description::
· wordary of Standard-Chinese.
name::
* McsEngl.McsLag000023.last.html//dirLag//dirMcs!⇒wordSetZhon,
* McsEngl.dirLag/McsLag000023.last.html!⇒wordSetZhon,
* McsEngl.wordary-of-Standard-Chinese!⇒wordSetZhon,
* McsEngl.wordaryZhon!⇒wordSetZhon,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon!=wordary-of-Standard-Chinese,
description::
"aside from grammatical particles, single syllable words cannot have a neutral tone."
[{2021-10-04 retrieved} https://www.chinesepod.com/tools/pronunciation/section/17]
name::
* McsEngl.monosyllabic-wordZhon,
* McsEngl.wordZhon.syllableOne,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'syllableOne,
bié-别::
* McsZhon.bié-别@wordSetZhon,
* McsZhon.别-bié@wordSetZhon,
* meaning1: to leave; to depart; to separate; to distinguish; to classify; other; another; don't ...!; to pin; to stick (something) in; (Chinese surname)
* meaning2: to make somebody change their ways, opinions etc
[{2022-01-10 retrieved} https://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/dictionary.php]
name::
* McsEngl.disyllabic-wordZhon,
* McsEngl.wordZhon.syllableTwo,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'syllableTwo,
name::
* McsEngl.polysyllabic-wordZhon,
* McsEngl.wordZhon.syllableMany,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'syllableMany,
description::
"Grammatical particles, or simply particles, are words that convey certain grammatical meanings. The term is often applied to words that are difficult to classify according to traditional grammar.[1] Both Classical Chinese and Modern Standard Chinese make use of particles. In Chinese, particles are known as zhùcí (simplified Chinese: 助词; traditional Chinese: 助詞) or yǔzhùcí (语助词; 語助詞).[1] They belong to function words (虚词; 虛詞; xūcí). In other words, they have no lexical meaning, but are used to indicate certain grammatical information. This contrasts with content words (实词; 實詞; shící).[2] Particles in Chinese usually take the neutral tone."
[{2021-10-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles]
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle,
* McsEngl.particle-of-lagZhon!⇒Zhonparticle,
* McsEngl.wordZhon.particle!⇒Zhonparticle,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.yǔzhùcí-语助词-(語助詞)!=Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.zhùcí-助词-(助詞)!=Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.语助词-(語助詞)-yǔzhùcí!=Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.助词-(助詞)-zhùcí!=Zhonparticle,
description::
* aspectual,
* modal,
* structural,
===
* noun-auxiliary,
* verb-auxiliary,
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.specific,
description::
"Aspectual particle (动态助词; 動態助詞; dòngtài zhùcí): Commonly dubbed aspect markers (動貌標記 or 動貌標誌), the particles signal grammatical aspect. The most renowned ones are the perfective 了le, durative 著zhe, durative 在zaì, and experiential 過guò".
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.aspectual,
* McsEngl.aspect-marker-Zhonparticle,
* McsEngl.aspectual-Zhonparticle,
description::
"Modal particle (语气助词; 語氣助詞; yǔqì zhùcí): Often called sentence-final particles (句末助詞), the particles signal linguistic modality. Common ones include 了le, 呢ne, 吧ba, and 嗎mā/ma."
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]
description::
"Structural particle (结构助词; 結構助詞; jiégòu zhùcí):[4] This class of particles concern syntactic relations. The particles can be distinguished only in written form because they are usually pronounced the same.
地dì/de is used to mark adverbials (狀語). E.g.: 安靜地睡著了 (ānjìng dì/de shuì zháo le) 'fell asleep quietly'
得dé/de is used to mark verb complements (補語). E.g.: 學習得很認真 (xuéxí dé/de hěn rènzhēn) 'study very hard'
的dè/de, according to traditional analysis, is used to mark attributive (定語). It is often analysed as a nominaliser.[5] E.g.: 書的封面很漂亮 (shū dè/de fēngmiàn hěn piàoliang) '(the) cover of the book (is) very beautiful'"
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]
description::
"Particles like 的dè/de and 了le remain disputable since no satisfactory analysis is present."
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]
=== modal.
=== Verbaux-了-le,
== aspectual-perfective.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.了-le,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.le-了-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.了-le-Zhonparticle,
description::
=== modal.
=== verb-auxiliary,
· suggestions:
=== conceding:
· "The particle 吧 (ba) can also be used to concede a point. That is, 吧 (ba) can be used to accept or agree with something that you're not particularly happy about, the way we might use "all right" or "fine then" in English."
[{2023-06-24 retrieved} https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Conceding_with_%22ba%22]
· stxZhon: 好 吧,我们 可以 看看 别的。 Hǎo ba, wǒmen kěyǐ kànkan biéde. != All right, we can take a look at something else.
=== softening speech:
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.吧-bā,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.bā-吧-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.吧-bā-Zhonparticle,
description::
=== modal.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.呢-ne,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.ne-呢-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.呢-ne-Zhonparticle,
description::
=== modal.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.嗎-mā|ma,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.ma-mā-嗎-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.mā|ma-嗎-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.嗎-mā|ma-Zhonparticle,
description::
=== aspectual-durative.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.在-zài,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zài-在-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.在-zài-Zhonparticle,
description::
=== structural.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.地-de,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.de-地-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.地-de-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.土也地-tǔ-yě-de,
description::
=== structural.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.得-dé,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.dé-得-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.得-dé-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.双人得-shuāngrén-de,
description::
"Particles like 的dè/de and 了le remain disputable since no satisfactory analysis is present."
[{2021-12-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles#Linguistic_sketch]
=== structural.
=== emphasis:
· stxZhon: 这个书店 是 新 的。 [Zhège shūdiàn] {shì} [xīn] {de}. != [this bookstore] {is} [new].
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_adjectives#Second_pattern]
=== conjunction,
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.的-dè|de,
* McsEngl.associative-particle.的-dè|de,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.de|dè-的-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.dè|de-的-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.的-dè|de-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.白勺的-bái-sháo-de,
description::
=== aspectual-durative.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.著-zhù,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhù-著-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.著-zhù-Zhonparticle,
description::
=== aspectual-experiential.
name::
* McsEngl.Zhonparticle.過-guò,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guò-過-Zhonparticle,
* McsZhon.過-guò-Zhonparticle,
addressWpg::
* https://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/dictionary.php,
"True Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries with over 200,000 entries. Designed for quick word exploration and understanding: thesaurus, word decomposition, sample sentences."
name::
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'evoluting,
{2022-01-09}::
=== McsHitp-creation:
· creation of current concept.
name::
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'part-whole-tree,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'whole-part-tree,
whole-tree-of-wordSetZhon::
*
* ... Sympan.
name::
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'generic-specific-tree,
* McsEngl.wordSetZhon'specific-generic-tree,
generic-tree-of-wordSetZhon::
* ,
* ... entity.
this page was-visited times since {2022-01-09}
page-wholepath: synagonism.net / worldviewSngo / dirLag / wordSetZhon
SEARCH::
· this page uses 'locator-names', names that when you find them, you find the-LOCATION of the-concept they denote.
⊛ GLOBAL-SEARCH:
· clicking on the-green-BAR of a-page you have access to the-global--locator-names of my-site.
· use the-prefix 'wordSetZhon' for senso-concepts related to current concept 'wordary-of-Standard-Chinese'.
⊛ LOCAL-SEARCH:
· TYPE CTRL+F "McsLang.words-of-concept's-name", to go to the-LOCATION of the-concept.
· a-preview of the-description of a-global-name makes reading fast.
webpage-versions::
• version.last.dynamic: McsLag000023.last.html,
• version.draft.creation: McsLag000023.0-1-0.2022-01-09.last.html,