overview of chmCpd
description::
· chemical-compound is the-chemical-substance which is-composed of more than one different atoms.
name::
* McsEngl.McsNtr000006.last.html//dirNtr//dirMcs!⇒chmCpd,
* McsEngl.dirMcs/dirNtr/McsNtr000006.last.html!⇒chmCpd,
* McsEngl.chmCpd,
* McsEngl.chemical-compound!⇒chmCpd,
* McsEngl.chmCpd!=McsNtr000006,
* McsEngl.chmCpd!=chemical-compound,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.χημική-ένωση!=chmCpd,
01_molecule of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'01_molecule,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'att001-molecule,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'molecule-att001,
description::
·
02_atom of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'02_atom,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'att002-atom,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'atom-att002,
description::
·
03_structural-formula of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'03_structural-formula,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'att03-structural-formula,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'structural-formula-att03,
* McsEngl.structural-formula-of-chmCpd-att03,
description::
"The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure (determined by structural chemistry methods), showing how the atoms are possibly arranged in the real three-dimensional space. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown, either explicitly or implicitly. Unlike chemical formulas, which have a limited number of symbols and are capable of only limited descriptive power, structural formulas provide a more complete geometric representation of the molecular structure. For example, many chemical compounds exist in different isomeric forms, which have different enantiomeric structures but the same chemical formula.
Several systematic chemical naming formats, as in chemical databases, are used that are equivalent to, and as powerful as, geometric structures. These chemical nomenclature systems include SMILES, InChI and CML. These systematic chemical names can be converted to structural formulas and vice versa, but chemists nearly always describe a chemical reaction or synthesis using structural formulas rather than chemical names, because the structural formulas allow the chemist to visualize the molecules and the structural changes that occur in them during chemical reactions."
[{2020-04-04} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula]
04_chemical-formula of chmCpd
description::
"A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs. These are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts. A chemical formula is not a chemical name, and it contains no words. Although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical structures, it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula. Chemical formulas can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances, and are generally more limited in power than are chemical names and structural formulas."
[{2019-12-29} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula]
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'04_chemical-formula,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'att04-chemical-formula,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'chemical-formula-att04,
* McsEngl.chemical-formula-of-chmCpd-att04,
info-resource of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'Infrsc,
addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemic,
EVOLUTING of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-chmCpd,
* McsEngl.chmCpd'evoluting,
{2019-12-29}::
=== McsHitp-creation:
· creation of current concept.
WHOLE-PART-TREE of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'whole-part-tree,
whole-chain::
* Sympan,
part::
* atom,
* chemical-bond,
* chemical-formula,
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of chmCpd
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd'generic-specific-tree,
generic-tree-of-chmCpd::
* chemical-substance, mixture,
* material-body,
* body, doing, relation,
* entity,
specific-tree-of-chmCpd::
* organic-chmCpd,
* organicNo-chmCpd,
===
* aggregate,
addressWpg::
* https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae,
chmCpd.aggregate
description::
"Οι οργανικές ενώσεις που έχουν βρεθεί στη φύση ή έχουν παρασκευαστεί στα εργαστήρια μέχρι σήμερα είναι περισσότερες από 12.000.000, ενώ οι ανόργανες ενώσεις είναι περίπου 1.000.000, μετά το πλήθος των ενώσεων του πυριτίου που παρασκευάστηκαν τα τελευταία χρόνια."
[http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DSGL111/394/2612,10255/]
===
"Η γλώσσα της χημείας είναι η πλουσιότερη γλώσσα. Έχει να κάνει με τουλάχιστον δέκα εκατομμύρια γνωστές ενώσεις και ο αριθμός αυτός αυξάνεται ραγδαία. Περίπου 600 000 νέες ενώσεις παρασκευάζονται κάθε χρόνο. Σκεφθείτε για σύγκριση ότι η αγγλική γλώσσα δεν ξεπερνά τις 500 000 λέξεις."
[http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DSGL111/394/2612,10247/]"
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.aggregate,
chmCpd.organic-001
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.organic!⇒chmOgc,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.001-organic!⇒chmOgc,
* McsEngl.chmOgc,
* McsEngl.organic-compound!⇒chmOgc,
description::
"In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprises the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonates and cyanide salts), along with a handful of other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide), are not classified as organic compounds and are considered inorganic. Other than those just named, little consensus exists among chemists on precisely which carbon-containing compounds are excluded, making any rigorous definition of an organic compound elusive.[1]
Although organic compounds make up only a small percentage of the Earth's crust, they are of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Living things incorporate inorganic carbon compounds into organic compounds through a network of processes (the carbon cycle) that begins with the conversion of carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source like water into simple sugars and other organic molecules by autotrophic organisms using light (photosynthesis) or other sources of energy. Most synthetically produced organic compounds are ultimately derived from petrochemicals consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, which are themselves formed from the high pressure and temperature degradation of organic matter underground over geological timescales.[2] This ultimate derivation notwithstanding, organic compounds are no longer defined as compounds originating in living things, as they were historically.
In chemical nomenclature, an organyl group, frequently represented by the letter R, refers to any monovalent substituent whose open valence is on a carbon atom.[3]
... For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (for example, CO and CO2), and cyanides are considered inorganic. Different forms (allotropes) of pure carbon, such as diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes[4] are also excluded because they are simple substances composed of only a single element and therefore are not generally considered to be chemical compounds."
[{2020-03-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound]
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of chmOgc
name::
* McsEngl.chmOgc'generic-specific-tree,
generic-tree-of-chmOgc::
* chemical-compound,
* ... entity,
specific-tree-of-chmOgc::
* steroid,
addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae,
chmOgc.steroid
name::
* McsEngl.chmOgc.steroid!⇒steroidOgm,
* McsEngl.chmOgc.001-steroid!⇒steroidOgm,
* McsEngl.steroid!⇒steroidOgm,
* McsEngl.steroidOgm,
* McsEngl.steroid-chmOgc-001!⇒steroidOgm,
description::
"A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Hundreds of steroids are found in plants, animals and fungi. All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol (opisthokonts) or cycloartenol (plants). Lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene.[2]
The steroid core structure is typically composed of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four "fused" rings: three six-member cyclohexane rings (rings A, B and C in the first illustration) and one five-member cyclopentane ring (the D ring). Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings. Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane.[1]:1785f[3] Steroids can also be more radically modified, such as by changes to the ring structure, for example, cutting one of the rings. Cutting Ring B produces secosteroids one of which is vitamin D3.
Examples include the lipid cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,[4]:10–19 and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.[5]"
[{2020-03-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid]
DOING of steroidOgm
name::
* McsEngl.steroidOgm'doing,
description::
* Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules.
[{2020-05-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid]
steroidOgm.animal
name::
* McsEngl.steroidOgm.animal,
* McsEngl.steroidOgm.001-animal,
description::
"Animal steroids include compounds of vertebrate and insect origin, the latter including ecdysteroids such as ecdysterone (controlling molting in some species). Vertebrate examples include the steroid hormones and cholesterol; the latter is a structural component of cell membranes which helps determine the fluidity of cell membranes and is a principal constituent of plaque (implicated in atherosclerosis). Steroid hormones include:
* Sex hormones, which influence sex differences and support reproduction. These include androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
* Corticosteroids, including most synthetic steroid drugs, with natural product classes the glucocorticoids (which regulate many aspects of metabolism and immune function) and the mineralocorticoids (which help maintain blood volume and control renal excretion of electrolytes)
* Anabolic steroids, natural and synthetic, which interact with androgen receptors to increase muscle and bone synthesis. In popular use, the term "steroids" often refers to anabolic steroids."
[{2020-05-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid]
steroidOgm.plant
name::
* McsEngl.steroidOgm.plant,
* McsEngl.steroidOgm.002-plant,
description::
"Plant steroids include steroidal alkaloids found in Solanaceae[11] and Melanthiaceae (specially the genus Veratrum),[12] cardiac glycosides,[13] the phytosterols and the brassinosteroids (which include several plant hormones)."
[{2020-05-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid]
steroidOgm.fungal
name::
* McsEngl.steroidOgm.fungal,
* McsEngl.steroidOgm.003-fungal,
description::
"Fungal steroids include the ergosterols, which are involved in maintaining the integrity of the fungal cellular membrane. Various antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B and azole antifungals, utilize this information to kill pathogenic fungi.[9] Fungi can alter their ergosterol content (e.g. through loss of function mutations in the enzymes ERG3 or ERG6, inducing depletion of ergosterol, or mutations that decrease the ergosterol content) to develop resistance to drugs that target ergosterol.[10] Ergosterol is analogous to the cholesterol found in the cellular membranes of animals (including humans), or the phytosterols found in the cellular membranes of plants.[10] All mushrooms contain large quantities of ergosterol, in the range of tens to hundreds of milligrams per 100 grams of dry weight.[10] Oxygen is necessary for the synthesis of ergosterol in fungi.[10] Ergosterol is responsible for the vitamin D content found in mushrooms; ergosterol is chemically converted into provitamin D2 by exposure to ultraviolet light.[10] Provitamin D2 spontaneously forms vitamin D2.[10] However, not all fungi utilize ergosterol in their cellular membranes; for example, the pathogenic fungal species Pneumocystis jirovecii does not, which has important clinical implications (given the mechanism of action of many antifungal drugs).[10] Using the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an example, other major steroids include ergosta‐5,7,22,24(28)‐tetraen‐3β‐ol, zymosterol, and lanosterol.[10] S. cerevisiae utilizes 5,6‐dihydroergosterol in place of ergosterol in its cell membrane.[10]"
[{2020-05-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid]
chmOgc.fatty-acid
name::
* McsEngl.chmOgc.fatty-acid!⇒acidFatty,
* McsEngl.chmOgc.004-fatty-acid!⇒acidFatty,
* McsEngl.acidFatty,
* McsEngl.fatty-acid-chmOgc!⇒acidFatty,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.λιπαρό-οξύ!=acidFatty,
description::
"In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28.[1] Fatty acids are usually not found in organisms, but instead as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are important structural components for cells."
[{2020-05-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid]
generic-tree-of-acidFatty::
* acidCarboxylic,
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of acidFatty
name::
* McsEngl.acidFatty'generic-specific-tree,
GENERIC-TREE of acidFatty
generic-of-acidFatty::
*
attribute-tree-of-acidFatty::
* ,
att-tree-inherited-from::
· :
* ,
att-tree-own-of-acidFatty::
* ,
SPECIFIC-TREE of acidFatty
specific-of-acidFatty::
"Fatty acids are classified in many ways: by length, by saturation vs unsaturation, by even vs odd carbon content, and by linear vs branched."
[{2020-05-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid]
chmCpd.organicNo-002
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.organicNo!⇒chmOgcNo,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.002-organicNo!⇒chmOgcNo,
* McsEngl.chmOgcNo,
* McsEngl.inorganic-compound!⇒chmOgcNo,
* McsEngl.organicNo-compound!⇒chmOgcNo,
description::
"An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds, that is, a compound that is not an organic compound. However, the distinction is not clearly defined and agreed upon, and authorities have differing views on the subject.[1][2][3]
Inorganic compounds comprise most of the Earth's crust, although the compositions of the deep mantle remain active areas of investigation.[4]
Some simple compounds that contain carbon are often considered inorganic. Examples include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, carbides, cyanides, cyanates, and thiocyanates. Many of these are normal parts of mostly organic systems, including organisms; describing a chemical as inorganic does not necessarily mean that it does not occur within living things."
[{2020-03-11} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound]
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of chmOgcNo
name::
* McsEngl.chmOgcNo'generic-specific-tree,
generic-tree-of-chmOgcNo::
* chemical-compound,
* ... entity,
specific-tree-of-chmOgcNo::
* ,
addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds,
chmCpd.acid-003
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.acid!⇒chmAcid,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.003-acid!⇒chmAcid,
* McsEngl.acid-chmCpd!⇒chmAcid,
* McsEngl.chmAcid,
description::
"acid
https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00071
A molecular entity or chemical species capable of donating a hydron (proton) (see Brψnsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (see Lewis acid).
See also: hard acid, carboxylic acids, oxoacids, sulfonic acids
Source: PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1081 [Terms] [Paper]
Cite as: IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook."
chmAcid.organic-001
name::
* McsEngl.chmAcid.001-organic!⇒acidOrganic,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.organic!⇒acidOrganic,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.acid.organic!⇒acidOrganic,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.007-acid.organic!⇒acidOrganic,
* McsEngl.organic-acid!⇒acidOrganic,
description::
"An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO2OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak. The relative stability of the conjugate base of the acid determines its acidity. Other groups can also confer acidity, usually weakly: the thiol group –SH, the enol group, and the phenol group. In biological systems, organic compounds containing these groups are generally referred to as organic acids.
A few common examples include:
* Lactic Acid,
* Acetic Acid,
* Formic Acid,
* Citric Acid,
* Oxalic Acid,
* Uric Acid,
* Malic Acid,
* Tartaric Acid,"
[{2020-05-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acid]
chmAcid.organicNo-002
description::
"A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. All mineral acids form hydrogen ions and the conjugate base when dissolved in water."
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_acid]
name::
* McsEngl.acidOgcNo,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.002-organicNo!⇒acidOgcNo,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.organicNo!⇒acidOgcNo,
* McsEngl.inorganic-acid!⇒acidOgcNo,
* McsEngl.mineral-acid!⇒acidOgcNo,
specific-tree-of-acidOgnNo::
* Hydrogen halides and their solutions: hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI)
* Halogen oxoacids: hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO2), chloric acid (HClO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), and corresponding analogs for bromine and iodine
** Hypofluorous acid (HFO), the only known oxoacid for fluorine.
* Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
* Fluorosulfuric acid (HSO3F)
* Nitric acid (HNO3)
* Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
* Fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF6)
* Fluoroboric acid (HBF4)
* Hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF6)
* Chromic acid (H2CrO4)
* Boric acid (H3BO3)
chmAcid.carboxylic-003
name::
* McsEngl.chmAcid.003-carboxylic!⇒acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.carboxylic!⇒acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.carboxylic-acid!⇒acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.006-carboxylic-acid!⇒acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.chmOgc.carboxylic-acid!⇒acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.chmOgc.002-carboxylic-acid!⇒acidCarboxylic,
* McsEngl.carboxylic-acid!⇒acidCarboxylic,
description::
"A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH).[1] The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the alkyl group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and acetic acid. Deprotonation of a carboxyl group gives a carboxylate anion."
[{2020-05-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid]
odour of acidCarboxylic
name::
* McsEngl.acidCarboxylic'odour,
description::
"Carboxylic acids often have strong sour odours. Esters of carboxylic acids tend to have pleasant odours, and many are used in perfume."
[{2020-05-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid]
GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of acidCarboxylic
name::
* McsEngl.acidCarboxylic'generic-specific-tree,
GENERIC-TREE of acidCarboxylic
generic-of-acidCarboxylic::
*
attribute-tree-of-acidCarboxylic::
* ,
att-tree-inherited-from::
· :
* ,
att-tree-own-of-acidCarboxylic::
* ,
SPECIFIC-TREE of acidCarboxylic
specific-of-carboxylic-acid::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carboxylic_acids,
"Industrially important carboxylic acids include acetic acid (component of vinegar, precursor to solvents and coatings), acrylic and methacrylic acids (precursors to polymers, adhesives), adipic acid (polymers), citric acid (a flavor and preservative in food and beverages), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chelating agent), fatty acids (coatings), maleic acid (polymers), propionic acid (food preservative), terephthalic acid (polymers). Important carboxylate salts are soaps."
[{2020-05-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid]
acidCarboxylic.amino-acid (link)
chmAcid.asetic-004
name::
* McsEngl.chmAcid.004-asetic!⇒acidAsetic, /a-sν-tik/,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.asetic!⇒acidAsetic,
* McsEngl.chmOgc.asetic-acid!⇒acidAsetic,
* McsEngl.chmOgc.003-asetic-acid!⇒acidAsetic,
* McsEngl.acidAsetic,
* McsEngl.asetic-acid-chmOgc!⇒acidAsetic,
* McsEngl.ethanoic-acid-chmOgc!⇒acidAsetic,
description::
"Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɪk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk/, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2). When undiluted, it is sometimes called glacial acetic acid. Vinegar is no less than 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. In addition to household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. It is classified as a weak acid since it only partially dissociates in solution, but concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin.
Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
The global demand for acetic acid is about 6.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from methanol.[9] Vinegar is mostly dilute acetic acid, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol."
[{2020-05-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid]
chmAcid.Lewis-005
description::
"A Lewis acid is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH3 is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane (Me3B) is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct, the Lewis acid and base share an electron pair furnished by the Lewis base, forming a dative bond.[1] In the context of a specific chemical reaction between NH3 and Me3B, the lone pair from NH3 will form a dative bond with the empty orbital of Me3B to form an adduct NH3•BMe3. The terminology refers to the contributions of Gilbert N. Lewis.[2]
The terms nucleophile and electrophile are more or less interchangeable with Lewis base and Lewis acid, respectively. However, these terms, especially their abstract noun forms nucleophilicity and electrophilicity, emphasize the kinetic aspect of reactivity, while the Lewis basicity and Lewis acidity emphasize the thermodynamic aspect of Lewis adduct formation.[3]"
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases]
name::
* McsEngl.Lewis-acid!⇒acidLewis,
* McsEngl.acidLewis,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.005-Lewis!⇒acidLewis,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.Lewis!⇒acidLewis,
chmAcid.Brψnsted–Lowry-006
description::
"The Brψnsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brψnsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923.[1][2] The fundamental concept of this theory is that when an acid and a base react with each other, the acid forms its conjugate base, and the base forms its conjugate acid by exchange of a proton (the hydrogen cation, or H+). This theory is a generalization of the Arrhenius theory."
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory]
name::
* McsEngl.acidBrψnsted–Lowry,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.006-Brψnsted–Lowry!⇒acidBrψnsted–Lowry,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.Brψnsted–Lowry!⇒acidBrψnsted–Lowry,
* McsEngl.Brψnsted–Lowry-acid!⇒acidBrψnsted–Lowry,
chmAcid.anhydride-007
description::
"Acidic oxides, or acid anhydride, are oxides that react with water to form an acid,[1] or with a base to form a salt. They are oxides of either nonmetals or of metals in high oxidation states. Their chemistry can be systematically understood by taking an oxoacid and removing water from it, until only an oxide remains. The resulting oxide belongs to this group of substances. For example, sulfurous acid (SO2), sulfuric acid (SO3), and carbonic acid (CO2) are acidic oxides. An inorganic anhydride (a somewhat archaic term) is an acid anhydride without an organic moiety."
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidic_oxide]
name::
* McsEngl.acidAnhydride,
* McsEngl.acidic-oxide!⇒acidAnhydride,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.007-anhydride!⇒acidAnhydride,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.anhydride!⇒acidAnhydride,
* McsEngl.anhydride-acid!⇒acidAnhydride,
chmAcid.strong-008
description::
"A strong acid is an acid that dissociates according to the reaction
HA + S ⇌ SH+ + A−
where S represents a solvent molecule, such as a molecule of water or DMSO, to such an extent that the concentration of the undissociated species HA is too low to be measured. For practical purposes a strong acid can be said to be completely dissociated."
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_strength#Strong_acids]
name::
* McsEngl.acidStrong,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.008-strong!⇒acidStrong,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.strong!⇒acidStrong,
* McsEngl.strong-acid!⇒acidStrong,
chmAcid.weak-009
description::
"A weak acid is an substance that partially dissociates when it is dissolved in a solvent. In solution there is an equilibrium between the acid, HA, and the products of dissociation.
HA ⇌ H+ + A−
The solvent (e.g. water) is omitted from this expression when its concentration is effectively unchanged by the process of acid dissociation. "
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_strength#Weak_acids]
name::
* McsEngl.acidWeak,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.009-weak!⇒acidWeak,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.weak!⇒acidWeak,
* McsEngl.weak-acid!⇒acidWeak,
chmAcid.super-010
description::
"According to the classical definition, a superacid is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid,[1] which has a Hammett acidity function (H0) of −12. According to the modern definition, a superacid is a medium in which the chemical potential of the proton is higher than in pure sulfuric acid.[2] Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfuric acid (HSO3F), both of which are about a thousand times stronger (i.e. have more negative H0 values) than sulfuric acid. Most strong superacids are prepared by the combination of a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brψnsted acid. A strong superacid of this kind is fluoroantimonic acid. Another group of superacids, the carborane acid group, contains some of the strongest known acids. Finally, when treated with anhydrous acid, zeolites (microporous aluminosilicate minerals) will contain superacidic sites within their pores. These materials are used on massive scale by the petrochemical industry in the upgrading of hydrocarbons to make fuels."
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superacid]
name::
* McsEngl.acidSuper,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.010-super!⇒acidSuper,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.super!⇒acidSuper,
* McsEngl.super-acid!⇒acidSuper,
chmAcid.solid-011
description::
"Solid acids are acids that do not dissolve in the reaction medium. They are often used in heterogeneous catalysts."
[{2020-08-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_acid]
name::
* McsEngl.acidSolid,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.011-solid!⇒acidSolid,
* McsEngl.chmAcid.solid!⇒acidSolid,
* McsEngl.solid-acid!⇒acidSolid,
chmAcid.nucleic-012 (link)
chmCpd.base-004
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.base!⇒chmBase,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.004-base!⇒chmBase,
* McsEngl.base-chmCpd!⇒chmBase,
* McsEngl.chmBase,
description::
"base
https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00601
A chemical species or molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (proton) (see Brψnsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other species (see Lewis base).
See also: hard base, superbase
Sources: PAC, 1990, 62, 2167. (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page 2176 [Terms] [Paper]
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1088 [Terms] [Paper]
Cite as: IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook."
chmCpd.salt-005
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.salt!⇒chmSalt,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.005-salt!⇒chmSalt,
* McsEngl.chmSalt,
* McsEngl.salt-chmCpd!⇒chmSalt,
description::
"In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions.[1] Salts are composed of related numbers of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). These component ions can be inorganic, such as chloride (Cl−), or organic, such as acetate (CH3CO−2); and can be monatomic, such as fluoride (F−) or polyatomic, such as sulfate (SO2−4)."
[{2020-05-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)]
chmSalt.baking-soda-001
description::
"Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda (mainly North America) or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.[citation needed]"
[{2020-05-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate]
name::
* McsEngl.NaHCO3!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.chmSalt.baking-soda!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.chmSalt.001-baking-soda!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.baking-soda!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.bread-soda!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.cooking-soda!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.soda-baking!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.sodium-bicarbonate!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsEngl.sodium-hydrogen-carbonate!⇒saltSodium-bicarbonate,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.tànsuānqīngnà-碳酸氢钠!=saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsZhon.碳酸氢钠-tànsuānqīngnà!=saltSodium-bicarbonate,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.διττανθρακική-σόδα!=saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsElln.μαγειρική-σόδα!=saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsElln.όξινο-ανθρακικό-νάτριο//IUPAC!=saltSodium-bicarbonate,
* McsElln.σόδα-άρτου!=saltSodium-bicarbonate,
chmCpd.ester
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.ester!⇒chmEster,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.008-ester!⇒chmEster,
* McsEngl.chmEster,
* McsEngl.ester!⇒chmEster,
description::
"In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.[1] Usually, esters are derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esters usually have a sweet smell and are considered high-quality solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers.[2] They are also one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market.[3]"
[{2020-05-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester]
chmCpd.triglyceride
name::
* McsEngl.chmCpd.triglyceride, /tra-i-gli-se-rα-id/,
* McsEngl.chmCpd.009-triglyceride,
* McsEngl.triglyceride,
description::
"A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride).[1] Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat.[2] They are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver, and are a major component of human skin oils.[3]
There are many different types of triglyceride, with the main division between saturated and unsaturated types. Saturated fats are "saturated" with hydrogen—all available places where hydrogen atoms could be bonded to carbon atoms are occupied. These have a higher melting point and are more likely to be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have double bonds between some of the carbon atoms, reducing the number of places where hydrogen atoms can bond to carbon atoms. These have a lower melting point and are more likely to be liquid at room temperature."
[{2020-05-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride]
