overview of Eng0Lago
description::
"English is a West Germanic language first spoken in early medieval England, which has eventually become the leading language of international discourse in the 21st century.[3][4][5] It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name, England. Both names derive from Anglia, a peninsula on the Baltic Sea. English is most closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon, while its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Old Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as Latin and French.[6][7][8]
English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a group of West Germanic (Ingvaeonic) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century, are collectively called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England; this was a period in which English was influenced by Old French, in particular through its Old Norman dialect.[9][10] Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London, the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift.[11]
Modern English has been spreading around the world since the 17th century by the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law.[3] Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern, with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order, to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection, a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order and a complex syntax.[12] Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspect and mood, as well as passive constructions, interrogatives and some negation.
English is the largest language by number of speakers,[13] and the third most-spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish.[14] It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers. As of 2005, it was estimated that there were over 2 billion speakers of English.[15] English is the majority native language in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland, an official and the main language of Singapore, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.[16] It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English speakers are called "Anglophones". Variability among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions—in terms of phonetics and phonology, and sometimes also vocabulary, idioms, grammar, and spelling—does not typically prevent understanding by speakers of other dialects, although mutual unintelligibility can occur at extreme ends of the dialect continuum."
[{2021-04-03} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language]
name::
* McsEngl.McsLag000029.last.html//dirLag//dirMcs!⇒Eng0Lago,
* McsEngl.dirLag/McsLag000029.last.html!⇒Eng0Lago,
* McsEngl.English-family-language!⇒Eng0Lago,
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago!=English-family-language,
* McsEngl.lagEngl0!=Eng0Lago, {2021-04-03},
* McsEngl.lagoEngl0!=Eng0Lago,
info-resource of Eng0Lago
addressWpg::
*
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'Infrsc,
DOING of Eng0Lago
description::
*
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'doing,
evoluting of Eng0Lago
name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-Eng0Lago,
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'evoluting,
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-lagEngl,
* McsEngl.lagEngl'evoluting,
{2022-05-28}::
=== McsHitp-creation:
· creation of current concept.
addressWpg::
* my-{2010-08-23}-unpublished-concept,
{0700i100}-Eng0Lago'alphabet::
"The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form. It originated around the 7th century from the Latin script. Since then, letters have-been-added or removed to give the current Modern English alphabet of 26 letters"
* McsEngl.{0700i100}-Eng0Lago'alphabet,
* McsEngl.{Eng0Lago'i100.0700}-alphabet,
[{2019-08-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet]
PARENT-CHILD-TREE of Eng0Lago
description::
·
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'parent-child-tree,
Eng0Lago;Old-English
description::
"Old English (Englisc, pronounced [ˈeŋɡliʃ]), or Anglo-Saxon,[1] is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid-7th century. After the Norman conquest of 1066, English was replaced, for a time, as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English era, since during this period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into a phase known now as Middle English."
[{2021-04-03} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English]
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;Old-English-language,
* McsEngl.EngoLago!=Old-English-language,
* McsEngl.Old-English-language!⇒EngoLago,
* McsEngl.lagoEngo!⇒EngoLago,
Eng0Lago;Middle-English
description::
"Middle English (abbreviated to ME[1]) was a form of the English language spoken after the Norman conquest (1066) until the late 15th century. English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English period. Scholarly opinion varies, but the Oxford English Dictionary specifies the period when Middle English was spoken as being from 1150 to 1500.[2] This stage of the development of the English language roughly followed the High to the Late Middle Ages."
[{2021-04-03} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English]
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;Middle-English-language,
* McsEngl.EngmLago!=Middle-English-language,
* McsEngl.Middle-English-language!⇒EngmLago,
* McsEngl.lagoEngm!⇒EngmLago,
Eng0Lago;Early-Modern-English
description::
"Early Modern English or Early New English (sometimes abbreviated EModE,[1] EMnE, or EME) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.[2]"
[{2021-04-03} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English]
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;Early-Modern-English,
* McsEngl.EngeLago!=Early-Modern-English,
* McsEngl.Early-Modern-English!⇒EngeLago,
* McsEngl.lagoEnge!=EngeLago,
Eng0Lago;dialect
description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-04-08},
"Okay, let's talk about English dialects. "Dialect" refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of speakers, often defined geographically or socially. Dialects differ in pronunciation (accent), vocabulary, grammar, and spelling.
English, being a global language spoken by billions either natively or as a second language, has an incredibly rich and diverse range of dialects. It's impossible to list them all, but we can categorize them broadly:
**Major Categories & Examples:**
1. **British Isles Englishes:**
* **England:** There's huge variation *within* England.
* **Received Pronunciation (RP):** Often called "BBC English" or "Queen's English," it's traditionally considered the standard accent of Southern England, though spoken by a small percentage. It's more of a social marker than a regional one.
* **Estuary English:** A newer variety blending features of RP and Cockney, common in London and the South East.
* **Cockney:** Traditionally associated with the East End of London, known for rhyming slang and specific vowel sounds.
* **Northern English:** Includes distinct dialects like Geordie (Newcastle), Scouse (Liverpool), Mancunian (Manchester), and Yorkshire dialects. These often have different vowel sounds and vocabulary compared to Southern English.
* **Midlands English:** Includes Brummie (Birmingham) and dialects of the East and West Midlands.
* **West Country:** Dialects spoken in the southwest of England (e.g., Devon, Cornwall), often characterized by rhoticity (pronouncing the /r/ after vowels).
* **Scottish English:** Includes various regional accents and dialects. Distinct from Scots, which is sometimes considered a separate language descended from Old English. Scottish English often features rhoticity and unique vocabulary (e.g., *wee* for small, *loch* for lake).
* **Welsh English:** English spoken in Wales, often influenced by the Welsh language in intonation and grammar.
* **Irish English (Hiberno-English):** Encompasses dialects spoken across the island of Ireland. Often rhotic, with grammatical structures influenced by Irish Gaelic (e.g., the "after perfect": "I'm after eating my dinner" meaning "I have just eaten"). Northern Irish dialects (Ulster English/Ulster Scots) have distinct features, influenced by Scots settlers.
2. **North American Englishes:**
* **American English (AmE):** Also shows significant regional variation.
* **General American (GenAm):** Often considered the "standard" or unmarked American accent, associated with the Midwest but widely heard in media. Typically rhotic.
* **Southern American English:** A broad category with internal variations, often characterized by the "Southern drawl," monophthongization (e.g., "I" sounding like "ah"), and unique vocabulary (*y'all*).
* **Northeastern American English:** Includes distinct dialects like Boston English (non-rhotic, specific vowel shifts), New York City English (also often non-rhotic, distinct vowels), and Mid-Atlantic dialects (e.g., Philadelphia, Baltimore).
* **African American Vernacular English (AAVE):** A distinct dialect spoken by many African Americans, with unique phonological and grammatical features (e.g., copula deletion: "he happy").
* **Chicano English:** Spoken by many Mexican Americans, influenced by Spanish.
* **Canadian English:** Shares many features with General American but retains some British characteristics in spelling (*colour*, *centre*) and has some unique vocabulary (*chesterfield* for sofa, *toque* for beanie) and pronunciation features (e.g., "Canadian raising" in vowels before voiceless consonants, like in "about").
3. **Oceanian Englishes:**
* **Australian English (AusE):** Known for unique vowel sounds and vocabulary (*arvo* for afternoon, *barbie* for barbecue). Generally non-rhotic. Variations exist (Broad, General, Cultivated).
* **New Zealand English (NZE):** Similar to Australian English but with distinct vowel sounds (e.g., the vowel in "kit" is closer to "cut" for outsiders). Generally non-rhotic.
4. **Other Major Varieties (often Post-Colonial):**
* **South African English (SAE):** Influenced by Afrikaans and African languages. Generally non-rhotic, with unique vowel sounds and vocabulary.
* **Indian English:** A broad term for English spoken on the Indian subcontinent. Often rhotic, with distinctive rhythm and intonation, plus vocabulary borrowings (*lakh*, *crore*) and unique grammatical structures. Spelling often follows British conventions.
* **Caribbean English:** Great diversity, ranging from standard English varieties to English-based creoles (e.g., Jamaican Patois, Bajan Creole). Often features unique rhythms and vocabulary.
* **Singaporean English / Malaysian English:** Often incorporate vocabulary and grammar from Malay, Chinese dialects, and Tamil. "Singlish" is a well-known colloquial variety.
* **Philippine English:** Influenced by American English (due to history) but with influences from Tagalog and other local languages.
**Key Differences Between Dialects:**
* **Pronunciation (Phonology/Accent):** The most noticeable difference (e.g., rhoticity, vowel sounds, intonation).
* **Vocabulary (Lexis):** Different words for the same thing (e.g., *truck* vs. *lorry*, *sneakers* vs. *trainers*, *sidewalk* vs. *pavement*).
* **Grammar (Syntax/Morphology):** Variations in sentence structure, verb forms, use of prepositions (e.g., *different to/from/than*, double modals like *might could* in some US Southern dialects).
* **Spelling:** Major differences exist between British English and American English (*colour/color*, *theatre/theater*, *analyse/analyze*). Canadian spelling often mixes both.
It's important to remember that no dialect is linguistically superior to another. "Standard English" varieties (like RP or General American) often gain prestige for social or historical reasons, but all dialects are complex, rule-governed systems. Language is constantly evolving, and so are its dialects."
[{2025-04-08 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b5be8fb1b5580d49]
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;dialect,
* McsEngl.dialect-of-English,
Eng0Lago;standard
description::
"Standard English (SE, also standardised English or standardized English) is the dialect of English language that is used as the national norm—the standard language—in an English-speaking country, especially as the language for public and formal usage. In England and Wales, the term standard English is associated with British English, the Received Pronunciation accent, and the United Kingdom Standard English (UKSE) grammar and vocabulary. In Scotland, the standard dialect is Scottish Standard English; in the United States, General American is the standard variety spoken; and in Australia, the national standard is called General Australian English."
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;standard!⇒EngsLago,
* McsEngl.lagEnglStnd!⇒EngsLago,
* McsEngl.EngsLago!=standard-English,
* McsEngl.standard-English!⇒EngsLago,
Eng0Lago;American
description::
"American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US),[5] sometimes called United States English or U.S. English,[6][7] is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.[8] American English is considered one of the most influential dialects of English globally, including on other varieties of English."
[{2019-08-09} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English]
name::
* McsEngl.American-English!⇒EngaLago,
* McsEngl.EngaLago!=American-English,
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;American!⇒EngaLago,
* McsEngl.lagoEnga!⇒EngaLago,
Eng0Lago;British
description::
"British English is the standard dialect of English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom. Variations exist in formal, written English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland and Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire, whereas little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English. The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken, so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English, British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity".
Colloquial portmanteau words for British English include: Bringlish (recorded from 1967), Britglish (1973), Britlish (1976), Brenglish (1993) and Brilish (2011).
When distinguished from American English, the term British English is sometimes used broadly as a synonym for the various varieties of English spoken in some member states of the Commonwealth of Nations."
[{2019-08-09} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English]
name::
* McsEngl.British-English!⇒EngbLago,
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago;British!⇒EngbLago,
* McsEngl.lagoEngb!⇒EngbLago,
* McsEngl.EngbLago!=British-English,
received-pronunciation of EngbLago
description::
"Received Pronunciation (RP), commonly called BBC English in North America and Standard British pronunciation or Southern British pronunciation by North American scholars, is an accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom and is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England", although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales. Peter Trudgill estimated in 1974 that 3 per cent of people in Britain were RP speakers, but this rough estimate has been questioned by the phonetician J. Windsor Lewis. Clive Upton notes higher estimates of 5% (Romaine, 2000) and 10% (Wells, 1982) but refers to all these as "guestimates" that are not based on robust research.
Formerly colloquially called "(the) King's English", RP enjoys high social prestige in Britain,[8] being thought of as the accent of those with power, money, and influence, though it may be perceived negatively by some as being associated with undeserved privilege. Since the 1960s, a greater permissiveness toward regional English varieties has taken hold in education.
The study of RP is concerned exclusively with pronunciation, whereas Standard English, the Queen's English, Oxford English, and BBC English are also concerned with matters such as grammar, vocabulary, and style."
[{2019-08-10} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation]
name::
* McsEngl.RP'(received-pronunciation),
* McsEngl.EngbLago.received-pronunciation,
* McsEngl.received-pronunciation-of-EngbLago,
WHOLE-PART-TREE of Eng0Lago
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'part-whole-tree,
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'whole-part-tree,
whole-tree-of-Eng0Lago::
*
* ... Sympan.
part-tree-of-Eng0Lago::
*
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of Eng0Lago
name::
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'generic-specific-tree,
* McsEngl.Eng0Lago'specific-generic-tree,
generic-tree-of-Eng0Lago::
* ,
* ... entity.
specific-tree-of-Eng0Lago::
* ,
