alphabetic--human-language senso-concept-Mcs
(AlfaLago)

McsHitp-creation:: {2019-08-03},

overview of AlfaLago

description::
× generic: TextLago,
· AlfaLago is a-text-language that maps a-speech-language\a\ using letters for its\a\ phonemes. {2024-11-15}
· alphabetic-lagHmnm is a-lagHmnm that uses letters to create its logo-view.
· a-AlfaLago is a-written-language.
· a-AlfaLago maps a-lagSpch.

name::
* McsEngl.McsLag000008.last.html//dirLag//dirMcs!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.dirMcs/dirLag/McsLag000008.last.html!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago!=McsLag000008,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago!=alphabetic-language,
* McsEngl.lagAbc!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.lagHmnm.0016-alphabetic!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.lagHmnm.alphabetic!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.lagAlph!⇒AlfaLago, {2021-03-24},
* McsEngl.lagoAlfa!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.alphabetic-lagHmnm!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.alphabetic-language!⇒AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.phonemic--text-language!⇒AlfaLago,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αλφαβητική-γλώσσα!η!=AlfaLago,
* McsElln.γλώσσα-αλφαβητική!η!=AlfaLago,

input1-(mind-view) (link) of AlfaLago

input2-(senso--mind-view) (link) of AlfaLago

input3-(semo-view) (link) of AlfaLago

output-(text-view) of AlfaLago

description::
· text of AlfaLago is the-logo-view of a-AlfaLago.

name::
* McsEngl.TEXT-of-AlfaLago!⇒textAlph,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'output!⇒textAlph,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'text!⇒textAlph,
* McsEngl.textAlph,
* McsEngl.logo-of-AlfaLago!⇒textAlph,
* McsEngl.output-of-AlfaLago!⇒textAlph,
* McsEngl.text-of-AlfaLago!⇒textAlph,

info of text of AlfaLago

description::
· text-info is any part of text.

name::
* McsEngl.laAbc'text-info,

syntax-tree of text of AlfaLago

description::
· syntax-tree of AlfaLago is the-structure of the-text.
· this structure is a-whole-part-tree of text-nodes.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'syntax-tree,
* McsEngl.textAlph'syntax-tree,

node of text of AlfaLago

description::
· text-node of AlfaLago is any identifiable part of the-syntax-tree.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'node,
* McsEngl.textAlph'node,

generic-tree::
* logo-node,

unit of text of AlfaLago

description::
· unit of AlfaLago is any indivisible part of its logo-view.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'unit!⇒AlfaLago-unit,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-unit,

generic-tree::
* logo-unit,

specific::
* main-name-unit,
* termNo-unit,

unit.term of text of AlfaLago

description::
· a-phonemogram is a-written-unit that maps a-phoneme NEAR one to one and this is language dependent.
· phonemogram of AlfaLago is its main-name-unit.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-unit.main!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-letter!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.letr!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.letter,
* McsEngl.letter-of-AlfaLago!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.ltrHmn!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.lttrHmn!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.phonemogram!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.phonemogram-of-AlfaLago!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.main-name-unit-of-AlfaLago!⇒letter,
* McsEngl.text-unit-of-AlfaLago!⇒letter,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zìmǔ-字母!=letter,
* McsZhon.字母-zìmǔ!=letter,
====== langoEsperanto:
* McsEspo.litero!=letter,
====== langoGerman:
* McsDeut.Buchstabe!der!=letter,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.γράμμα!το!=letter,
* McsElln.φωνημόγραμμα!το!=letter,
====== langoItalian:
* McsItln.lettera!=letter,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.harf!=letter,
====== langoVietnamese:
* McsVnma.thư!=letter,

name.Greek::

notation of letter

description::
· I symbolize a-letter as ⟨⟩ (previously \p\).

name::
* McsEngl.letter'notation,

diacritic-mark of letter

description::
"A diacritic mark is a symbol added to a letter that alters its pronunciation or distinguishes it in some way from a similar letter. These marks are common in many languages and serve various purposes, such as indicating accent, tone, or pronunciation.
Here are some common diacritic marks and their uses:
1. **Acute Accent (´)**: Used in languages like Spanish (é), French (é), and Portuguese (é) to indicate a particular vowel sound or stress.
2. **Grave Accent (`)**: Found in French (è), Italian (è), and Greek (ὲ), it often indicates a different vowel sound or stress.
3. **Circumflex (ˆ)**: Used in French (ê), Portuguese (ê), and Romanian (â), it often signifies a change in vowel quality.
4. **Tilde (˜)**: Common in Spanish (ñ) and Portuguese (ã), it indicates nasalization of the vowel or consonant.
5. **Umlaut or Diaeresis (¨)**: Seen in German (ö, ü) and French (ë, ï), it alters the vowel sound.
6. **Cedilla (¸)**: Used in French (ç) and Turkish (ç), it changes the pronunciation of the letter 'c' from a hard to a soft sound.
7. **Macron (¯)**: Found in Latvian (ā), Hawaiian (ā), and some transliterations, it indicates a long vowel sound.
8. **Breve (˘)**: Seen in Romanian (ă) and Turkish (ğ), it can indicate a short vowel sound or a specific pronunciation.
9. **Ring (˚)**: Used in Scandinavian languages like Swedish (å) and Danish (å), it changes the vowel sound.
10. **Dot (˙)**: Found in languages like Turkish (ı) and Lithuanian (ė), it often changes the pronunciation or differentiates between letters.
Diacritic marks are essential for correct pronunciation and meaning in many languages, and their usage varies widely across different linguistic systems."

name::
* McsEngl.diacritic-mark,
* McsEngl.letter'diacritic-mark,

GENERIC of letter

description::
* logo-unit,

name::
* McsEngl.letter'generic,

letter.SPECIFIC of text of AlfaLago

description::
* English-letter,
* Greek-letter,
* Sinago-letter,
* alphabet,
* capital-letter,
* consonant-letter,
* small-letter,
* vowel-letter,

name::
* McsEngl.letter.specific,

letter.alphabet

description::
· alphabet of AlfaLago is the-set of its letters.

name::
* McsEngl.alphabet,
* McsEngl.alphabet-of-AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.letter.alphabet,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αλβάβητο!το!=alphabet,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.alfabe!=alphabet,

size of alphabet

description::
"Languages ranked by the size of their alphabets:
* Khmer - 74
* Nepali - 64
* Hindi - 50
* Japanese- 46
* Russian - 33
* Arabic - 28
* Spanish - 27
* English - 26
* German - 26
* French - 26
* Italian - 21"
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://twitter.com/stats_feed/status/1775438746130722974]

name::
* McsEngl.alphabet'size,

language of alphabet

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-10},
· languages use the-alphabet.

name::
* McsEngl.alphabet'language,

people of alphabet

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-10},
· people use the-alphabet.

name::
* McsEngl.alphabet'people,

unicode-block of alphabet

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-10},
· unicode-block that contain the-symbols of the-alphabet.

name::
* McsEngl.alphabet'unicode-block,

alphabet.specific

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-09},
* true-alphabet,
* abjad-alphabet,
* abugida-alphabet,

name::
* McsEngl.alphabet.specific,

alphabet.abjad

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-02},
"Abjad writing systems are a type of **consonant-based** script used to write several languages, especially in the Middle East and surrounding regions. Here’s an overview of what abjads are, how they work, and their key examples:
---
### 🔤 **What is an Abjad?**
* An **abjad** is a type of writing system where **only consonants** (or primarily consonants) are represented by letters.
* **Vowels are either omitted or indicated with optional diacritic marks**.
* Readers are expected to infer the vowels based on context.
---
### 🧬 **Key Characteristics**
| Feature | Description |
| Consonant representation | Each letter stands for a consonant. |
| Vowels | Usually not written, or shown with diacritics. |
| Direction | Typically written **right to left**. |
| Origin | Most abjads descend from **Proto-Sinaitic** or **Phoenician** scripts. |
---
### 🏛️ **Examples of Abjad Scripts**
| Script | Notes |
| **Arabic** | Used across the Arab world and beyond (e.g., Persian, Urdu). Includes optional vowel diacritics (ḥarakāt). |
| **Hebrew** | Modern Hebrew usually omits vowels, though vowel points (niqqud) are used in religious or educational texts. |
| **Syriac** | Used historically for Aramaic and early Christian texts. Includes optional vowel signs. |
| **Phoenician** | An ancient script, foundational to many other writing systems, including Greek and Latin. |
| **Aramaic** | Gave rise to many descendant scripts including Syriac, Hebrew, and Nabataean (which led to Arabic). |
---
### 🔁 **Comparison with Other Script Types**
| Type | Consonants | Vowels | Example |
| **Abjad** | ✅ | ❌ / 🔹 | Arabic, Hebrew |
| **Alphabet** | ✅ | ✅ | Latin, Greek |
| **Abugida** | ✅ | 🔁 via marks | Devanagari (Hindi), Ethiopic |
| **Syllabary** | 🔁 combined | 🔁 combined | Japanese Kana |
---
### 🧠 **Why Abjads Work**
* In Semitic languages (like Arabic and Hebrew), most words are built from **consonantal roots** (e.g., K-T-B in Arabic relates to writing: *kitāb*, *kātib*, etc.).
* This makes meaning intelligible even with vowels omitted.
---
Would you like a chart or diagram to visually compare different writing systems?"
[{2025-05-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/681465f7-2428-8003-95ea-659e8d6c0870]

name::
* McsEngl.abjad-unitText,
* McsEngl.abjad-writing-system,
* McsEngl.alphabet.abjad,
* McsEngl.consonantal-alphabet,

alphabet.abugida

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-02},
"An **abugida** is a type of writing system in which each symbol typically represents a **consonant with an inherent vowel**, and other vowels are denoted by modifying the base symbol. It sits between alphabets and syllabaries in the spectrum of writing systems.
---
### 🔤 Key Features of Abugidas:
1. **Consonant-Vowel Structure**:
* Each character generally represents a consonant followed by a default vowel (often "a").
* To indicate a different vowel, the character is modified with diacritics or additional marks.
2. **Inherent Vowel**:
* A base consonant like "k" might be understood as "ka" unless a diacritic changes the vowel (e.g., to "ki" or "ku").
3. **Vowel Suppression**:
* A special mark (often called a *virama*) is used to remove the inherent vowel, indicating a "pure" consonant sound.
4. **Syllabic Nature**:
* While the system is organized by consonants, it is read as syllables.
---
### 🌍 Examples of Abugidas:
| Script | Language(s) | Region |
| **Devanagari** | Hindi, Sanskrit, Marathi, Nepali | South Asia |
| **Ethiopic (Ge'ez)** | Amharic, Tigrinya | Ethiopia, Eritrea |
| **Khmer** | Khmer | Cambodia |
| **Thai** | Thai | Thailand |
| **Burmese** | Burmese | Myanmar |
| **Balinese** | Balinese | Indonesia (Bali) |
---
### 🔄 Comparison to Other Systems:
| Writing System | Example | Unit of Writing | Vowel Representation |
| **Alphabet** | Latin, Cyrillic | Separate consonants and vowels | Independent vowel letters |
| **Syllabary** | Japanese Kana | Each symbol = 1 syllable | Built into the symbol |
| **Abugida** | Devanagari | Consonant + vowel combo | Vowel shown as diacritics |
| **Abjad** | Arabic, Hebrew | Mainly consonants | Vowels optional or secondary |
---
Would you like a diagram to visualize how an abugida works compared to an alphabet or syllabary?"
[{2025-05-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/68146407-9554-8003-a136-10f0eac27bd6]

name::
* McsEngl.abugida-unitText,
* McsEngl.abugida--writing-system,
* McsEngl.alphabet.abugida,
* McsEngl.Alphasyllabary,

alphabet.Cyrillic

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-05-10},
"Here’s an overview of the Cyrillic alphabet—its origins, development, structure, and modern variants.
## 1. Origins and History
* **Creation**: In the 9th century CE, Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius devised the first Slavic script (Glagolitic) to translate liturgical texts for the newly Christianized Slavs. Their followers later developed a simpler script based on Greek uncial letterforms, which became what we now call “Cyrillic.”
* **Early Spread**: By the 10th–11th centuries, the Cyrillic script was adopted in the First Bulgarian Empire and via it spread to Kievan Rus’, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Orthodox Slavic lands.
* **Reforms**: Over centuries national authorities modified it—Peter the Great’s 1708–1710 Russian civil script (“Гражданский шрифт”) simplified many forms, and 19th‑20th‑century orthographic reforms standardized spelling and letter inventories in each language.
## 2. Structure of the Russian Cyrillic Alphabet (33 letters)
Below is the modern Russian variant—the most widely known. Each letter shows uppercase, lowercase, and a rough Latin transliteration.
| № | Uppercase | Lowercase | Transliteration | Type |
| 1 | А | а | A a | Vowel |
| 2 | Б | б | B b | Consonant |
| 3 | В | в | V v | Consonant |
| 4 | Г | г | G g | Consonant |
| 5 | Д | д | D d | Consonant |
| 6 | Е | е | Ye ye / E e | Vowel |
| 7 | Ё | ё | Yo yo | Vowel |
| 8 | Ж | ж | Zh zh | Consonant |
| 9 | З | з | Z z | Consonant |
| 10 | И | и | I i | Vowel |
| 11 | Й | й | Y y (short I) | Semivowel |
| 12 | К | к | K k | Consonant |
| 13 | Л | л | L l | Consonant |
| 14 | М | м | M m | Consonant |
| 15 | Н | н | N n | Consonant |
| 16 | О | о | O o | Vowel |
| 17 | П | п | P p | Consonant |
| 18 | Р | р | R r | Consonant |
| 19 | С | с | S s | Consonant |
| 20 | Т | т | T t | Consonant |
| 21 | У | у | U u | Vowel |
| 22 | Ф | ф | F f | Consonant |
| 23 | Х | х | Kh kh | Consonant |
| 24 | Ц | ц | Ts ts | Consonant |
| 25 | Ч | ч | Ch ch | Consonant |
| 26 | Ш | ш | Sh sh | Consonant |
| 27 | Щ | щ | Shch shch | Consonant |
| 28 | Ъ | ъ | “Hard sign” | Modifier |
| 29 | Ы | ы | Y y | Vowel |
| 30 | Ь | ь | “Soft sign” | Modifier |
| 31 | Э | э | E e | Vowel |
| 32 | Ю | ю | Yu yu | Vowel |
| 33 | Я | я | Ya ya | Vowel |
## 3. Phonetic Roles
* **Vowels (10)**: А, Е, Ё, И, О, У, Ы, Э, Ю, Я
* **Consonants (21)**: including simple (Б, В, Г…) and affricates (Ц, Ч, Щ)
* **Signs (2)**:
* **Hard sign (Ъ)** blocks palatalization of the preceding consonant.
* **Soft sign (Ь)** palatalizes the preceding consonant.
## 4. Variants in Other Languages
While the Russian set has 33 letters, other Slavic and non‑Slavic languages adapt the script:
* **Ukrainian**: 33 letters (Є, І, Ї, Ґ added; Ё, Ы, Э dropped).
* **Belarusian**: 32 letters (Ї absent; Ў added).
* **Bulgarian**: 30 letters (Ё, Щ, Ъ used differently).
* **Serbian**: 30 letters (one‑to‑one phoneme‑grapheme correspondence).
* **Macedonian**, **Kazakh**, **Kyrgyz**, **Mongolian**, etc., each with additional diacritics or unique letters.
## 5. Unicode and Digital Encoding
* **Basic Cyrillic block**: U+0400 to U+04FF
* **Supplementary blocks**: U+0500–052F (additional letters), U+2DE0–2DFF (Cyrillic extended), and combining diacritics.
## 6. Sample Text
> **“В начале было Слово, и Слово было у Бога, и Слово было Бог.”**
> — Gospel of John 1:1 (Church Slavonic)
---
Whether you’re learning Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, or another language, understanding the Cyrillic alphabet’s structure and history is key to mastering reading and pronunciation. If you have a particular language variant or orthography question, just let me know!"
[{2025-05-10 retrieved} chatgpt o4-mini]

name::
* McsEngl.Cyrillic-alphabet,
* McsEngl.alphabet.Cyrillic,

letter.consonant of text of AlfaLago

description::
· consonant of AlfaLago is a-letter that denotes a-consonant-of-lagSpch.

name::
* McsEngl.consLetr!=consonant.letter,
* McsEngl.letter.consonant!⇒consLetr,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.σύμφωνο-αλφάβητου!=consLetr,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.ünsüz!=consLetr,

letter.vowel of text of AlfaLago

description::
· vowel of AlfaLago is a-letter that denotes a-vowel-of-lagSpch.

name::
* McsEngl.letter.vowel!⇒vowlLetr,
* McsEngl.vowlLetr!=vowel.letter,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.φωνήεν-αλφάβητου!το!=vowlLetr,
====== langoTurkish:
* McsTurk.ünlü!=vowlLetr,

letter.capital of text of AlfaLago

description::
· capital-letter of AlfaLago is a-letter with not small size.

name::
* McsEngl.capital-letter--of-AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.letter.capital,

letter.small of text of AlfaLago

description::
· small-letter of AlfaLago is a-letter with small size.

name::
* McsEngl.letter.small,
* McsEngl.small-letter--of-AlfaLago,

unit.termNo of text of AlfaLago

description::
· termNo-unit of AlfaLago is any other unit except letters.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-unit.termNo,

unit-structure of text of AlfaLago

description::
· text-unit-structure of AlfaLago is a-text-node that is a-structure of units.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'unit-structure!⇒AlfaLago-unit-structure,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-node.unit-structure!⇒AlfaLago-unit-structure,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-unit-structure,
* McsEngl.text-unit-structure--of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-unit-structure,
* McsEngl.unit-structure-of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-unit-structure,

specific::
* text-word,

word of text of AlfaLago

description::
· word of AlfaLago is a-text-node that is a-structure of units.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'word!⇒AlfaLago-word,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-node.word!⇒AlfaLago-word,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-word,
* McsEngl.text-word--of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-word,
* McsEngl.word-of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-word,

generic-tree::
* logo-word,

mapping-unit-(text-name) of text of AlfaLago

description::
· text-name of AlfaLago is a-text-node that denotes a-semo-concept.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'semantic-unit!⇒AlfaLago-name,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-node.semantic-unit!⇒AlfaLago-name,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-name,
* McsEngl.mapping-unit--of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-name,
* McsEngl.name-of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-name,
* McsEngl.semantic-unit--of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-name,
* McsEngl.text-name--of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-name,

generic-tree::
* lagHmnm-name,

sentence of text of AlfaLago

description::
· sentence of AlfaLago is a-text-node that denotes a-semo-sentence.
· sentences are the-main units of text.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'sentence!⇒AlfaLago-sentence,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-node.sentence!⇒AlfaLago-sentence,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-sentence,
* McsEngl.sentence-of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-sentence,
* McsEngl.statement-of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-sentence,

section of text of AlfaLago

description::
· section[a] of AlfaLago is a-text-node that denotes a-semo-section.
· it[a] is a-whole-part-structure of sentences.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'section!⇒AlfaLago-section,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-node.section!⇒AlfaLago-section,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-section,
* McsEngl.section-of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-section,

root-node of text of AlfaLago

description::
· root-node of AlfaLago is the-outermost node of text.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'root!⇒AlfaLago-root,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-node.root!⇒AlfaLago-root,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-root,
* McsEngl.root-node--of-AlfaLago!⇒AlfaLago-root,

info-resource of AlfaLago

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'Infrsc,

addressWpg::
* http://www.cambridge.org/elt/peterroach/resources.htm,

ATTRIBUTE of AlfaLago

knower of AlfaLago

description::
· knower of AlfaLago is a-human or a-machine who knows the-language.
· the-knower has his own brain-worldview and understands the-brain-worldviews of others (= can-create the-mind-views of others when he senses the-text of them).

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'knower!⇒AlfaLago-knower,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-knower,

knower.writer of AlfaLago

description::
· writer is the-creator of text.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'writer,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-knower.writer,

knower.reader of AlfaLago

description::
· reader of AlfaLago is the-knower who undertands the-text.

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'reader,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago-knower.reader,

EVOLUTING of AlfaLago

name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-AlfaLago,
* McsEngl.AlfaLago'evoluting,

{time.}::
=== :

GENERIC of AlfaLago

generic-tree::
* human-mind-language,
* language,
* mapping-method,
* method,
* info,
* model,
* entity,

AlfaLago.SPECIFIC

description::
* English-AlfaLago,
* Greek-AlfaLago,
* Sinago-AlfaLago,

name::
* McsEngl.AlfaLago.specific,

meta-info

this webpage was-visited times since {2019-08-03}

page-wholepath: synagonism.net / worldviewSngo / dirLag / AlfaLago

SEARCH::
· this page uses 'locator-names', names that when you find them, you find the-LOCATION of the-concept they denote.
GLOBAL-SEARCH:
· clicking on the-green-BAR of a-page you have access to the-global--locator-names of my-site.
· use the-prefix 'AlfaLago' for structured-concepts related to current concept 'alphabetic-language'.
LOCAL-SEARCH:
· TYPE CTRL+F "McsLag4.words-of-concept's-name", to go to the-LOCATION of the-concept.
· a-preview of the-description of a-global-name makes reading fast.

footer::
• author: Kaseluris.Nikos.1959
• email:
 
• edit on github: https://github.com/synagonism/McsWorld/blob/master/dirLag/McsLag000008.last.html,
• comments on Disqus,
• twitter: @synagonism

webpage-versions::
• version.last.dynamic: McsLag000008.last.html,
• version.1-0-0.2021-04-11: (0-11) ../../dirMiwMcs/dirLag/filMcsLagAlph.1-0-0.2021-04-11.html,
• version.0-1-0.2019-08-03 draft creation,

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