oznItnl.OECD-002-{1948|1961}

description::
"The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation that works to build better policies for better lives. Our goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all. We draw on almost 60 years of experience and insights to better prepare the world of tomorrow.
Together with governments, policy makers and citizens, we work on establishing evidence-based international standards and finding solutions to a range of social, economic and environmental challenges. From improving economic performance and creating jobs to fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, we provide a unique forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and international standard-setting."
[{2020-11-28} https://www.oecd.org/about/]

name::
* McsEngl.OECD!⇒oznOecd,
* McsEngl.OECD'(Organization-for-economic-cooperation-and-development)!⇒oznOecd,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.002-OECD!⇒oznOecd,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.OECD!⇒oznOecd,
* McsEngl.oznOecd,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ΟΟΣΑ!=oznOecd,

evoluting of oznOecd

{1961}-oznOecd-created-from-oznOeec::
* McsEngl.{1961}-oznOecd-created-from-oznOeec,
"In 1961, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and membership was extended to non-European states.[9][10] The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.[11] The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and had a total budget of €386 million in 2019.[2]"
[{2020-11-28} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD]

name::
* McsEngl.oznOecd'evoluting,

oznOecd'OEEC-{1948}

description::
"In 1948, the OECD originated as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),[6] led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan (which was rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states).[7] This would be achieved by allocating United States financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[8]"
[{2020-11-28} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD]

name::
* McsEngl.OEEC!⇒oznOeec,
* McsEngl.OEEC'(Organization-for-European-Economic-Co-operation)!⇒oznOeec,
* McsEngl.Organization-for-European-Economic-Co-operation!⇒oznOeec,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.002-Organization-for-European-Economic-Co-operation!⇒oznOeec,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.Organization-for-European-Economic-Co-operation!⇒oznOeec,
* McsEngl.oznOeec,

oznItnl.IMF-004

description::
"The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on the World Bank for its resources.[1] Formed in July 1944,[7] at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes,[8] it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international monetary system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises.[9] Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had XDR 477 billion (about US$667 billion).[10]
Through the fund and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis, surveillance of its members' economies, and the demand for particular policies,[11] the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries.[12] The organization's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are:[13] to promote international monetary co-operation, international trade, high employment, exchange-rate stability, sustainable economic growth, and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty.[14] IMF funds come from two major sources: quotas and loans. Quotas, which are pooled funds of member nations, generate most IMF funds. The size of a member's quota depends on its economic and financial importance in the world. Nations with greater economic significance have larger quotas. The quotas are increased periodically as a means of boosting the IMF's resources in the form of special drawing rights.[15]
The current Managing Director (MD) and Chairwoman of the IMF is Bulgarian economist Kristalina Georgieva, who has held the post since October 1, 2019.[16] Gita Gopinath was appointed as Chief Economist of IMF from 1 October 2018. Prior to her appointment at the IMF, Gopinath served as the economic adviser to the Chief Minister of Kerala, India.[17]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund]

name::
* McsEngl.IMF'(international-monetary-fund)!⇒oznImf,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.004-IMF!⇒oznImf,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.IMF!⇒oznImf,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ΔΝΤ!=oznImf,

oznItnl.WHO-005

description::
"The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.[1] The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health."[2] It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with six semi-autonomous regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
The WHO was established by constitution on 7 April 1948,[3] which is commemorated as World Health Day.[4] The first meeting of the World Health Assembly (WHA), the agency's governing body, took place on 24 July 1948. The WHO incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the League of Nations' Health Organisation and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique, including the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).[5] Its work began in earnest in 1951 following a significant infusion of financial and technical resources.[6]
The WHO's broad mandate includes advocating for universal healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well being.[7] It provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. Its flagship publication, the World Health Report, provides expert assessments of global health topics and health statistics on all nations.[8] The WHO also serves as a forum for summits and discussions on health issues.[1]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization]

name::
* McsEngl.WHO'(world-health-organization)!⇒oznWho,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.005-WHO!⇒oznWho,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.WHO!⇒oznWho,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ΠΟΥ!=oznWho,

oznItnl.WTO-006

description::
"The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade between nations. It officially commenced operations on 1 January 1995, pursuant to the 1994 Marrakesh Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1948. The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization, with 164 member states representing over 96% of global trade and global GDP.[6][7][8]
The WTO facilitates trade in goods, services and intellectual property among participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements, which usually aim to reduce or eliminate tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions; these agreements are signed by representatives of member governments[9]:fol.9–10 and ratified by their legislatures.[10] The WTO also administers independent dispute resolution for enforcing participants' adherence to trade agreements and resolving trade-related disputes.[11] The organization prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals.[11]
The WTO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.[12] Its top decision making body is the Ministerial Conference, which is composed of all member states and usually convenes biannually; consensus is emphasized in all decisions.[13] Day-to-day functions are handled by the General Council, made up of representatives from all members.[14] A Secretariat of over 600 personnel, led by the Director-General and four deputies, provides administrative, professional, and technical services.[15] The WTO's annual budget is roughly 220 million USD, which is contributed by members based on their proportion of international trade.[16]
Studies show the WTO has boosted trade and reduced trade barriers.[17][18][11][19] It has also influenced trade agreement generally; a 2017 analysis found that the vast majority of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) up to that point explicitly reference the WTO, with substantial portions of text copied from WTO agreements.[20] Goal 10 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals also referenced WTO agreements as instruments of reducing inequality.[21] However, critics contend that the benefits of WTO-facilitated free trade are not shared equally, citing the outcomes of negotiations and data showing a continually widening gap between rich and poor nations.[22][23]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization]

name::
* McsEngl.oznItnl.006-WTO,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.WTO,

oznItnl.WEF-007

description::
"The World Economic Forum (WEF), based in Cologny, Geneva Canton, Switzerland, is an international NGO, founded on 24 January 1971. The WEF's mission is stated as "committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas".[1]
The WEF hosts an annual meeting at the end of January in Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland. The meeting brings together some 3,000 business leaders, international political leaders, economists, celebrities and journalists for up to five days to discuss global issues, across 500 sessions.
The organization also convenes some six to eight regional meetings each year in locations across Africa, East Asia, Latin America, and India and holds two further annual meetings in China and the United Arab Emirates. Beside meetings, the organization provides a platform for leaders from all stakeholder groups from around the world – business, government and civil society – to collaborate on multiple projects and initiatives.[2] It also produces a series of reports and engages its members in sector-specific initiatives.[3]
The World Economic Forum and its annual meeting in Davos are criticised regarding the public cost of security, the formation of a wealthy global elite without attachment to the broader societies, undemocratic decision processes, gender issues and a lack of financial transparency."
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum]

name::
* McsEngl.oznItnl.007-WEF,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.WEF,

oznItnl.SIPRI-008

description::
"Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an international institute based in Stockholm. It was founded in 1966[1] and provides data, analysis and recommendations for armed conflict, military expenditure and arms trade as well as disarmament and arms control. The research is based on open sources and is directed to decision-makers, researchers, media and the interested public.
SIPRI's organizational purpose is to conduct scientific research in issues on conflict and cooperation of importance for international peace and security, with the goal of contributing to an understanding for the conditions for a peaceful solution of international conflicts and sustainable peace.
SIPRI was ranked among the top three non-US world-wide think tanks in 2014 by the University of Pennsylvania Lauder Institute's Global Go To Think Tanks Report.[2] In 2019, SIPRI ranked 31st amongst think tanks globally.[3]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute]

name::
* McsEngl.oznItnl.008-SIPRI,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.SIPRI,

oznItnl.RED-CROSS-009

description::
"The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide, which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering. Within three distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations, there are the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), that is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, in particular by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions (in 1917, 1944 and 1963).
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates between the 190 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement, internationally in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1963, the Federation (then known as the League of Red Cross Societies) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC.
The National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement. Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities, National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement. They are tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services in every country."

name::
* McsEngl.international-red-cross!⇒oznRed-cross,
* McsEngl.oznRed-cross,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.009-RED-CROSS!⇒oznRed-cross,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.RED-CROSS!⇒oznRed-cross,

oznItnl.OPEC-010

description::
"The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an intergovernmental organization of 13 countries. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has since 1965 been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. As of September 2018, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies. A larger group called OPEC+ was formed in late 2016, to have more control on global crude oil market.[5] The demand for OPEC oil has fallen to a 30-year low in the second quarter of 2020.[6]
The stated mission of the organization is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry."[7] The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market. The current OPEC members are the following: Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia (the De facto leader), the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Former OPEC members are Ecuador, Indonesia and Qatar.[8]
The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008, and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply.
Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition, but one whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law. In December 2014, "OPEC and the oil men" ranked as #3 on Lloyd's list of "the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry".[9] However, the influence of OPEC on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources, and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production targets and pursue conflicting self-interests.
In October 2019, Saudi Arabia invited Brazil to join OPEC.[10] The president of Petrobras, Roberto Castello Branco, in an interview in New York, said that being a member of OPEC is not an option currently considered by the Brazilian federal government.[11]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC]

name::
* McsEngl.OPEC'(organization-of-the-petroleum-exporting-countries)!⇒oznOpec,
* McsEngl.oznOpec,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.010-OPEC!⇒oznOpec,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.OPEC,!⇒oznOpec

oznItnl.NATO-011

description::
"The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, /ˈneɪtoʊ/; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.[3][4] NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Evere, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.
Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 30. The most recent member state to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020. NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members.[5] An additional 20 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total.[6] Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defense spending of at least 2% of GDP by 2024.[7][8]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO]

name::
* McsEngl.NATO'(north-atlantic-treaty-organization)!⇒oznNato,
* McsEngl.oznNato,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.011-NATO!⇒oznNato,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.NATO!⇒oznNato,

oznItnl.INTERPOL-012

description::
"The International Criminal Police Organization (official abbreviation ICPO; French: Organisation internationale de police criminelle), commonly known as INTERPOL (UK: /ˈɪnt.ər.pɒl/ INT-ər-pol, US: /-poʊl/ -⁠pohl),[4] is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control. Headquartered in Lyon, it has seven regional bureaux worldwide and a National Central Bureau in all 194 member states, making it the world's largest police organization.[5]
INTERPOL originated with the first International Criminal Police Congress in 1914, which brought officials from 24 countries to discuss cooperation on law enforcement matters. It was founded in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), adopting many of its current duties throughout the 1930s. After coming under Nazi control in 1938, the agency was effectively moribund until after the Second World War. In 1956, the ICPC adopted a new constitution and the name INTERPOL, derived from its telegraphic address used since 1946.[6]"
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol]

name::
* McsEngl.INTERPOL!⇒oznIcpo,
* McsEngl.Interpol!⇒oznIcpo,
* McsEngl.international-criminal-police-organization!⇒oznIcpo,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.012-INTERPOL!⇒oznIcpo,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.INTERPOL!⇒oznIcpo,

oznItnl.ILO-013

description::
"The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards.[1] Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is the first and oldest specialised agency of the UN. The ILO has 187 member states: 186 out of 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with around 40 field offices around the world, and employs some 2,700 staff from over 150 nations, of whom 900 work in technical cooperation programmes and projects.
The ILO's international labour standards are broadly aimed at ensuring accessible, productive, and sustainable work worldwide in conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity.[2][3] They are set forth in 189 conventions and treaties, of which eight are classified as fundamental according to the 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work; together they protect freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of forced or compulsory labour, the abolition of child labour, and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. The ILO is subsequently a major contributor to international labour law."
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization]

name::
* McsEngl.ILO'(international-labour-organization)!⇒oznIlo,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.013-ILO!⇒oznIlo,
* McsEngl.oznIlo,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.ILO!⇒oznIlo,

oznItnl.International-Criminal-Court-014

description::
"The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt)[2] is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals. The ICC lacks universal territorial jurisdiction, and may only investigate and prosecute crimes committed within member states, crimes committed by nationals of member states, or crimes in situations referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council.
The ICC began operations on 1 July 2002, upon the entry into force of the Rome Statute, a multilateral treaty that serves as the court's foundational and governing document. States which become party to the Rome Statute become members of the ICC, serving on the Assembly of States Parties, which administers the court. As of December 2020, there are 123 ICC member states; 42 states have neither signed nor become parties to the Rome Statute."
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court]

name::
* McsEngl.ICC'(International-Criminal-Court)!⇒oznIcc,
* McsEngl.oznIcc,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.014-International-Criminal-Court!⇒oznIcc,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.International-Criminal-Court,

oznItnl.World-bank-015

description::
"The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.[5] It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group.
The World Bank's most recently stated goal is the reduction of poverty.[6]
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank]

name::
* McsEngl.World-bank!⇒oznWorld-bank,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.015-World-bank!⇒oznWorld-bank,
* McsEngl.oznItnl.World-bank!⇒oznWorld-bank,
* McsEngl.oznWorld-bank,

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international-organization
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oznItnl.Council-of-Europe-003-{1949}