ZhonParticle.verb-auxiliary (link)

ZhonParticle.noun-auxiliary (link)

ZhonParticle.aspectual

description::
"Aspectual particle (动态助词; 動態助詞; dòngtài zhùcí): Commonly dubbed aspect markers (動貌標記 or 動貌標誌), the particles signal grammatical aspect. The most renowned ones are the perfective 了le, durative 著zhe, durative 在zaì, and experiential 過guò".
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.aspectual,
* McsEngl.aspect-marker-ZhonParticle,
* McsEngl.aspectual-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.modal-(sentence-final)

description::
"Modal particle (语气助词; 語氣助詞; yǔqì zhùcí): Often called sentence-final particles (句末助詞), the particles signal linguistic modality. Common ones include 了le, 呢ne, 吧ba, and 嗎mā/ma."
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.modal-(sentence-final),

ZhonParticle.structural

description::
"Structural particle (结构助词; 結構助詞; jiégòu zhùcí):[4] This class of particles concern syntactic relations. The particles can be distinguished only in written form because they are usually pronounced the same.
地dì/de is used to mark adverbials (狀語). E.g.: 安靜地睡著了 (ānjìng dì/de shuì zháo le) 'fell asleep quietly'
得dé/de is used to mark verb complements (補語). E.g.: 學習得很認真 (xuéxí dé/de hěn rènzhēn) 'study very hard'
的dè/de, according to traditional analysis, is used to mark attributive (定語). It is often analysed as a nominaliser.[5] E.g.: 書的封面很漂亮 (shū dè/de fēngmiàn hěn piàoliang) '(the) cover of the book (is) very beautiful'"
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.structural,

ZhonParticle.了-le-(20102)

description::
"Particles like 的dè/de and 了le remain disputable since no satisfactory analysis is present."
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]

=== modal.

=== Verbaux-了-le,
== aspectual-perfective.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.了-le,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.le-了-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.了-le-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.吧-bā-(21543)

description::

=== modal.

=== verb-auxiliary,
· suggestions:

=== conceding:
· "The particle 吧 (ba) can also be used to concede a point. That is, 吧 (ba) can be used to accept or agree with something that you're not particularly happy about, the way we might use "all right" or "fine then" in English."
[{2023-06-24 retrieved} https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Conceding_with_%22ba%22]
· _stxZhon: 好 吧，我们 可以 看看 别的。 Hǎo ba, wǒmen kěyǐ kànkan biéde. != All right, we can take a look at something else.
=== softening speech:

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.吧-bā,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.bā-吧-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.吧-bā-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.呢-ne-(21602)

description::

=== modal.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.呢-ne,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.ne-呢-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.呢-ne-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.嗎-mā|ma-(21966)

description::

=== modal.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.嗎-mā|ma,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.ma-mā-嗎-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.mā|ma-嗎-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.嗎-mā|ma-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.在-zài-(22312)

description::

=== aspectual-durative.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.在-zài,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zài-在-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.在-zài-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.地-de-(22320)

description::

=== structural.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.地-de,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.de-地-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.地-de-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.土也地-tǔ-yě-de,

ZhonParticle.得-dé-(24471)

description::

=== structural.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.得-dé,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.dé-得-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.得-dé-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.双人得-shuāngrén-de,

ZhonParticle.的-dè|de-(30340)

description::
"Particles like 的dè/de and 了le remain disputable since no satisfactory analysis is present."
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]

">when use and when not Chinese use 的:
The Chinese character **的 (de)** is primarily used as a **possessive particle** or a **descriptive marker**, but there are cases where it is **not needed**. Here's a breakdown:
### **When to Use 的 (de)**
1. **Possession (A的B) – "A's B"**
- 我的书 (wǒ de shū) – "my book"
- 妈妈的车 (māma de chē) – "mom's car"
2. **Adjective + 的 + Noun (Descriptive Phrases)**
- 漂亮的花 (piàoliang de huā) – "beautiful flower"
- 聪明的孩子 (cōngmíng de háizi) – "smart child"
3. **After Pronouns to Show Possession**
- 他的手机 (tā de shǒujī) – "his phone"
- 我们的学校 (wǒmen de xuéxiào) – "our school"
4. **After Some Two-Syllable Adjectives**
- 重要的决定 (zhòngyào de juédìng) – "important decision"
- 快乐的时光 (kuàilè de shíguāng) – "happy times"
5. **With Some Fixed Phrases**
- 是的 (shì de) – "yes" (as a confirmation)
- 好的 (hǎo de) – "okay" (as agreement)
---
### **When NOT to Use 的 (de)**
1. **With Single-Syllable Adjectives (Often)**
- 好人 (hǎo rén) – "good person" (not 好的人)
- 小狗 (xiǎo gǒu) – "small dog" (not 小的狗)
2. **With Close Relationships (Sometimes Optional)**
- 我妈妈 (wǒ māma) – "my mom" (can also say 我的妈妈, but often shortened)
3. **In Fixed Noun Phrases (No 的 Needed)**
- 中文老师 (Zhōngwén lǎoshī) – "Chinese teacher" (not 中文的老师)
- 男朋友 (nán péngyou) – "boyfriend" (not 男的朋)
4. **When the Adjective Already Implies Possession**
- 我家 (wǒ jiā) – "my home" (not 我的家, unless emphasizing)
- 他公司 (tā gōngsī) – "his company" (sometimes shortened)
5. **In Some Idiomatic or Shortened Expressions**
- 这个问题 (zhège wèntí) – "this problem" (not 这个的问题)
---
### **Key Takeaways**
- Use **的** for **possession** and **descriptive phrases** (especially with multi-syllable adjectives).
- **Drop 的** for **single-syllable adjectives**, **close relationships**, and **fixed phrases**.
- Sometimes, omitting **的** sounds more natural in spoken Chinese.
Would you like specific examples for any case? 😊"
[{2025-06-28 retrieved} https://chat.deepseek.com/a/chat/s/e69ce531-ed48-480d-8125-720c1c63f8d2]

=== structural.

=== emphasis:
· _stxZhon: 这个书店 是 新 的。 [Zhège shūdiàn] {shì} [xīn] {de}. != [this bookstore] {is} [new].
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_adjectives#Second_pattern]

=== conjunction,

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.的-dè|de,
* McsEngl.associative-particle.的-dè|de,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.de|dè-的-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.dè|de-的-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.的-dè|de-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.白勺的-bái-sháo-de,

ZhonParticle.著-zhù-(33879)

description::

=== aspectual-durative.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.著-zhù,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhù-著-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.著-zhù-ZhonParticle,

ZhonParticle.過-guò-(36942)

description::

=== aspectual-experiential.

name::
* McsEngl.ZhonParticle.過-guò,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guò-過-ZhonParticle,
* McsZhon.過-guò-ZhonParticle,