GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of sysMolsHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn'generic-specific-tree,

sysMolsHmn.micro-scale of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.028-micro,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.micro-028,
* McsEngl.micro-sysMolsHmn-028,

description::
· microBdyMtr.

sysMolsHmn.substance

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.027-substance!⇒substanceHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.substance-027!⇒substanceHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'substance!⇒substanceHmn,
* McsEngl.substance-of-bodyHmn!⇒substanceHmn,
* McsEngl.substanceHmn,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ουσία-ανθρώπινου-σώματος!=substanceHmn,

whole-tree-of-substanceHmn::
* bodyHmn,

generic-tree::
* substance,

sysMolsHmn.chemical-elementary of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.001-chemical-elementary,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.chemical-elementary-001,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'chemical-elementary,
* McsEngl.ChmelrHmn,
* McsEngl.Chmelr.bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.chemical-elementary--of-bodyHmn,

description::
· human-chemical-element is a-chemical-elementary part of a-human-body.
===
"While your body can assemble many of the chemical compounds needed for life from their constituent elements, it cannot make elements. They must come from the environment."
[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/elements-and-atoms-the-building-blocks-of-matter/]

sysMolsHmn.chemical-compound of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.002-chemical-compound,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.chemical-compound-002,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'chemical-compound,
* McsEngl.ChmcpdHmn,
* McsEngl.Chmcpd.bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.chemical-compound--of-bodyHmn,

description::
· human-chemical-compound is a-chemical-compound part of a-human-body.

sysMolsHmn.mixture of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.003-mixture,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.mixture-003,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'mixture,
* McsEngl.mixture-of-bodyHmn,

description::
"A mixture is a combination of two or more substances, each of which maintains its own chemical identity. In other words, the constituent substances are not chemically bonded into a new, larger chemical compound. The concept is easy to imagine if you think of powdery substances such as flour and sugar; when you stir them together in a bowl, they obviously do not bond to form a new compound. The room air you breathe is a gaseous mixture, containing three discrete elements—nitrogen, oxygen, and argon—and one compound, carbon dioxide. There are three types of liquid mixtures, all of which contain water as a key component. These are solutions, colloids, and suspensions."
[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/inorganic-compounds-essential-to-human-functioning/]

sysMolsHmn.intaken

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.029-intaken,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.intaken-029,
* McsEngl.intaken-substnceHmn-029,

description::
·

sysMolsHmn.secretory-product

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.004-produced,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.produced-004,
* McsEngl.human-produced-substance, {2012-08-13},
* McsEngl.producted-substance,
* McsEngl.produced-substance.human, {2012-08-13},
* McsEngl.productBodyHmn, {2012-08-13},
* McsEngl.substanceProducedHmn,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.παραγόμενη-ουσία-κόμβου-ανθρώπου, {2012-08-13},

description::
analytic: παραγόμενη ουσία δομής-οργάνωσης είναι κάθε ουσία που παράγει δομή-οργάνωσης.
[hmnSgm, {1995-02}]

generic-tree-of-::
* entity.body.product⧺cptEpistem475.371⧺,

whole-tree-of-::
* nodeBodyHmn,

sysMolsHmn.fluid of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.005-fluid!⇒fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.fluid-005!⇒fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.biofluid!⇒fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'fluid!⇒fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.bodily-fluid!⇒fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.body-fluid!⇒fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.fluidHmn,
* McsEngl.fluid-of-bodyHmn!⇒fluidHmn,

description::
"Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquids within the human body. In lean healthy adult men, the total body water is about 60% (60–67%) of the total body weight; it is usually slightly lower in women. The exact percentage of fluid relative to body weight is inversely proportional to the percentage of body fat. A lean 70 kg (160 pound) man, for example, has about 42 (42–47) liters of water in his body.
The total body of water is divided between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment (also called space, or volume) and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment (space, volume) in a two-to-one ratio: 28 (28–32) liters are inside cells and 14 (14–15) liters are outside cells.
The ECF compartment is divided into the interstitial fluid volume – the fluid outside both the cells and the blood vessels – and the intravascular volume (also called the vascular volume and blood plasma volume) – the fluid inside the blood vessels – in a three-to-one ratio: the interstitial fluid volume is about 12 liters, the vascular volume is about 4 liters.
The interstitial fluid compartment is divided into the lymphatic fluid compartment – about 2/3's, or 8 (6–10) liters; the transcellular fluid compartment is the remaining 1/3, or about 4 liters.[1]
The vascular volume is divided into the venous volume and the arterial volume; and the arterial volume has a conceptually useful but unmeasurable subcompartment called the effective arterial blood volume.[2]"
[{2020-02-12} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fluid]

sysMolsHmn.organic-compound of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.006-organic-compound!⇒cpdOgcHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.organic-compound-006!⇒cpdOgcHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'organic-compound!⇒cpdOgcHmn,
* McsEngl.cpdOgcHmn,
* McsEngl.organic-compoundHmn!⇒cpdOgcHmn,

description::
· organic-compound is a-chemical-compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

sysMolsHmn.organicNo-compound of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.007-organicNo-compound!⇒cpdOgcNoHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.organicNo-compound-007!⇒cpdOgcNoHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'organicNo-compound!⇒cpdOgcNoHmn,
* McsEngl.cpdOgcNoHmn,
* McsEngl.inorganic-compoundHmn!⇒cpdOgcNoHmn,
* McsEngl.organicNo-compoundHmn!⇒cpdOgcNoHmn,

description::
· inorganic-compound is chemical-compound that does-not-contain both carbon and hydrogen.

sysMolsHmn.macromolecule of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.008-macromolecule!⇒macromoleculeHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.macromolecule-008!⇒macromoleculeHmn,
* McsEngl.macromoleculeHmn,

description::
· Macromolecules are-created from smaller molecules using enzymes and cofactors.

sysMolsHmn.acid of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.009-acid!⇒acidHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.acid-009!⇒acidHmn,
* McsEngl.acidHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'acid!⇒acidHmn,

description::
· acid is a-chemical-compound that releases hydrogen-ions-(H+) in a-solution.
===
"Acids play important roles in the human body. The hydrochloric acid present in the stomach aids digestion by breaking down large and complex food molecules. Amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins required for growth and repair of body tissues. Fatty acids are also required for growth and repair of body tissues. Nucleic acids are important for the manufacturing of DNA and RNA and transmitting of traits to offspring through genes. Carbonic acid is important for maintenance of pH equilibrium in the body.
Human bodies contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among those dicarboxylic acids play an essential role in many biological behaviors. Many of those acids are amino acids which mainly serve as materials for the synthesis of proteins.[17] Other weak acids serve as buffers with their conjugate bases to keep the body's pH from undergoing large scale changes which would be harmful to cells.[18] The rest of the dicarboxylic acids also participate in the synthesis of various biologically important compounds in human bodies."
[{2020-05-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid]

sysMolsHmn.base of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.011-base!⇒baseHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.base-011!⇒baseHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'base!⇒baseHmn,
* McsEngl.baseHmn,

description::
· base is a-chemical-compound that accepts hydrogen-ions-(H+) in a-solution.

sysMolsHmn.lipid of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.013-lipid!⇒lipidHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.lipid-013!⇒lipidHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'lipid!⇒lipidHmn,
* McsEngl.lipidHmn,

description::
"lipid: class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water"
[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/glossary-module-2/]

specific-tree-of-::
"Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds which are relatively insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar solvents. Triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol, and phospholipids are the major lipids in the body. They are transported as complexes of lipid and proteins known as lipoproteins."
[{2020-05-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein]

sysMolsHmn.protein (link) of bodyHmn

sysMolsHmn.water of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.015-water!⇒waterHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.water-015!⇒waterHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'water!⇒waterHmn,
* McsEngl.waterHmn,

description::
"In physiology, body water is the water content of an animal body that is contained in the tissues, the blood, the bones and elsewhere. The percentages of body water contained in various fluid compartments add up to total body water (TBW). This water makes up a significant fraction of the human body, both by weight and by volume. Ensuring the right amount of body water is part of fluid balance, an aspect of homeostasis."
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_water]

sysMolsHmn.releasing-hormone of hypothalamus

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.016-releasing-hormone,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.releasing-hormone-016,
* McsEngl.releasing-hormone,
* McsEngl.releasing-factor,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.εκλυτικός-παράγοντας,

description::
analytic: εκλυτικοί παράγοντες είναι ουσίες παραγόμενες από τον υποθάλαμο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 418⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* productBodyHmn,

whole-tree-of-::
* υποθάλαμος,

sysMolsHmn.saliva

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.018-saliva!⇒salivaHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.saliva-018!⇒salivaHmn,
* McsEngl.productBodyHmn.saliva!⇒salivaHmn,
* McsEngl.salivaHmn,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.σάλιο!=salivaHmn,
* McsElln.σίελος!=salivaHmn,

description::
analytic: σάλιο είναι η παραγόμενη ουσία των σιελογόνων αδένων.

generic-tree-of-::
* productBodyHmn,

whole-tree-of-::
* digestive-sys,

sysMolsHmn.bile

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.019-bile!⇒bileHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.bile-019!⇒bileHmn,
* McsEngl.productBodyHmn.bile!⇒bileHmn,
* McsEngl.bileHmn, /báil/,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.χολή!=bileHmn,

description::
analytic: χολή είναι παραγόμενη-ουσία του συκωτιου.
===
BILE: a bitter greenish fluid secreted by the LIVER that aids in the digestion of fats.
[FRANKLIN, LM-6000]

whole-tree-of-::
* gallbladder,

sysMolsHmn.excrement

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.021-excrement!⇒excrementHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.excrement-021!⇒excrementHmn,
* McsEngl.productBodyHmn.excrement!⇒excrementHmn,
* McsEngl.excrementHmn,
* McsEngl.excrement.human!⇒excrementHmn, {2012-08-13},
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.έκκριμα!=excrementHmn,

description::
analytic: έκκριμα ονομάζουν την παραγόμενη ουσία των εξωκρινών αδένων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 119⧺cptRsc29⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* productBodyHmn,

sysMolsHmn.urine

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.022-urine!⇒urineHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.urine-022!⇒urineHmn,
* McsEngl.productBodyHmn.urine!⇒urineHmn,
* McsEngl.urineHmn, /yyúrin/,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ούρα!⇒urineHmn,

description::
analytic: τα ούρα είναι το προϊόν των νεφρώνων που βρίσκονται στο φλοιό των νεφρων.
[hmnSgm, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-::
* productBodyHmn,

sysMolsHmn.antioxidant

name::
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.023-antioxidant!⇒antioxidantHmn,
* McsEngl.sysMolsHmn.antioxidant-023!⇒antioxidantHmn,
* McsEngl.antioxidantHmn,

description::
"Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals, thereby leading to chain reactions that may damage the cells of organisms. Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) terminate these chain reactions. To balance the oxidative stress, plants and animals maintain complex systems of overlapping antioxidants, such as glutathione and enzymes (e.g., catalase and superoxide dismutase), produced internally, or the dietary antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E.
The term "antioxidant" is mostly used for two entirely different groups of substances: industrial chemicals that are added to products to prevent oxidation, and naturally occurring compounds that are present in foods and tissue. The former, industrial antioxidants, have diverse uses: acting as preservatives in food and cosmetics, and being oxidation-inhibitors in fuels.[1]
Antioxidant dietary supplements have not been shown to improve health in humans, or to be effective at preventing disease.[2] Supplements of beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E have no positive effect on mortality rate[3][4] or cancer risk.[5][6] Additionally, supplementation with selenium or vitamin E does not reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.[7][8]"
[{2020-02-29} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant]

hormoneOgm.plant

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneOgm.001-plant!⇒hormonePlant,
* McsEngl.hormoneOgm.plant-001!⇒hormonePlant,
* McsEngl.hormonePlant,
* McsEngl.plant-hormoneOgm-001!⇒hormonePlant,

description::
"Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis,[1] the regulation of organ size, pathogen defense,[2][3] stress tolerance[4][5] and through to reproductive development.[6] Unlike in animals (in which hormone production is restricted to specialized glands) each plant cell is capable of producing hormones.[7][8] Went and Thimann coined the term "phytohormone" and used it in the title of their 1937 book.[9]
Phytohormones occur across the plant kingdom, and even in algae, where they have similar functions to those seen in higher plants.[10] Some phytohormones also occur in microorganisms, such as unicellular fungi and bacteria, however in these cases they do not play a hormonal role and can better be regarded as secondary metabolites.[11]"
[{2020-04-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone]

disease (link) of hormone

node-producing of hormoneHmn

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'002-node-producing,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'node-producing-002,

description::
* gland,
"Other hormone-producing structures
Many body organs not normally considered endocrine organs contain isolated cell clusters that secrete hormones. Examples include the heart (atrial natriuretic peptide); gastrointestinal tract organs (gastrin, secretin, and others); the placenta (hormones of pregnancy—estrogen, progesterone, and others); the kidneys (erythropoietin and renin); the thymus; skin (cholecalciferol); and adipose tissue (leptin and resistin)."
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland]
===
μέχρι πρόσφατα, πιστευόταν ότι οι ορμόνες προέρχονταν αποκλειστικά από τους ενδοκρινεις αδένες. Σήμερα πιστεύεται ότι παράγονται από κύτταρα οργάνων και συστημάτων, καθώς και από τα νευρικά κύτταρα του εγκεφάλου.
[Καθημερινή, {1995-03-12}, 43 Panorama]

receptor of hormoneHmn

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'003-receptor,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'receptor-003,

description::
"A cell protein that binds a specific hormone. The hormone receptor may be on the surface of the cell or inside the cell. Many changes take place in a cell after a hormone binds to its receptor."
[https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hormone-receptor]
===
"Hormone receptors are proteins that bind hormones. Once bound, the hormone/receptor complex initiates a cascade of cellular effects resulting in some modification of physiology and/or behavior. Hormones usually require receptor binding to mediate a cellular response. Receptor binding and the associated cellular cascades amplify the hormone signal allowing hormones to act at very low concentrations, sometimes as low as parts per trillion! Scientists who study hormone receptors are interested in the cells and tissues that possess the receptors (i.e., the ovary, the testis, the stomach lining, specific parts of the brain, etc.). The location of the receptor shows where the hormone should be biologically active."
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/hormone-receptor {2020-03-10}]
===
"A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone. Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and Vitamin D, and a variety of other receptors for various ligands, such as fatty acids and prostaglandins.[1] There are two main classes of hormone receptors. Receptors for peptide hormones tend to be cell surface receptors built into the plasma membrane of cells and are thus referred to as trans membrane receptors. An example of this is insulin.[2] Receptors for steroid hormones are usually found within the cytoplasm and are referred to as intracellular or nuclear receptors, such as testosterone.[3] Upon hormone binding, the receptor can initiate multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately leads to changes in the behavior of the target cells.
Hormonal therapy and hormone receptors play a very large part in breast cancer treatment (therapy is not limited to only breast cancer). By influencing the hormones, the cells' growth can be changed along with its function. These hormones can cause cancer to not survive in the human body.[4]"
[{1995-03-12} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_receptor]

structure of hormoneHmn

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'004-structure,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'structure-004,

description::
·

doing of hormoneHmn

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'005-doing,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'doing-005,

WHOLE-PART-TREE of hormoneHmn

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'whole-part-tree,

whole-tree-of-hormoneHmn::
* endocrine-gland,
===
"The term "hormone" is sometimes extended to include chemicals produced by cells that affect the same cell (autocrine or intracrine signaling) or nearby cells (paracrine signalling)."
[{2020-02-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone,]

part-tree-of-hormoneHmn::
* disease: (hypo|hyper-hormonism),
* node-producing,
* receptor,
* structure,
* function,
* production,

wholeNo-tree-of-hormoneHmn::
* ,

GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of hormoneHmn

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn'generic-specific-tree,

hormoneHmn.anabolic-029

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.anabolic-029,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.029-anabolic,

description::
"Endocrinologists have traditionally classified hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The classic anabolic hormones are the anabolic steroids, which stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth, and insulin."
[{2020-02-28} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolism#Anabolic_hormones]

hormoneHmn.katabolic-028

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.katabolic-028,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.028-katabolic,

description::
"Endocrinologists have traditionally classified hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The classic anabolic hormones are the anabolic steroids, which stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth, and insulin."
[{2020-02-28} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolism#Anabolic_hormones]

hormoneHmn.steroid-030

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.030-steroid,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.steroid-030,
* McsEngl.steroid-hormone-030,

description::
"A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta). Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids (corticosteroids), androgens, estrogens, and progestogens (sex steroids). Vitamin D derivatives are a sixth closely related hormone system with homologous receptors. They have some of the characteristics of true steroids as receptor ligands.
Steroid hormones help control metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand illness and injury. The term steroid describes both hormones produced by the body and artificially produced medications that duplicate the action for the naturally occurring steroids.[1][2][3]"
[{2020-02-28} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone]

hormoneHmn.peptide-032

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.032-peptide,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.peptide-032,
* McsEngl.peptide-hormone-032,

description::
"Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively. The latter have longer amino acid chain lengths than the former. These hormones have an effect on the endocrine system of animals, including humans.[1] Most hormones can be classified as either amino acid–based hormones (amine, peptide, or protein) or steroid hormones. The former are water-soluble and act on the surface of target cells via second messengers; the latter, being lipid-soluble, move through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) to act within their nuclei.
Like all peptides and proteins, peptide hormones and protein hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to mRNA transcripts, which are synthesized from DNA templates inside the cell nucleus. Preprohormones, peptide hormone precursors, are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli (e.g. --an increase in Ca2+ and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm).[2]
These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then travel through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptor on the surfaces of their target cells.
Some neurotransmitters are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some 'neuropeptides' may be used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood.
When a peptide hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which triggers signal transduction leading to the cellular responses.[3]
Some peptide/protein hormones (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.[4]"
[{2020-03-10} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone]

hormoneHmn.insulin-014

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.insulin-014!⇒hrmnInsulin,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.014-insulin!⇒hrmnInsulin,
* McsEngl.hrmnInsulin,
* McsEngl.insulin!⇒hrmnInsulin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.ινσουλίνη!=hrmnInsulin,
* McsElln.ινσουλίνη!=hrmnInsulin,

description::
analytic: ινσουλίνη είναι ορμόνη του πάγκρεας.
[hmnSgm, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-hrmnInsulin::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-hrmnInsulin::
* πάγκρεας,

hormoneHmn.cortisol-015

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.cortisol-015!⇒hormoneHmnCortisol,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.015-cortisol!⇒hormoneHmnCortisol,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmnCortisol,
* McsEngl.cortisol-hormone!⇒hormoneHmnCortisol,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.κορτιζόλη!=hormoneHmnCortisol,
* McsElln.κορτιζόλη!=hormoneHmnCortisol,

description::
"Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones. When used as a medication, it is known as hydrocortisone.
It is produced in many animals, mainly by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.[1] It is produced in other tissues in lower quantities.[2] It is released with a diurnal cycle and its release is increased in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration. It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.[3] It also decreases bone formation.[4]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol]
===
analytic: κορτιζόλη είναι ορμόνη του φλοιού-των-επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 416⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-hormoneCortisol::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-hormoneHmnCortisol::
* adrenal-cortex,

hormoneHmn.aldosterone-001

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmnAldosterone,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.aldosterone-001,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.001-aldosterone,
* McsEngl.aldosterone-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.αλδοστερόνη,
* McsElln.αλδοστερόνη,

description::
analytic: αλδοστερόνη είναι ορμόνες του φλοιού-των-επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 416⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-hormoneAldosterone::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-hormoneAldosterone::
* adrenal-cortex,

hormoneHmn.adrenaline-009

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.adrenaline-009,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.009-adrenaline,
* McsEngl.adrenaline, /adrénalin/,
* McsEngl.epinephrine, /epinéfrin/,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.αδρεναλίνη,
* McsElln.αδρεναλίνη,
* McsElln.επινεφριδίνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.επινεφριδίνη,

description::
Scientists already knew, for example, that stress hormones like adrenaline trigger the body’s fight-or-flight reflex — focusing vision, quickening breathing, diverting blood away from less urgent body systems like the digestive tract — but adrenaline never enters the cells.
[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/science/2-american-scientists-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry.html?_r=0]
===
Does Your Stomach Lining Really Turn Red When You Blush?
When you blush, the lining of your stomach turns red, too.

Your stomach lining turns red when you blush, a response that is the result of the sympathetic nervous-system causing increased blood flow throughout the body. During periods of embarrassment, the body releases adrenaline, a hormone that prepares the body for stressful situations. Adrenaline also makes the blood vessels dilate in order to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery in case the body has to suddenly flee a dangerous situation. The veins in the face, as well as in the stomach lining and throughout the rest of the body, then have more blood than normal flowing through them, and they appear red.
[http://www.wisegeek.com/does-your-stomach-lining-really-turn-red-when-you-blush.htm?m, {2014-06-21}]
===
analytic: επινεφριδίνη είναι ορμόνη του μυελού-των-επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 417⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* μυελός-επινεφριδίου,

hormoneHmn.norepinephrine-018

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.norepinephrine-018,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.018-norepinephrine,
* McsEngl.norepinephrine,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.νορ-επινεφριδίνη,
* McsElln.νορ-επινεφριδίνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.νορ'επινεφριδίνη,

description::
analytic: νορ επινεφριδίνη είναι ορμόνη του μυελού-των-επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 417⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* μυελός-επινεφριδίου,

hormoneHmn.thyroid-calcitonin-012

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.thyroid-calcitonin-012,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.012-thyroid-calcitonin,
* McsEngl.thyroid-calcitonin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.θυεοκαλτσιτονίνη,
* McsElln.θυρεοκαλτσιτονίνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.θυρεοκαλτσιτονίνη,

description::
analytic: θυρεοκαλτσιτονίνη είναι ορμόνη που παράγεται στο θυρεοειδη αδενα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 421⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* θυρεοειδής-αδένας,

hormoneHmn.melatonine-017

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.melatonine-017,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.017-melatonine,
* McsEngl.melatonine,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.μελατονίνη,
* McsElln.μελατονίνη,

description::
analytic: η μελατονίνη είναι ορμόνη που ρυθμίζει τον υπνο.
[Καθημερινή, {1995-03-12}, 43 Panorama]

generic-tree-of-hormoneMelatonine::
* hormone,

hormoneHmn.growth-hormone-005

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.growth-005,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.005-growth,
* McsEngl.growth-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.αυξητική,
* McsElln.αυξητική-ορμόνη,

description::
analytic: η αυξητική ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη που βοηθά στην ανάπτυξη του οργανισμού.
[Καθημερινή, {1995-03-12}, 43 Panorama]
===
μέχρι πρόσφατα, ο μόνος τρόπος να εξασφαλίζουμε την αυξητική ορμόνη ήταν οι υποφύσεις των πτωμάτων. Σήμερα η ορμόνη που παράγουν η Genentech και η Ell Lilly από γενετικά τροποποιημένα βακτηρίδια θεωρείται πιο ασφαλής.
[Καθημερινή, {1995-03-12}, 43 Panorama]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* αδενουπόφυση,

hormoneHmn.oxytocin-025

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.oxytocin-025,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.025-oxytocin,
* McsEngl.oxytocin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.ωκυτοκίνη,
* McsElln.ωκυτοκίνη,

description::
analytic: ωκυτοκίνη είναι ορμόνη της νευρουπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* νευροϋπόφυση⧺cptBdyHmn518⧺,

hormoneHmn.prolactin-022

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.prolactin-022,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.022-prolactin,
* McsEngl.prolactin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.προλακτίνη,
* McsElln.προλακτίνη,

description::
analytic: η προλακτίνη είναι ορμόνη της αδενοϋπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

hormoneHmn.basopressin-006

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.basopressin-006,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.006-basopressin,
* McsEngl.basopressin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.βασοπρεσίνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.βασοπρεσίνη,

description::
analytic: βασοπρεσίνη είναι ορμόνη.
[Καθημερινή, {1995-03-12}, 43 Panorama]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

hormoneHmn.adrenocorticotropic-024

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.adrenocorticotropic-024,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.024-adrenocorticotropic,
* McsEngl.https:adrenocorticotropic-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αδρενοκορτικοτρόπος-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.φλοιοτρόπος-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.φλοιοτρόπος,

description::
analytic: φλοιοτρόπος ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη της αδενοϋπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* αδενουπόφυση,

hormoneHmn.thyroid-stimulating-011

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.thyroid-stimulating-011,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.011-thyroid-stimulating,
* McsEngl.thyroid-stimulating-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.θυρεοειδοτρόπος-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.θυρεοειδοτρόπος,

description::
analytic: η θυρεοειδοτρόπος ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη της αδενοϋπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* αδενουπόφυση,

hormoneHmn.follicle-stimulating-010

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.follicle-stimulating-010,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.010-follicle-stimulating,
* McsEngl.follicle-stimulating-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.θυλακιοτρόπος-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.θυλακιοτρόπος,

description::
analytic: θυλακιοτρόπος ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη της αδενοϋπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* αδενουπόφυση,

hormoneHmn.luteinizing-026

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.luteinizing-026,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.026-luteinizing,
* McsEngl.luteinizing-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ωχρινοτρόπος-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.ωχρινοτρόπος,

description::
analytic: ωχρινοτροπο ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη της αδενοϋπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* αδενουπόφυση,

hormoneHmn.antidiuretic-004

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.antidiuretic-004,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.004-antidiuretic,
* McsEngl.antidiuretic-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αντιδιουρητική-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.αντιδιουριτικη,

description::
analytic: αντιδιουρητική ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη της νευρουπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 419⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* νευροϋπόφυση⧺cptBdyHmn518⧺,

hormoneHmn.melanotropin-016

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.melanotropin-016,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.016-melanotropin,
* McsEngl.melanotropin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μελανοτροπίνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.μελανοτροπίνη,

description::
analytic: η μελανοτροπίνη ορμόνη είναι ορμόνη του διαμεσου-λοβου της υπόφυσης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 420⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* διάμεσος-λοβός,

hormoneHmn.thyroxine-013

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.thyroxine-013,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.013-thyroxine,
* McsEngl.thyroxine, /thairóksin/,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.θυροξίνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.θυροξίνη,

description::
analytic: η θυροξίνη είναι ορμόνη που παράγεται στο θυρεοειδη αδενα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 421⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* θυρεοειδής-αδένας,

hormoneHmn.glucagon-007

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.glucagon-007,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.007-glucagon,
* McsEngl.glucagon,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.γλυκαγόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.γλυκαγόνη,

description::
analytic: η γλυκαγόνη είναι ορμόνη του πάγκρεας.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 423⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* πάγκρεας,

hormoneHmn.parathyroid-020

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.parathyroid-020,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.020-parathyroid,
* McsEngl.parathyroid-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.παραθορμόνη,
* McsElln.παραθορμόνη,
* McsElln.παραθυροειδής-ορμόνη,

description::
analytic: η παραθορμόνη είναι ορμόνη των παραθυρεοειδων αδένων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 424⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* παραθυρεοειδής-ανενας,

hormoneHmn.estradiol-038

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.038-estradiol,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.estradiol-038,
* McsEngl.estradiol-hormone, /estradáiol/,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.οιστραδιόλη,
* McsElln.οιστραδιόλη,

description::
analytic: η οιστραδιόλη είναι ορμόνη που παράγουν οι ωοθήκες.
[hmnSgm, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

whole-tree-of-::
* ωοθήκες,

hormoneHmn.female-008

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.female-008,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.008-female,
* McsEngl.female-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.γυναικεία-ορμόνη,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.γυναικεία,

description::
synthetic: ορμόνη γυναικεία είναι η προγεστερόνη και τα οιστρογόνα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 433⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

hormoneHmn.male-002

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.male-002,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.002-male,
* McsEngl.male-hormone,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ορμόνη.αντρική,

description::
"In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones"[5] although all types are present in each sex at different levels."
[{2020-03-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_steroid#Types]
synthetic: αντρικές ορμόνες είναι τα ανδρογόνα και η τεστοστερόνη.

generic-tree-of-::
* hormone,

hormoneHmn.androgen-003

name::
* McsEngl.hrmnAndrogen,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.003-androgen!⇒hrmnAndrogen,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.androgen-003!⇒hrmnAndrogen,
* McsEngl.androgen-hormone-003!⇒hrmnAndrogen,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ανδρογόνο!=hrmnAndrogen,
* McsElln.ορμόνη.ανδρογόνο,

description::
"An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.[1] This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands.
Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty.[2] The major androgen in males is testosterone.[3] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development.[3] DHT in utero causes differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate. In adulthood, DHT contributes to balding, prostate growth, and sebaceous gland activity.
Although androgens are commonly thought of only as male sex hormones, females also have them, but at lower levels: they function in libido and sexual arousal. Also, androgens are the precursors to estrogens in both men and women.
In addition to their role as natural hormones, androgens are used as medications; for information on androgens as medications, see the androgen replacement therapy and anabolic steroid articles."
[{1994} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen]
===
analytic: ανδρογόνα είναι ορμόνες του φλοιού-των-επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης,, 417⧺cptRsc31⧺]

hormoneHmn.leptin-031

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.031-leptin,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.leptin-031,
* McsEngl.leptin-hormone-031,

description::
"Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin") is a hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and enterocytes in the small intestine that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which in turn diminishes fat storage in adipocytes. Leptin acts on cell receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.[6]
Although regulation of fat stores is deemed to be the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes, as evidenced by its many sites of synthesis other than fat cells, and the many cell types beyond hypothalamic cells that have leptin receptors. Many of these additional functions are yet to be defined.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs (similar to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes), resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores and high levels of leptin.[13]"

hormoneHmn.resistin-033

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.033-resistin,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.resistin-033,
* McsEngl.resistin-hormone-033,

description::
"Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich peptide hormone derived from adipose tissue that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene.[5]
In primates, pigs, and dogs, resistin is secreted by immune and epithelial cells, while, in rodents, it is secreted by adipose tissue. The length of the resistin pre-peptide in human is 108 amino acid residues and in the mouse and rat it is 114 aa; the molecular weight is ~12.5 kDa. Resistin is an adipose-derived hormone (similar to a cytokine) whose physiologic role has been the subject of much controversy regarding its involvement with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM).[6]
Resistin has been shown to cause "high levels of 'bad' cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein or LDL), increasing the risk of heart disease [...] resistin increases the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver. As a result, the liver is less able to clear 'bad' cholesterol from the body. Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease. [...] resistin adversely impacts the effects of statins, the main cholesterol-reducing drug used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease."[7]"
[{2020-03-10} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistin]

hormoneHmn.progestogen-036

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.036-progestogen,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.progestogen-036,
* McsEngl.progestogen-hormone-036,

description::
"Progestogens, also sometimes written progestagens or gestagens,[1] are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptor (PR).[2][3] Progesterone is the major and most important progestogen in the body. The progestogens are named for their function in maintaining pregnancy (i.e., progestational), although they are also present at other phases of the estrous and menstrual cycles.[2][3]
The progestogens are one of three types of sex hormones, the others being estrogens like estradiol and androgens/anabolic steroids like testosterone. In addition, they are one of the five major classes of steroid hormones, the others being the androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids, as well as the neurosteroids. All endogenous progestogens are characterized by their basic 21-carbon skeleton, called a pregnane skeleton (C21). In similar manner, the estrogens possess an estrane skeleton (C18), and androgens, an androstane skeleton (C19).
The terms progesterone, progestogen, and progestin are mistakenly used interchangeably both in the scientific literature and in clinical settings.[1][4][5] Progestins are synthetic progestogens and are used in medicine.[2] Major examples of progestins include the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivative medroxyprogesterone acetate and the 19-nortestosterone derivative norethisterone. The progestins are structural analogues of progesterone and have progestogenic activity similarly, but differ from progesterone in their pharmacological properties in various ways.[5]
In addition to their roles as natural hormones, progestogens are used as medications, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy; for information on progestogens as medications, see the progesterone (medication) and progestogen (medication) articles."
[{2020-03-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen]

hormoneHmn.gonadotropin-039

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.039-gonadotropin, /gonadotrópin/,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.gonadotropin-039,
* McsEngl.gonadotropin-hormone-039,

description::
"Gonadotropins are glycoprotein polypeptide hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates.[1][2][3] This family includes the mammalian hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and placental/chorionic gonadotropins, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG),[4] as well as at least two forms of fish gonadotropins. These hormones are central to the complex endocrine system that regulates normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function.[5] LH and FSH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, while hCG and eCG are secreted by the placenta in pregnant humans and mares, respectively.[6] The gonadotropins act on the gonads, controlling gamete and sex hormone production.
Gonadotropin is sometimes abbreviated Gn. The alternative spelling gonadotrophin which inaccurately implies a nourishing mechanism[7] is still sporadically used.
There are various preparations of gonadotropins for therapeutic use, mainly as fertility medication. There are also fad diet or quack preparations, which are illegal in various countries."
[{2020-03-21} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin]

hormoneHmn.ghrelin-040

name::
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.040-ghrelin,
* McsEngl.hormoneHmn.ghrelin-040,
* McsEngl.ghrelin-hormone-040,

description::
"Ghrelin /ˈɡrɛlɪn/ is a circulating hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach,[5][6] and is often called a "hunger hormone" because it increases food intake.[6] Blood levels of ghrelin are highest before meals when hungry, returning to lower levels after mealtimes.[6][7] Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake[6][8] by increasing gastric motility and gastric acid secretion.[6]
Ghrelin activates cells in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus,[6][9] including neuropeptide Y neurons that initiate appetite.[6][10] Ghrelin stimulates brain structures having a specific receptor – the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A (GHSR-1A).[6][11] Ghrelin also participates in regulation of reward cognition,[12] learning and memory, the sleep-wake cycle, taste sensation, reward behavior, and glucose metabolism.[6][13][14]"
[{2020-04-27} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin]

disease (link) of bloodHmn

plasma of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'plasma!⇒plasmaHmn,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att005-plasma!⇒plasmaHmn,
* McsEngl.plasmaHmn,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.πλάσμα-αίματος,

description::
analytic: το πλάσμα αποτελεί το υγρό μέρος του αίματος μέσα στο οποίο αιωρούνται τα έμμορφα συστατικά του.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 53⧺cptRsc29⧺]

glucose of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'glucose,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att013-glucose,

description::
·

serum of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'serum, /sírum/,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att006-serum,

description::
"Serum (/ˈsɪərəm/) is the fluid and solute component of blood which does not play a role in clotting.[1] It may be defined as blood plasma without fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting; all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs or microorganisms). Serum does not contain white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, or clotting factors.
The study of serum is serology. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests as well as blood typing. Measuring the concentration of various molecules can be useful for many applications, such as determining the therapeutic index of a drug candidate in a clinical trial.[2]
To obtain serum, a blood sample is allowed to clot (coagulation). The sample is then centrifuged to remove the clot and blood cells, and the resulting liquid supernatant is serum.[3]
Serum is an essential factor for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells in combination with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor."
[{2020-03-19} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_(blood)]

hematocrit of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'hematocrit,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att010-hematocrit,
* McsEngl.HCT-hematocrit,

description::
"The hematocrit (/hɪˈmætəkrɪt/) (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells (RBC) in blood, measured as part of a blood test.[1] The measurement depends on the number and size of red blood cells.[2] It is normally 40.7%–50.3% for men and 36.1%–44.3% for women.[3] It is a part of a person's complete blood count results,[4] along with hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count and platelet count.
Because the purpose of red blood cells is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to body tissues, a blood sample's hematocrit—the red blood cell volume percentage—can become a point of reference of its capability of delivering oxygen. Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can indicate a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions.[5] An abnormally low hematocrit may suggest anemia, a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells, while an abnormally high hematocrit is called polycythemia.[6] Both are potentially life-threatening disorders."
[{2020-05-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematocrit]

pressure of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'pressure,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att007-pressure,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.πίεση-αίματος,

description::
analytic: πίεση-αίματος είναι η πίεση με την οποία το αίμα πιέζει τα αγγεία και ιδιαίτερα τις αρτηρίες.
[FRANKLIN, LM-6000]

volume of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'volume,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att009-volume,

description::
"Blood volume is the volume of blood (red blood cells and plasma) in the circulatory system of any individual.
Humans
A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters. Blood volume is regulated by the kidneys.
Blood volume (BV) can be calculated given the hematocrit (HC; the fraction of blood that is red blood cells) and plasma volume (PV), with the hematocrit being regulated via the blood oxygen content regulator:
BV=PV/1-HC
Blood volume measurement may be used in people with congestive heart failure, chronic hypertension, kidney failure and critical care.
The use of relative blood volume changes during dialysis is of questionable utility.[1]
Total Blood Volume can be measured manually via the Dual Isotope or Dual Tracer Technique, a classic technique, available since the 1950s.[2] This technique requires double labeling of the blood; that is 2 injections and 2 standards (51Cr-RBC for tagging red blood cells and I-HAS for tagging plasma volume)as well as withdrawing and re-infusing patients with their own blood for blood volume analysis results. This method may take up to 6 hours for accurate results."
[{2020-05-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_volume]

leech of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'leech,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'att008-leech,
* McsEngl.leech,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.βδέλλα!=leech,

description::
Leeches are still used in modern medicine to help heal skin grafts and reattached body parts.

Leeches are still used in modern medicine, although the bloodsucking worms' medicinal use has declined since the mid-19th century, when it was thought that removing blood would help cure diseases. In 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved leeches for use in recovery treatment of organSkin grafts and other body part attachments. Leeches draw blood from the body when applied, which is thought to prevent blood from building up underneath a skin graft. They also are used to help recirculate blood in the case of blocked veins that sometimes occur after reconstructive reattachment surgery.
[http://www.wisegeek.com/are-leeches-really-used-in-modern-medicine.htm?m, {2014-06-16}]

structure of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'structure,

structure::
* cholesterol,
* cellPlatelet,
* cellRed,
* cellLeucocyte,
* plasma,

* έμμορφα συστατικά
* cellPlatelet,
* cellRed,
* cellLeucocyte,
* plasma,

αν φυγοκεντρίσουμε αίμα σε δοκιμαστικό σωλήνα, θα παρατηρήσουμε με μικροσκόπιο ότι προς τον πυθμένα συγκεντρώνονται τα βαρύτερα συστατικά του, τα έμμορφα, ενώ πάνω από αυτά βρίσκεται το πλάσμα σε αναλογια 55%
τα έμμορφα συστατικά του που αιωρούνται μέσα στο πλάσμα είναι κύτταρα με πυρήνα ή απύρηνα τα: ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια, λευκά αιμισφαίρια και τα αιμοπετάλια.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 48⧺cptRsc29⧺]

O όγκος του αίματος σε ένα άτομο με βάρος 70 κιλά είναι 5-6 λίτρα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 64⧺cptRsc29⧺]

DOING of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'doing,

WHOLE-PART-TREE of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'whole-part-tree,

whole-tree-of-::
* circulatory-system,

part-tree-of-bloodHmn::
* ,

wholeNo-tree-of-bloodHmn::
* ,

GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of bloodHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn'generic-specific-tree,

bloodHmn.type

name::
* McsEngl.bloodHmn.type,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn-group,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn-type,

description::
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids,depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system.[1]
Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).[2]
The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, - or Null denoting RhD status).
Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own, which is not a problem. What can matter is whether the baby is RhD positive or negative. Mothers who are RhD- and carry a RhD+ baby can form antibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn called erythroblastosis fetalis, an illness of low fetal blood counts that ranges from mild to severe. Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis.[3]
[{1994} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type]
===
στην επιφάνεια των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων είναι δυνατό να υπάρχουν ορισμένες ειδικές πρωτεΐνες, τα συγκολλητινογονα (που είναι αντιγόνα), ή να μήν υπάρχουν. Υπάρχουν τα α και β.

στο πλάσμα του αίματος είναι δυνατό να υπάρχουν δύο είδη ειδικών πρωτεϊνών, οι συγκλολιτινες α και β.

επειδή οι συγκολιτίνες έχουν αντισώματική συμπεριφορά προς τα αντίστοιχα συγκολλητινογόνα, γιαυτό στη φυση δεν υπάρχουν άτομα που φυσιολογικά στο αίμα τους να είναι ομοια το συγκολλητινογόνο και η συγκολλητίνη. Ετσι έχουμε 4 ομάδες:

ομαδα α:  α, β.
ομαδα β:  β, α.
ομαδα αβ:  α, β.
ομαδα ο:  α, β.
[Αργύρης,, 54⧺cptRsc29⧺]
===
γιατί η ομάδα αίματος αβ είναι η πιο σπάνια;
Αθήνα {2016-04-06},

H ομάδα αίματος αβ συνολικά και ειδικότερα η ομάδα αβ αρνητικό είναι η πιο σπάνια στο γενικό πληθυσμό, σύμφωνα με τις εκτιμήσεις των ειδικών. Από ποιους παράγοντες καθορίζεται η ομάδα αίματος και γιατί τα στατιστικά συναινούν υπέρ των υπόλοιπων ομάδων έναντι της αβ;

σύμφωνα με τον δρ λέσλι σίλβερσταϊν, εκπρόσωπο της αμερικανικής εταιρίας αιματολογίας, κληρονομούμε την ομάδα αίματος στα γονίδιά μας. Το γονίδιο που καθορίζει την ομάδα αίματος κωδικοποιεί μία πρωτεΐνη που εκφράζεται στην επιφάνεια των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων και από εκεί προκύπτει η συγκεκριμένη ομάδα αίματος και κατ’ επέκταση από ποιον μπορεί να λάβει και σε ποιον μπορεί να δώσει αίμα κάθε άνθρωπος.

το αίμα αποτελείται από τέσσερα βασικά συστατικά: ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια, λευκά αιμοσφαίρια, αιμοπετάλια και πλάσμα. Τα ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια μεταφέρουν το οξυγόνο σε ολόκληρο το σώμα, ενώ τα λευκά αιμοσφαίρια προστατεύουν από ασθένειες και παθογόνους μικροοργανισμούς. Τα αιμοπετάλια προωθούν την πήξη του αίματος ώστε να σταματά μία αιμορραγία και το πλάσμα είναι το λευκό υγρό στο οποίο «κολυμπούν» τα αιμοσφαίρια και τα αιμοπετάλια.

μαζί με τις πρωτεΐνες που αναφέρθηκαν προηγουμένως, στην επιφάνεια των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων υπάρχουν δείκτες που ονομάζονται αντιγόνα και τα οποία χωρίζονται σε οκτώ κατηγορίες: α, β, αβ και 0, καθεμιά από τις οποίες μπορεί να είναι είτε θετική είτε αρνητική.

εάν κάποιος ανήκει στην ομάδα αίματος α σημαίνει ότι έχει στο DNA του τουλάχιστον ένα γονίδιο της ομάδας αίματος α κι έτσι το αίμα εκφράζει ένα ένζυμο που συνδέει ένα συγκεκριμένο σάκχαρο στην πρωτεΐνη ή το λιπίδιο που βρίσκεται στην επιφάνεια του ερυθρού αιμοσφαιρίου. Η ομάδα αίματος α περιλαμβάνει μόνο αντιγόνα α, η ομάδα β μόνο αντιγόνα β, η ομάδα αβ αντιγόνα α και αντιγόνα β, ενώ η ομάδα 0 δεν διαθέτει κανένα από τα δύο αντιγόνα.

συμπληρωματικά, η ομάδα αίματος καθορίζεται από την παρουσία ή την απουσία του αντιγόνου ρέζους (π.χ. Α θετικό ή αρνητικό αντίστοιχα).

σύμφωνα με στοιχεία από την ιατρική σχολή του πανεπιστημίου στάνφορντ, η αναλογία της κάθε ομάδας αίματος στο γενικό πληθυσμό εκτιμάται ως εξής:

- 0 θετικό: 37,4%

- 0 αρνητικό: 6,6 %

- α θετικό: 35,7%

- α αρνητικό: 6,3%

- β θετικό: 8,5%

- β αρνητικό: 1.5 %

- αβ θετικό: 3,4%

- αβ αρνητικό: 0,6%
γιατί η ομάδα αβ είναι τόσο σπάνια

αυτό που δεν εξηγούν τα ποσοστά είναι πώς αλληλεπιδρούν τα γονίδια που καθορίζουν την ομάδα αίματος. όλοι κληρονομούμε από τους δύο γονείς μας από ένα γονίδιο της ομάδας αίματος, ωστόσο το γονίδιο για την ομάδα 0 είναι πιο «αδύναμο». ένα άτομο με ομάδα αίματος α είτε κληρονόμησε και από τους δύο γονείς του γονίδια της ομάδας α είτε ένα γονίδιο α και ένα γονίδιο 0 και υπερίσχυσε το γονίδιο α. κάτι αντίστοιχο ισχύει για τα άτομα με ομάδα αίματος β, ενώ τα άτομα με ομάδα αίματος 0 κληρονόμησαν δύο γονίδια της ομάδας 0.

τα άτομα με ομάδα αίματος αβ κληρονόμησαν ένα γονίδιο α και ένα γονίδιο β. βάσει των στατιστικών για τη συχνότητας της ομάδας α και της ομάδας β, οι πιθανότητες να «συναντηθούν» αυτές οι δύο ομάδες είναι λιγότερες από οποιοδήποτε άλλο πιθανό συνδυασμό.

αν και σπάνια, το καλό με τη συγκεκριμένη ομάδα είναι ότι είναι συμβατή με όλες τις άλλες ως αποδέκτης, άρα ένα άτομο με ομάδα αίματος αβ μπορεί να πάρει αίμα από άτομο με ομάδα αίματος α, β, αβ ή και 0.

πηγή: www.onmed.gr
[http://www.nooz.gr/Health/giati-i-omada-aimatos-av-einai-i-pio-spania]
===
"The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which remains in use today. In 1907 the first blood transfusion was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility.[36] The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937."
[{2020-01-24} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood#Types]