::
* McsEngl.molPolymer'generic-specific-tree,
GENERIC-TREE of molPolymer
generic-of-molPolymer::
*
attribute-tree-of-molPolymer::
* ,
att-tree-inherited-from::
· :
* ,
att-tree-own-of-molPolymer::
* ,
SPECIFIC-TREE of molPolymer
specific-of-molPolymer::
* 1 = monomer/subunit,
* 2 = dimer,
* 3 = trimer,
* 4 = tetramer,
* 5 = pentamer,
* 6 = hexamer,
* 7 = heptamer,
* 8 = octamer,
* 9 = nonamer,
* 10 = decamer,
* 11 = undecamer,
* 12 = dodecamer,
* 13 = tridecamer,
* 14 = tetradecamer,
* 15 = pentadecamer*,
* 16 = hexadecamer,
* 17 = heptadecamer*,
* 18 = octadecamer,
* 19 = nonadecamer,
* 20 = eicosamer,
* 21-mer,
* 22-mer,
* 23-mer*,
* etc.,
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure]
mtrlMol.oligomer-macromolecule-014
name::
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.014-oligomer-macromolecule!⇒molOligomer,
* McsEngl.mtrlMol.oligomer-macromolecule-014!⇒molOligomer,
* McsEngl.molMacro.oligomer!⇒molOligomer,
* McsEngl.molOligomer,
* McsEngl.oligomer-macromolecule-014!⇒molOligomer,
description::
"An oligomer (/əˈlɪɡəmər/ (About this soundlisten)[2]) (oligo-, "a few" + -mer, "parts") is a molecular complex of chemicals that consists of a few repeating units, in contrast to a polymer, where the number of monomers is, in principle, infinite.[3] Dimers, trimers, and tetramers are, for instance, oligomers composed of two, three, and four monomers, respectively.
In biochemistry, an oligomer usually is a macromolecular complex formed by non-covalent bonding of a few macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. In this sense, a homo-oligomer would be formed of a few identical molecules and by contrast, a hetero-oligomer would be made of more than one, different, macromolecules. An example of a homo-oligomeric protein is collagen, which is composed of three identical protein chains. The term multimer (/ˈmʌltɪmər/) (multi-, "more than one" + -mer, "part") is used with a meaning similar to that of oligomer in the context of proteins (although technical restrictions of word sense may exist).[citation needed]
Many oils are oligomeric, such as liquid paraffin. Plasticizers are oligomeric esters widely used to soften thermoplastics such as PVC. They may be made from monomers by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil. Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty. Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example, a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six.
In biochemistry, the term oligonucleotide – or, informally, "oligo" – is used for short, single-stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as DNA or RNA, or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholinos. Such oligos are used in hybridization experiments (bound to glass slides or nylon membranes), as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdowns.[citation needed] It can also refer to a protein complex made of two or more subunits. In this case, a complex made of several different protein subunits is called a hetero-oligomer or heteromer. When only one type of protein subunit is used in the complex, it is called a homo-oligomer or homomer.
Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to macromolecular complexes through a finite degree of polymerization. The actual figure for degree of polymerization is a matter of debate, often a value between 10 and 100.[citation needed]
Telomerization is the process where an oligomer forms a telomer as a result of chain transfer.[4] A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a linear chromosome."
[{2020-04-16} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomer]
