VATID of ogznPrdg

description::
"A value added tax identification number or VAT identification number (VATIN[1]) is an identifier used in many countries, including the countries of the European Union, for value added tax purposes.
In the EU, a VAT identification number can be verified online at the EU's official VIES[2] website. It confirms that the number is currently allocated and can provide the name or other identifying details of the entity to whom the identifier has been allocated. However, many national governments will not give out VAT identification numbers due to data protection laws."
[{2021-01-22} http://localhost/dWstSgm/dirMcs/Mcs000000.last.html#idMwsstatCpt]

name::
* McsEngl.VATID'(value-added-tax-identification-number),
* McsEngl.VAT-identification-number,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att031-Vatid,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'Vatid,
* McsEngl.value-added-tax-identification-number,

addressWpg::
* https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/vies/vatRequest.html,

DUNS of ogznPrdg

description::
"The Data Universal Numbering System, abbreviated as DUNS or D-U-N-S, is a proprietary system developed and managed by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) that assigns a unique numeric identifier, referred to as a "DUNS number" to a single business entity. It was introduced in 1963 to support D&B's credit reporting practice. It is standard worldwide. DUNS users include the European Commission, the United Nations, the United States government, and Apple. More than 50 global industry and trade associations recognize, recommend, or require DUNS. The DUNS database contains over 300 million entries for businesses throughout the world.[1]"

name::
* McsEngl.DUNS'(data-universal-numbering-system),
* McsEngl.data-universal-numbering-system,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att032-Duns,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'Duns,

stakeholder.SPECIFIC

description::
* hmnMember-of-ogznPrdg,
* owner-of-ogznPrdg,
* consumer-of-ogznPrdg,
* supplier-of-ogznPrdg,
* government-of-ogznPrdg,
* trade-union-of-ogznPrdg,
* community-of-ogznPrdg,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'stakeholder.specific,

stakeholder.owner (link)

stakeholder.customer

description::
· the-buyer of its sufisfiers.

name::
* McsEngl.customer-of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att028-customer,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'customer,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'stakeholder.customer,

stakeholder.supplier

description::
">supplier of organization:
The supplier of an organization refers to an external entity or business that provides goods, services, or raw materials to the organization. Suppliers play a crucial role in the supply chain and overall operations of a company. They can be individuals, other companies, or even government agencies, depending on the nature of the organization and its needs.

Organizations often establish relationships with suppliers to ensure a steady and reliable source of necessary resources. These relationships can be formalized through contracts and agreements that outline terms and conditions such as pricing, delivery schedules, quality standards, and other relevant factors.

The selection of suppliers is an important strategic decision for organizations, as it can impact the cost, quality, and efficiency of their operations. Many businesses evaluate potential suppliers based on criteria such as reliability, reputation, financial stability, ethical practices, and the ability to meet specific requirements.

Effective supplier management is essential for maintaining a smooth and efficient supply chain. This involves ongoing communication, monitoring of performance, and collaboration to address any issues that may arise.

In summary, a supplier is an external entity that provides goods, services, or raw materials to an organization, and managing these relationships is crucial for the success of the organization's operations."
[{2023-12-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/fac3c97c-11a6-4355-85e0-82b76b4996bd]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'supplier-stakeholder,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att034-supplier-stakeholder,
* McsEngl.stakeholder.supplier,

hmnMember of ogznPrdg

description::
· the-humans members (that make-up) of the-ogznPrdg.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'hmnMember,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att001-humanHmn,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'hmnMember,

sociality of ogznPrdg

description::
· the-relations of humans of an-ogznPrdg.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'sociality,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att005-sociality,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'sociality,

satisfier of ogznPrdg

description::
· the-satisfier the-ogznPrdg manages.
· no satisfier, no economic-organization.

name::
* McsEngl.Cmpnstfr!=company-satisfier,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'satisfier,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att003-satisfier,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'satisfier,

satisfier-producing of ogznPrdg

description::
"1.40 The activity of production is fundamental.
In the SNA, production is understood to be a physical process, carried out under the responsibility, control and management of an institutional unit, in which labour and assets are used to transform inputs of goods and services into outputs of other goods and services.
All goods and services produced as outputs must be such that they can be sold on markets or at least be capable of being provided by one unit to another, with or without charge.
The SNA includes within the production boundary all production actually destined for the market, whether for sale or barter.
It also includes all goods or services provided free to individual households or collectively to the community by government units or NPISHs."
[{2020-10-15} https://synagonism.net/dirMcs/dirStn/dirHitp/HitpStnStd000.last.html#idPara1-40]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att015-satisfier-producing,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'satisfier-producing,
* McsEngl.production-activity-of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.production-of-satisfier,

specific-tree-of-::
* creating,
* transacting,
** exchanging
** transiting-satisfiers,
** advertising-satisfiers,

node.sfr-creating of ogznPrdg

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att030-node.sfr-creating,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'node.sfr-creating,

node.sfr-transacting of ogznPrdg

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att027-transacting-node,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'transacting-node,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'node.transacting,

specific-tree-of-::
** exchanging
** transiting-satisfiers,
** advertising-satisfiers,

node.financing of ogznPrdg

description::
"Finance Department is the part of an organization that is responsible for acquiring funds for the firm, managing funds within the organization and planning for the expenditure of funds on various assets. It is the part of an organization that ensures efficient financial management and financial control necessary to support all business activities.
The contributions of finance department to any company and how these contributions positively affect organisational performance will greatly depend on factors such as the extent to which the owner/ manager is involved in his company. The roles and responsibilities of a finance department include but are not limited to:
a. Bookkeeping
b. Management of company’s cash flow
c. Budgets and forecasting
d. Advising and sourcing longer-term financing
e. Management of Taxes
f. Management of Company’s Investments
g. Financial Reporting and analysis
h. Assist managers in making key strategic decisions"
[{2020-10-23} https://www.pharmapproach.com/roles-responsibilities-finance-department-pharmaceutical-industry/-{2020-07-09}]

name::
* McsEngl.financing-sys-of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att014-financing-sys,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'financing-sys,

node.accounting of ogznPrdg

description::
"While some people may have a differing opinion, the essential roles and duties of virtually any accounting department should include the following:
* Money out – making payments and keeping the bills paid
* Money in – processing incoming payments
* Payroll – make sure everyone gets paid (including the government)
* Reporting – preparing financial reports, e.g. P&L, Balance sheets and budgets
* Financial Controls – to avoid errors, fraud and theft"
[{2020-10-23} https://www.pcg-services.com/key-roles-accounting-department/]

name::
* McsEngl.accounting-department--of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.accounting-node--of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.bookeeping-node--of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att024-accounting-node,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'accounting-node,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'node.accounting,

control of ogznPrdg

description::
"26.85 Control is determined to exist if the direct investor owns more than 50 per cent of the voting power in the direct investment enterprise.
Such an enterprise is called a subsidiary.
A significant degree of influence is determined to exist if the direct investor owns from 10 to 50 percent of the voting power in the direct investment enterprise.
Such an enterprise is called an associate.
In order to achieve bilateral consistency and avoid subjective decisions about actual control or influence, these operational definitions should be used in all cases."
[{2020-10-15} https://synagonism.net/dirMcs/dirStn/dirHitp/HitpStnStd000.last.html#idPara26-85]

name::
* McsEngl.control-of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att018-control,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'control,

06-law of ogznPrdg

description::
× generic: lawEconomy,

"Corporate law (also known as business law or enterprise law or sometimes company law) is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses. The term refers to the legal practice of law relating to corporations, or to the theory of corporations. Corporate law often describes the law relating to matters which derive directly from the life-cycle of a corporation.[1] It thus encompasses the formation, funding, governance, and death of a corporation."
[{2020-10-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law]

">corporate law:
Corporate law, also known as business law, company law, or enterprise law, is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses. It includes the formation, operation, governance, and termination of legal entities.

**Key Areas of Corporate Law**
* **Corporate Formation:** This area of law deals with the process of creating a corporation, including obtaining a corporate charter, drafting and filing corporate documents, and establishing corporate bylaws.
* **Corporate Governance:** This area of law governs the internal management of corporations, including the role of shareholders, directors, and officers. It also addresses issues such as corporate ethics, corporate social responsibility, and corporate accountability.
* **Corporate Finance:** This area of law deals with the raising of capital by corporations, including the issuance of stocks, bonds, and other securities. It also covers mergers, acquisitions, and other corporate transactions.
* **Corporate Liability:** This area of law addresses the legal obligations of corporations and their officers and directors. It includes issues such as tort liability, contract liability, and securities law liability.

**Importance of Corporate Law**
Corporate law is important for several reasons:
1. **It protects investors and shareholders:** Corporate law provides a framework for corporations to operate in a fair and transparent manner, which helps to protect the interests of investors and shareholders.
2. **It promotes competition:** Corporate law helps to ensure that corporations compete fairly and that markets are open and accessible to all.
3. **It protects creditors:** Corporate law protects the rights of creditors by ensuring that corporations fulfill their financial obligations.
4. **It promotes economic growth:** Corporate law contributes to economic growth by creating a stable and predictable environment for businesses to operate.

**Types of Corporations**
There are several different types of corporations, each with its own legal structure and governance. The most common types of corporations include:
* **C corporations:** C corporations are for-profit corporations that are taxed separately from their shareholders. They are the most common type of corporation for large businesses.
* **S corporations:** S corporations are for-profit corporations that are taxed as partnerships or LLCs. This means that the corporation's profits and losses are passed through to the shareholders, who are then taxed on their individual returns. S corporations are a popular choice for small businesses.
* **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs):** LLCs are hybrid entities that combine the characteristics of corporations and partnerships. LLCs offer limited liability protection to their members, and their profits are taxed as pass-through entities. LLCs are a popular choice for small businesses and startups.
* **Nonprofit Corporations:** Nonprofit corporations are organized for a charitable or other social purpose, and they are not allowed to distribute profits to their members. Nonprofit corporations are exempt from federal income tax, but they must file annual tax returns.

**Regulation of Corporate Law**
Corporate law is regulated by both state and federal law. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the primary federal agency responsible for overseeing corporate law. The SEC has a wide range of authority, including the power to register and regulate securities offerings, investigate corporate fraud, and enforce insider trading laws.
In addition to the SEC, there are a number of other federal and state agencies that have jurisdiction over corporate law. These agencies include the Department of Justice, the Federal Trade Commission, and the state attorneys general.

**Conclusion**
Corporate law is a complex and ever-evolving area of law. It is important for businesses to have a basic understanding of corporate law to ensure that they are operating in compliance with the law. Businesses should also consult with an attorney to address specific legal issues.
Sources
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law#:~:text=Corporate%20law%20(also%20known%20as,%2C%20companies%2C%20organizations%20and%20businesses."
[{2023-12-07 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/4db336ede49837d6]

name::
* McsEngl.business-law!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.company-law!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.corporate-law!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.enterprise-law!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.law.041-ogznPrdg!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.law.company!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.law.ogznPrdg!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.lawCmpn!=company-law,
* McsEngl.lawEconomy.005-company!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.lawEconomy.company!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'06-law!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att013-law!⇒lawCmpn,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'law!⇒lawCmpn,

Pdnplace.creating

description::
· the-place where it produces its satisfiers.

name::
* McsEngl.Pdnplace.creating,
* McsEngl.creating-place-of-ogznPrdg,

Pdnplace.transacting

description::
· the-place where it transacts its satisfiers

name::
* McsEngl.Pdnplace.transacting,
* McsEngl.transacting-place-of-ogznPrdg,

Pdnplace.residence

description::
"26.36 The residence of each institutional unit is the economic territory with which it has the strongest connection, expressed as its centre of predominant economic interest.
An institutional unit is resident in an economic territory when there exists, within the economic territory, some location, dwelling, place of production, or other premises on which or from which the unit engages and intends to continue engaging, either indefinitely or over a finite but long period of time, in economic activities and transactions on a significant scale.
The location need not be fixed so long as it remains within the economic territory.
Actual or intended location for one year or more is used as an operational definition.
While the choice of one year as a specific period is somewhat arbitrary, it is adopted to avoid uncertainty and facilitate international consistency.
Most units have strong connections to only one economy but with globalization, a growing number have strong links to two or more economies."
[{2020-10-16} https://synagonism.net/dirMcs/dirStn/dirHitp/HitpStnStd000.last.html#idPara26-36]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att023-residence,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'residence,
* McsEngl.residence-of-ogznPrdg,

ESG of ogznPrdg

description::
">ESG:
ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance, and it refers to a set of criteria used to evaluate a company's performance in these three areas. ESG factors are often considered by investors, analysts, and other stakeholders to assess the sustainability and ethical impact of a business. Here's a breakdown of each component:

1. **Environmental (E):** This category focuses on a company's impact on the environment. It includes considerations such as a company's carbon footprint, energy efficiency, waste management practices, water usage, and overall environmental sustainability. Companies with strong environmental performance are often those that prioritize eco-friendly practices and demonstrate a commitment to reducing their environmental impact.

2. **Social (S):** The social aspect of ESG evaluates a company's relationships with its employees, customers, suppliers, and the communities in which it operates. Social factors include labor practices, employee relations, diversity and inclusion, human rights, and community engagement. Companies with strong social performance prioritize fair labor practices, diversity, employee well-being, and positive community contributions.

3. **Governance (G):** Governance relates to the way a company is managed and controlled. Key governance factors include the composition and structure of the board of directors, executive compensation, transparency, ethical business practices, and adherence to legal and regulatory standards. Strong governance is associated with effective decision-making, ethical behavior, and accountability.

Investors and financial institutions increasingly consider ESG factors as part of their investment strategies, recognizing that companies with strong ESG performance may be better positioned for long-term success and are less likely to face environmental, social, and governance-related risks. ESG considerations are integrated into investment decisions, and there is a growing demand for transparency and standardized reporting of ESG metrics from companies.

ESG investing reflects a broader shift toward sustainable and responsible investing practices, where financial performance is evaluated alongside environmental and social impact. Many companies now publish ESG reports to communicate their efforts and performance in these areas to stakeholders."
[{2023-12-10 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/77ac3b78-7bdc-4142-b34e-ac3a7909bd96]

name::
* McsEngl.ESG!=environmental-social-governance,
* McsEngl.environmental-social-governance,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'ESG,

DUNS-number of ogznPrdg

description::
"Your DUNS number only reveals credit information gathered by one credit bureau—Dun & Bradstreet. Originally known as the Mercantile Agency, Dun & Bradstreet is one of America’s oldest companies. Its founder, Lewis Tappan, created it in 1841 for the purpose of helping merchants establish the creditworthiness of potential customers.
Today, Dun & Bradstreet keeps track of over 265 million businesses worldwide. Over 100 million of those businesses have been assigned a DUNS number. The federal government adopted the DUNS number as its principal business identifier in 1994.
In 1998, the DUNS number was incorporated as the federal government’s contractor identification code. This means that companies without a DUNS number cannot do business with the federal government. This makes a DUNS number invaluable for many small businesses, since government contracts are often stable, lucrative sources of income."
[{2021-01-19} https://www.nav.com/resource/duns-number/]

name::
* McsEngl.DUNS-number-of-ogznPrdg,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'DUNS-number,

10_goal of ogznPrdg

description::
· the-existential-goal is satisfier management.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'10_goal,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att004-goal,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'goal,

satisfier-producingNo of ogznPrdg

description::
· any other than producing doing on satisfiers.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att016-satisfier-producingNo,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'satisfier-producingNo,

specific-tree-of-::
* consuming-satisfier,
* transacting-satisfier,
** exchanging,
** transfering,

R&D of ogznPrdg

description::
"Research and Development (R&D) is a critical component of modern business strategy, particularly in industries that thrive on innovation like technology, pharmaceuticals, automotive, and more. Here's an overview of what R&D entails and its importance:
### Definition:
- **Research**: This phase involves theoretical or experimental work undertaken to acquire new knowledge without any particular application or use in view. It can be basic research, which seeks to expand the understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena, or applied research, which aims to solve practical problems or develop new products.
- **Development**: This follows research and involves the conversion of research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for new, modified, or improved products, processes, or services. Development includes the conceptualization, design, and testing of product alternatives, as well as the creation of prototypes.

### Importance of R&D:
1. **Innovation**: R&D drives innovation, which can lead to new products or services, or improvements in existing ones, giving companies a competitive edge.
2. **Economic Growth**: Countries with strong R&D sectors tend to have higher economic growth due to the creation of high-value jobs and the commercialization of new technologies.
3. **Problem Solving**: R&D can lead to solutions for complex problems, including health issues, environmental challenges, and efficiency in various sectors.
4. **Sustainability**: Through R&D, companies can develop more sustainable products and processes, reducing environmental impact.
5. **Market Expansion**: New or improved products can open up new markets or increase market share in existing ones.
6. **Regulatory Compliance**: In industries like pharmaceuticals, R&D is crucial not just for innovation but for meeting stringent regulatory requirements.

### Key Aspects of R&D:
- **Funding**: R&D requires significant investment. Funding can come from government grants, private investments, or the company's own revenue.
- **Collaboration**: Often, R&D involves collaboration between universities, research institutions, and private companies. These partnerships can accelerate innovation by combining academic research with commercial application.
- **Intellectual Property**: R&D often results in patents, which can protect innovations from being exploited by competitors or can be licensed for revenue.
- **Risk and Uncertainty**: R&D projects can be risky because not all research leads to viable products. However, the potential rewards can be substantial.
- **Time Frame**: The timeline for R&D can be long, especially in fields like pharmaceuticals where drug development and testing can take a decade or more.

### Trends in R&D:
- **Digital Transformation**: Use of AI, machine learning, and big data analytics to speed up research processes and predict outcomes.
- **Open Innovation**: Companies are increasingly adopting open innovation models where they share knowledge and resources with external partners.
- **Sustainability Focus**: There's a growing emphasis on R&D for green technologies, aiming for energy efficiency, renewable resources, and reducing carbon footprints.
- **Globalization**: R&D activities are often spread across different countries to leverage global talent pools and local market insights.
If you're looking into specifics like current leading companies in R&D spending, recent breakthroughs, or how R&D strategies differ across industries as of my last update, I could provide general insights or ask if you'd like me to look up more recent information."
[{2024-08-29 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok]

name::
* McsEngl.R&D!=research-and-development,
* McsEngl.research-and-development,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att037-R&D,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'R&D,

creation-stage of ogznPrdg

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att019-creation-stage,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'creation-stage,

operation-stage of ogznPrdg

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att020-operation-stage,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'operation-stage,

closure-stage of ogznPrdg

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att021-closure-stage,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'closure-stage,

dissolution-stage of ogznPrdg

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'att022-dissolution-stage,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg'dissolution-stage,

ogznPrdg.ISIC

description::
"The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) is a United Nations industry classification system. Wide use has been made of ISIC in classifying data according to kind of economic activity in the fields of employment and health data.
It is maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.[1]
ISIC classifies entities by activity. The most detailed categories are defined by combinations of activities described in statistical units, considering the relative importance of the activities included in these classes.
ISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products produced, but places additional emphasis on production processes.
ISIC Revision 4 broad structure:
* 1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing,
* 2. Mining and quarrying,
* 3. Manufacturing,
* 4. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply,
* 5. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities,
* 6. Construction,
* 7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles,
* 8. Transportation and storage,
* 9. Accommodation and food service activities,
* 10. Information and communication,
* 11. Financial and insurance activities,
* 12. Real estate activities,
* 13. Professional, scientific and technical activities,
* 14. Administrative and support service activities,
* 15. Public administration and defence; compulsory social security,
* 16. Education,
* 17. Human health and social work activities,
* 18. Arts, entertainment and recreation,
* 19. Other service activities,
* 20. Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use,
* 21. Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies",
[{2021-01-21} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Industrial_Classification]

name::
* McsEngl.ISIC'(international-standard-industrial-classification),
* McsEngl.international-standard-industrial-classification,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.Isic-classification,

ogznPrdg.NACE

description::
"in economic or social surveys collecting data on enterprises, the observation unit can be:
* an enterprise: a legally recognised organisational unit carrying out one or more activities at one or more locations; enterprises are classified into sectors (by NACE) according to their main activity;
* a local unit: an enterprise or part of an enterprise (factory, warehouse, office) situated in one geographically identified place; local units are classified into sectors (by NACE) according to their main activity;
* a kind-of-activity unit: abbreviated as KAU: an enterprise or part of an enterprise which in its entirety can be classified within one activity sector (by NACE);
* a Local kind-of-activity unit: a combination of the previous two: an enterprise or part of an enterprise situated in one geographically identified place which in its entirety can be classified within one activity sector (by NACE);
One enterprise can have a number of local units and/or kind-of-activity units. One local unit can comprise several local kind-of-activity units. It is possible that the main activity of a local unit is not the same as the one of the enterprise to which it belongs."
[{2021-02-02} https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Kind-of-activity_unit_(KAU)]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.NACE-classification,

ogznPrdg.NAICS

description::
"The North American Industry Classification System or NAICS (pronounced "nakes"[1]) is a classification of business establishments by type of economic activity (process of production). It is used by government and business in Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America. It has largely replaced the older Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, except in some government agencies, such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
An establishment is typically a single physical location, though administratively distinct operations at a single location may be treated as distinct establishments. Each establishment is classified to an industry according to the primary business activity taking place there. NAICS does not offer guidance on the classification of enterprises (companies) which are composed of multiple establishments."
[{2021-01-21} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System]

name::
* McsEngl.NAICS'(North-American-industry-classification-system),
* McsEngl.North-American-industry-classification-system,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.Naics-classification,

ogznPrdg.SIC

description::
"The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) is a system for classifying industries by a four-digit code. Established in the United States in 1937, it is used by government agencies to classify industry areas. The SIC system is also used by agencies in other countries, e.g., by the United Kingdom's Companies House.[1]
In the United States, the SIC code has been replaced by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS code), which was released in 1997.[2] Some U.S. government departments and agencies, such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), continued to use SIC codes through at least 2019.[3]
The SIC code for an establishment, that is, a workplace with a U.S. address, was determined by the industry appropriate for the overall largest product lines of the company or organization of which the establishment was a part. The later NAICS classification system has a different concept, assigning establishments into categories based on each one's output.[4][5]"
[{2021-01-21} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification]

name::
* McsEngl.SIC'(standard-industrial-classification),
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.Sic-classification,
* McsEngl.standard-industrial-classification,

ogznPrdg.GICS

description::
"The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) is an industry taxonomy developed in 1999 by MSCI and Standard & Poor's (S&P) for use by the global financial community. The GICS structure consists of 11 sectors, 24 industry groups, 69 industries and 158 sub-industries[1] into which S&P has categorized all major public companies. The system is similar to ICB (Industry Classification Benchmark), a classification structure maintained by FTSE Group.
GICS is used as a basis for S&P and MSCI financial market indexes in which each company is assigned to a sub-industry, and to an industry, industry group, and sector, by its principal business activity.
"GICS" is a registered trademark of McGraw Hill Financial and MSCI Inc.[2][3]"
[{2021-01-21} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard]

name::
* McsEngl.GICS'(global-industry-classification-system),
* McsEngl.global-industry-classification-system,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.Gics,

ogznPrdg.cooperative (link)

ogznPrdg.emploee-owned (link)

info-resource of ogznSocial

description::
* https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/social-enterprises-can-have-a-big-impact,
* https://pacecircular.org/about,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznSocial'Infrsc,

ogznSocial.SPECIFIC

description::
* transparent-socially-oriented-company,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznSocial.specific,

ogznPrdg.transparent-socially-oriented

description::
"Today the main asymmetry in our human-societies is between the FEW and the MANY. It is big mistake if we think that the asymmetries are among countries or between regions. The few govern the whole world!!!
The many can break this relation (and bring equilibrium in our societies) by supporting only -TRANSPARENT-SOCIALLY-ORIENTED-COMPANIES (TSoc)!!!.
TSocs are companies that today can be owned by anyone (privately, workers, government) but with the following attributes:
1) they are TRANSPARENT: their profits, inputs, outputs and salaries are on the internet and anyone can see them. IF they lie the many drop their support and they stop to exist.
2) they are SOCIALLY-ORIENTED: their excess-profits (= profits after transparent compensation of their employees and owners) are distributed transparently only in solving social-problems."
[{2024-03-02 retrieved} https://synagonism.weebly.com/]

name::
* McsEngl.Tsoc!=transparent-socially-oriented-company,
* McsEngl.cmpnTso!=transparent-socially-oriented-company,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.048-transparent-socially-oriented,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.transparent-socially-oriented,
* McsEngl.transparent-socially-oriented-company,

ogznSocial.SNA8

description::
"23.11 For some time, there has been growing interest in studying the contribution to the economy of institutions such as NPIs because they are seen to constitute a significant presence of growing economic and policy interest.
Such institutions are variously referred to as “non-profit”, “voluntary”, “civil society” or “non-governmental” organizations and collectively as the “third”, “voluntary”, “non-profit” or “independent” sector.
Such institutions attract interest because their operating characteristics are somewhat different from those of other units in the corporations and government sectors.
Specifically:
a. They are not permitted to distribute profits;
b. They may produce public goods as well as private goods;
c. They may receive as much or more from current transfers as they receive from selling their output;
d. They may depend on volunteer labour as well as paid labour;
e. Because they cannot pay dividends, they cannot attract equity capital in competition with corporations;
f. They may be eligible for special tax advantages in many countries;
g. They typically have special legal provisions covering the governance, reporting requirements, political participation and so on;
h. Although they provide public goods and services, they do not have the same powers or restrictions as government in deciding what these goods and services should be and how they should be allocated."
[{2024-07-20 retrieved} https://synagonism.net/dirMcs/dirStn/dirHitp/HitpStnStd000.last.html#idPara23-11]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznSocial.SNA8,

ogznSocial.civil-society

description::
"Civil society refers to the space for collective action around shared interests, purposes, and values, generally distinct from government and commercial for-profit actors. It refers to a wide array of organizations: community groups, non-governmental organizations [NGOs], labor unions, indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and foundations.
Civil society can vary in size, scope, and level of formality. It can include small, local volunteer groups as well as large, international NGOs. It can focus on a wide range of issues, from social justice to environmental protection to economic development.

**Roles of civil society:**
* **Advocacy:** Civil society organizations often play a key role in advocating for policy changes and holding governments accountable.
* **Service provision:** Many civil society organizations provide essential services to communities, such as healthcare, education, and disaster relief.
* **Civic engagement:** Civil society organizations can help to promote civic engagement and participation in democratic processes.
* **Social cohesion:** Civil society organizations can help to build social cohesion and trust within communities.

**Importance of civil society:**
Civil society is considered to be a vital component of a healthy democracy. It provides a space for citizens to come together and express their views, to hold governments accountable, and to work together to address shared challenges. It can also help to promote social inclusion and to protect the rights of marginalized groups.

**Challenges facing civil society:**
Civil society organizations often face a number of challenges, such as lack of funding, restrictions on their activities, and harassment from governments. However, they continue to play a vital role in societies around the world.
Sources
www.equalityinstitute.org/blog/hope-gains-and-progress-in-preventing-violence-against-women-and-girls
www.dhyeyaias.com/current-affairs/articles/civilizing-civil-society"
[{2024-07-20 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/9ddcfd7d34b88978]


"**Civil Society: An Overview**
Civil society refers to the realm of organizations, institutions, and individuals that operate independently from the government and business sectors to advance various interests, values, and causes within society. This sector plays a crucial role in fostering democratic governance, social justice, community development, and human rights. Here's a deeper look into the components, functions, and significance of civil society:

### Components of Civil Society
1. **Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):**
- These are organizations that operate independently from the government, often focusing on humanitarian, environmental, educational, or social issues.
2. **Community Groups:**
- Local groups formed to address specific issues within a community, such as neighborhood associations, cultural clubs, and volunteer organizations.
3. **Social Movements:**
- Large, organized groups aiming to drive social change, such as the civil rights movement, feminist movement, and environmental movements.
4. **Professional Associations:**
- Organizations that represent the interests of professionals in specific fields, such as medical associations, bar associations, and teachers' unions.
5. **Faith-Based Organizations:**
- Religious groups and institutions that provide social services, advocate for moral and ethical issues, and support community development.
6. **Charities and Foundations:**
- Entities that provide funding and support for various social causes, research, and community initiatives.
7. **Advocacy Groups:**
- Organizations that aim to influence public policy and legislation on specific issues, such as human rights, animal rights, and environmental protection.

### Functions of Civil Society
1. **Advocacy and Public Policy Influence:**
- Civil society organizations advocate for policy changes, represent marginalized groups, and provide a voice for public concerns.
2. **Service Provision:**
- Many civil society organizations provide essential services, such as healthcare, education, and disaster relief, especially in areas where government services are lacking.
3. **Community Building:**
- Civil society fosters community engagement and solidarity through local initiatives, cultural events, and volunteer opportunities.
4. **Promoting Accountability:**
- By monitoring government actions and holding officials accountable, civil society ensures transparency and combats corruption.
5. **Education and Awareness:**
- These organizations educate the public on important social issues, human rights, and civic responsibilities, promoting an informed and active citizenry.
6. **Conflict Resolution:**
- Civil society can mediate conflicts and promote peace through dialogue, negotiation, and reconciliation efforts.

### Significance of Civil Society
- **Democratic Governance:**
Civil society is essential for a healthy democracy, as it provides a check on government power and ensures that diverse voices are heard in the policymaking process.
- **Social Justice:**
By advocating for the rights of marginalized and vulnerable groups, civil society contributes to social equity and justice.
- **Resilience and Adaptation:**
Civil society organizations often respond quickly to crises, such as natural disasters or pandemics, providing immediate relief and long-term support for recovery.
- **Innovation and Experimentation:**
Civil society is a space for innovative solutions to social problems, often experimenting with new approaches that can later be adopted by governments or businesses.

### Challenges Faced by Civil Society
- **Political Repression:**
In some countries, civil society organizations face restrictions, harassment, and persecution from authoritarian governments.
- **Funding Constraints:**
Many civil society organizations struggle with limited financial resources, affecting their ability to sustain operations and expand their impact.
- **Public Perception:**
Misunderstandings and mistrust can hinder civil society's effectiveness, especially if organizations are perceived as biased or disconnected from local needs.
- **Internal Governance:**
Ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective management within civil society organizations is crucial for maintaining credibility and trust.

### Conclusion
Civil society is a vital component of a well-functioning society, contributing to the promotion of democratic values, social justice, and community well-being. Its diverse array of organizations and functions enable it to address a wide range of issues and advocate for positive social change. Despite facing numerous challenges, the resilience and adaptability of civil society continue to drive progress and innovation across the globe."
[{2024-07-20 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/1ff1c035-4263-4723-9bd5-5a414e38e5cb]

name::
* McsEngl.civil-society-organization,
* McsEngl.ogznSocial.civil-society,

input-product of sector

description::
· every sector to create its output has as input other products from other sectors.
· input-product is the-aggregate product inputed from all input-sectors.

name::
* McsEngl.sector'input-product,

output-product of sector

description::
· the-aggregate output-product of a-sector.

name::
* McsEngl.output-product--of-sector,
* McsEngl.sector'output-product,

Gdp-percent of sector

description::
· sector's output percent to country or global Gdp.

name::
* McsEngl.sector'Gdp-percent,

market-value of sector

description::
">market value of sector:
The market value of a sector is the total market capitalization of all companies in that sector. Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the number of outstanding shares of a company by its current share price. The market value of a sector is a measure of the overall size and importance of that sector in the economy.
Here are the market values of the 11 major market sectors as of October 4, 2023:
1. Technology: $7.42 trillion
2. Consumer discretionary: $5.79 trillion
3. Financials: $5.43 trillion
4. Communication services: $4.80 trillion
5. Health care: $4.37 trillion
6. Industrials: $3.90 trillion
7. Materials: $3.37 trillion
8. Consumer staples: $3.17 trillion
9. Utilities: $2.49 trillion
10. Real estate: $2.23 trillion
11. Energy: $1.94 trillion
As you can see, the technology sector is the largest by market value, followed by consumer discretionary, financials, communication services, and healthcare. These five sectors make up over half of the total market value of all stocks.
The market value of a sector can change over time as new companies enter the sector, existing companies grow or shrink, and economic conditions change. For example, the technology sector has seen its market value grow rapidly in recent years, while the energy sector has seen its market value decline.
The market value of a sector can be a useful indicator of the overall health of the economy. A growing sector is often a sign of economic growth, while a declining sector can be a sign of economic weakness. However, it is important to note that the market value of a sector is just one piece of information, and investors should also consider other factors such as company-specific fundamentals and economic trends when making investment decisions."
[{2024-01-03 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/54b69e653fcf75df]

name::
* McsEngl.sector'market-value,

expenditure of sector

description::
">expenditure of sector:
The term "expenditure of sector" can be interpreted in two ways:
1. **Government Spending by Sector:** This refers to how governments allocate their budget across different areas. Common sectors for government expenditure include healthcare, education, infrastructure, defense, and social security. You can find data on government spending by sector from various sources like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) [IMF Public Expenditure Measurement] or Eurostat (for European countries) [Eurostat Government expenditure on economic affairs].
2. **Private Sector Expenditure:** This refers to spending by businesses and households. Here, sectors could be industries like manufacturing, retail, or healthcare. Data on private sector expenditure is often harder to find in a disaggregated form, but some economic reports might provide this information.
To get a better understanding of expenditure by sector, it would be helpful to know:
* **What sector are you interested in?** (e.g., healthcare, education, manufacturing)
* **Is it public or private sector expenditure you're looking for?**
* **What geographical area are you interested in?** (e.g., national, regional)
Once you have a clearer idea, you can search for specific data sources or reports that might be relevant."
[{2024-03-16 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b6dd7ddb9c244c08]

name::
* McsEngl.sector'expenditure,
* McsEngl.sector'spending,

law of sector

description::
· economic-law about a-sector.

name::
* McsEngl.lawEconomy.013-sector!⇒lawSector,
* McsEngl.lawEconomy.sector!⇒lawSector,
* McsEngl.lawSector!=law-on-sector,
* McsEngl.sector'law!⇒lawSector,

policy of sector

description::
">economic-policies per sector:
Economic policies are government actions or interventions intended to influence the economy. These policies can affect a wide range of economic activities, including production, consumption, investment, and international trade. Different economic sectors have different policy needs, and governments often tailor their policies to the specific needs of each sector.
**Agriculture**
The agricultural sector is a key economic driver in many countries, and governments often use policies to support the sector. These policies may include:
* **Subsidies:** Governments may provide subsidies to farmers to help them cover the costs of production, such as fertilizers, seeds, and equipment.
* **Infrastructure development:** Governments may invest in infrastructure development, such as roads, irrigation systems, and storage facilities, to improve the productivity of the agricultural sector.
* **Market access:** Governments may work to improve market access for agricultural products, both domestically and internationally. This may involve negotiating trade agreements or providing technical assistance to farmers to help them meet export standards.
**Manufacturing**
The manufacturing sector is another important economic sector, and governments often use policies to support it. These policies may include:
* **Tax breaks:** Governments may provide tax breaks to manufacturing companies to encourage them to invest and create jobs.
* **Government procurement:** Governments may give preference to domestic manufacturing companies when they are awarding contracts.
* **Research and development (R&D) subsidies:** Governments may provide subsidies to manufacturing companies to fund R&D activities, which can help them develop new products and processes.
**Financial Services**
The financial services sector is crucial for the functioning of the economy, and governments often use policies to regulate it. These policies may include:
* **Bank regulation:** Governments may regulate banks to ensure that they are safe and sound, and to prevent them from engaging in risky activities that could harm the economy.
* **Financial market regulation:** Governments may regulate financial markets to prevent fraud and manipulation, and to ensure that investors are protected.
* **Monetary policy:** Governments may use monetary policy to manage inflation and interest rates, which can affect the overall health of the economy.
**Tourism**
The tourism sector is a major source of income for many countries, and governments often use policies to encourage tourism. These policies may include:
* **Tax breaks for hotels and other tourism businesses:** Governments may provide tax breaks to hotels and other tourism businesses to make them more competitive.
* **Investment in tourism infrastructure:** Governments may invest in tourism infrastructure, such as airports, roads, and tourist attractions, to make it easier for tourists to visit the country.
* **Marketing and promotion:** Governments may invest in marketing and promotion to attract tourists to the country.
**Education**
Education is a key investment in the future of an economy, and governments often use policies to improve education. These policies may include:
* **Investment in public schools:** Governments may invest in public schools to improve the quality of education. This may involve hiring more teachers, providing better facilities, and developing new curriculums.
* **Funding for higher education:** Governments may provide funding for higher education to make it more affordable for students.
* **Tuition subsidies:** Governments may provide tuition subsidies to students from low-income families.
**Other Sectors**
In addition to the sectors discussed above, there are many other sectors that governments use policies to support. These sectors may include:
* **Healthcare:** Governments may provide healthcare services directly or by providing subsidies to private healthcare providers.
* **Transportation:** Governments may invest in transportation infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and airports.
* **Energy:** Governments may regulate the energy sector to ensure that it is reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable."
[{2024-01-03 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/950165d78bf3734a]

name::
* McsEngl.Socpolicy.sector,
* McsEngl.sector'policy,

worker of sector

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.sector'worker,

sector.SPECIFIC

description::
* admin-sector,
* adminNo-sector,
===
* service-sector,
* serviceNo-sector,
===
* admin-sector,
* adminNo-sector,
* public-sector,
* primary-sector,
* private-sector,
* secondary-sector,
* service-sector,
* serviceNo-sector,
* tertriary-sector,
* voluntary-sector,
===
"Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either a part of the private sector or voluntary sector. The private sector is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society."
[{2020-12-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector]

">types of economic sectors:
Economic sectors are broad categories of economic activity that are based on the type of goods or services that are produced. The five main economic sectors are:

**Primary sector:** This sector is responsible for extracting raw materials from the natural environment. This includes activities such as mining, fishing, and forestry.
**Secondary sector:** This sector is responsible for converting raw materials into finished goods. This includes activities such as manufacturing, construction, and utilities.
**Tertiary sector:** This sector is responsible for providing services to consumers and businesses. This includes activities such as retail, healthcare, and education.
**Quaternary sector:** This sector is responsible for providing the knowledge and information that is necessary to support the other sectors of the economy. This includes activities such as research and development, and technology.
**Quinary sector:** This sector is responsible for the most specialized and high-level services, such as management consulting, investment banking, and healthcare.

The composition of an economy's sectors can change over time. For example, as a country develops, the secondary and tertiary sectors tend to grow, while the primary sector shrinks. This is because as people become more affluent, they demand more manufactured goods and services.

The relative size of each sector can also vary from country to country. For example, in countries with abundant natural resources, the primary sector may be larger than in countries with fewer natural resources.

Understanding the composition of an economy's sectors can be helpful for making economic decisions. For example, a government may want to invest in education and training to support the growth of the quaternary sector."
[{2023-11-24 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/b100562a1ec773f0?hl=en&pli=1]
===
">economic sectors:
The economy is typically divided into various sectors to organize and analyze different aspects of economic activity. These sectors include:

1. **Primary Sector**: This involves the extraction and production of raw materials, such as agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing. It forms the base of the economy and is fundamental in less developed economies.

2. **Secondary Sector**: This sector is concerned with the processing of raw materials obtained from the primary sector. This transformation results in goods production and includes industries like manufacturing, construction, and production.

3. **Tertiary Sector**: Also known as the service sector, it involves the provision of services instead of goods. This sector includes retail, entertainment, financial services, healthcare, and education.

4. **Quaternary Sector**: This is a more specialized part of the tertiary sector and involves the intellectual aspect of the economy, such as information technology, research and development (R&D), and consulting.

5. **Quinary Sector**: This sector includes the highest levels of decision-making and includes top executives or officials in government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.

Each sector plays a crucial role in the economy, contributing to its growth and stability. The significance of each sector can vary greatly from country to country, depending on the level of economic development. Developed countries tend to have a smaller primary sector and a larger tertiary and quaternary sector, reflecting a higher level of economic advancement and a greater focus on services and knowledge-based activities."
[{2023-12-12 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/48e06881-d826-4e64-9ebf-fe2e444a7fbe]

name::
* McsEngl.sector.specific,

sector.spec-div.3-sector-model

description::
* primary-sector-(raw-materials),
* secondary-sector-(manufacturing),
* tertriary-sector-(service),

"The three-sector model in economics divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and service industries which exist to facilitate the transport, distribution and sale of goods produced in the secondary sector (tertiary).[1] The model was developed by Allan Fisher,[2][3][4] Colin Clark,[5] and Jean Fourastié[6] in the first half of the 20th century, and is a representation of an industrial economy. It has been criticised as inappropriate as a representation of the economy in the 21st century.[7]
According to the three-sector model, the main focus of an economy's activity shifts from the primary, through the secondary and finally to the tertiary sector. Countries with a low per capita income are in an early state of development; the main part of their national income is achieved through production in the primary sector. Countries in a more advanced state of development, with a medium national income, generate their income mostly in the secondary sector. In highly developed countries with a high income, the tertiary sector dominates the total output of the economy.
The rise of the post-industrial economy in which an increasing proportion of economic activity is not directly related to physical goods has led some economists to expand the model by adding a fourth quaternary or fifth quinary sectors, while others have ceased to use the model."
[{2024-01-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-sector_model]

name::
* McsEngl.sector.spec-div.3-sector-model,
* McsEngl.three-sector-model,

sector.spec-div.ownership

description::
* state-sector,
* stateNo-sector,
** profit-stateNo-sector,
** profitNo-stateNo-sector,

name::
* McsEngl.sector.spec-div.ownership,

sector.informal

description::
"The informal sector refers to the part of an economy that is not regulated, protected, or taxed by the state. This sector includes small-scale, self-employed activities, often operating without formal registration or recognition by authorities. It is sometimes referred to as the "shadow economy," "underground economy," or "grey market."
Here are some key characteristics of the informal sector:
1. **Lack of Regulation**: Businesses and workers in the informal sector typically do not adhere to government regulations regarding labor laws, minimum wage, or occupational safety standards.
2. **Cash-Based Transactions**: Most transactions in the informal sector are done in cash, without official records, making them difficult to track or tax.
3. **Small-Scale Operations**: The sector often consists of small-scale operations, such as street vendors, artisans, home-based businesses, and casual laborers.
4. **Lack of Social Protection**: Workers in the informal sector usually do not have access to social security, healthcare benefits, or retirement plans.
5. **Employment Opportunities**: The informal sector can provide significant employment opportunities, especially in developing countries where formal jobs may be scarce.
6. **Contributions to the Economy**: While often overlooked, the informal sector can contribute substantially to a country's economy by providing goods and services, particularly to low-income populations.
7. **Vulnerability**: Workers in the informal sector often face high levels of job insecurity, low wages, and poor working conditions, with limited legal protection.
The informal sector is especially prominent in developing countries but exists in developed economies as well. It plays a vital role in providing livelihoods for many, but also presents challenges for economic policy and development."
[{2024-08-19 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/ff756abb-57a0-44ab-9010-5e42076bcfcb]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.055-informal-sector!⇒sectorInformal,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.informal-sector!⇒sectorInformal,
* McsEngl.informal-economy!⇒sectorInformal,
* McsEngl.informal-sector!⇒sectorInformal,
* McsEngl.sectorInformal,

sector.service (link)

sector.serviceNo

description::
">global non-service-sector percentage in economy:
As of 2023, the non-service sector (including agriculture, manufacturing, and construction) accounts for about 25% of the global economy. The service sector, on the other hand, accounts for about 75% of the global economy. This means that the service sector is much larger than the non-service sector in terms of both value and employment.
[{2023-12-13 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/21c1a3c934180608]

">industries in non-service-sector:
The non-service sector is the subset of the economy that produces goods as opposed to services. It includes industries such as manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction. The non-service sector accounts for a significant portion of the global economy, with manufacturing being the largest non-service sector by value-added.
Here are some of the major industries in the non-service sector:

* **Manufacturing:** This industry encompasses the production of goods through various processes, including machining, assembly, and chemical processing. It is a large and diverse industry, with products ranging from automobiles and electronics to food and pharmaceuticals.

* **Mining:** This industry involves excavating minerals and other valuable resources from the earth. It is a critical component of the global economy, as it provides materials for construction, manufacturing, and energy production.

* **Agriculture:** This industry involves the production of food crops and livestock. It is a vital sector, as it provides the necessary sustenance for the world's population.

* **Construction:** This industry involves the erection of buildings and other structures. It is a major employer and economic driver, contributing to the growth of cities and towns.

The non-service sector is a crucial part of the global economy, providing goods and services that are essential for human life and development. It plays a vital role in economic growth, employment creation, and innovation."
[{2023-12-13 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/8ab06640b95d51ec]


">industries in non-service-sector:
Industries in the non-service sector encompass a broad range of economic activities primarily focused on the production of goods rather than services. Here are some key examples:

1. **Agriculture**: This sector includes farming, livestock breeding, and fishing. It's primarily concerned with producing food, fiber, and other goods through cultivation and breeding.

2. **Manufacturing**: This involves the production of goods in factories. Examples include automobile manufacturing, electronics, clothing, and machinery.

3. **Mining and Quarrying**: This sector is focused on extracting natural resources from the Earth, such as coal, minerals, and oil.

4. **Construction**: This industry involves building infrastructure like houses, roads, and commercial buildings.

5. **Utilities**: This includes the production and distribution of electricity, gas, water, and waste management services.

6. **Forestry and Logging**: This involves the cultivation, management, and harvesting of forests for timber and wood products.

Each of these industries plays a vital role in the economy, providing essential goods and contributing significantly to employment and economic growth. They also face unique challenges, such as environmental impact, the need for technological advancement, and fluctuating market demands."
[{2023-12-13 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/84eeaf28-3657-471f-81cf-b56df48c2a0a]

name::
* McsEngl.non-service-production-section!⇒sector3No,
* McsEngl.ogznServiceNo.sector!⇒sector3No,
* McsEngl.sector3No!=non-service-production-section,
* McsEngl.sectorServiceNo!⇒sector3No,

sector.quaternary

description::
"The quaternary sector of the economy is based upon the economic activity that is associated with either the intellectual or knowledge-based economy.[1] This consists of information technology; media; research and development; information-based services such as information-generation and information-sharing; and knowledge-based services such as consultation, entertainment, broadcasting, mass media, telecommunication, education, information technology, financial planning, blogging, and designing.[2] Other definitions describe the quaternary sector as pure services.[3] This may consist of the entertainment industry, to describe media and culture, and government. This may be classified into an additional quinary sector.
The term reflects the analysis of the three-sector model of the economy, in which the primary sector produces raw materials used by the secondary sector to produce goods, which are then distributed to consumers by the tertiary sector.
Contrary to this implied sequence, however, the quaternary sector does not process the output of the tertiary sector. It has only limited and indirect connections to the industrial economy characterized by the three-sector model.
In a modern economy, the generation, analysis and dissemination of information is important enough to warrant a separate sector instead of being a part of the tertiary sector. This sector evolves in well-developed countries where the primary and secondary sectors are a minority of the economy, and requires a highly educated workforce.[4]
For example, the tertiary and quaternary sectors form the largest part of the UK economy, employing 76% of the workforce."
[{2024-01-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_sector_of_the_economy]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.043-quaternary-sector!⇒sector4,
* McsEngl.quaternary-sector!⇒sector4,
* McsEngl.sector.quaternary!⇒sector4,
* McsEngl.sector4!=forth-sector,

sector.quinary

description::
"Definitions of the quinary sector vary significantly. Some define it as merely non-profit work such as for charities and NGOs.
Others define it as the sector that focuses on human services and control, such as government and some charities, as well as creation or non-routine use of information and new technologies, linking slightly with the quaternary sector.[12]
Sometimes referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions,[13] they include special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform quinary activities.[12]"
[{2024-01-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-sector_model#Quinary_sector]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.044-quinary-sector!⇒sector5,
* McsEngl.quinary-sector!⇒sector5,
* McsEngl.sector.quinary!⇒sector5,
* McsEngl.sector5!=fifth-sector,

sector.energy

description::
"The energy sector is a broad category that encompasses all industries involved in the production, distribution, and sale of energy. It includes a variety of different industries that are responsible for extracting, refining, and delivering energy sources, both renewable and non-renewable. Key segments of the energy sector include:
### 1. **Oil and Gas**
- **Upstream (Exploration & Production):** This involves searching for natural resources, such as crude oil and natural gas, and extracting them from the earth.
- **Midstream (Transportation):** Once extracted, oil and gas are transported via pipelines, ships, or trucks to refineries and distribution centers.
- **Downstream (Refining & Distribution):** This includes refining crude oil into products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, as well as distributing them to consumers.
### 2. **Electric Power**
- **Generation:** This includes the production of electricity from a variety of sources, such as coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and solar energy.
- **Transmission and Distribution:** After generation, electricity is transmitted over power lines and distributed to homes and businesses.
### 3. **Renewable Energy**
- **Solar Power:** Generating electricity from solar panels or thermal solar plants.
- **Wind Power:** Using wind turbines to generate electricity.
- **Hydroelectric Power:** Generating electricity from flowing water, typically using dams.
- **Biomass and Geothermal:** These include generating energy from organic materials or the earth’s heat, respectively.
### 4. **Nuclear Energy**
- Nuclear power plants produce electricity through nuclear fission, where atoms are split to release energy.
### 5. **Energy Services**
- Companies in this segment provide technology, engineering, or equipment that aids in the extraction, distribution, and consumption of energy. This can include things like oilfield services or renewable energy technology providers.
### 6. **Energy Trading**
- Involves the buying and selling of energy commodities like oil, gas, electricity, and renewable energy certificates on global markets.
### Trends in the Energy Sector
- **Transition to Renewables:** There is a growing shift towards renewable energy sources as countries work to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change.
- **Technological Innovation:** Advances in energy storage (like batteries), smart grids, and energy-efficient technologies are transforming the industry.
- **Sustainability:** Many energy companies are working to balance profitability with environmental responsibility, focusing on sustainability and reducing their carbon footprint.
- **Geopolitical Factors:** The energy sector is highly influenced by global politics, especially in regions rich in oil and gas. Energy security and international trade policies can heavily affect the market.
Would you like information on any specific part of the energy sector?"
[{2024-09-05 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/e6895226-fbe0-481e-a864-fe959bd86476]

name::
* McsEngl.energy-sector!⇒sectorEnergy,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.057-energy-sector!⇒sectorEnergy,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.energy-sector!⇒sectorEnergy,
* McsEngl.sectorEnergy,

sector.retail

description::
"The retail sector is a vast and diverse industry that encompasses businesses that sell goods and services directly to consumers. It plays a crucial role in the economy by providing employment, driving consumer spending, and contributing to overall economic growth. The retail sector includes a wide range of businesses, from small independent shops to large multinational corporations.
Retailers operate in various formats, including physical stores, online platforms, and hybrid models that combine both. Physical stores can range from small specialty shops to large department stores and supermarkets. Online retailers, on the other hand, operate exclusively through websites or mobile apps, allowing consumers to shop from the comfort of their homes. Hybrid models offer consumers the flexibility to shop online and pick up their purchases in-store or have them delivered to their homes.
The retail sector is constantly evolving to meet the changing needs and preferences of consumers. Technological advancements, such as mobile payments, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence, are transforming the way consumers shop and interact with retailers. The rise of e-commerce has also revolutionized the retail landscape, providing consumers with greater convenience and access to a wider range of products.
The retail sector is a major employer, providing jobs for millions of people worldwide. Retail jobs can range from sales associates and cashiers to store managers and buyers. The sector also supports a wide range of indirect jobs in areas such as logistics, marketing, and manufacturing.
Despite the challenges posed by e-commerce and changing consumer behavior, the retail sector continues to be a vital part of the economy. Retailers are adapting to the new digital landscape by investing in omnichannel strategies, enhancing the in-store experience, and leveraging technology to personalize the shopping journey. As the retail sector continues to evolve, it will remain a dynamic and essential part of the global economy."
[{2024-06-15 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/88c07132e2754084]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.050-retail-sector!⇒sectorRetail,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.retail-sector!⇒sectorRetail,
* McsEngl.retail-sector!⇒sectorRetail,
* McsEngl.sectorRetail!=retail-sector,

sector.scitech

description::
"The SciTech sector, short for Science and Technology, encompasses a vast array of industries and fields that are at the forefront of innovation and progress. It involves the research, development, and application of scientific knowledge and technological tools to create new products, services, and solutions that address various challenges and improve our lives.
**Key areas within the SciTech sector include:**
* **Information Technology (IT):** This involves the use of computers, software, networks, and other digital technologies to manage and process information. It encompasses various fields such as software development, cybersecurity, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing.
* **Biotechnology:** This field harnesses the power of biological systems and processes to develop new products and therapies in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Biotechnology encompasses genetic engineering, drug discovery, vaccine development, biofuels, and agricultural biotechnology.
* **Engineering:** This involves the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build structures, machines, systems, and processes. Engineering encompasses various disciplines such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, and aerospace engineering.
* **Pharmaceuticals:** This industry focuses on the research, development, production, and marketing of drugs and medications for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Pharmaceutical companies invest heavily in research and clinical trials to bring new and innovative drugs to market.
* **Energy:** This sector deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of energy resources such as oil, gas, coal, nuclear power, and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower. The energy sector plays a crucial role in powering our homes, businesses, and transportation systems.
* **Space Exploration:** This field involves the exploration and utilization of outer space for scientific research, technological advancement, and commercial purposes. Space agencies and private companies are working on developing new spacecraft, launching satellites, and exploring the possibility of human settlements on other planets.
The SciTech sector is constantly evolving, with new technologies and innovations emerging at a rapid pace. It is a major driver of economic growth, job creation, and social progress. The SciTech sector is transforming the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us, and it holds immense potential for the future.
I hope this information is helpful! Let me know if you have any other questions.
Sources
typeset.io/questions/write-a-note-on-engineering-5gophp9by9"
[{2024-06-20 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/64bd95eea845dff1]

"Here are some of the latest developments in the science and technology sector as of June 2024:
1. **Gene Editing and Biotechnology**: Advances in gene editing have led to the first successful transplant of a pig kidney into a human, marking a significant milestone in xenotransplantation. Additionally, CRISPR-based treatments for sickle-cell disease have received regulatory approval, highlighting the growing impact of gene-editing technologies on medicine【5†source】【8†source】.
2. **Quantum Computing and AI**: Researchers are making strides in quantum computing with silicon carbide qubits, which promise to enhance computational power and efficiency. AI continues to revolutionize various fields, including autonomous drone navigation and robotic exoskeletons that improve human mobility【7†source】【8†source】.
3. **Energy and Environment**: New drilling techniques are unlocking the potential of enhanced geothermal systems, providing a clean and virtually limitless energy source. Researchers have also developed iron-based cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, offering a safer and more cost-effective alternative to traditional materials【7†source】【8†source】.
4. **Medical Technology**: A groundbreaking new PET system allows for unprecedented imaging of brain nuclei, potentially transforming neurological diagnostics and treatment. Additionally, research into heart regeneration post-myocardial infarction is uncovering methods to prevent permanent scarring and heart failure【5†source】.
5. **Sustainable Development and Materials Science**: Innovations in materials science include converting chicken fat into carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitors, providing an eco-friendly alternative to traditional materials. Furthermore, scientists have developed a compact, high-performance fiber laser that could have wide-ranging applications in technology and medicine【5†source】【9†source】.
6. **Space Exploration**: NASA's Starliner spacecraft is set for a historic landing at White Sands Space Harbor, while ongoing missions and studies continue to expand our understanding of space and its potential for future exploration【5†source】.
These advancements reflect the dynamic and rapidly evolving nature of the science and technology sectors, offering promising solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges. For more detailed information, you can explore sources such as SciTechDaily, Nature, and MIT Technology Review【5†source】【6†source】【8†source】."
[{2024-06-20 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/83e67341-19da-4545-8338-2ad8f2c24eb3]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.051-scitech-sector!⇒sectorScitech,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.scitech-sector!⇒sectorScitech,
* McsEngl.science-and-technology-sector!⇒sectorScitech,
* McsEngl.scitech-sector!⇒sectorScitech,
* McsEngl.sectorScitech!=science-and-technology-sector,
* McsEngl.technology-and-science-sector!⇒sectorScitech,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.kējì-bùmén-科技部门!=sectorScitech,
* McsZhon.科技部门-kējì-bùmén!=sectorScitech,

sector.real-estate

description::
"Real estate refers to land and any permanent structures or improvements attached to the land, such as buildings, houses, and infrastructure. It encompasses both the physical properties themselves and the legal rights associated with owning, using, or transferring those properties.
### Key Components of Real Estate:
1. **Land**: The foundational element of real estate, which includes the surface of the earth, the soil, and any natural resources found on or under it, such as minerals, water, and vegetation.
2. **Improvements**: These are any additions or modifications to the land that enhance its value. Common examples include buildings, roads, fences, and utilities.
3. **Property Rights**: When you own real estate, you have a set of rights, including the right to possess, control, use, lease, sell, or transfer the property. These rights can be bought, sold, or leased separately from the land itself (for example, selling mineral rights).
4. **Types of Real Estate**:
- **Residential Real Estate**: Properties designed for people to live in, including single-family homes, apartments, condominiums, townhouses, and vacation homes.
- **Commercial Real Estate**: Properties used for business purposes, such as office buildings, retail spaces, hotels, and shopping centers.
- **Industrial Real Estate**: Properties used for manufacturing, production, distribution, and storage, including factories, warehouses, and distribution centers.
- **Land**: This can refer to undeveloped land, agricultural land, or land being used for specific purposes such as mining or farming.
### Real Estate Transactions:
Real estate transactions involve the buying, selling, leasing, or renting of real property. These transactions are typically complex and require legal documentation, such as deeds and contracts, to ensure the rights and obligations of all parties are clear.
### Real Estate as an Investment:
Real estate is often seen as a valuable investment because it can provide a steady income through rental payments and the potential for property value appreciation over time. Investors may also benefit from tax advantages and leverage (using borrowed capital to increase the potential return on investment).
In summary, real estate is a significant component of the economy, representing a wide range of properties and investments, and it plays a crucial role in the daily lives of individuals and businesses."
[{2024-08-19 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/18da495b-4fd2-4631-bf9a-e4cd55109cec]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.056-real-estate-sector!⇒sectorRealestate,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.real-estate-sector!⇒sectorRealestate,
* McsEngl.real-estate-sector!⇒sectorRealestate,
* McsEngl.sectorRealestate,

sector.transportation

description::
"The transport sector is a category of companies that provide services to move people or goods, as well as transportation infrastructure. The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) lists transport below the industrials sector. The sector consists of several industries including air freight and logistics, airlines, marine, road and rail, and their respective infrastructures. Entire stock market indexes focus on the sector, like the Dow Jones Transportation Index (DJTA).
Transport plays an important rolein the economy as it allows the movement of goods and services, and also enables access to jobs, education, and healthcare. However, the transport sector also has negative impacts, such as air and noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and traffic congestion.
Sources
datacasttech.com/industry-specific-1
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_industry"
[{2024-06-20 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/61d7bbf96956cecc]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.054-transportation-sector!⇒sectorTrspn,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.transportation-sector!⇒sectorTrspn,
* McsEngl.transportation-sector!⇒sectorTrspn,
* McsEngl.sectorTrspn!=transportation-sector,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiāotōng-yùnshū-yè-交通运输业!=sectorTrspn,
* McsZhon.交通运输业-jiāotōng-yùnshū-yè!=sectorTrspn,

admin-system (link) of sectorPublic

public-organization (link) of sectorPublic

sectorPublicCore of sectorPblc

description::
· core-public-sector.
· sectorPublic = sectorPublic0|core + sectorPublic1|narrow + sectorPblcBroad|broad

">narrow public sector:
The term "narrow public sector" is less commonly used and has a somewhat ambiguous definition. It can be interpreted in two ways:
**1. A more restricted definition of the public sector:** In this context, the narrow public sector would encompass only the core government institutions, such as ministries, departments, and agencies. These organizations are directly accountable to the government and play a central role in formulating and implementing public policies.
**2. A smaller subset of the broader public sector:** This interpretation views the narrow public sector as a subset of the broader public sector, excluding organizations that operate with more autonomy and flexibility. This could include certain non-profit organizations, Crown corporations, or quasi-governmental agencies that receive public funding but enjoy greater independence in their operations.
The distinction between the narrow and broader public sectors is not always clear-cut, as the boundaries between these categories can vary depending on the specific context and the country's institutional arrangements. However, both perspectives highlight the diversity of organizations that contribute to the public sector's role in providing essential services, promoting social welfare, and supporting economic development."
[{2024-01-02 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/653e9304008c22a0]

name::
* McsEngl.core-admin-sector!⇒sectorPblcCore,
* McsEngl.core-public-sector!⇒sectorPblcCore,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.019-sectorPublicCore!⇒sectorPblcCore,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.sectorPublicCore!⇒sectorPblcCore,
* McsEngl.public-sector.core!⇒sectorPblcCore,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc0!⇒sectorPblcCore,
* McsEngl.sectorPblcCore!=core-public-sector,
* McsEngl.sectorPublic0!⇒sectorPblcCore,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.πυρηνικός-τομέας-διοίκησης!=sectorPblcCore,
* McsElln.τομέας-διοίκησης-πυρηνικός!=sectorPblcCore,

sectorPublicNarrow of sectorPblc

description::
· narrow-public-sector.
· sectorPublic = sectorPublic0|core + sectorPublic1|narrow + sectorPblcBroad|broad

* core-public-sector,
* armed-forces,
* police-forces,
* fire-forces,

name::
* McsEngl.narrow-admin-sector!⇒sectorPblcNarrow,
* McsEngl.narrow-public-sector!⇒sectorPblcNarrow,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.039-sectorPublicNarrow!⇒sectorPblcNarrow,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.sectorPublicNarrow!⇒sectorPblcNarrow,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc1!⇒sectorPblcNarrow,
* McsEngl.sectorPblcNarrow!=narrow-public-sector,
* McsEngl.sectorPublic1!⇒sectorPblcNarrow,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δημόσιος-τομέας.στενός!=sectorPblcNarrow,
* McsElln.στενός-δημόσιος-τομέας!=sectorPblcNarrow,

sectorPublicBroad of sectorPblc

description::
· broad-public-sector.
· sectorPublic = sectorPublic0|core + sectorPblcNarrow|narrow + sectorPblcBroad|broad
· sectorPublic = sectorPublic0 + sectorPblcNarrow + sectorPblcBroad
· sectorPublicOwned is THE-SET of ogznAdmnOwned.

* core-public-sector,
* narrow-public-sector,
* health-services,
* education-services,
* utilities, transportation, social services,
===
"The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.
Public sectors include public goods and governmental services such as the military, law enforcement, infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, etc.), public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service.[1] Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis.
Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either a part of the private sector or voluntary sector. The private sector is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society."
[{2020-12-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector]

name::
* McsEngl.broad-public-sector!⇒sectorPblcBroad,
* McsEngl.ogznPdnAdmn2.aggregate!⇒sectorPblcBroad,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.009-sectorAdminBroad!⇒sectorPblcBroad,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.sectorAdminBroad!⇒sectorPblcBroad,
* McsEngl.sectorAdminBroad!⇒sectorPblcBroad,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc2!⇒sectorPblcBroad,
* McsEngl.sectorPblcBroad!=broad-public-sector,
* McsEngl.sectorPublic2!=sectorPblcBroad,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δημόσιος-τομέας.ευρύς!=sectorPblcBroad,
* McsElln.ευρύς-δημόσιος-τομέας!=sectorPblcBroad,

worker of sectorPblc

description::
· any worker on sectorGvc.
===
"A civil servant or public servant is a person employed in the public sector by a government department or agency."
[{2020-12-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'worker!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.administrator!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.public-servant!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.public-worker!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.civil-servant!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.public-servant!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.sectorGvc'worker!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc'worker!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.wrkrAdmn!=wrkrPblc, {2024-01-07},
* McsEngl.wrkrGvcsctr!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.wrkrGvcSoc!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.wrkrPblc!=public-worker, {2024-03-19}
* McsEngl.wrkr.028-Socadmn!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.wrkr.Socadmn!⇒wrkrPblc,
* McsEngl.wrkr.sectorGvc!⇒wrkrPblc,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δημόσιος-λειτουργός!=wrkrPblc,

budget of sectorPblc

description::
"A budget (from old French bougette, purse) is a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving and spending.[1] A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an organizational plan stated in monetary terms.
In summary, the purpose of budgeting is to:
Provide a forecast of revenues and expenditures, that is, construct a model of how our business might perform financially if certain strategies, events and plans are carried out.
Enable the actual financial operation of the business to be measured against the forecast."
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget]

name::
* McsEngl.bdgtPblc!=public-budget,
* McsEngl.bdgtPblc//sectorPublic,
* McsEngl.public-budget!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc'att001-budget!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc'budget!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.Socbudget!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.budget.society!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'budget!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.socHmn'att030-budget!⇒bdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.socHmn'budget!⇒bdgtPblc,

social-safety-program of sectorPblc

description::
">welfare vs social security:
**Welfare** and **social security** are both forms of government support, but they serve different purposes and target different populations. Here’s a breakdown of the differences between the two:
### 1. **Welfare**
- **Definition**: Welfare refers to government programs designed to support individuals and families who are in financial need or facing economic hardships. These programs are typically aimed at low-income individuals, unemployed people, or those facing other vulnerabilities such as illness, disability, or single parenthood.
- **Purpose**: The main goal of welfare programs is to provide a **safety net** for those who are financially disadvantaged, ensuring they can meet their basic needs such as food, housing, and healthcare.
- **Examples**:
- Cash assistance programs
- Food assistance (e.g., food stamps in the U.S., or SNAP)
- Housing subsidies or vouchers
- Medicaid (in the U.S.) or other healthcare support for low-income individuals
- **Eligibility**: Welfare programs are **means-tested**, meaning that eligibility is determined by the recipient’s income and assets. These programs are aimed at people who are below a certain income threshold or living in poverty.
**Characteristics of Welfare**:
- Temporary or conditional (based on income or need).
- Funded by government taxation.
- Aimed at improving the quality of life for the economically disadvantaged.
- May be subject to work requirements or other conditions (like job training).
### 2. **Social Security**
- **Definition**: Social security, in a general sense, refers to programs that provide financial support to individuals based on specific criteria, such as age, disability, or retirement. It is typically tied to **contributions made by individuals during their working years**.
- **Purpose**: The primary aim of social security is to provide **long-term income support** to individuals, often during periods when they are unable to earn wages, such as during retirement, disability, or after the death of a family breadwinner.
- **Examples**:
- Retirement pensions (e.g., the U.S. Social Security retirement system)
- Disability insurance
- Survivor benefits (for family members of deceased workers)
- In some countries, social security also includes unemployment benefits.
- **Eligibility**: Unlike welfare, social security programs are typically **contribution-based**. Individuals or their employers contribute to the system during their working years (usually through payroll taxes), and benefits are paid out when individuals retire, become disabled, or pass away (to their dependents).
**Characteristics of Social Security**:
- Not necessarily means-tested (benefits are often based on past earnings and contributions).
- Generally intended for the elderly, disabled, or survivors of deceased workers.
- Long-term in nature, such as retirement income.
- Funded by payroll taxes or other dedicated contributions.
### Key Differences Between Welfare and Social Security:
| Feature | Welfare | Social Security |
|----------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| **Purpose** | Support for low-income individuals in need | Long-term financial support for retirees, disabled, or survivors |
| **Eligibility** | Means-tested (based on income) | Contribution-based (based on work history)|
| **Funding Source** | Government taxes | Payroll taxes (or contributions) |
| **Examples** | Food stamps, housing assistance, Medicaid | Pensions, disability benefits, survivor benefits |
| **Duration** | Temporary, as long as there is financial need | Long-term, often for life (retirement, disability) |
| **Work Requirement** | Sometimes (e.g., job search requirements) | No work requirement to receive benefits once eligible |
| **Focus** | Immediate relief from poverty or hardship | Income replacement during retirement, disability, or death of a worker |
### Conclusion
- **Welfare** programs are generally targeted at helping those in immediate need of assistance due to low income or financial hardship.
- **Social security** programs, on the other hand, are designed to provide income to individuals who have contributed to the system through work, primarily in their retirement years or if they become disabled.
Both systems are important components of a country’s **social safety net**, but they serve different purposes and are accessed by different groups."
[{2024-09-16 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/66e7ff9b-d478-8003-bb02-8a924922857a]

name::
* McsEngl.sectorPblc'att004-social-safety,
* McsEngl.sectorPblc'social-safety,
* McsEngl.social-safety-program,

ogznPrdg.ogznAdmn0No

description::
· non-core-admin production-organization.

name::
* McsEngl.non-core-admin--production-organization!⇒ogznPdnAdmn0No,
* McsEngl.ogznPdnAdmn0No!⇒non-core-admin--production-organization,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.ogznAdmn0No!⇒ogznPdnAdmn0No,

ogznPublicNo of sectorPrivate

description::
· ogznPrivate is an-ogznPrdg NOT OWNED by state|regional|local governance-systems.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznAdmnNo!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.ogznGovernanceOwnedNo!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnAdmnNo!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.ogznPrivate!=private--production-organization,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.006-private!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.private!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.ogznPublicNo!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.private-ogznPrdg!⇒ogznPrivate,
* McsEngl.publicNo-ogznPrdg!⇒ogznPrivate,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.οργανισμός-ιδιωτικού-τομέα!ο!=ogznPrivate,

sectorPrivate.profit

description::
"In economics, the business sector or corporate sector - sometimes popularly called simply "business" - is "the part of the economy made up by companies".[1][need quotation to verify][2] It is a subset of the domestic economy,[3] excluding the economic activities of general government, private households, and non-profit organizations serving individuals.[4] The business sector is part of the private sector, but it differs in that the private sector includes all non-government activity, including non-profit organizations, while the business sector only includes business that operate for profit.
In the United States the business sector accounted for about 78 percent of the value of gross domestic product (GDP) as of 2000.[4] Kuwait and Tuvalu each had business sectors accounting for less than 40% of GDP as of 2015.[5]
In systems of state capitalism, much of the business sector forms part of the public sector.[6] In mixed economies, state-owned enterprises may straddle any divide between public and business sectors, allowing analysts to use the concept of a "state-owned enterprise sector".[7]
The Oxford English Dictionary records the phrase "business sector" in the general sense from 1934.[8] Word usage suggests that the concept of a "business sector" came into wider use after 1940.[9] Related terms in previous times included "merchant class" and "merchant caste"."
[{2024-01-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_sector]

name::
* McsEngl.business-sector!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.corporate-sector!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.040-profit-sector!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.private-sector!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.profit-sector!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.sectorPrivate.profit!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.sectorProfit!=sectorPrivate.profit,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ιδιωτικός-τομέας!ο!=sectorProfit,

sectorPrivate.profitNo

description::
"The voluntary sector, independent sector, or civic sector is the realm of social activity undertaken by organizations that are non-governmental nonprofit organizations.[1] This sector is also called the third sector, community sector, and nonprofit sector,[2] in contrast to the public sector and the private sector. Civic sector or social sector are other terms for the sector, emphasizing its relationship to civil society. Richard Cornuelle coined the term "independent sector" and was one of the first scholars to point out the vast impact and unique mechanisms of this sector.[3] Given the diversity of organizations that comprise the sector, Peter Frumkin prefers "non-profit and voluntary sector".[4]"
[{2024-01-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_sector]
===
"23.11 For some time, there has been growing interest in studying the contribution to the economy of institutions such as NPIs because they are seen to constitute a significant presence of growing economic and policy interest.
Such institutions are variously referred to as “non-profit”, “voluntary”, “civil society” or “non-governmental” organizations and collectively as the “third”, “voluntary”, “non-profit” or “independent” sector.
Such institutions attract interest because their operating characteristics are somewhat different from those of other units in the corporations and government sectors.
Specifically:
a. They are not permitted to distribute profits;
b. They may produce public goods as well as private goods;
c. They may receive as much or more from current transfers as they receive from selling their output;
d. They may depend on volunteer labour as well as paid labour;
e. Because they cannot pay dividends, they cannot attract equity capital in competition with corporations;
f. They may be eligible for special tax advantages in many countries;
g. They typically have special legal provisions covering the governance, reporting requirements, political participation and so on;
h. Although they provide public goods and services, they do not have the same powers or restrictions as government in deciding what these goods and services should be and how they should be allocated."
[{2024-03-09 retrieved} SNA-2008]

name::
* McsEngl.civic-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.community-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.independent-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.nonprofit-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.041-profitNo-sector!⇒sectorProfit,
* McsEngl.sectorPrivate.profitNo!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.sectorProfitNo!=sectorPrivate.profitNo,
* McsEngl.social-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.third-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,
* McsEngl.voluntary-sector!⇒sectorProfitNo,

ogznPdcnLocal.activityOne

description::
· ONE creating-place, ONE production-activities.
===
"a Local kind-of-activity unit: a combination of the previous two: an enterprise or part of an enterprise situated in one geographically identified place which in its entirety can be classified within one activity sector (by NACE);"
[{2021-02-02} https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Kind-of-activity_unit_(KAU)]

name::
* McsEngl.local-kind-of-activity-unit!/EuNace,
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnLocal.activityOne,

ogznPdcnLocal.activityMany

description::
· one creating-place, many production-activities.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnLocal.activityMany,

ogznPdcnLocalNo.activityOne

description::
· MANY creating-place, ONE production-activities.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnLocalNo.activityOne,

ogznPdcnLocalNo.activityMany

description::
· MANY creating-places, MANY production-activities.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnLocalNo.activityMany,

ogznPdcnPart.activityOne

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnPart.activityOne,

ogznPdcnPart.activityMany

description::
"The kind-of-activity unit (KAU) is a part of an enterprise. The KAU groups together all the offices, production facilities etc. of an enterprise, which contribute to the performance of a specific economic activity defined at class level (four digits) of the European classification of economic activities (NACE Rev. 2.) For example, a kind-of-activity unit might be the combination of all parts of a metal producing enterprise that produce copper (class 24.44 in NACE Rev. 2); within the same enterprise there might be another KAU consisting of those parts that produce aluminium (class 24.42 in NACE Rev. 2). In order to statistically subdivide enterprises into KAUs the enterprise's information system must be capable of indicating or calculating for each KAU at least the value of production, intermediate consumption, manpower costs, the operating surplus, employment and gross fixed capital formation.
The purpose of the KAU is to improve the homogeneity of statistical surveys by economic activity. In the above example, without the use of KAUs, it would be necessary to classify the enterprise either as a copper manufacturer or as an aluminium manufacturer. In such a way rather diverse enterprises might be considered to engage in the same economic activity which would make statistical results less clear and comparable.
The local part of a kind of activity units is called local kind-of-activity unit (LKAU), the term establishment is common as well, e.g. in SNA or ISIC."
[{2021-02-02} https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Kind-of-activity_unit_and_local-kind-of-activity_unit]

name::
* McsEngl.KAU'(kind-of-activity-unit)!/EuNace,
* McsEngl.kind-of-activity-unit!/EuNace,
* McsEngl.ogznPdcnPart.activityMany,

ogznServiceNo.sector (link)

sectorServiceBoth.utilities

description::
">global utilities percentage in economy:
The global utilities industry, which includes essential services such as electricity, water, natural gas, and sewage treatment, had a significant market valuation in recent years. In 2022, the worldwide utilities market achieved a valuation of approximately $6037.3 billion, contributing about 6% to the overall global GDP. The market is expected to continue growing, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.6% projected from 2022 to 2032.
In terms of market segments, the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution segment held the largest share, accounting for about 74.2% of the total utility industry market in 2022. Geographically, China was a leading market in the utilities industry, representing around 19.5% of the global market.
The utilities market is expected to grow further, reaching a valuation of approximately $6,416.54 billion in 2023 and potentially $8,105.48 billion by 2026. This growth is driven by factors such as investments in renewable power generation capacities and advancements in digital technologies like smart grids, sensors, and smart meters that enhance productivity, efficiency, and safety in power generation and distribution.
These findings indicate a robust and expanding utilities industry, playing a crucial role in the global economy and advancing towards more sustainable and technologically integrated operations [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/utilities-industry-overview-estimated-growth-154500446.html] [https://www.researchandmarkets.com/report/utilities] [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220218005281/en/Global-Utilities-Market-Report-2022-Compound-Annual-Growth-of-7.9-Forecast-with-Market-Set-to-Reach-8105.48-Billion-in-2026---ResearchAndMarkets.com].
[{2023-12-13 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/6f85d288-c310-4500-b9ba-54086d4e426f]

">is utilities a non-service-sector?:
Utilities are often classified as a non-service sector, but this is not entirely accurate. While utilities do not traditionally fit into the traditional definition of a service sector, they do provide essential services to the public. This makes them a unique sector that straddles the line between services and industries.
In some countries, utilities are classified as a part of the secondary sector of the economy, which includes manufacturing and construction. This is because utilities companies often operate large-scale infrastructure projects, such as power plants and pipelines. However, utilities also provide services, such as electricity distribution and customer support.
For this reason, it is more accurate to consider utilities as a cross-sectoral industry. They have aspects of both the secondary and tertiary sectors, and they play a vital role in the economy as a whole.
Here is a table summarizing the classification of utilities:
| Classification | Description |
| Secondary sector (manufacturing, construction) | Utilities companies often operate large-scale infrastructure projects, such as power plants and pipelines. |
| Tertiary sector (services) | Utilities companies provide essential services to the public, such as electricity distribution and customer support. |
| Cross-sectoral industry | Utilities have aspects of both the secondary and tertiary sectors. |
Ultimately, the classification of utilities is a matter of debate. However, there is no doubt that they are a vital industry that plays a crucial role in the economy."
[{2024-01-03 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/37e88418f1ee378a]
">is utilities a non-service-sector?
Utilities are not part of the non-service sector. They are, in fact, a core component of the service sector. The non-service sector typically refers to parts of the economy that are involved in the production of goods rather than services. This includes:
1. **Primary Sector**: This includes industries like agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing, which are involved in the extraction and production of raw materials.
2. **Secondary Sector**: This encompasses manufacturing and industrial activities, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods.
Utilities, on the other hand, fall under the **Tertiary Sector**, also known as the service sector. This sector is focused on providing services rather than goods. Utilities provide essential services such as water, electricity, natural gas, waste management, and telecommunication services. These are integral to the functioning of both the everyday lives of individuals and the operation of other sectors of the economy. Thus, utilities are firmly within the service sector."
[{2024-01-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/fab3a281-6bb9-4696-b56e-9329382d84ae]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.036-sector.utilities!⇒sectorUtil,
* McsEngl.sector3No.utilities!⇒sectorUtil,
* McsEngl.sectorUtil,
* McsEngl.utilities-sectorServiceBoth!⇒sectorUtil,

01_trustor of ogznTrust

description::
"In law a settlor is a person who settles property on trust law for the benefit of beneficiaries. In some legal systems, a settlor is also referred to as a trustor, or occasionally, a grantor or donor.[a] Where the trust is a testamentary trust, the settlor is usually referred to as the testator. The settlor may also be the trustee of the trust (where he declares that he holds his own property on trusts) or a third party may be the trustee (where he transfers the property to the trustee on trusts). In the common law of England and Wales, it has been held, controversially, that where a trustee declares an intention to transfer trust property to a trust of which he is one of several trustees, that is a valid settlement notwithstanding the property is not vested in the other trustees.[1]"
[{2020-09-06} ]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'01_trustor,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'att001-trustor,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'donor,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'grantor,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'trustor,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'settlor,

02_trustee of ogznTrust

description::
"The trustee is the legal owner of the property in trust, as fiduciary for the beneficiary or beneficiaries who is/are the equitable owner(s) of the trust property. Trustees thus have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust to the benefit of the equitable owners. They must provide a regular accounting of trust income and expenditures. Trustees may be compensated and be reimbursed their expenses. A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches his/her fiduciary duty. Some breaches of fiduciary duty can be charged and tried as criminal offences in a court of law.
A trustee can be a natural person, a business entity or a public body. A trust in the United States may be subject to federal and state taxation."
[{2020-09-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'02_trustee,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'att002-trustee,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'trustee,

03_beneficiary of ogznTrust

description::
"Trust: A legal entity created to manage assets on behalf of beneficiaries."
[{2020-09-06} http://www.onthecommons.org/work/legal-structures-protecting-commons]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'03_beneficiary,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'att003-beneficiary,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'beneficiary,

04_property of ogznTrust

description::
· the-satisfiers the-trustee manages.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'04_satisfier,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'asset,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'att004-satisfier,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'property,
* McsEngl.ogznTrust'satisfier,

satisfier of ogznCoop

description::
· the-satisfier the-coop manages.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'att004-satisfier,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'satisfier,

member of ogznCoop

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'att001-member,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'member,

stakeholder of ogznCoop

description::
· any human or ozn related to a-coop.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'att005-stakeholder,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'stakeholder,

organization of ogznCoop

description::
· any organization related to ogznCoop.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'att006-organization,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'organization,

governance-sys of ogznCoop

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'att007-governance-sys,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'governance-sys,

info-resource of ogznCoop

description::
* https://ica.coop/,
* https://identity.coop/,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'Infrsc,

DOING of ogznCoop

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'doing,

evoluting of ogznCoop

name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-ogznCoop,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop'evoluting,

{1895}::
* McsEngl.{1895}-International-Cooperative-Alliance-creation,
"The International Cooperative Alliance was founded in London, England on 19 August 1895 during the 1st Cooperative Congress. In attendance were delegates from cooperatives from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, England, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, India, Italy, Switzerland, Serbia, and the USA.
Representatives established the International Cooperative Alliance's aims to provide information, define and defend the Cooperative Principles and develop international trade. It was one of the only international organisations to survive both World War I and World War II.
Overcoming all the political differences between its members was difficult, but the ICA survived by staying committed to peace, democracy, and by remaining politically neutral."
[{2020-09-09} https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/history-cooperative-movement]

ogznCoop.SPECIFIC

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.specific,

ogznCoop.housing-001

description::
"Housing coops come in many forms. Some coops are townhouses and small buildings with just a handful of units. Others are large apartment-style buildings with hundreds of units. Coops are different from private rental housing because the residents decide how the coop is operated. Every member gets a vote in approving annual budgets, electing directors and setting policies on the coop’s overall direction."
[{2020-09-09} https://www.housinginternational.coop/about/]

name::
* McsEngl.housing-cooperative!⇒ogznCoopHouse,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.001-house!⇒ogznCoopHouse,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.house!⇒ogznCoopHouse,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopHouse,

ogznCoop.health-002

description::
"consumer (user), producer (provider) and multistakeholders health co‐operatives which seek to provide high‐quality, cost‐effective community health care based on freedom of choice, integration of services, and ethical working conditions."
[{2020-09-09} https://ihco.coop/about/]

name::
* McsEngl.health-cooperative!⇒ogznCoopHelth,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.002-helth!⇒ogznCoopHelth,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.helth!⇒ogznCoopHelth,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopHelth,

ogznCoop.retail-003

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.003-retail!⇒ogznCoopRetail,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.retail!⇒ogznCoopRetail,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopRetail,

ogznCoop.agricultural-004

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.004-agricultural!⇒ogznCoopAgricultural,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.agricultural!⇒ogznCoopAgricultural,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopAgricultural,

ogznCoop.fisheries-005

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.005-fisheries!⇒ogznCoopFisheries,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.fisheries!⇒ogznCoopFisheries,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopFisheries,

ogznCoop.banking-006

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.006-banking!⇒ogznCoopBanking,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.banking!⇒ogznCoopBanking,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopBanking,

ogznCoop.insurance-007

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.007-insurance!⇒ogznCoopInsurance,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.insurance!⇒ogznCoopInsurance,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopInsurance,

ogznCoop.worker-008

description::
"A worker cooperative is a cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers. This control may mean a firm where every worker-owner participates in decision-making in a democratic fashion, or it may refer to one in which management is elected by every worker-owner who each have one vote."
[{2020-09-10} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_cooperative]

* Trend 1: From Profit to Purpose and Values
* Trend 2: From Hierarchical Pyramids to Networks of Teams
* Trend 3: From Directive to Supportive Leadership
* Trend 4: From Plan and Predict to Experiment and Adapt
* Trend 5: From Rules and Control to Freedom and Trust
* Trend 6: From Centralized Authority to Distributed Decision-Making
* Trend 7: From Secrecy to Radical Transparency
* Trend 8: From Job Descriptions to Talents and Mastery
[{2024-02-05 retrieved} https://www.corporate-rebels.com/blog/beyster-case]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.008-worker!⇒ogznCoopWorker,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.worker!⇒ogznCoopWorker,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.042-emploee-owned!⇒ogznCoopWorker,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.emploee-owned!⇒ogznCoopWorker,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopWorker,
* McsEngl.worker-cooperative!⇒ogznCoopWorker,

ogznCoop.customer-009

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.009-customer!⇒ogznCoopCustomer,
* McsEngl.ogznCoop.customer!⇒ogznCoopCustomer,
* McsEngl.ogznCoopCustomer,

ogznCulture.aggregate

description::
"The culture sector encompasses a broad range of activities, industries, and professions related to the arts and cultural heritage. Here's an overview of the main components of the culture sector:
1. **Arts**: This includes visual arts (such as painting, sculpture, and photography), performing arts (such as dance, theater, and music), and literary arts (such as poetry, fiction, and drama). These arts are often supported through galleries, theaters, concert halls, and other venues, as well as through public and private funding.
2. **Cultural Heritage**: This aspect of the culture sector involves the preservation and promotion of heritage sites, museums, and historical monuments. It also includes the study and preservation of archaeological sites, historical documents, and artifacts.
3. **Media and Entertainment**: This subsector includes film, television, radio, and new media (such as online content and virtual reality). It plays a crucial role in cultural dissemination and is a significant economic driver.
4. **Crafts and Design**: This includes traditional crafts, industrial design, fashion design, and interior design. Often, these crafts are rooted in historical and cultural traditions, blending old techniques with modern aesthetics.
5. **Cultural Tourism**: Focused on visitors engaging with a region's culture, particularly its heritage sites, arts, festivals, and community practices. This sector is closely tied with local economies and often supports small businesses and local artisans.
6. **Cultural Education**: Educational programs and initiatives aimed at teaching the arts, heritage conservation, and cultural appreciation. This can be seen in schools, universities, and through public programs.
7. **Digital Culture**: This emerging area includes digital arts, video games, and digital archives. It reflects the shifting ways people engage with culture due to technological advancements.
Each component of the culture sector contributes to the social, economic, and educational enrichment of society, helping to maintain cultural identity and continuity while also encouraging innovation and creativity. The sector often requires support through policy, funding, and community engagement to thrive."
[{2024-04-29 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7d515a40-3bb7-490d-9d1f-021fc962e49b]

name::
* McsEngl.culture-sector!⇒sectorCulture,
* McsEngl.ogznCulture.aggregate!⇒sectorCulture,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.005-culture-sector!⇒sectorCulture,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.culture-sector!⇒sectorCulture,
* McsEngl.sectorCulture,

info-resource of ogznAgro

description::
* https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/china-digital-agriculture-global-food-security,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznAgro'Infrsc,

ogznAgro.SPECIFIC

description::
* animal-ogznAgro,
* plant-ogznAgro,
===
* digital-ogznAgro,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznAgro.specific,

ogznAgro.sector (link)

satisfierEdu of ogznEdu

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu'satisfierEdu!⇒sfrEdu,
* McsEngl.satisfier.education!⇒sfrEdu,
* McsEngl.sfrEdu,

public-spending of ogznEdu

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu'public-spending,
* McsEngl.public-spending-on-education,

student of ogznEdu

description::
·
=== xuéshēng-学生!=student:
· stxZhon: 他们都是学生。 :: Tāmen dōu shì xuésheng. != They are all students.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu'student,
* McsEngl.student,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xuéshēng-学生!=student,
* McsZhon.学生-xuéshēng!=student,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μαθητής!ο!=student,
* McsElln.μαθήτρια!η!=student,

teacher of ogznEdu

description::
·
=== jiàoshòu-教授!=wrkrTeacher:
· stxZhon: 中午我要见教授。 :: Zhōngwǔ wǒ yào jiàn jiàoshòu. != At noon, I will see my professor.
· "教师" is a general term for educators, "老师" is an informal and respectful term for teachers, and "教授" is a term reserved for university or college professors.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu'teacher!⇒wrkrTeacher,
* McsEngl.teacher!⇒wrkrTeacher,
* McsEngl.wrkrTeacher,
* McsEngl.wrkr.016-teacher!⇒wrkrTeacher,
* McsEngl.wrkr.teacher!⇒wrkrTeacher,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiàoshī-教师!=wrkrTeacher,
* McsZhon.教师-jiàoshī!=wrkrTeacher,
* McsZhon.jiàoshòu-教授!=wrkrTeacher,
* McsZhon.教授-jiàoshòu!=wrkrTeacher,
* McsZhon.lǎoshī-老师!=wrkrTeacher,
* McsZhon.老师-lǎoshī!=wrkrTeacher,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δάσκαλος!ο!=wrkrTeacher,
* McsElln.δασκάλα!η!=wrkrTeacher,

ogznEdu.SPECIFIC

description::
* researching,
* teaching,

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.specific,

ogznEdu.AGGREGATE

description::
">education sector:
The education sector encompasses all institutions, policies, practices, and resources dedicated to teaching and learning. It spans various levels from early childhood education through primary and secondary education to tertiary (higher education), vocational training, and adult learning. The sector is not only a cornerstone of personal development and empowerment but also plays a critical role in shaping societal norms, driving economic growth, and fostering innovation.
### Key Components
- **Institutions**: Schools, colleges, universities, and training centers where formal education is provided.
- **Policies and Governance**: Regulatory frameworks and standards set by educational authorities and government bodies to guide the operation of educational institutions and ensure quality education.
- **Curriculum and Assessment**: Standardized content, teaching methodologies, and evaluation processes designed to ensure learners acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and competencies.
- **Teachers and Educators**: Qualified professionals who facilitate learning through teaching, mentorship, and guidance.
- **Technology and Resources**: Educational technologies (EdTech), textbooks, and other learning materials that support instructional delivery and learning processes.
- **Access and Equity**: Initiatives and policies aimed at ensuring all individuals have equal opportunities to access quality education, regardless of their background or circumstances.
### Challenges and Opportunities
- **Accessibility**: Expanding access to quality education for underserved and marginalized communities remains a significant challenge.
- **Quality of Education**: Ensuring that education systems worldwide can deliver high-quality education that equips learners with relevant skills for the modern workforce.
- **Technological Integration**: The use of technology in education, including digital learning platforms, has transformed traditional educational methodologies, offering new opportunities for personalized and flexible learning experiences.
- **Teacher Training and Development**: As curriculums evolve to include new knowledge areas and pedagogical strategies, ongoing professional development for teachers is essential.
- **Sustainability and Resilience**: Ensuring education systems are sustainable and resilient to crises, such as pandemics or economic downturns, which can disrupt learning.
### Future Directions
- **Lifelong Learning**: Recognizing the importance of continuous education beyond formal schooling to adapt to the rapidly changing job market and technology landscape.
- **Global Education Cooperation**: Enhancing international collaboration in education to share knowledge, resources, and best practices.
- **Innovation in Curriculum Design**: Developing curricula that are more inclusive, interdisciplinary, and focused on critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills.
- **Environmental Education**: Integrating sustainability and environmental consciousness into educational programs to prepare future generations for the challenges of climate change.
The education sector is at a pivotal moment, with technological advancements, globalization, and changing societal needs driving transformation. The sector's ability to adapt and innovate will be crucial in preparing individuals not only for the workforce but also for active and informed citizenship in an increasingly complex world."
[{2024-04-04 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/8c461026-1837-4ccf-a63d-6a7cdd98d7f5]

name::
* McsEngl.education-sector!⇒sectorEdu,
* McsEngl.sector.education!⇒sectorEdu,
* McsEngl.sectorEdu!=education-sector,
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.aggregate!⇒sectorEdu,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiàoyù-bùmén-教育部门!=sectorEdu,
* McsZhon.教育部门-jiàoyù-bùmén!=sectorEdu,

ogznEdu.teaching

description::
(n) school (an educational institution) "the school was founded in 1900" [WordNet]

=== xuéxiào-学校!=ogznSchool:
· stxZhon: 这个 学校 很小。 :: _stxSbj:[Zhège xuéxiào] _stxSbjc:[hěn xiǎo]。 != [this school] [small].
· stxZhon: 我 早早地 去 学校 了。 :: _stxSbj:[Wǒ] _stxTime:[zǎozǎo (de)] _stxVrb:{qù} _stxObj:[xuéxiào] (le). != I went to school early.

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.teaching!⇒ogznSchool,
* McsEngl.ogznSchool,
* McsEngl.school!⇒ogznSchool,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xuéxiào-学校!=ogznSchool,
* McsZhon.学校-xuéxiào!=ogznSchool,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.σχολείο!το!=ogznSchool,

ogznEdu.primary

description::
""

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.primary,
* McsEngl.primary-education,

ogznEdu.secondary

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.secondary,
* McsEngl.secondary-education,

ogznEdu.tertiary

description::
"Tertiary education, also known as post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education. It encompasses a wide range of institutions and programs, including universities, colleges, technical training institutes, and vocational schools.
Tertiary education can be academic or vocational in nature. Academic programs typically lead to an undergraduate or graduate degree, while vocational programs prepare students for specific jobs or trades. Tertiary education can be full-time, part-time, or online.
There are many benefits to pursuing tertiary education. Graduates of tertiary education have higher earnings, lower unemployment rates, and better health outcomes than those without a college degree. Tertiary education also helps people develop critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills, and communication skills. These skills are essential for success in the workplace and in life.
Here are some of the benefits of tertiary education:
* Higher earning potential: Graduates of tertiary education typically earn more than those without a college degree.
* Lower unemployment rates: Graduates of tertiary education have lower unemployment rates than those without a college degree.
* Better health outcomes: Graduates of tertiary education are more likely to have health insurance and to be in good health than those without a college degree.
* Improved job satisfaction: Graduates of tertiary education are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than those without a college degree.
* Increased civic engagement: Graduates of tertiary education are more likely to vote and volunteer than those without a college degree.
Tertiary education is also important for economic growth and development. Countries with a high-skilled workforce are more competitive in the global economy.
If you are considering pursuing tertiary education, there are many factors to consider, such as your interests, your career goals, and your financial situation. There are many different types of tertiary institutions and programs available, so it is important to do your research and find the right one for you."
[{2023-10-01 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/8c8574c5c9355150]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.tertiary,
* McsEngl.ogznEduTertiary,
* McsEngl.tertiary-education,

ogznEdu.university

description::
"(n) university (establishment where a seat of higher learning is housed, including administrative and living quarters as well as facilities for research and teaching)
(n) university (a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession and to grant degrees)"
[{2023-09-21 retrieved} http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=university]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznEdu.university,
* McsEngl.university,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.dàxué-大學!=university,
* McsZhon.大學-dàxué!=university,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.πανεπιστήμιο!το!=university,

ogznMili.aggregate

description::
"military indesutry:
The military industry, also known as the defense industry, is a global industry that manufactures and sells weapons and military technology. Public sector and private sector firms conduct research and development, engineering, production, and servicing of military material, equipment, and facilities. Customers are the armed forces of states, and civilians.
**Industry overview**
The military industry is a complex and multifaceted sector. It includes a wide range of activities, from the development of new weapons systems to the provision of training and support services. The industry is also highly regulated, with governments playing a significant role in setting standards and controlling exports.
**Products and services**
The military industry produces a wide range of goods and services, including:
* **Weapons:** This includes everything from small arms to fighter jets and missiles.
* **Munitions:** This includes ammunition for all types of weapons, as well as explosives and other military supplies.
* **Weapons platforms:** This includes ships, tanks, helicopters, and other vehicles that are used for military purposes.
* **Military communications and electronics:** This includes radar, communications equipment, and other electronic systems that are used by the military.
* **Logistical and operational support:** This includes everything from food and water to training and maintenance.
**Economic impact**
The military industry is a major economic force. In 2023, global military spending was estimated to be $2.1 trillion. The United States is the world's largest military spender, followed by China, Russia, India, and Saudi Arabia.
The military industry also has a significant impact on employment. In 2023, the industry employed an estimated 20 million people worldwide.
**Social and political implications**
The military industry has a number of social and political implications. It can contribute to the arms race and instability in the world. It can also lead to corruption and human rights abuses.
**Criticisms of the military industry**
The military industry has been criticized for its role in promoting war and violence. It has also been criticized for its environmental impact and its contribution to inequality.
**Alternatives to the military industry**
Some people believe that there are alternatives to the military industry. They argue that diplomacy, peacekeeping, and economic development are more effective ways to promote peace and security.
**The future of the military industry**
The future of the military industry is uncertain. The industry is likely to face a number of challenges in the coming years, including the rise of new technologies, the changing nature of warfare, and the growing demand for transparency and accountability.
Despite these challenges, the military industry is likely to remain a major player in the global economy for many years to come.
Sources
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry#:~:text=The%20arms%20ind"
[{2024-01-01 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/a668f4b1cc9da3c4]

name::
* McsEngl.defence-industry!⇒sectorMili,
* McsEngl.military-industry!⇒sectorMili,
* McsEngl.military-sector!⇒sectorMili,
* McsEngl.sector.military!⇒sectorMili,
* McsEngl.sectorMili!=military-sector,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αμυντική-βιομηχανία!⇒sectorMili,
* McsElln.στρατιωτική-βιομηχανία!⇒sectorMili,

ogznPrdg.unicorn-032

description::
· "In business, a unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over US$1 billion.[1]: 1270 [2] The term was first published in 2013, coined by venture capitalist Aileen Lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures.[3][4][5][6]
CB Insights identified 1,170 unicorns worldwide as of June 2022.[7] Unicorns with over $10 billion in valuation have been designated as "decacorn" companies.[8] For private companies valued over $100 billion, the terms "centicorn" and "hectocorn" have been used.[9]"
[{2023-07-21 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)]

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.032-unicorn!=oznUnicorn,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.unicorn!=oznUnicorn,
* McsEngl.ogznStartup.unicorn!=oznUnicorn,
* McsEngl.oznUnicorn,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.εταιρία-μονόκερος!η!=oznUnicorn,

ogznPrdg.museum-030

description::
· "(n) museum (a depository for collecting and displaying objects having scientific or historical or artistic value)"
[{2023-07-17 retrieved} http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=museum]

=== bówùguǎn-博物馆!=ogznMuseum:
· stxZhon: 我 参观 了 博物馆。 :: _stxSbj:[Wǒ] _stxVrb:{cānguān le} _stxObj:[bówùguǎn]。 != [I] {visited} [museum].

name::
* McsEngl.ogznMuseum,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.030-museum!⇒ogznMuseum,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.museum!⇒ogznMuseum,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.bówùguǎn-博物馆!=ogznMuseum,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μουσείο!το!=ogznMuseum,

ogznPrdg.shop-029

description::
· "(n) shop, store (a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services) "he bought it at a shop on Cape Cod""
[{2023-06-23 retrieved} http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=store]

=== jiā-shāngdiàn-家商店:
· stxZhon: 这家商店服务很好。 :: _stxSbj:[Zhè jiā shāngdiàn fúwù] _stxSbjc:[hěn hǎo]. != This store's service is very good.

name::
* McsEngl.shop,
* McsEngl.store,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.029-shop,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.shop,
* McsEngl.ogznShop,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiā-shāngdiàn-家商店!=ogznShop,
* McsZhon.家商店-jiā-shāngdiàn!=ogznShop,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.κατάστημα!το!=ogznShop,

ogznPrdg.supermarket-028

description::
· "(n) supermarket (a large self-service grocery store selling groceries and dairy products and household goods)"
[{2023-06-17 retrieved} http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=supermarket]

=== chāoshì-超市:
· stxZhon: 你家 离 超市 远 吗？ _stxSbj:[Nǐ jiā lí chāoshì] _stxSbjc:[yuǎn] {ma}? != Is your house far away from the supermarket?

name::
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.028-supermarket,
* McsEngl.ogznPrdg.supermarket,
* McsEngl.supermarket,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.chāoshì-超市!=supermarket,
* McsZhon.超市-chāoshì!=supermarket,