corporate-social-responsibility of Chnacmpn

description::
">Corporate Social Responsibility in PRC:
Absolutely! Here's a comprehensive look at Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its evolution, key drivers, current state, challenges, and future outlook:
**Evolution of CSR in China**
* **Early Stage:** CSR was mostly a foreign concept brought in by multinational corporations operating in China. The focus was initially on compliance with labor standards and environmental regulations.
* **Increasing Government Influence:** The Chinese government started playing a more active role. Laws and guidelines aimed at CSR practices were issued, often related to state priorities and a 'harmonious society' vision.
* **Public Demand and Growth:** With growing consumer awareness and high-profile incidents, company stakeholders began demanding more ethical business practice. In parallel, many Chinese businesses recognized the value CSR delivers to their operations.
**Key Drivers of CSR in China**
* **Government Directives:** The Chinese government heavily influences CSR through regulations, standards, and policy guidance. State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are often at the forefront of CSR initiatives.
* **Economic Development Goals:** CSR is seen as a tool to align with national development goals for building a sustainable economy, addressing inequality, and enhancing China's global image.
* **International Influence:** Global CSR standards and practices influenced by multinational corporations and international NGOs continue to shape China's CSR landscape.
* **Public Expectations:** Growing awareness of social and environmental issues among consumers and the public is pushing companies to be more responsible.
**Current State of CSR in China**
* **Varying Adoption Levels:** SOEs often boast well-developed CSR programs, while smaller and private enterprises may lag behind. CSR adoption and commitment often differ across industries as well.
* **Focus Areas:** Common themes in CSR for Chinese companies include environmental protection, labor rights, community development, ethical supply chains, and philanthropy.
* **CSR Reporting:** Increasing numbers of companies, particularly large and listed ones, issue CSR reports. However, the quality and standardization of reporting are evolving.
**Challenges**
* **Implementation Gaps:** Regulations exist, but effective implementation and enforcement mechanisms can be inconsistent.
* **Conflicting Priorities:** The focus on economic growth sometimes clashes with CSR goals, particularly for companies under pressure for short-term financial performance.
* **Greenwashing:** Some companies engage in superficial CSR practices without genuine change.
* **Public Trust:** Weak consumer rights protection and past corporate scandals lead to some skepticism towards CSR claims.
**The Future of CSR in the PRC**
* **Increased Regulation:** The government is expected to further refine CSR regulations and standards for greater accountability.
* **Market-Driven CSR:** Consumer awareness and investor pressure for sustainable business practices are likely to continue pushing CSR.
* **Global Convergence:** Chinese companies, especially those with international operations, will likely align more with global CSR benchmarks.
* **Integration with Core Business:** CSR will likely shift from a separate function to a deeply integrated part of corporate strategy.
**Important Considerations**
* CSR in the PRC is closely intertwined with state priorities and reflects the unique Chinese political and economic context.
* Companies operating in China or sourcing from China must understand local CSR expectations and challenges.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore specific aspects of CSR in the PRC, such as company examples, labor rights issues, or environmental CSR initiatives!**"
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/31f49d3704159275]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn'corporate-social-responsibility,
* McsEngl.corporate-social-responsibility-of-Chnacmpn,

Chnacmpn.SPECIFIC

description::
* private,
* privateNo,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.specific,

Chnacmpn.aggregate

description::
"40 million registered firms in China"
[{2024-07-22 retrieved} https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/reassessing-role-state-ownership-chinas-economy]
"At present, there are 2.81 million primary-level trade unions in China, covering 6.55 million enterprises and public institutions.
... Democratic management of enterprises and public institutions. With autonomy in their business operations and management, more than 150 million market entities are thriving across the country, providing job opportunities to over 700 million people, increasing China's national strength and promoting steady growth in economic and social wealth.
... A total of 3.14 million enterprises have established employees congresses, including 2.94 million private enterprises."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.aggregate,

Chnacmpn.SOE

description::
">PRC state-owned-enterprises:
State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in the People's Republic of China (PRC) play a significant and influential role in the country's economy. These enterprises are owned by the central or local governments and operate in various key sectors, including energy, telecommunications, transportation, and manufacturing. Here's an overview of their characteristics, roles, and recent developments:
### Characteristics and Roles
- **Strategic Sectors**: SOEs are predominantly present in sectors considered critical to national security and economic stability, such as aerospace, defense, utilities, and banking.
- **Economic Influence**: They contribute significantly to the country's GDP and employment. Their operations are crucial for achieving the government's economic objectives, including social stability, economic development, and innovation.
- **Policy Instruments**: SOEs are used by the Chinese government as instruments to implement its policy objectives. This includes ensuring control over vital resources, leading technological advancements, and managing income distribution.
- **Market Influence**: Due to their size and government backing, SOEs often have significant market power in their respective sectors. This can impact competition and market dynamics domestically and internationally.
### Reforms and Challenges
- **Reform Efforts**: Since the 1990s, China has embarked on a series of SOE reforms aimed at improving efficiency, competitiveness, and corporate governance. These reforms have included introducing modern corporate structures, partial privatizations through public listings, and strategic mergers.
- **Mixed-Ownership Economy**: Recent reforms have focused on encouraging a "mixed-ownership economy" where private investment is sought in SOEs to spur innovation and efficiency while maintaining state control in strategic areas.
- **Challenges**: Despite reforms, challenges remain, including issues of overcapacity, debt levels, and the need for further improvement in corporate governance and transparency. The role of SOEs in the economy also faces scrutiny from international trade partners, who argue that they benefit from unfair advantages, including government subsidies and preferential access to finance.
### International Perspective
- **Global Presence**: Many Chinese SOEs have expanded globally, investing in infrastructure, mining, and other sectors worldwide. This expansion is often seen through the lens of China's broader geopolitical and economic strategies, such as the Belt and Road Initiative.
- **Trade Tensions**: The prominent role of SOEs in China's economy has been a point of contention in international trade negotiations, particularly with the United States and the European Union. Concerns revolve around market access, fair competition, and the state's role in the economy.
### Recent Developments
The Chinese government continues to emphasize the importance of SOEs in achieving national strategic goals, including technological independence and sustainable development. However, it also stresses the need for further reforms to enhance their efficiency and competitive edge both domestically and internationally.
Given the evolving nature of China's economy and international relations, the role and management of SOEs remain subjects of significant interest and debate."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/964dfb5d-202f-44fc-9757-b947b87f2b2e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att064-state-owned-enterprise!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'state-owned-enterprise!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chinese-state-owned-enterprise!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.SOE!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.ChnacmpnSoe!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chnasoe!=PRC-state-owned-enterprise,
* McsEngl.SOE!=state-owned-enterprise.PRC!⇒Chnasoe,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guóyǒu-qǐyè-国有企业!=Chnasoe,
* McsZhon.国有企业-guóyǒu-qǐyè!=Chnasoe,

Chnacmpn.private

description::
· domestic and foreign private companies.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.private,

Chnacmpn.commune

description::
">China's people's communes:
China's people's communes were large, collective farms established during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) period. They aimed to rapidly transform China's agricultural economy and society into a communist system.
In theory, the communes would:
* Increase agricultural productivity through economies of scale and collectivization.
* Free up labor for industrialization.
* Provide a more equitable distribution of resources.
* Create a new, more egalitarian social order based on cooperation and communal living.
The communes were structured in three tiers:
* Production teams: the smallest unit, typically consisting of 20-50 households.
* Production brigades: several production teams grouped together.
* The commune: the highest level, encompassing several brigades.
Each level had its own leadership and decision-making process. The communes were responsible for all aspects of rural life, including agricultural production, education, healthcare, and social welfare.
The reality of the people's communes fell far short of the ideals. They were implemented hastily and often chaotically, leading to disruptions in agricultural production and widespread famine during the Great Leap Forward. The communes also faced difficulties due to:
* Lack of experienced management
* Disincentives for hard work
* Inadequate infrastructure and resources
The commune system was gradually dismantled after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. By the early 1980s, they had been replaced by a system of household responsibility, which gave peasants more control over their land and production decisions. This shift is credited with playing a major role in China's economic reforms and subsequent agricultural growth."
[{2024-03-06 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/64a7a33dcb27ef80]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att009-commune,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.commune,
* McsEngl.Chnacommune,

Chnacmpn.social-organization

description::
">types of PRC social-organizations:
In the People's Republic of China (PRC), social organizations play a crucial role in governance, service delivery, and community life, bridging the gap between the state and the populace. These organizations can be broadly classified into several types, each serving different functions and purposes within Chinese society:
1. **Government-Affiliated Organizations (GONGOs):** These are non-governmental organizations that are created or supported by the government. Despite their NGO-like appearance, GONGOs often serve as extensions of government agencies, facilitating policy implementation and social services. Examples include the All-China Women's Federation and the China Youth Development Foundation.
2. **Social Groups (Shehui Tuan):** These are non-profit, voluntary membership organizations that engage in activities promoting the interests and welfare of their members or certain sectors of society. They can cover a wide range of interests, including professional associations, academic societies, and cultural promotion groups.
3. **Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):** While the space for independent NGOs in China is limited and closely regulated, a number of domestic and international NGOs do operate in areas such as environmental protection, public health, education, and poverty alleviation. These organizations often work in collaboration with government agencies or under the umbrella of a GONGO to navigate the regulatory environment.
4. **Civil Societies and Grassroots Organizations:** These are community-based organizations that work at the local level to address specific social, economic, or environmental issues. They might include self-help groups, community service organizations, and local advocacy groups. Their influence and reach can vary greatly depending on their relationships with local authorities and their ability to mobilize resources and public support.
5. **Religious Organizations:** Recognized religious organizations in China operate under strict state supervision and must register with the government. They include Buddhist, Taoist, Muslim, Catholic, and Protestant groups. These organizations are allowed to engage in religious activities and community services within the parameters set by the government.
6. **Charities and Philanthropic Organizations:** With the growth of China's economy, there has been a significant rise in charitable giving and philanthropic activities. Organizations in this category focus on poverty alleviation, disaster relief, education, and healthcare. The China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation is a notable example.
7. **Business and Industry Associations:** These organizations represent the interests of businesses and industries, providing services such as policy advocacy, information sharing, and networking opportunities. They play a crucial role in the economic sphere, especially in promoting industry standards and facilitating dialogue between businesses and the government.
8. **Cultural and Recreational Organizations:** These groups promote cultural preservation, sports, and recreational activities among the public. They range from government-supported cultural promotion organizations to local community clubs and sports teams.
The landscape of social organizations in China is diverse but highly regulated, with the government playing a significant role in overseeing and directing the activities of these groups to align with national priorities and maintain social stability. This control is balanced against the recognition of the valuable contributions these organizations can make in addressing social needs and fostering community engagement."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7b7322d4-5a2f-4df5-b9b0-47568aae05bb]

"Democratic management of social organizations. Associations, foundations, social services and other social organizations formulate their own charters and exercise autonomy in managing their staff and activities. They address the concerns of their staff and clients, and hear their opinions. They participate in the governance of public affairs as appropriate to their role, and contribute to improving professional discipline, public services and charitable undertakings.
As of November 2021, more than 900,000 social organizations were registered with departments of civil affairs at all levels, including 2,284 with national networks. Diverse in form, social organizations have become an important area of people's democratic management in China."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att019-social-organization,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'social-organization,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.social-organization,
* McsEngl.social-organization-of-socChna,

compensation of Chnawrkr

description::
"As of 2024, the median wage in China reflects significant regional and sectoral disparities. Here are some key figures:
1. **Average Monthly Wage**: The average monthly wage across urban areas in China is approximately **¥10,060** (about **$1,385**). This average, however, varies considerably depending on the region. For instance, in top-tier cities like Shanghai and Beijing, the average monthly wages are around **¥13,486** ($1,855) and **¥13,438** ($1,850) respectively.
2. **Median Wage**: Although specific median wage figures are not always provided, it can be inferred that the median wage would generally be lower than the average wage due to the high income inequality present in the country. In urban non-private sectors, the median monthly wage is estimated to be around **¥10,058** (approximately **$1,417**), while it is significantly lower in urban private sectors at around **¥5,695** (about **$802**).
3. **Wage Variation by Sector**: Wages vary significantly by industry. For example, workers in the Information Technology sector can earn on average **¥220,418** ($30,455) annually, while those in sectors like accommodation and food services earn much less, around **¥53,995** ($7,460) annually.
These figures highlight the diversity in income levels across different regions and sectors within China. Wages are typically higher in coastal and economically developed areas compared to inland and less developed regions【https://wagecentre.com/work/work-in-asia-and-oceania/salary-in-china】【https://www.hiredchina.com/articles/china-average-yearly-wages-2024/】【https://remotepad.net/countries/china/average-salary/】【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_average_wage】."
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/292fe321-8eb3-467b-b23f-08e3f3ca4412]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr'compensation,

hours-of-work of Chnawrkr

law of Chnawrkr

description::
"Worker laws in the People's Republic of China (PRC) are governed by a combination of national legislation, administrative regulations, and local rules. These laws cover various aspects of employment, including labor contracts, working hours, wages, social insurance, and worker rights. Here’s an overview of key components of worker laws in the PRC:
### 1. **Labor Law of the PRC**
- **Labor Contracts**: The law mandates that employers and employees must sign a written labor contract within one month of starting employment. The contract should specify terms such as job duties, compensation, working hours, and social insurance.
- **Probation Period**: The length of the probation period is strictly regulated, depending on the term of the labor contract. It cannot exceed six months.
- **Termination**: Employers can terminate a labor contract only under specific circumstances, such as employee misconduct, incompetence, or economic redundancy, and must provide severance pay.
### 2. **Working Hours and Overtime**
- **Standard Working Hours**: The standard working hours are eight hours per day and 40 hours per week.
- **Overtime**: Overtime work must be compensated at a rate of 150% of the normal wage for regular overtime, 200% for overtime on rest days (if no compensatory leave is provided), and 300% for overtime on public holidays.
- **Rest and Leave**: Employees are entitled to at least one day off per week. Paid annual leave is also mandated, with the length depending on the employee's cumulative working years.
### 3. **Wages and Social Insurance**
- **Minimum Wage**: The minimum wage is set by local governments and varies from region to region. Employers must ensure that wages are paid at least once a month.
- **Social Insurance**: Employers and employees are required to contribute to social insurance programs, which include pensions, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance.
### 4. **Worker Rights and Protections**
- **Non-Discrimination**: The law prohibits discrimination based on ethnicity, race, gender, religious beliefs, or other factors.
- **Health and Safety**: Employers are required to provide a safe working environment, including necessary training and protective equipment. Workers have the right to refuse work if conditions are unsafe.
- **Union Rights**: Workers have the right to form and join trade unions, which can negotiate on behalf of employees. However, all unions must be affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU).
### 5. **Labor Dispute Resolution**
- **Mediation and Arbitration**: Labor disputes are first subject to mediation, and if unresolved, they can proceed to arbitration by labor dispute arbitration committees. If either party disagrees with the arbitration decision, they can file a lawsuit in the People's Court.
- **Collective Bargaining**: Workers can engage in collective bargaining through their unions, particularly regarding wages, working hours, and other conditions of employment.
### 6. **Special Laws and Regulations**
- **Employment of Women**: Women workers are entitled to special protections, including maternity leave (98 days) and the prohibition of termination during pregnancy, maternity leave, or breastfeeding periods.
- **Child Labor**: The employment of children under the age of 16 is prohibited, with some exceptions for certain cultural and sports activities.
- **Foreign Workers**: Foreign nationals working in China must obtain a work permit and comply with the country’s immigration laws.
### 7. **Recent Developments**
- **Gig Economy**: With the rise of the gig economy, there have been discussions and some local regulations addressing the rights of gig workers, particularly in industries like food delivery and ride-hailing.
These laws aim to protect worker rights while ensuring that businesses can operate efficiently. However, enforcement can vary, and workers sometimes face challenges in asserting their rights, particularly in smaller or less regulated industries."
[{2024-08-03 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/94082955-56ba-49ab-93b3-6ba6122e9dd9]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr'law!⇒lawChnaWrkr,
* McsEngl.lawChnaWrkr!=law-on-Chnawrkr,
* McsEngl.lawWrkr.PRC!=law-on-Chnawrkr,

Chnawrkr.SPECIFIC

description::
">types of workers in PRC:
In the People's Republic of China (PRC), the workforce can be categorized into several types based on various factors such as sector, skill level, and employment nature. Here are some of the main types of workers in China:
1. **State Sector Workers**: Employees who work for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) or government agencies. This sector used to dominate the Chinese economy, but its proportion has been decreasing in favor of the private sector.
2. **Private Sector Workers**: Those employed by privately owned companies. Over the past few decades, the private sector has grown significantly and now employs a large portion of the workforce.
3. **Migrant Workers**: Often referred to as "rural migrant workers," these individuals migrate from rural areas to urban centers in search of better employment opportunities. They are a significant part of the labor force, particularly in construction, manufacturing, and service industries.
4. **Informal Sector Workers**: Workers in this category are typically not formally registered with any employer and do not have formal job security or benefits. They might work in various informal jobs like street vending, casual labor, or domestic work.
5. **High-Tech and Skilled Professionals**: As China advances technologically, there is a growing class of high-tech and skilled professionals in fields such as IT, finance, engineering, and biotechnology.
6. **Entrepreneurs and Business Owners**: With the liberalization of the economy, there has been a significant increase in the number of entrepreneurs who start and run their own businesses across various industries.
7. **Freelancers and Gig Workers**: Similar to global trends, the gig economy in China is growing, with more people working as freelancers or part-time workers, often facilitated by digital platforms.
8. **Agricultural Workers**: Despite rapid urbanization, a significant portion of the Chinese population is still employed in agriculture, working on farms and in related sectors.
9. **Public Service Workers**: Including teachers, doctors, police officers, and other public service roles funded and managed by the government.
These categories reflect a diverse and changing labor landscape in China, driven by economic reforms, urbanization, and technological advancement."
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1eb30464-d82c-4f82-9ebe-b0fe3cc5e0bf]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr.specific,

Chnawrkr.aggregate

description::
"With 778 million workers, the Chinese labor force was the world's largest as of 2020." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China]
"As of recent estimates, China has approximately 806 million workers in its labor force. This number accounts for those actively employed or seeking employment within the country【https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/01/li-qiang-china-special-address-davos-2024/#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2024%2F01%2Fli】. This figure is a significant component of China's total population, which is currently estimated to be around 1.425 billion people【https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/china-population/】."
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/81b14cb1-b1fc-4ec1-b0a2-ce2f8b75a3ff]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnawrkrAggt!=labor-force-of-China,
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr.aggregate!⇒ChnawrkrAggt,
* McsEngl.wrkrAggr.China!⇒ChnawrkrAggt,

Chnawrkr.migrant

description::
"In 2015 a total of 277.5 million migrant workers (36% of the total workforce of 770 million) existed in China.[4] Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010).[5] The balance of gender for migrant workers was two-thirds male to one-third female in 2015.[4] Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people.[6] This population of migrants would represent "almost 40 percent of the total urban population," a number which is almost three times the current level.[6][7] While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large. "In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant."[8]"
[{2024-05-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr.migrant,

ministry-of-scitech of ChnasectorScitech

description::
"The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the People's Republic of China plays a crucial role in guiding and implementing scientific and technological development policies. Established in its current form in 1998, MOST aims to promote scientific research, technological innovation, and international cooperation in science and technology【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】.

### Functions and Objectives
MOST's primary objectives include enhancing China's capabilities in science and technology, fostering innovation-driven development, and addressing global challenges through international collaboration. Key areas of focus include renewable energy, advanced materials, health technology, and sustainable urban development【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】【https://en.most.gov.cn/PressRoom/202311/t20231107_188729.htm】.

### International Cooperation
MOST is heavily involved in international science and technology cooperation, signing numerous agreements with countries such as Brazil, Australia, Denmark, and Canada. These agreements cover a wide range of fields including renewable energy, agriculture, and public health【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】【https://en.most.gov.cn/pressroom/】. The ministry emphasizes open, equitable, and inclusive collaboration to address global challenges like climate change, health issues, and food security【https://en.most.gov.cn/PressRoom/202311/t20231107_188729.htm】.

### Key Programs and Initiatives
MOST oversees several major programs aimed at advancing China's scientific and technological capabilities. These include the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program), the National Key Technologies R&D Program, and the National Basic Research Program of China【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】【https://en.most.gov.cn/pressroom/202305/t20230512_186032.htm】. These programs focus on critical technologies and aim to position China as a global leader in innovation.
For more detailed information about their projects and initiatives, you can visit their [official website](https://en.most.gov.cn)【https://en.most.gov.cn/】【https://en.most.gov.cn/PressRoom/202311/t20231107_188729.htm】."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/e99f59f0-e978-4bf0-82e5-2df017f02af0]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att066-ministy-of-scitech!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'ministy-of-scitech!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryScitech!=ministy-of-scitech-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.MOST!=ministy-of-scitech-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
* McsEngl.ministy-of-scitech-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.kēxué-jìshù-bù-科学技术部!=ChnaministryScitech,
* McsZhon.科学技术部-kēxué-jìshù-bù!=ChnaministryScitech,

Chinese-Academy-of-Science of ChnasectorScitech

description::
"The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It is a vast organization that oversees numerous research institutes across the country, conducting advanced research in a wide range of scientific fields. Here are some key points about CAS:

### Overview
- **Established:** 1949
- **Headquarters:** Beijing, China
- **Motto:** "Science for the Nation, Innovation for the Future"
- **Website:** [www.cas.cn](http://www.cas.cn/)

### Structure
CAS is structured into various divisions, institutes, and centers focusing on different scientific disciplines:
1. **Divisions:** These include various branches such as the Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Life Sciences, Earth Sciences, Information Sciences, Technological Sciences, and Management Sciences.
2. **Institutes:** CAS comprises over 100 research institutes spread throughout China. Notable institutes include the Institute of High Energy Physics, the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, and the Wuhan Institute of Virology.
3. **Centers:** CAS operates numerous research centers that focus on specific areas of research, such as the National Astronomical Observatories and the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology.

### Research and Development
CAS is heavily involved in scientific research and technological innovation. Key areas of research include:
- **Astronomy and Space Science:** CAS operates major observatories and participates in space missions, including the Chang'e lunar exploration program.
- **Biotechnology and Life Sciences:** Research in genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology is a major focus, with institutes like the Beijing Genomics Institute playing a pivotal role.
- **Environmental Science:** CAS conducts extensive research on climate change, environmental protection, and sustainable development.
- **Materials Science and Nanotechnology:** Advanced materials and nanotechnology research are prominent, with several institutes dedicated to these fields.
- **Information Technology:** CAS is involved in cutting-edge IT research, including artificial intelligence, big data, and quantum computing.

### Achievements
CAS has made significant contributions to global science and technology, including:
- **Space Exploration:** Contributions to China's space program, including the successful Chang'e lunar missions.
- **Genomics:** Major advancements in genomics and biotechnology, including the sequencing of the rice genome and contributions to the Human Genome Project.
- **Environmental Research:** Key research in climate change and environmental protection policies.
- **Technological Innovations:** Development of advanced technologies in various fields such as quantum computing, materials science, and renewable energy.

### International Collaboration
CAS collaborates with scientific organizations and universities worldwide. It has established joint research centers and partnerships with institutions across Europe, North America, and Asia. This global collaboration helps enhance scientific research and fosters innovation on an international scale.

### Education and Training
CAS also plays a crucial role in higher education and training. It operates the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) and the CAS Institute of Science and Technology (CAST), offering graduate programs and fostering the next generation of scientists and researchers.
In summary, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is a central pillar of China's scientific research and development, driving innovation and contributing to significant global advancements across a wide range of scientific disciplines."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/b7a88e26-2322-4c8b-ba9b-8abf55d64566]

name::
* McsEngl.CAC!=Chinese-Academy-of-Science,
* McsEngl.Chinese-Academy-of-Science,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att067-Chinese-Academy-of-Science,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chinese-Academy-of-Science,

Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology of ChnasectorICT

description::
"The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the sixth-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for regulation and development of the postal service, Internet, wireless, broadcasting, communications, production of electronic and information goods, software industry and the promotion of the national knowledge economy."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology]

name::
* McsEngl.MIIT!=Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryIIT,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att023-Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryIIT,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorICT!⇒ChnaministryIIT,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryIIT!=Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology-of-socChna,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-gōngyè-hé-xìnxī-huà-bù-中华人民共和国工业和信息化部!=ChnaministryIIT,
* McsZhon.中华人民共和国工业和信息化部-zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-gōngyè-hé-xìnxī-huà-bù!=ChnaministryIIT,

media of ChnasectorICT

description::
× generic: sectorMedia,
">mass media in PRC:
The mass media landscape in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is significantly shaped by the country's political environment, which is characterized by a single-party rule under the Communist Party of China (CPC). Here's an overview of key aspects of mass media in the PRC:
1. **Government Control and Censorship**: The Chinese government exercises extensive control over the media within its borders. This includes not just traditional media outlets like newspapers, television, and radio, but also digital and social media platforms. The government employs a vast censorship system, often referred to as the Great Firewall of China, to block access to foreign websites and monitor and censor content on the internet that is deemed politically sensitive or harmful to the state's interests.
2. **Propaganda and Public Opinion Guidance**: The CPC uses mass media as a tool for propaganda and to guide public opinion in a direction that aligns with its policies and ideology. Media outlets often feature positive stories about China’s development, scientific achievements, and the leadership of the CPC, while criticism of the party or its leaders is typically suppressed.
3. **Social Media and Digital Platforms**: Despite the censorship, social media and digital platforms are immensely popular in China, with platforms like Weibo, WeChat, and Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok) playing significant roles in the everyday lives of Chinese citizens. These platforms are subject to strict regulations and surveillance, with content monitored and controlled by both the platforms themselves, under government directives, and through automated systems and human censors.
4. **International Media Presence**: The Chinese government actively seeks to expand its media influence abroad, promoting its viewpoints through international broadcasts and publications in multiple languages. This includes state-run media organizations like CGTN (China Global Television Network) and China Daily, which aim to present China’s perspective on global affairs to international audiences.
5. **Challenges for Foreign Media**: Foreign journalists and media organizations operating in China face various challenges, including restrictions on access to certain areas, surveillance, and occasional harassment. The Chinese government requires foreign correspondents to obtain permission before conducting interviews and reporting from many locations within the country.
6. **Innovations and Adaptations**: Despite the restrictions, Chinese media outlets have been innovative in their content delivery, adopting the latest technologies and trends to engage audiences. This includes the use of AI and virtual reality in news broadcasting and storytelling.
7. **Regulatory Bodies**: The National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) and the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) are among the key regulatory bodies overseeing media and internet content in the country. These agencies enforce regulations and policies regarding what can be published or broadcast.
The landscape of mass media in the PRC is complex, characterized by a blend of tight control, sophisticated censorship mechanisms, technological innovation, and efforts to influence both domestic and international narratives about China."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/e63ef14e-c495-4b27-be53-4dcf735fa91f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att026-mass-media!⇒Chnammedia,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'mass-media!⇒Chnammedia,
* McsEngl.Chnammedia!=mass-media-in-PRC,
* McsEngl.mass-media-in-PRC!⇒Chnammedia,

internet of ChnasectorICT

description::
">internet of PRC:
The internet in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has some unique characteristics compared to the global internet. Here's a breakdown of some key aspects:
* **Regulation and Control:** The PRC government exercises significant control over the internet. This includes content filtering, known as the Great Firewall, which restricts access to certain websites and online services. Laws also restrict content deemed sensitive by the government.
* **Domestic vs. International Access:** China has fostered a largely self-contained internet ecosystem with its own dominant tech companies and platforms. These may be alternatives to familiar global ones, like Baidu instead of Google or WeChat instead of Facebook.
* **Innovation and Development:** Despite restrictions, China's internet sector is a powerhouse of innovation. The country is a leader in areas like e-commerce, mobile payments, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
Here are some resources for further reading:
* **PRC Net Dreams: Is Control Possible?**([https://safety.rsf.org/chinas-cyber-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bcensorship-figures/](https://safety.rsf.org/chinas-cyber-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bcensorship-figures/))
* **Sinophone, Chinese, and prc Internet** ([https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Internet-users-and-the-penetration-rate-for-China-Unit-10-million_fig1_272757284](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Internet-users-and-the-penetration-rate-for-China-Unit-10-million_fig1_272757284))"
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/d696f28e9d82eef1]

">internet of PRC:
The term "Internet of PRC" (People's Republic of China) refers to the characteristics, governance, infrastructure, and policies that shape the digital landscape in China. The Chinese internet is known for several unique features that set it apart from the rest of the world, including:
1. **Great Firewall of China**: This term refers to the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the PRC to regulate the internet domestically. It includes blocking access to selected foreign websites and slowing down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall restricts access to many foreign internet platforms like Google, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, among others.
2. **Cybersecurity Laws**: China has implemented strict cybersecurity and data privacy laws, including the Cybersecurity Law that came into effect in 2017. These laws regulate how data is collected, stored, and transferred, affecting both domestic and foreign entities operating in China.
3. **Domestic Internet Ecosystem**: Due to restrictions on foreign internet companies, China has developed its own thriving internet ecosystem. Companies like Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and ByteDance are giants within China, providing a range of services from search engines, e-commerce, social media, messaging, to video platforms that cater to the Chinese population.
4. **Surveillance and Censorship**: The Chinese government exercises significant control over internet content, with strict censorship on content deemed politically sensitive or harmful to social stability. This includes the use of automated systems and human censors to monitor, block, or remove content.
5. **Digital Economy Growth**: Despite these restrictions, or perhaps because of the protected environment, China's digital economy has seen explosive growth. It leads in areas such as mobile payments, e-commerce, digital finance, and has made significant advances in artificial intelligence, 5G technology, and other sectors.
6. **International Expansion**: Chinese internet companies are increasingly going global, adapting their services for international markets. TikTok (an international version of Douyin), developed by ByteDance, is one example of a Chinese app that has achieved significant success globally.
These characteristics highlight the dual nature of the Chinese internet: on one hand, it's a highly controlled and censored environment; on the other, it's a hotbed for innovation and growth in the digital sector. The government's tight grip on the internet serves both to maintain social stability and foster a competitive market for domestic companies."
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1435c3b8-5981-4cf8-b754-a3b42bfca9f8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att030-internet!⇒Chnainternet,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'internet!⇒Chnainternet,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorICT'internet!⇒Chnainternet,
* McsEngl.Chnainternet!=internet-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.internet-of-ChnasectorICT!⇒Chnainternet,

AI of ChnasectorICT

description::
× generic: techAi,
">AI sector in PRC:
The AI sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been growing rapidly, driven by strong governmental support, substantial investment, and a robust talent pool. The Chinese government views AI as a critical component of its strategy to become a leading global technological power and has implemented a series of plans and policies to foster the development and application of AI technologies. Here's a general overview:
### Government Policies and Plans
1. **National AI Development Plan (2017)**: This strategic plan outlines China's ambition to become the world leader in AI by 2030, aiming to make the AI industry a major new growth engine and improving the country's competitiveness.
2. **Local Government Initiatives**: Various local governments in China have also introduced their own policies and incentives to support the AI sector, including funding, research grants, and the establishment of AI industrial parks.
### Key Focus Areas
- **AI Research and Development**: China is home to some of the world's leading AI research labs and universities, focusing on areas such as machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and autonomous driving.
- **Implementation in Industries**: AI technologies are being widely implemented across several sectors, including manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and urban management, transforming traditional industries and fostering new types of businesses.
- **Smart Cities and Surveillance**: China is at the forefront of deploying AI in smart city initiatives, including traffic management, environmental monitoring, and public security. The use of AI in surveillance and facial recognition technologies is particularly notable, raising discussions around ethics and privacy.
### Leading Companies and Startups
- **Tech Giants**: Companies like Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei are leading the charge, investing heavily in AI research and development, and applying AI technologies across their products and services.
- **Innovative Startups**: The AI sector in China is also characterized by a dynamic startup ecosystem, with numerous innovative companies focusing on AI applications in specific industries or niches.
### Challenges and Concerns
- **Ethical and Privacy Concerns**: The application of AI in surveillance and data collection has raised significant ethical and privacy concerns, both domestically and internationally.
- **Dependency on Foreign Technology**: Despite rapid advancements, the Chinese AI sector still relies on certain key technologies from foreign companies, particularly in areas like advanced semiconductor chips, which are critical for AI computations.
- **Talent and Innovation**: While China produces a large number of graduates in STEM fields, there is an ongoing challenge to cultivate high-end talent that can lead in AI innovation and research.
Overall, the AI sector in China is a major focus of the country's technological advancement and economic strategy, with significant investments being made to secure a leading position in the global AI landscape."
[{2024-04-06 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7ea869ab-d587-43cb-b112-0fddacf37c6d]

name::
* McsEngl.AI-in-PRC!⇒ChnatechAi,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att032-AI!⇒ChnatechAi,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'AI!⇒ChnatechAi,
* McsEngl.ChnatechAi!=techAi.PRC,
* McsEngl.techAi.PRC!⇒ChnatechAi,

IoT of ChnasectorICT

description::
× generic: techIot,
">IoT in PRC:
When discussing the Internet of Things (IoT) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), it's important to recognize the country's significant role in both the development and deployment of IoT technologies. China has emerged as a global leader in the IoT sector, driven by substantial investment from both the government and private sector, a strong manufacturing base, and a large domestic market. Here are some key aspects to consider:
1. **Government Support and Plans**: The Chinese government has been highly supportive of IoT development as part of its broader ambition to upgrade its manufacturing capabilities and to implement smart city projects. Initiatives like "Made in China 2025" and the "New Infrastructure" plan explicitly mention the development of IoT technologies as a priority.
2. **Smart Cities and Urban Applications**: China is a pioneer in deploying IoT technologies for smart city applications. This includes smart traffic management systems, environmental monitoring, smart utilities, and public safety systems. Cities like Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen are often cited as examples of how IoT can be integrated into urban infrastructure.
3. **Industrial IoT (IIoT)**: The application of IoT in manufacturing and industrial sectors is a significant focus area in China. IIoT is seen as a way to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness in the global market. The country has numerous industrial parks and factories that are increasingly utilizing IoT technologies for operations and management.
4. **Consumer IoT**: The Chinese market is one of the largest for consumer IoT products, including smart home devices, wearables, and healthcare gadgets. The rapid adoption rates are fueled by a tech-savvy population and a competitive landscape of companies innovating in this space.
5. **5G Integration**: The rollout of 5G networks in China has further accelerated IoT development, providing the necessary infrastructure for high-speed, low-latency communication between devices. This is particularly important for applications requiring real-time data transfer, such as autonomous driving and remote medical services.
6. **Challenges and Concerns**: Despite the rapid growth, there are challenges including data security, privacy concerns, and the need for standardization across devices and platforms. Additionally, the global nature of supply chains for IoT devices means that international tensions and trade policies can impact the sector.
7. **Innovation and Competition**: The IoT landscape in China is highly competitive, with both large tech companies and startups vying for market share. This competition drives innovation, leading to rapid advancements in IoT technology and applications.
In conclusion, the IoT ecosystem in the PRC is one of the most dynamic and influential globally, with the potential to shape not just the domestic economy and society but also to have a significant impact on global IoT standards and practices. The combination of government support, technological innovation, and market dynamics makes China a key player in the future development of IoT."
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7c83aded-8a34-4531-98d6-f9a48bb7c9ac]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att031-IoT!⇒Chnaiot,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'IoT!⇒Chnaiot,
* McsEngl.IoT-PRC!⇒Chnaiot,

ministry-of-education of ChnasectorEdu

description::
">education ministry of PRC:
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the agency of the State Council of China that administers the Chinese education system. Its responsibilities include formulating policies, laws, and regulations regarding education, guiding educational reform, and overseeing the education sector across the country. This includes pre-school, primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as vocational and adult education.
The Ministry is tasked with promoting the development of education to enhance the national quality of education, support economic and social development, and improve the scientific, cultural, and ideological levels of the whole nation. It plays a crucial role in drafting educational strategies, standards, and curricula, as well as in supervising and evaluating their implementation by local educational departments and institutions.
The Minister of Education is the head of the Ministry and is responsible for its overall operations. The Ministry also works closely with other governmental agencies, local governments, and educational institutions to promote educational exchanges and cooperation both domestically and internationally.
The Ministry's duties extend to overseeing the allocation of resources and funding for education, promoting equal access to educational opportunities, improving the quality of teaching staff, and advancing the internationalization of China's education system.
In recent years, the Ministry has been actively involved in reforming the education sector by promoting quality over quantity, encouraging innovation in education, fostering the development of world-class universities, and enhancing vocational education to meet the needs of China's evolving economy."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/897ffaa6-43c6-416d-98df-46c263432c22]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att021-ministry!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
* McsEngl.Chnaministry.education!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryEdu!=education-ministry-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEdu'ministry!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
* McsEngl.education-ministry-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiàoyùbù-教育部!=ChnaministryEdu,
* McsZhon.教育部-jiàoyùbù!=ChnaministryEdu,

higher-education of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"Higher education in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has undergone significant transformation and development over the past few decades. It is now one of the largest and most diverse higher education systems in the world. Below is an overview of key aspects of higher education in China:

### 1. **Structure of Higher Education**
- **Institutions**: China has a variety of higher education institutions, including universities, colleges, and vocational schools. These institutions are generally categorized into two main types: research universities (focusing on academic research and offering undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs) and teaching-oriented institutions (focused on teaching and offering mainly undergraduate programs).
- **Degrees Offered**: The higher education system offers Bachelor's degrees (typically 4 years), Master's degrees (2-3 years), and Doctoral degrees (3-5 years). In addition, vocational degrees and certificates are available.
- **Admissions**: Admission to universities is highly competitive and is primarily based on the results of the Gaokao, the national college entrance examination.

### 2. **Gaokao Examination**
- The Gaokao is the most important academic examination for high school students in China. It is a rigorous test that determines university admissions, and the results are often seen as a key determinant of a student's future.
- The exam covers subjects like Chinese, Mathematics, and a foreign language (usually English), with additional subjects depending on the student's chosen stream (humanities or sciences).

### 3. **Key Institutions**
- China has several prestigious universities, with Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Fudan University being among the most renowned. These institutions are often compared to top universities globally and have a strong emphasis on research and innovation.
- The "Double First Class" initiative, launched in 2015, aims to develop world-class universities and disciplines within China.

### 4. **Government Initiatives**
- The Chinese government has been investing heavily in higher education, with several initiatives aimed at improving the quality of education and increasing China's global competitiveness. These include the "211 Project" and the "985 Project," which have provided significant funding to selected universities.
- In recent years, the "Double First Class" initiative has replaced the 211 and 985 Projects, aiming to create a number of world-class institutions and disciplines by 2050.

### 5. **Internationalization**
- China has been actively promoting the internationalization of its higher education system. This includes encouraging Chinese students to study abroad, attracting international students to Chinese universities, and establishing international collaborations and partnerships.
- The number of foreign students in China has grown significantly, with the country becoming one of the top destinations for international education, especially among students from developing countries.

### 6. **Challenges**
- **Quality and Equity**: Despite progress, there are still disparities in the quality of education between urban and rural areas, and between different regions of the country. Access to high-quality education remains a challenge for students from less developed areas.
- **Overemphasis on Exams**: The Gaokao system, while standardized, places a heavy emphasis on test performance, which has been criticized for fostering rote learning rather than creativity and critical thinking.
- **Graduate Employment**: The rapid expansion of higher education has led to a mismatch between graduates' skills and the demands of the labor market, contributing to high levels of graduate unemployment or underemployment.

### 7. **Research and Innovation**
- China is investing heavily in research and development, with universities playing a key role. The country has made significant strides in scientific research, with Chinese universities increasingly producing world-class research outputs, especially in fields like engineering, computer science, and materials science.

### 8. **Private Education**
- In addition to public institutions, there has been a rise in private universities and colleges in China. These institutions offer additional options for students and often focus on more specialized or vocational training.

### 9. **Future Trends**
- The Chinese government aims to continue expanding access to higher education while improving quality and global competitiveness. There is a strong emphasis on aligning educational outcomes with the needs of the economy, fostering innovation, and enhancing the international reputation of Chinese universities.
Overall, higher education in China is characterized by rapid expansion, increasing quality, and a strong push towards internationalization and research excellence. However, it also faces challenges related to equity, the exam-centric education culture, and the alignment of education with labor market needs."
[{2024-08-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a1693459-f05c-4d97-bc2b-8238799693a9]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att068-higher-education,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'higher-education,
* McsEngl.higher-education-in-PRC,

secondary-education of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"Secondary education in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a crucial stage in the country's education system, structured to prepare students for higher education or vocational training. The system is divided into two main phases: **Junior Secondary Education** (lower secondary) and **Senior Secondary Education** (upper secondary).

### 1. **Junior Secondary Education (初中)**:
- **Duration**: 3 years, typically for students aged 12 to 15.
- **Compulsory**: Junior secondary education is part of the nine-year compulsory education system in China, which includes six years of primary education.
- **Curriculum**: The curriculum includes a broad range of subjects, such as Chinese language, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, politics, physical education, music, and art.
- **Assessment**: At the end of junior secondary school, students take the **Zhongkao** (High School Entrance Examination). The results determine whether a student can enter a key senior high school, a regular senior high school, or a vocational school.

### 2. **Senior Secondary Education (高中)**:
- **Duration**: 3 years, for students typically aged 15 to 18.
- **Non-Compulsory**: Unlike junior secondary education, senior secondary education is not compulsory.
- **Tracks**: There are mainly two types of senior secondary schools:
- **General Senior Secondary Schools**: Focus on academic subjects in preparation for the **Gaokao** (National Higher Education Entrance Examination), which is essential for admission to universities.
- **Vocational Senior Secondary Schools**: Focus on practical skills and vocational training, preparing students for direct entry into the workforce or further specialized education.
- **Curriculum**: In general senior secondary schools, the curriculum becomes more specialized with students choosing either a science or humanities track. The subjects studied align with the student's chosen track, which directly impacts their Gaokao preparation.
- **Assessment**: The Gaokao is the primary focus of students in general senior secondary schools, as it is the key determinant for university admissions. It is considered one of the most important exams in a Chinese student's life.

### **Key Features of Secondary Education in PRC**:
- **Highly Competitive**: The education system is highly competitive, especially in senior secondary schools where students prepare rigorously for the Gaokao.
- **Educational Reform**: In recent years, there have been ongoing reforms aimed at reducing student stress and emphasizing the development of well-rounded individuals rather than just academic performance.
- **Urban vs. Rural Disparities**: There is a significant disparity in educational resources and opportunities between urban and rural areas, with urban schools generally having better facilities, teachers, and access to educational resources.

### **Recent Trends**:
- **Increased Emphasis on Vocational Education**: The Chinese government has been promoting vocational education to better align with the needs of the economy and provide diverse opportunities for students.
- **Educational Technology**: With the rise of digital technology, there is an increasing use of online resources and platforms in secondary education, particularly in urban areas.

Secondary education in China plays a critical role in shaping the future prospects of students, particularly through the Gaokao, which continues to be a pivotal point in the educational journey of Chinese students."
[{2024-08-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a78b7173-6168-4ff5-a433-ab1051df896d]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att069-secondary-education,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'secondary-education,
* McsEngl.secondary-education-in-PRC,

STEM-student of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"With over five million students graduating in #science, #technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) each year, China has become the world's leading producer of STEM graduates.
Read full: http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0409/c90000-20154685.html"
[{2024-04-09 retrieved} https://twitter.com/VoiceofPD/status/1777592524887974248]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att034-STEM-sdudent,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'STEM-sdudent,
* McsEngl.STEM-sdudent-in-PRC,

right-to-health of ChnasectorHealth

description::
"The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[8] finds that China is fulfilling 98.4% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[9] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, China achieves 98.6% of what is expected based on its current income.[9] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 97% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. When considering the right to reproductive health, the nation is fulfilling 99.6% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available. Overall, China falls into the "good" category when evaluating the right to health.[9]"
[{2024-03-27 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumnright.health,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorHealth'right-to-health,
* McsEngl.right-to-health-of-socChna,

ministry-of-culture-and-tourism of ChnasectorTrsm

descption::
· Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部; Wénhuà hé Lǚyóubù) - Oversees culture, tourism, and radio and television broadcasting."
[{2024-03-10 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/e16fb3c695ea7954]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att020-ministry-of-culture-and-tourism!⇒ChnaministryCaT,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'ministry-of-culture-and-tourism!⇒ChnaministryCaT,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryCaT!=ministry-of-culture-and-tourism-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.ministry-of-culture-and-tourism-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryCaT,

tourist-resort-national-level of ChnasectorTrsm

description::
"China now has 85 national-level tourist resorts, as of June 2024. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism made 22 additions to its list, bringing the country's total to 85.
These resorts are located across 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. They offer a diverse range of attractions, including natural landscapes, cultural heritage sites, and modern entertainment facilities.
Some of the most popular national-level tourist resorts in China include:
* **Gubei Water Town:** Located in the Miyun District of Beijing.
* **Wulingyuan Scenic Area:** Located in Zhangjiajie, Hunan province.
* **Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area:** Located in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan province.
* **Huangshan Scenic Area:** Located in Huangshan City, Anhui province.
* **West Lake Scenic Area:** Located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province.
If you are interested in learning more about China's national-level tourist resorts, you can find a complete list on the Ministry of Culture and Tourism website or other travel websites."
[{2024-06-16 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/916dd6b628629399]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att057-tourist-resort-national-level,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'tourist-resort-national-level,
* McsEngl.national-level-tourist-resort-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.tourist-resort-national-level-of-PRC,

visa-requirement of ChnasectorTrsm

description::
"Traveling to the People's Republic of China (PRC) typically requires obtaining a visa, but the specifics can vary depending on your nationality, the purpose of your visit, and the duration of your stay. Here's a general guide:
### 1. **Visa Requirements:**
- **Tourist Visa (L Visa):** Most travelers visiting China for tourism need a tourist visa. You'll need to apply for this visa before entering China.
- **Business Visa (M Visa):** If you're traveling for business purposes, you'll need to apply for a business visa.
- **Work Visa (Z Visa):** If you intend to work in China, a work visa is required.
- **Student Visa (X Visa):** If you're planning to study in China, you'll need a student visa.
- **Transit Visa (G Visa):** For short layovers, some nationalities may need a transit visa, but many can transit through certain Chinese cities without a visa for up to 144 hours.
### 2. **Visa Exemptions:**
- **Visa-Free Transit:** Citizens from certain countries can transit through Chinese cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and others without a visa for up to 72 or 144 hours, as long as they meet specific requirements (e.g., having a confirmed onward ticket to a third country).
- **Hong Kong and Macau:** If you're only visiting Hong Kong or Macau, different visa rules apply. Many nationalities can visit Hong Kong and Macau without a visa for short stays.
- **Special Administrative Regions:** If you hold a valid visa or residence permit from Hong Kong or Macau, you may be eligible for certain visa-free or simplified entry processes when entering mainland China.
### 3. **Application Process:**
- **Submit Application:** Apply at a Chinese embassy or consulate in your country. Some countries may also offer online applications or visa processing centers.
- **Documents Required:** You'll typically need a valid passport, a completed visa application form, a recent passport-sized photo, and any supporting documents (e.g., itinerary, invitation letter, etc.).
- **Processing Time:** Processing times vary, but it typically takes a few days to a couple of weeks.
### 4. **COVID-19 Considerations:**
- China had strict entry restrictions and quarantine measures in place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ensure you check the latest travel advisories, as policies may still be in place.
### 5. **Other Important Considerations:**
- **Entry/Exit Requirements:** Ensure your passport has at least six months of validity and sufficient blank pages for visa stamps.
- **Health Requirements:** Check if any vaccinations or health screenings are required.
- **Currency Regulations:** Be aware of currency regulations for both entering and leaving China.
### 6. **Visa for Specific Nationalities:**
- **United States, Canada, UK, Australia, EU Countries:** Generally require a visa for most visits, including tourism, business, and work.
- **ASEAN Countries:** Some ASEAN member countries' citizens can visit China visa-free for a limited period.
Always check the specific visa requirements and travel advisories for your nationality and circumstances with the nearest Chinese embassy or consulate before planning your trip."
[{2024-08-12 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a4f05e1c-6538-407c-be38-bd1c7eda62e5]

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'visa-requirement,

relation-to-family-in-law of Chnahshd

description::
"In PRC (People's Republic of China) law, there is a distinction between "household" (家庭, jiātíng) and "family" (家族, jiāzú), though they are closely related concepts.

**Household (家庭):**
* **Definition:** A household typically refers to a group of people living together and sharing living arrangements. This could include immediate family members (parents and children), extended family (grandparents), or even unrelated individuals living together.
* **Legal Relevance:** The concept of a household is important in various legal contexts, such as:
* **Census and Population Registration:** Households are the basic unit for census data collection and population registration in China.
* **Housing:** Certain housing policies and regulations may be based on household registration or the number of people living in a household.
* **Social Welfare:** Some social benefits and programs may be targeted at households or depend on household income levels.

**Family (家族):**
* **Definition:** In a broader sense, a family refers to a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. It can include multiple households and generations, forming a larger kinship network.
* **Legal Relevance:** The concept of family is significant in:
* **Inheritance Law:** Family relationships determine inheritance rights and obligations in China.
* **Family Disputes:** Family law deals with issues like divorce, child custody, and property division within families.
* **Traditional Customs:** Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on family values and obligations, and these cultural norms sometimes influence legal interpretations and decisions.

**Key Differences:**
* **Scope:** A household is primarily focused on cohabitation and shared living arrangements, while a family encompasses broader kinship ties and relationships beyond cohabitation.
* **Legal Focus:** Household is often relevant in areas like population management, housing, and social welfare, while family is more pertinent in matters of inheritance, family disputes, and cultural practices.
**Note:** The legal distinctions between household and family may not always be clear-cut, and there can be overlap in their usage in certain legal contexts. Additionally, the interpretation and application of these concepts may vary depending on specific laws, regulations, and regional practices in China."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b6422c4b2e91c617]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahshd'relation-to-family-in-law,
* McsEngl.family-relation-to-household-in-PRC-law,

Chnahshd.aggregate

description::
">quantity of chinese households:
There are two main ways to measure the quantity of Chinese households:
* **Total Households:** This refers to the total number of households in China, regardless of size. According to various sources, this number was estimated to be around **474 million** in 2021 [1].
* **Registered Households:** This data might focus on households registered with urban residency, potentially underrepresenting the total number. Here, figures can be higher, with estimates reaching **499.4 million** in 2021 [2].
It's important to consider which type of data best suits your needs. The total household figure offers a broader picture, while registered households might be more relevant for specific urban-focused studies.
Here are some additional points to keep in mind:
* The number of households in China is projected to continue increasing moderately in the coming years [3].
* The average size of households in China has been decreasing, with around **2.76 people** per household in 2022 [4]. This means the rise in total households might not directly reflect population growth."
[{2024-03-05 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/3a12ba44ef0bbb1e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahshd.aggregate,
* McsEngl.sectorHshd.China,

Chnahshd.ten-star

description::
"In China, a "ten-star household" (十星级文明家庭) is a prestigious recognition awarded to families who exemplify the values and virtues promoted by the Chinese government. These values often include:
* **Patriotism:** Demonstrating love for and loyalty to the country.
* **Filial Piety:** Respecting and caring for elders.
* **Harmonious Family:** Maintaining a peaceful and loving household.
* **Law-abiding:** Following the laws and regulations of the country.
* **Diligence:** Being hardworking and contributing to society.
* **Thrift:** Being frugal and avoiding wastefulness.
* **Environmental Consciousness:** Protecting the environment and promoting sustainable living.

Households who achieve this status are often seen as role models in their communities and are given certain benefits. These can include:
* **Priority in Education:** Children from ten-star households may receive preferential treatment in school admissions or scholarship applications.
* **Housing Benefits:** They may be given priority in public housing allocation or receive subsidies for housing improvements.
* **Employment Opportunities:** Family members may be given preference in job applications or receive training opportunities.
* **Healthcare Benefits:** They may receive priority in medical treatment or receive discounts on medical expenses.
* **Social Recognition:** Ten-star households are often praised in the media and receive awards and certificates from the government, which can enhance their social status and reputation.
The ten-star household system is part of the Chinese government's effort to promote social harmony and moral values. It is also seen as a way to encourage citizens to participate in community development and contribute to the country's modernization.
Please let me know if you would like more information on this topic."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/953800c6329e617f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahshd.ten-star,
* McsEngl.ten-star-household-of-PRC,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shí-xīng-jí-wénmíng-jiātíng-十星級文明家庭!=ten-star-civilized-family,
* McsZhon.十星級文明家庭-shí-xīng-jí-wénmíng-jiātíng!=ten-star-civilized-family,

Chnaconsumer.rich

description::
"The landscape of wealth in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has seen significant fluctuations and interesting developments as of 2024:
**Number of Billionaires**: China continues to have one of the highest numbers of billionaires in the world, with recent figures indicating around 814 billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List for 2024. This places China at the top in terms of the sheer number of billionaires, ahead of the United States.
**Wealth Trends**: Despite the high number, there's been a noted decline in the collective wealth of China's richest. From 2021 to 2024, the total wealth controlled by billionaires in China's mainland decreased by about 47%, from $2.5 trillion to $1.3 trillion. This decline can be attributed to various economic factors including stock market drops, real estate market issues, and broader economic slowdowns influenced by both domestic policy and international relations.
**Notable Billionaires**:
- **Zhou Zhaoqun** has been highlighted as China's richest female entrepreneur with a fortune around $12 billion as per recent mentions.
- **Colin Huang**, the founder of Temu (owned by PDD Holdings), experienced a brief period as China's richest person, but a significant stock crash impacted his standing, illustrating the volatility in wealth status due to stock market performances.
**Economic and Social Dynamics**:
- There's a mix of success stories from rags to riches, showcasing entrepreneurial spirit, alongside reports of wealth leaving China, with thousands of millionaires and billionaires reportedly emigrating, which might reflect on economic confidence or seeking better investment climates.
- The tech sector boom has significantly contributed to the wealth of young billionaires, with companies like ByteDance (TikTok's parent company) and e-commerce platforms creating substantial wealth.
**Geopolitical and Economic Challenges**:
- China's economic engagement globally, including in places like Mexico with companies like Huawei, indicates strategic economic expansions but also faces challenges due to geopolitical tensions.
- The economic environment in China has been described as experiencing both rapid wealth accumulation in tech sectors and significant challenges like high unemployment rates and property market downturns.
**Cultural and Social Insights from X**:
- Social media discussions highlight both the wealth and the personal stories of billionaires, like the marriage of gay Chinese billionaires, indicating social progressiveness or at least visibility in wealth circles, which might not be commonly highlighted in traditional media.
Given these points, China's billionaire scene is dynamic, marked by significant wealth creation in tech and e-commerce, but also by economic challenges that affect their net worth and global economic standing."
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer.rich,

Chnaconsumer.richMiddle

description::
">PRC middle-class:
The middle class in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been a subject of considerable interest due to its rapid growth and its implications for both domestic and global economics. Here's an overview based on general knowledge up to 2024:
**Growth and Definition:**
- **Economic Development:** China's economic reforms, which started in the late 1970s, have led to an unprecedented expansion of its middle class. This group has grown from a negligible percentage of the population to a significant portion, although exact figures can vary based on definitions.
- **Definition:** The definition of "middle class" in China can differ, but it generally includes individuals or households with an income that allows for discretionary spending beyond basic needs. This might include owning property, cars, being able to travel for leisure, and affording better education for children.
**Characteristics:**
- **Income:** While specific income thresholds for middle-class status can vary, it's often defined by analysts in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) or by a range of income that allows for a certain lifestyle.
- **Consumption:** The Chinese middle class is known for its high consumption levels, particularly in sectors like technology, automotive, luxury goods, and travel. This consumption drives a significant portion of China's economic growth.
- **Education:** There's a strong emphasis on education. Middle-class families often invest heavily in their children's education, including extracurricular classes, international schooling, or education abroad.
- **Housing:** Home ownership is a key indicator of middle-class status in China. The real estate market boom has both been driven by and has contributed to the wealth of the middle class.
- **Savings:** Despite high consumption, the Chinese middle class also has a high savings rate compared to Western counterparts, influenced by cultural values and the need for security against future uncertainties in health care or retirement.
**Challenges:**
- **Economic Pressure:** There's increasing pressure due to the cost of living, especially in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Housing prices, education costs, and health care can strain middle-class finances.
- **Social Mobility:** While there has been significant upward mobility, there's also concern about the sustainability of this growth, with fears of a shrinking middle class due to economic slowdowns or policy changes.
- **Debt:** To maintain or achieve middle-class lifestyles, many have taken on considerable debt, particularly through mortgages or consumer loans.
**Political and Social Impact:**
- The middle class often has a stake in stability but can also be a source of pressure for political reform, better governance, environmental protection, and legal rights, though outright political activism varies.
- **Global Impact:** The size and spending power of China's middle class have global implications, influencing everything from global luxury markets to tourism, to international education.
**Current Sentiment (as of 2024):**
From posts and general discussions found on platforms like X, there seems to be a mix of optimism about the continued growth of China's middle class and concerns over economic pressures, real estate bubbles, and the desire for migration among some members of this demographic. There's also mention of the middle class's role in consumer culture, with significant spending on travel, education, and luxury goods, indicating both the economic power and the lifestyle expectations of this group.
Remember, while these insights are based on general trends and sentiments up to 2024, the exact statistics or current conditions might require up-to-date research for precise figures or shifts in trends."
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer.richMiddle,

Chnaconsumer.richNo

description::
"China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history[88][89]—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.[90] Between 1981 and 2019, the percentage of the population living in extreme poverty decreased from 88.1% to 0.2%.[91]"
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer.richNo,

input of ChnabdgtPblc

description::
"In 2023, the revenue of the national general public budget of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was 21.678437 trillion yuan, which is a 6.4% increase compared to 2022. The revenue includes:
* **Tax receipts:** 18.112936 trillion yuan (an increase of 8.7%)
* **Non-tax revenue:** 3.565501 trillion yuan (a decrease of 3.7%)
This amount represents 99.8% of the budgeted figure for 2023. With additional funds from budget stabilization funds and other sources, the total revenue reached 23.362505 trillion yuan.
You can find more information in these resources:
* **Ministry of Finance Report (2024):** [https://npcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024-MOF-Report_EN.pdf](https://npcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024-MOF-Report_EN.pdf)
* **Update: China's general public budget revenue tops 21 trln yuan in 2023:** [https://english.news.cn/20240201/3ce40c013237400eb217fa64405e68f8/c.html](https://english.news.cn/20240201/3ce40c013237400eb217fa64405e68f8/c.html)
It's important to note that this is just the revenue for the national general public budget, which is the main budget for the central and local governments. There are also other budgets, such as the government-managed funds budget, which had a revenue of 7.070485 trillion yuan in 2023."
[{2024-07-29 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/69d3cbe307752ff3]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc'input,

output of ChnabdgtPblc

description::
"For 2024, China's public budget expenditure has been set at approximately 28.55 trillion yuan, which represents a 4% increase from the previous year. The budget includes substantial allocations for various sectors to drive economic recovery and enhance social development.
### Key Allocations and Priorities:
1. **Defense**: China's defense budget has been increased by 7.2%, reaching nearly 1.7 trillion yuan (around $236.1 billion). This increase is part of ongoing efforts to modernize the military, reflecting priorities such as enhancing war readiness and industrial capacity【7†source】【8†source】.
2. **Health and Education**: Significant funds are allocated for health care and education. The budget for health care includes 76.5 billion yuan for basic public health services. Education receives a similar emphasis with targeted subsidies for schools and universities, particularly to support disadvantaged students【6†source】.
3. **Science and Technology**: The budget prioritizes innovation, with allocations for research and development in high-tech industries like artificial intelligence, biomanufacturing, and next-generation information technology. Tax reliefs and low-cost credit support are also planned to bolster high-tech firms【6†source】【7†source】.
4. **Infrastructure and Development**: Special treasury bonds amounting to 1 trillion yuan will be issued to support infrastructure projects, urban-rural integration, and regional development. These bonds aim to stimulate economic activity without increasing the deficit-to-GDP ratio【6†source】.
5. **Social Welfare**: The budget includes substantial transfer payments from the central government to local governments, projected at about 10.2 trillion yuan. These payments are designed to ensure equitable access to basic public services across regions, with significant portions allocated for social insurance and employment subsidies【6†source】【7†source】.
### Fiscal Strategy:
China is maintaining a deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3%, translating to a deficit of 4.06 trillion yuan. This fiscal strategy includes measures like issuing special-purpose bonds and implementing preferential tax and fee policies to support key sectors and public services【6†source】【7†source】.
In summary, China's 2024 public budget focuses on defense, health, education, technological innovation, infrastructure development, and social welfare, with strategic fiscal measures to support economic and social objectives. For more detailed information, you can refer to sources like ChinaPower Project and China Daily."
[{2024-07-29 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/bfd348df-9e1d-44e6-83fd-20e84bdf6586]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc'output,

balance of ChnabdgtPblc

description::
China is maintaining a deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3%, translating to a deficit of 4.06 trillion yuan. This fiscal strategy includes measures like issuing special-purpose bonds and implementing preferential tax and fee policies to support key sectors and public services【6†source】【7†source】.
[{2024-07-29 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/bfd348df-9e1d-44e6-83fd-20e84bdf6586]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc'balance,

People's-Liberation-Army of ChnasectorPublic

description::
"The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the combined military forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the world's largest and most powerful military organizations. Here are some key aspects of the PLA:

### Structure and Organization
1. **Ground Force (PLAGF)**: The largest component, responsible for land-based military operations.
2. **Navy (PLAN)**: The maritime force, which includes surface ships, submarines, naval aviation, and the Marine Corps.
3. **Air Force (PLAAF)**: Handles aerial operations, including fighters, bombers, and transport aircraft.
4. **Rocket Force (PLARF)**: Manages China's strategic and tactical missile forces, including nuclear and conventional missiles.
5. **Strategic Support Force (PLASSF)**: A relatively new branch responsible for space, cyber, electronic, and psychological warfare.

### History
- **Formation**: Established on August 1, 1927, during the Nanchang Uprising, which marked the beginning of the CPC's armed resistance.
- **Civil War and Liberation**: Played a crucial role in the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the PRC in 1949.
- **Modernization**: Underwent significant modernization efforts from the 1980s onward, with increased focus on technology, joint operations, and power projection.

### Modernization and Capabilities
- **Technological Advancements**: Significant investments in indigenous technology, including advanced fighter jets (like the J-20), naval vessels (like aircraft carriers and destroyers), and missile systems.
- **Strategic Goals**: Emphasis on becoming a world-class military by 2049, aligning with the centenary of the PRC.
- **Global Presence**: Increasing participation in international peacekeeping, anti-piracy operations, and military diplomacy.

### Key Strategic Objectives
- **Regional Dominance**: Ensuring control over key areas such as the South China Sea and Taiwan.
- **Global Influence**: Expanding China's influence through military presence and strategic partnerships.
- **Defense of Sovereignty**: Protecting China's territorial integrity and national sovereignty against external threats.

### Challenges and Controversies
- **Human Rights**: Accusations of human rights abuses, particularly in regions like Xinjiang.
- **Transparency**: Criticized for lack of transparency in military spending and intentions.
- **Regional Tensions**: Involved in territorial disputes with several neighboring countries, raising regional security concerns.

### Conclusion
The PLA is a central element of China's national strategy, reflecting the country's aspirations for regional dominance and global influence. Its ongoing modernization and expansion efforts underscore its pivotal role in China's future geopolitical landscape."
[{2024-05-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/582319ca-7791-4556-85da-683bd5915a0f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att055-People's-Liberation-Army!⇒Chnapla,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'People's-Liberation-Army!⇒Chnapla,
* McsEngl.Chnapla!=People's-Liberation-Army-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.PLA!=People's-Liberation-Army-of-socChna,

paramilitary-forces of ChnasectorPublic

description::
"The paramilitary forces of China are the military units and formations apart from the People's Liberation Army, the principal military force of the People's Republic of China. They are composed of three main forces, the People's Liberation Army reserve force, the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia, and they act as auxiliaries to the active forces of the People's Liberation Army. They generally perform a wide range of roles. All together, the paramilitary has 98,854,000 troops, as of 2018.[1]"
[{2024-05-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att056-paramilitary-forces,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'paramilitary-forces,
* McsEngl.paramilitary-forces-of-socChna,

Chnaplan5.14-{2021..2025}

description::
"Absolutely! Here's an overview of the 14th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its goals, focuses, and significance:
**What is it?**
* The 14th Five-Year Plan is a comprehensive economic and social development blueprint covering 2021-2025.
* It sets out the strategic direction and priorities for China's development over the following five years.
* These plans are a legacy from the Soviet-inspired, centrally planned economic system but remain an important tool for signaling the Chinese Communist Party's priorities.
**Key Goals:**
* **High-Quality Development:** Emphasizes sustainable, innovation-driven growth and a shift away from a pure focus on GDP growth figures.
* **Dual Circulation Strategy:** Prioritizes domestic markets (internal circulation) while maintaining strong international trade and investment links (external circulation). This aims to promote self-reliance and reduce external vulnerabilities.
* **Technological Innovation:** Massive focus on R&D investment in strategic fields like semiconductors, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology to move China up the value chain.
* **Green and Low-Carbon Development:** Commits to reducing carbon emissions, peaking them before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.
* **Rural Revitalization:** Aims to close the urban-rural income gap, improve living standards in rural areas, and modernize agriculture.
* **Social Development:** Focuses on improving healthcare, education, social security, and promoting a fairer income distribution.
**Areas of Focus**
* **Upgrading manufacturing** to higher value-added industries
* **Expanding domestic consumption** to reduce reliance on exports
* **Promoting indigenous innovation** to lessen dependency on foreign tech
* **Building a modern infrastructure system** (including high-speed rail, 5G networks, etc.)
* **Tackling environmental problems** like pollution and climate change
* **Urbanization and hukou reform** (easing restrictions on household registration residency, providing social services)
**Significance**
* The 14th Five-Year Plan comes at a time of growing geopolitical tensions, particularly with the United States. It reflects a desire to reduce economic reliance on other countries and technological competition.
* It marks a significant turning point in China's development model, emphasizing quality growth and self-sufficiency rather than a sole focus on high-speed economic expansion.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 14th Five-Year Plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b93604f9db3d6552]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att024-Chnaplan5.{2021..2025}-14,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2021..2025}-14,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2021..2025}-14,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.14-{2021..2025},
* McsEngl.14-{2021..2025}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.13-{2016..2020}

description::
"Absolutely! Here's a breakdown of the 13th Five-Year Plan in the People's Republic of China (2016-2020):
**What are Five-Year Plans?**
Five-Year Plans are centralized economic blueprints used in China since 1953. They outline strategic goals, economic targets, and development priorities for the country over a five-year period.
**The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020)**
The 13th Five-Year Plan marked a significant turning point in China's economic planning, emphasizing:
* **"Moderately Prosperous Society":** This plan aimed to complete the establishment of a "moderately prosperous society" by 2020. This involved targets in poverty reduction, income growth, and social welfare.
* **Innovation-Driven Development:** China aimed to move away from a focus on manufacturing and towards a knowledge-based economy fueled by innovation.
* **Green Development:** Sustainability became a core priority, with goals to reduce energy consumption, lower pollution, and promote renewable energy.
* **Supply-Side Structural Reform:** This focused on optimizing the supply of goods and services to meet market needs, reducing industrial overcapacity, and improving efficiency.
* **Opening-Up:** China further opened its markets to foreign trade and investment, encouraging international cooperation.
**Key Targets of the 13th Five-Year Plan**
* Maintain an average annual GDP growth rate of at least 6.5%.
* Create over 50 million new urban jobs.
* Lift tens of millions of people out of rural poverty.
* Increase urbanization rate from 56.1% to 60%.
* Reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 15%.
* Reduce carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 18%.
* Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 15%.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 13th Five-Year plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b3873b5e1a1495f4]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att037-Chnaplan5.{2016..2020}-13,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2016..2020}-13,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2016..2020}-13,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.13-{2016..2020},
* McsEngl.13-{2016..2020}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.12-{2011..2015}

description::
"You're likely referring to China's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). Here's a breakdown of its focus and key points:
**What are Five-Year Plans?**
* Five-Year Plans are centralized blueprints for the social and economic development of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
* They outline major targets, objectives, strategies, and resource allocation across various sectors of the economy.
**The 12th Five-Year Plan: Key Themes**
1. **Economic Rebalancing:** The plan aimed to shift China's economy away from heavy reliance on exports and investment toward a more balanced model driven by domestic consumption and services.
2. **Innovation:** It emphasized innovation as a cornerstone for transforming China's economic model and achieving sustainable growth. This involved investing in research and development, and promoting strategic emerging industries such as new energy, biotechnology, and high-end manufacturing.
3. **Environmental Protection:** The 12th Five-Year Plan prioritized environmental protection and sustainability initiatives like:
* Mandatory targets for reducing energy intensity (energy consumption per unit of GDP)
* Reducing emissions (carbon intensity)
* Increasing the share of non-fossil fuels in energy consumption.
4. **Social Development:** The plan emphasized improving the lives of Chinese citizens with a focus on:
* Expanding social safety nets
* Bridging the income gap
* Improving healthcare and education.
**Key Targets and Achievements**
* **GDP Growth:** The plan originally targeted average annual GDP growth of 7%. Growth during this period actually averaged closer to 7.8%.
* **Energy Efficiency:** China achieved a 16% reduction in energy intensity, meeting its target.
* **Carbon Intensity:** China reduced carbon intensity by 17%, also on target.
* **Non-fossil Fuels:** The share of non-fossil fuels in energy consumption reached 11.4%, close to the 11.5% target.
**Evaluation and Legacy**
* The 12th Five-Year Plan is seen as pivotal in China's effort to transition to a more sustainable growth model.
* While certain targets were met, critics argue efforts to reduce income inequality were less successful.
**Let me know if you'd like a deeper dive into a specific aspect of the 12th Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/2417d67192bc1df8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att038-Chnaplan5.{2011..2015}-12,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2011..2015}-12,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2011..2015}-12,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.12-{2011..2015},
* McsEngl.12-{2011..2015}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.11-{2006..2010}

description::
"The 11th Five-Year Plan of China (2006-2010) was a crucial turning point in the country's economic and social development. Here's a breakdown of its key features and significance:
**Focus Areas**
* **Shift Towards Sustainable Development:** China began to move away from a purely growth-driven model towards a greater emphasis on sustainability. This meant finding a better balance between economic expansion and environmental protection.
* **Emphasis on Social Harmony:** The plan aimed to address growing income disparities and social inequities. This involved improving public services, extending social safety nets, and promoting more balanced development between urban and rural regions.
* **Resource Conservation:** Energy efficiency became a major target. The plan called for a 20% reduction in energy intensity (energy used per unit of GDP). This signaled that China was becoming more conscious of the environmental impact of its rapid industrialization.
* **Scientific and Technological Innovation:** The 11th Five-Year Plan promoted indigenous innovation as a key driver for economic transformation. China sought to break away from relying solely on imported technology and build its capabilities in research and development.
**Targets**
* **Economic Growth:** Maintain an average annual GDP growth rate of around 7.5%.
* **Energy Conservation:** Reduce energy intensity by 20%.
* **Emissions Reduction:** Cut major pollutant emissions by 10%.
* **Urbanization:** Increase the percentage of the population living in urban areas.
**Impact and Legacy**
The 11th Five-Year Plan is considered a watershed moment in China's development for several reasons:
* **Environmental Awareness:** It marked the first time a Five-Year Plan had binding targets for energy reduction and pollution control, putting environmental concerns front and center.
* **Social Welfare:** The plan's emphasis on building a "harmonious society" led to a strengthening of social programs and policies aimed at reducing inequality.
* **Future blueprint:** The 11th Five-Year Plan laid the foundation for subsequent plans that have continued to emphasize a more sustainable, balanced, and innovation-driven growth model for China.
Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 11th Five-Year Plan in more detail!"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/532235ee6499136d]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att039-Chnaplan5.{2006..2010}-11,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2006..2010}-11,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2006..2010}-11,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.11-{2006..2010},
* McsEngl.11-{2006..2010}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.10-{2001..2005}

description::
"You're likely referring to China's Five-Year Plans, a key aspect of economic and social strategy in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Here's a breakdown of the 10th Five-Year Plan, along with some context on the overall system:
**China's Five-Year Plans**
* **Purpose:** Set strategic goals for economic and social development over five-year periods. These plans outline priorities, targets, and policy directions for the nation.
* **History:** The practice of Five-Year Plans has its roots in the Soviet Union's centrally planned economy, and China adopted the model after the founding of the PRC in 1949.
**The 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005)**
* **Key Focuses:**
* Growing the services sector
* Developing domestic demand
* Western development (promoting development in China's less economically advanced western regions)
* Rural urbanization
* Environmental sustainability (increasing forest coverage, urban green spaces)
* **Significance:** The 10th Five-Year Plan shifted focus away from purely quantitative growth targets toward a more comprehensive approach including structural changes, sustainability, and quality of life improvements.
**Important Notes**
* **Flexibility:** These plans are less rigid than in the early days of the PRC. They can be modified and adjusted based on evolving economic and social conditions.
* **14th Five-Year Plan:** China is currently operating within the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025). This plan emphasizes technological innovation, a dual-circulation economy (combining domestic and international markets), and green development.
**Let me know if you would like a summary of another specific Five-Year Plan or want more information about how the system functions!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/05c6e02fbe9063d8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att040-Chnaplan5.{2001..2005}-10,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2001..2005}-10,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2001..2005}-10,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.10-{2001..2005},
* McsEngl.10-{2001..2005}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.09-{1996..2000}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1996-2000), including its major goals, strategies, and outcomes:
**Major Goals**
* **Completing the Second Phase of Modernization:** China aimed to further develop its economy, infrastructure, and living standards as part of its long-term modernization goals.
* **Quadrupling Per Capita GDP:** The plan set a target to quadruple the 1980 per capita GDP by the year 2000, reflecting economic growth aspirations.
* **Eradicating Poverty:** A significant focus was placed on reducing poverty levels and improving the lives of the nation's poorest citizens.
* **Accelerating the Transition to a Socialist Market Economy:** China sought to deepen its market-oriented reforms, further transforming its economy.
* **Establishing a Modern Enterprise System:** The focus was on improving the efficiency and competitiveness of state-owned enterprises while encouraging the growth of the private sector.
**Key Strategies**
* **Macroeconomic Regulation and Control:** The government continued to play an active role in managing the economy through fiscal and monetary policies.
* **Prioritizing Agriculture:** Agriculture remained important, with policies aimed at increasing productivity and rural living standards.
* **Investing in Infrastructure:** Major investments were made in transportation, energy, and communication infrastructure to support long-term growth.
* **Emphasizing Science, Technology, and Education:** Efforts were increased to improve technological innovation, scientific development, and education levels as key drivers of economic competitiveness.
* **Focusing on Social Development:** The plan addressed social issues like healthcare, social security, and environmental protection.
* **Expanding Opening Up:** Continued emphasis on attracting foreign investment and increasing international trade.
**Outcomes**
* **Significant Economic Growth:** Over the five-year period, China experienced significant economic growth, although the target of completely eradicating poverty was not fully achieved.
* **Transformation of the Economic Structure:** Market-oriented reforms and the growth of the non-state sector led to shifts in the Chinese economy.
* **Improvements in Living Standards:** The lives of many ordinary Chinese citizens improved.
* **Advancements in Science and Technology:** China made progress in research and development, although a gap remained compared to the most developed nations.
* **Continued Challenges:** Despite the achievements, China faced challenges including income inequality, environmental concerns, and the need for continued reform of state-owned enterprises.
**Historical Significance**
The Ninth Five-Year Plan was a crucial period in China's economic transition and laid the foundation for the country's rapid rise in the early 21st century. The policies and goals of this plan helped propel China into becoming a major global economic power.
**Let me know if you'd like more details on any specific aspect of the Ninth Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/126a0a1d0614172a]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att041-Chnaplan5.{1996..2000}-09,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1996..2000}-09,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1996..2000}-09,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.09-{1996..2000},
* McsEngl.09-{1996..2000}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.08-{1991..1995}

description::
"Here's a summary of the 8th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1991-1995), including its key goals, outcomes, and significance:
**Background**
Following the success of previous economic reforms, China was in a period of transition toward a socialist market economy by the time of the 8th Five-Year Plan. This plan sought to solidify that shift and guide China's continued economic development.
**Key Goals**
* **Modernization:** Further modernize and upgrade China's industrial sectors and infrastructure.
* **Maintain Sustainable Growth:** Ensure a sustainable and balanced GDP growth rate of around 6% annually.
* **Address Regional Disparities:** Focus on developing the central and western regions to reduce the growing economic gap between coastal and inland parts of China.
* **Improve Living Standards:** Raise living standards and increase personal consumption across the population.
* **Science and Technology:** Emphasize technological innovation and research and development across various sectors.
* **Opening-Up:** Continue the policy of opening up China to foreign trade and investment.
**Significant Outcomes**
* **Economic Growth:** China exceeded its projected GDP growth rate, achieving rapid economic expansion and continuing its path to becoming a global economic powerhouse.
* **Infrastructure Upgrade:** Significant expansion of transportation networks (railways, highways, ports), energy projects, and telecommunications.
* **State-Owned Enterprise Reform:** Initiatives to streamline and increase the efficiency of state-owned enterprises were begun, improving their productivity.
* **Increased Standard of Living:** Living standards improved for many, though income inequality began to increase.
* **Scientific Advancement:** China saw progress in areas like space exploration and biotechnology.
**Historical Significance**
The 8th Five-Year Plan was a significant step in solidifying China's shift towards a more market-driven economy. It facilitated:
* **Foundation for Future Growth:** The infrastructure and industrial development laid the foundation for China's continued economic growth in subsequent decades.
* **Attracting Foreign Investment:** The emphasis on opening-up policies was critical in attracting foreign direct investment, which fueled China's economic advances.
* **Challenges Emerged:** The 8th Five-Year Plan period also highlighted growing income inequality and regional development gaps, which became major issues tackled in later plans.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 8th Five-Year Plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/9b26746d5c5d4ab0]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att042-Chnaplan5.{1991..1995}-08,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1991..1995}-08,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1991..1995}-08,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.08-{1991..1995},
* McsEngl.08-{1991..1995}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.07-{1986..1990}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 7th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1986-1990):
**Background**
* China's economic reforms, initiated in the late 1970s, had shown success but also created imbalances and inflationary pressures. The 7th Five-Year Plan aimed at stabilizing the economy while continuing with reforms.
**Key Goals**
1. **Economic Reform and Indirect Control:** The plan emphasized shifting from direct, centralized government control to broader macroeconomic management. This involved giving enterprises more operational autonomy and using economic tools like taxes and interest rates to guide economic activity.
2. **Coastal Development Strategy:** China's coastal regions were given priority for development, focusing on:
* Restructuring traditional industries
* Cultivating new, high-tech industries
* Expanding consumer goods production
3. **Inland Development:** Inland regions were encouraged to support coastal development and focus on processing industries and agriculture.
4. **Economic Stability:** Efforts were made to curb inflation, regulate investment expenditure, and improve efficiency to maintain economic balance.
5. **Technological Advancement:** Technology imports and self-developed technology received increased attention to modernize industries.
6. **Improved Living Standards:** The plan aimed to increase real income for urban and rural populations.
7. **Foreign Trade and Investment:** China sought to expand exports, imports, and foreign investment to integrate further with the global economy.
8. **Education and Talent Development:** The focus was on implementing compulsory 9-year education and training a larger professional workforce.
**Outcomes**
* **Economic Growth:** The economy grew at a slower pace than the previous plan period but maintained an average annual growth rate of 7.8%.
* **Reform Progress:** The shift toward market-oriented policies continued, though at a gradual pace.
* **Increased Living Standards:** Consumption levels improved for many Chinese citizens.
* **Expanded Foreign Engagement:** Foreign trade and investment increased significantly.
* **Continued Imbalances:** Regional disparities and some inflationary pressures persisted.
**Historical Significance**
The 7th Five-Year Plan marked a crucial period in China's economic history. It:
* Demonstrated China's commitment to further economic reforms.
* Initiated a strategy of regional specialization for economic development.
* Set a foundation for more rapid growth and market opening in subsequent decades.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/4cb3b6c5d1a5780f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att043-Chnaplan5.{1986..1990}-07,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1986..1990}-07,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1986..1990}-07,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.07-{1986..1990},
* McsEngl.07-{1986..1990}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.06-{1981..1985}

description::
"Here's a summary of the 6th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1981-1985), including its key goals, focuses, and significance:
**Background**
* The 6th Five-Year Plan was a crucial point in China's economic development. It came after the turbulence of the Cultural Revolution and aimed to stabilize and restructure the economy.
* It marked a shift from the previous focus on heavy industry to a more balanced approach that included consumer goods and agriculture.
**Key Goals**
* **Economic Readjustment and Restructuring:** Correcting imbalances caused by previous plans, focusing on light industry, and addressing economic inefficiencies.
* **Moderately Increased Standard of Living:** Improve the lives of Chinese citizens by focusing on consumer goods production.
* **Technological Progress:** Upgrade technology in existing industries and promote the development of new industries.
* **Strengthening Infrastructure:** Develop energy, transportation, and other crucial infrastructure sectors.
* **Emphasis on Education and Science:** Improve training and education to support modernization efforts.
**Major Focuses**
* **Agriculture:** Boost agricultural output and increase rural incomes.
* **Light Industry (consumer goods):** Expand the production of consumer goods to meet growing demand.
* **Energy:** Increase energy production, particularly coal, and improve energy conservation.
* **Transportation:** Expand railways, roads, and ports to improve the movement of goods and people.
* **Textiles:** A major industry for China at the time, the plan aimed to increase both production and quality of textile products.
**Significance**
* **Foundation for Future Growth:** The 6th Five-Year plan laid the groundwork for China's subsequent economic reforms and the period of rapid economic growth that followed.
* **Redirection of Economic Focus:** It marked a shift in emphasis towards a more balanced and consumer-oriented economy.
* **Initial Steps in Modernization:** The plan's emphasis on technological development and infrastructure helped modernize China's economy.
**Additional Notes:**
* The economic readjustment during this period led to a temporary slowdown in growth, but it helped create a more sustainable foundation for long-term development.
* The plan introduced some early economic reforms, such as giving more autonomy to enterprises and experimenting with market mechanisms.
**Let me know if you want a more detailed breakdown of specific targets or policies within the 6th Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c7a8e02b766493f2]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att044-Chnaplan5.{1981..1985}-06,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1981..1985}-06,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1981..1985}-06,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.06-{1981..1985},
* McsEngl.06-{1981..1985}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.05-{1976..1980}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 5th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its historical context, goals, successes, and failures:
**Historical Context**
* **A Time of Turmoil:** The 5th Five-Year Plan (1976-1980) was launched in a period of significant political and economic instability following the Cultural Revolution. The death of Mao Zedong in 1976 further heightened this uncertainty.
* **Power Struggles and Conflicting Ideologies:** The post-Mao era saw a clash between those favoring a continuation of radical revolutionary policies and those pushing for economic modernization and greater openness. These tensions played out during the creation of the 5th Five-Year Plan.
**Goals of the Plan**
The 5th Five-Year Plan was heavily influenced by the desire to rapidly industrialize China. Some of its key aims were:
* **Massive Industrial Growth:** The original plan set extremely ambitious goals of reaching steel production levels of 60 million tons and petroleum output of 250 million tons by 1985.
* **Self-Reliance:** Emphasis was placed on developing China's own industries and reducing reliance on foreign technology and imports.
* **Building Key Infrastructure:** The plan aimed to construct 120 large-scale projects, including bases for steel, coal, non-ferrous metals, and oil development.
**Outcomes of the Plan**
The 5th Five-Year Plan experienced mixed results:
* **Initial Successes:** The plan did see some initial growth in heavy industry and the construction of several significant infrastructure projects.
* **Impractical Targets:** The unrealistic targets for steel and petroleum production quickly proved unachievable. The focus on heavy industry came at the expense of agriculture and light industry, creating severe imbalances in the economy.
* **Economic Adjustment:** In 1979, under the new leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China began shifting towards economic reforms, placing less emphasis on rigid central planning and more on market mechanisms. This was a major correction within the 5th Five-Year Plan period.
**Lessons Learned**
The 5th Five-Year Plan offers important lessons in centralized economic planning:
* **Need for Realistic Goals:** Setting overly ambitious targets without considering practical resource constraints leads to economic distortions.
* **Importance of Balance:** Focusing solely on heavy industry can harm other sectors of the economy, creating imbalances and shortages.
* **Flexibility for Course Correction:** Even with the best of intentions, central plans can be flawed. Mechanisms to review and adjust them are crucial for economic health.
**Legacy**
Despite its shortcomings, the 5th Five-Year Plan was a pivotal period in China's economic development. The failures and lessons learned helped shape the pragmatism and market-oriented reforms that laid the foundation for its later economic success.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any specific aspects of the 5th Five-Year Plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/69d4c6baa4abd267]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att045-Chnaplan5.{1976..1980}-05,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1976..1980}-05,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1976..1980}-05,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.05-{1976..1980},
* McsEngl.05-{1976..1980}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.04-{1971..1975}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 4th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its historical context, main goals, outcomes, and significance:
**Historical Context**
* **Time Period:** 1971 - 1975
* **Political Situation:** The 4th Five-Year Plan was launched during a time of significant political upheaval in China, within the latter period of the Cultural Revolution. This led to instability and initially unrealistic targets within the plan.
**Main Goals**
The initial draft of the 4th Five-Year Plan set out highly ambitious goals:
* **Overall Growth:** Reach an average annual growth rate of 12.5% for the gross output value of industry and agriculture.
* **Infrastructure:** Invest 130 billion yuan in infrastructure construction over five years.
* **Agriculture:**
* Grain output: 300-325 billion kilograms.
* Cotton output: 65-70 million piculs (1 picul = 60 kg).
* **Industry**
* Steel output: 35-40 million tons.
* Coal: 400-430 million tons.
* Electricity: 200-220 billion kWh.
* Railway freight: 900 million to 1 billion tons.
**Revisions and Outcomes**
* **Adjusted Targets:** In 1973, the State Planning Commission revised the plan, lowering some of the initially unrealistic targets.
* **Outcomes:** Although the period faced disruption due to political instability, China saw some economic progress during the 4th Five-Year Plan:
* Industrial and agricultural output increased.
* Infrastructure development progressed.
* China began greater engagement in foreign trade.
**Significance**
* **Setting the Stage:** Despite its turbulent context, the 4th Five-Year Plan established foundations for future growth in China. It paved the way for later reform efforts aimed at more stable and sustainable growth.
* **Shift Towards Pragmatism:** The revision of the plan's targets marked a shift from a focus on extreme revolutionary ambitions towards a more pragmatic approach to economic growth.
**Important Considerations**
* **Impact of the Cultural Revolution:** The Cultural Revolution had a significant negative impact on the Chinese economy, including disruptions to production, investment, and education. These factors limited the full potential of the 4th Five-Year Plan.
* **Data Accuracy:** It's important to be aware of potential inaccuracies in data from this period due to the political environment in China.
**Let me know if you would like a more detailed breakdown of specific aspects of the 4th Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c617ade0a6fdcaaf]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att046-Chnaplan5.{1971..1975}-04,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1971..1975}-04,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1971..1975}-04,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.04-{1971..1975},
* McsEngl.04-{1971..1975}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.03-{1966..1970}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 3rd Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC):
**Background**
* **Timing:** 1966-1970
* **Context:** The 3rd Five-Year Plan came after the economic chaos of the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961). It also unfolded during the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.
**Goals**
1. **Strengthen Agriculture:** Agriculture was considered the foundation of economic development. The plan focused on increasing agricultural production, food, and essential consumer goods.
2. **Boost National Defense:** Given geopolitical tensions with both the Soviet Union and the United States, a strong defense sector was a major priority.
3. **Advance Key Industries:** Industrial development and infrastructure were still crucial for economic modernization. Focus was given to heavy industry, transportation, and energy sectors.
4. **Promote Science and Technology:** The plan aimed to advance China's scientific capabilities for both industry and national defense.
**Strategies and Implementation**
* **Readjustment and Recovery:** Much of the focus was on readjusting economic imbalances caused by the Great Leap Forward.
* **Decentralization:** Some decision-making was moved away from central authorities to provincial and local levels.
* **“Third Front” Construction:** Increased investment in inland provinces for strategic and security reasons.
**Outcomes**
* **Mixed Results:** Economic progress was made in some areas, particularly agriculture and basic industries, but the plan was hindered by the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution.
* **Political Upheaval:** Constant ideological campaigns and purges caused economic instability.
* **Improved Living Standards:** Despite the political chaos, many people experienced modest improvements in living standards compared to the immediate aftermath of the Great Leap Forward.
**Historical Significance**
The 3rd Five-Year Plan demonstrated the difficulties of establishing planned economic growth within a highly politicized and unstable environment. It also showed China's continued strategic focus on industrialization and military readiness."
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/1735cfa8d205a7b1]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att047-Chnaplan5.{1966..1970}-03,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1966..1970}-03,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1966..1970}-03,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.03-{1966..1970},
* McsEngl.03-{1966..1970}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.02-{1958..1962}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 2nd Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC) along with some of the issues it led to:
**Background**
Following the success of the first Five-Year Plan (1953-1957), the Chinese Communist Party launched its Second Five-Year Plan (1958-1962). However, this plan was intimately tied into the disastrous Great Leap Forward.
**Goals of the Plan**
* **Heavy Industry Focus:** The plan aimed to continue the rapid industrialization of China, with a particular emphasis on heavy industry such as steel, coal, and machinery.
* **Simultaneous Development:** Unlike the first plan, the focus was on developing agriculture and heavy industry at the same time.
* **Socialist Transformation:** Continuing the push to collectivize land, businesses, and other means of production into a more rigidly socialist structure.
* **Decentralization:** Some decision-making authority was supposed to devolve from the central government to provincial and local levels.
**The Great Leap Forward**
The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) was a radical and ultimately catastrophic attempt to accelerate China's economic development, launched alongside the 2nd Five-Year Plan. It involved:
* **Communes:** The establishment of large-scale agricultural communes where people were organized into work units and private property was mostly abolished.
* **Backyard Steel Furnaces:** A mass mobilization campaign to produce steel, even in small, improvised furnaces, that turned out to be largely wasteful and inefficient.
**Consequences**
The unrealistic targets of the Great Leap Forward and the disruption caused by its policies led to:
* **Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961):** One of the worst famines in human history resulted from a combination of agricultural mismanagement, bad weather, and the diversion of resources and labor away from food production. It's estimated that tens of millions of people died.
* **Economic Collapse:** Industrial production plummeted, and the entire Chinese economy went into a severe crisis.
**Legacy**
The 2nd Five-Year Plan was officially abandoned as the immense failure of the Great Leap Forward became apparent. The disaster led to a period of readjustment within the Chinese leadership and a more moderate economic course in the 1960s. However, the famine and the chaos of the period had a lasting and devastating impact on China."
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/1abb816217864e29]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att048-Chnaplan5.{1958..1962}-02,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1958..1962}-02,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1958..1962}-02,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.02-{1958..1962},
* McsEngl.02-{1958..1962}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.01-{1953..1957}

description::
"Absolutely! Here's a breakdown of the People's Republic of China's 1st Five-Year Plan (1953-1957):
**Background**
* After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the country faced the enormous task of reconstruction after decades of war.
* The Chinese Communist Party, guided by Chairman Mao Zedong, saw the need for a centralized economic plan to guide the country's development.
**Goals and Influences**
* **Soviet Model:** The 1st Five-Year Plan was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's economic planning model. The USSR provided substantial assistance in the form of financial aid and technical expertise.
* **Heavy Industry:** The primary goal of the plan was to rapidly industrialize China, with a strong emphasis on developing heavy industries such as steel production, coal mining, and machinery manufacturing.
* **Collectivization of Agriculture:** To support industrialization, the plan also involved the collectivization of agriculture, where individual farms were merged into larger, state-controlled collectives.
**Key Projects**
* **156 Major Projects:** The plan included 156 key industrial projects designed to lay the foundation for China's industrial base. These covered areas like iron and steelworks, power plants, and transportation infrastructure.
* **Northeast China:** Due to its existing industrial base, Northeast China (Manchuria) received a significant portion of investment, leading to the development of major industrial centers.
**Outcomes**
* **Economic Success:** The 1st Five-Year Plan was largely considered a success in terms of economic growth. Industrial production increased significantly, especially in targeted sectors like steel and coal.
* **Socialist Transformation:** The plan accelerated the shift towards a socialist economic system with the government playing a dominant role in the economy.
* **Foundation for Future Growth:** While later economic plans of the PRC faced more challenges, the 1st Five-Year Plan laid the initial groundwork for China's eventual rise as an industrial power.
**Let me know if you want to delve deeper into specific aspects of the plan or how it compared to other economic initiatives in China's history!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/cba8d9d080e95ac5]

"By the time of the completion of the first 5 Year Economic Plan in 1957, Mao had come to believe that the path to socialism that had been followed by the Soviet Union was not appropriate for China. He was critical of Khrushchev's reversal of Stalinist policies and he was also alarmed by the uprisings that had taken place in East Germany, Poland and Hungary, and the perception that the USSR was seeking "peaceful coexistence" with the Western powers. Mao had become convinced that China should follow its own path to communism."
[{2024-08-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att049-Chnaplan5.{1953..1957}-01,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1953..1957}-01,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1953..1957}-01,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.01-{1953..1957},
* McsEngl.01-{1953..1957}-Chnaplan5,

National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-(2014-2020)

description::
"The **National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)** was a significant policy initiative in China, aimed at guiding the country's urbanization process during that period. It represented a strategic shift in China's approach to urbanization, focusing on more sustainable, inclusive, and balanced development compared to the rapid urban growth seen in previous decades. Here are some key points about the plan:

### Objectives:
1. **Promote Sustainable Urbanization**: The plan aimed to encourage more sustainable forms of urbanization, focusing on energy efficiency, environmental protection, and improved urban planning.
2. **Improve the Quality of Urbanization**: Rather than just expanding cities, the plan emphasized improving the quality of life in urban areas, including better infrastructure, public services, and housing conditions.
3. **Balanced Regional Development**: The plan sought to reduce the regional disparities in urban development by promoting growth in smaller cities and towns, especially in central and western China, rather than concentrating growth in coastal megacities.
4. **Urban-Rural Integration**: It emphasized better integration of urban and rural areas, including the provision of public services in rural areas, development of rural infrastructure, and allowing more rural residents to settle in cities.
5. **People-Centered Urbanization**: The plan highlighted the importance of a people-centered approach to urbanization, with a focus on improving citizens' quality of life, expanding access to social services, and ensuring fair and equal opportunities for all residents, including migrants from rural areas.

### Key Features:
- **Hukou System Reform**: One of the major reforms under this plan was the gradual reform of the *hukou* (household registration) system, which historically restricted rural residents from accessing public services in cities. The plan proposed loosening these restrictions to allow more rural migrants to obtain urban residency status.
- **Environmental and Resource Constraints**: Recognizing the environmental challenges posed by rapid urbanization, the plan included measures to manage resource constraints, reduce pollution, and promote green development.
- **Smart and Digital Cities**: The plan encouraged the development of smart cities using information and communication technologies to improve urban management, public services, and economic productivity.
- **Public Services Expansion**: The plan aimed to expand access to public services, including education, healthcare, and social security, to all urban residents, including migrants.
- **Urban Infrastructure Development**: Significant investments were planned for urban infrastructure, including transportation, water supply, and waste management systems, to support the growing urban population.

### Outcomes:
By the end of 2020, China had made substantial progress toward the goals outlined in the plan. Urbanization levels increased significantly, with a greater focus on quality over quantity. The reform of the *hukou* system allowed more rural migrants to settle in cities, although challenges remained. The development of smaller cities and towns helped to alleviate the pressure on major metropolitan areas, and there was a growing emphasis on sustainable and green urban development.
The National New-Type Urbanization Plan laid the groundwork for China's continued urbanization efforts in the 2020s, with ongoing reforms and initiatives building on its achievements."
[{2024-08-18 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/c2d6f379-357d-48cc-9dec-2cc21daa8ad6]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att074-National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-{2014..2020},
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-{2014..2020},
* McsEngl.National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-{2014..2020},

Mao-Zedong-thought of Chnacp

description::
"Mao Zedong Thought, officially known as Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, represents the adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to the specific conditions of pre-industrial China. It emphasizes the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, the importance of armed struggle, and the concept of continuous revolution.
Here's a summary of key aspects:
* **Peasant-based revolution:** Mao Zedong believed that in pre-industrial societies like China, the peasantry, rather than the urban proletariat, could be the primary force of revolution. This contrasted with traditional Marxist-Leninist theory, which focused on the urban working class.
* **Armed struggle:** Mao Zedong advocated for armed struggle as the primary means of achieving revolutionary change. He believed that political power ultimately came from the barrel of a gun.
* **Mass line:** The mass line emphasizes the importance of close connection between the Communist Party and the masses. It involves learning from the masses, understanding their needs, and formulating policies based on their experiences.
* **Cultural Revolution:** Mao Zedong initiated the Cultural Revolution to combat perceived bourgeois influences within the Communist Party and society. This period was marked by significant social and political upheaval.
* **Continuous revolution:** Mao Zedong believed that even after the initial socialist revolution, class struggle would continue. He argued for the necessity of ongoing revolution to prevent the restoration of capitalism.
Mao Zedong Thought had a profound impact on the Chinese Communist Revolution and the subsequent development of the People's Republic of China. It continues to be a subject of study and debate, with various interpretations and assessments of its legacy."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/36730cb12af216f7]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att023-Mao-Zedong-thought,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Mao-Zedong-thought,
* McsEngl.Mao-Zedong-thought,

Deng-Xiaoping-theory of Chnacp

description::
"Deng Xiaoping Theory encompasses the various policy pronouncements that guided China's reform process starting in 1978. It is considered a significant departure from Mao Zedong Thought, as Deng emphasized economic development as the central focus of the Communist Party's work.
Key aspects of Deng Xiaoping Theory include:
* **Socialism with Chinese Characteristics:** This concept involves incorporating elements of capitalism into a socialist framework to boost productivity, advance Chinese culture, and improve people's living standards.
* **"Four Modernizations":** This refers to the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.
* **Open Door Policy:** This policy encourages foreign investment and trade to accelerate China's economic growth.
* **Economic Reforms:** These reforms include decentralizing economic decision-making, introducing market mechanisms, and allowing for private enterprise in certain sectors.
* **"One Country, Two Systems":** This principle was applied to Hong Kong and Macau, allowing them to maintain their capitalist systems while being part of the People's Republic of China.
Deng Xiaoping Theory significantly impacted China's economic development and global integration. However, it also faced criticism for issues such as income inequality, corruption, and environmental degradation.
For further information, you can refer to the following resources:
* Wikipedia article on Deng Xiaoping Theory: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory)
* Deng Xiaoping Theory on Chinese Posters: [https://chineseposters.net/themes/dengxiaoping-theory](https://chineseposters.net/themes/dengxiaoping-theory)
Please note that this is a brief overview of Deng Xiaoping Theory. If you have any specific questions or would like more details on a particular aspect, feel free to ask."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/dd6cd918e700b014]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att024-Deng-Xiaoping-theory,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Deng-Xiaoping-theory,
* McsEngl.Deng-Xiaoping-theory,

theory-of-three-represents of Chnacp

description::
"The Three Represents, officially known as the Theory of Three Represents, is a socio-political ideology that was introduced in China by Jiang Zemin in 2000. It defines the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Chinese society and outlines three key areas the CCP must represent:
1. **Represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces:** This means the CCP must prioritize economic development and modernization, focusing on advancing industries, technology, and innovation.
2. **Represent the orientation of China's advanced culture:** The CCP is tasked with promoting a socialist culture that aligns with China's values and traditions, while also encouraging cultural exchange and development.
3. **Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people:** The CCP's core mission is to serve the interests of the people, ensuring their well-being, social stability, and overall prosperity.
The Three Represents theory was significant for several reasons:
* **Ideological Shift:** It marked a departure from traditional Marxist-Leninist thought, where the Communist Party primarily represented the working class. The Three Represents broadened the party's focus to encompass broader societal interests.
* **Modernization:** It emphasized economic development and technological advancement as crucial goals for China, aligning with the country's reform and opening-up policies.
* **Legitimacy:** The theory aimed to strengthen the CCP's legitimacy by highlighting its commitment to serving the people and leading China towards a prosperous future.
**Criticisms:** The Three Represents has faced criticism for being vague and open to interpretation. Some argue it was primarily a political tool to consolidate Jiang Zemin's power and maintain the CCP's control over society.
If you would like to delve deeper into the Three Represents theory, I recommend consulting the following resources:
* Wikipedia article on Three Represents: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents)
* "Three Represents Theory" aims for "Peaceful Evolution" - RIETI: [https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/china/02082301.html](https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/china/02082301.html)
Let me know if you have any further questions!"
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c4a9807f783640c3]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att025-theory-of-three-represents,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'theory-of-three-represents,
* McsEngl.theory-of-three-represents,

scientific-outlook-on-development of Chnacp

description::
"The Scientific Outlook on Development[a] is one of the guiding socio-economic principles of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), credited to former Chinese leader Hu Jintao and his administration, who was in power from 2002 to 2012.
The Scientific Outlook on Development incorporates scientific socialism, sustainable development, social welfare, a humanistic society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the creation of a Socialist Harmonious Society. According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development."[1]
The ideology is lauded by the Chinese government as a successor and extension ideology to Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Three Represents. It was ratified into the CCP constitution at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007, and to the preamble of the Chinese Constitution at the first session of the 13th National People's Congress in March 2018."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att026-scientific-outlook-on-development,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'scientific-outlook-on-development,
* McsEngl.scientific-outlook-on-development,

Xi-Jinping-thought of Chnacp

description::
""Xi Jinping Thought" refers to a set of policies and ideas derived from the speeches and writings of Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and President of the People's Republic of China. Officially known as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era," it was enshrined in the CPC's constitution in 2017 and in the country's constitution in 2018. This ideological framework is seen as a guide for China's political, economic, and social policies.
Key components of Xi Jinping Thought include:
1. **Party Leadership**: Emphasizing the absolute leadership of the Communist Party in all aspects of Chinese society. The CPC's role is central and must be upheld in every sphere, including politics, economy, culture, and military.
2. **Socialism with Chinese Characteristics**: Continuing and developing socialism adapted to China's specific conditions and unique historical, cultural, and social circumstances.
3. **Modernization**: Advancing economic modernization, technological innovation, and enhancing the country's overall national strength. This includes ambitious projects like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Made in China 2025 plan.
4. **Rule of Law**: Strengthening the rule of law in China to ensure justice, equity, and an orderly society, while maintaining the CPC's leading role.
5. **Ecological Civilization**: Prioritizing environmental protection and sustainable development to build a "Beautiful China."
6. **National Security**: Ensuring comprehensive national security, including economic, political, military, and cultural security.
7. **People-Centered Development**: Focusing on improving the quality of life and wellbeing of the Chinese people, addressing issues like poverty alleviation, healthcare, and education.
8. **Military Reform**: Strengthening and modernizing the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to build a world-class military force.
9. **Global Influence**: Promoting China's role and influence in global governance and international relations, advocating for a more multipolar world order and multilateralism.
10. **Cultural Confidence**: Promoting Chinese culture, values, and heritage as part of national rejuvenation and global cultural exchanges.
These principles are intended to guide China's development and governance in the coming decades, ensuring stability, prosperity, and the continued dominance of the Communist Party. Xi Jinping Thought represents the latest evolution of Marxist-Leninist principles adapted to the contemporary Chinese context."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/ff5d54f4-2654-4408-b8e9-47ad6f205e90]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att027-Xi-Jinping-thought,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Xi-Jinping-thought,
* McsEngl.Xi-Jinping-thought,

cadre of Chnacp

description::
"The terms "member of the CPC" and "cadre" are often used in the context of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and have specific meanings:

### Member of the CPC
- **Definition**: An individual who has been formally admitted into the Communist Party of China.
- **Eligibility and Process**: Membership is open to any Chinese citizen over the age of 18 who accepts the party's program and constitution, willingly joins and works in one of the party's organizations, actively participates in party activities, executes the party's decisions, and pays membership dues.
- **Roles and Responsibilities**: Members are expected to uphold the party's principles, participate in party meetings, take part in party activities, and contribute to the party's work in various capacities. They are not necessarily in leadership or managerial positions.
- **Scope**: The party has millions of members from various walks of life, including students, workers, farmers, professionals, and officials.

### Cadre
- **Definition**: A cadre is a member of the CPC who holds a leadership or managerial position within the party, government, military, state-owned enterprises, or other institutions.
- **Eligibility and Process**: Cadres are typically selected from among the party members based on their performance, loyalty, and suitability for leadership roles. The selection process is rigorous and often involves evaluations, recommendations, and approvals from higher authorities within the party.
- **Roles and Responsibilities**: Cadres are responsible for implementing party policies, managing organizational affairs, leading teams, and ensuring the party's directives are carried out effectively. They hold significant influence and authority in their respective areas of responsibility.
- **Scope**: While all cadres are party members, not all party members are cadres. The cadre system is essential for the CPC's organizational structure and governance, ensuring that the party's leadership and administrative functions are carried out by trusted and capable individuals.

### Key Differences
1. **Scope of Membership**:
- All cadres are members of the CPC, but not all members are cadres.
2. **Roles and Responsibilities**:
- CPC members may not necessarily hold leadership or managerial positions, whereas cadres are specifically those in such positions.
3. **Selection and Appointment**:
- Regular members join the party through a standard membership process, while cadres are appointed to their positions based on their qualifications and the party's needs.
4. **Influence and Authority**:
- Cadres generally have more influence and authority within the party and government structures compared to regular party members."
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/1e2bf329-4233-43ce-ad03-015fb0fabdc1]

"The term in Chinese today generally extends to any person in a position of certain authority or responsibility subject to CCP oversight, whether or not they are members of the party. ... Personnel in many positions of state-owned enterprises and other government-affiliated institutions are also referred to as cadres. These individuals are generally paid by the state.[6][7]"
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party#Definition]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att030-cadre-of-Chnacp,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'cadre-of-Chnacp,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'cadre,
* McsEngl.cadre-of-Chnacp,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.gànbù-干部!=Chnacp'cadre,
* McsZhon.干部-gànbù!=Chnacp'cadre,

General Program

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. It is the leadership core for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and represents the developmental demands of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation for China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the greatest possible majority of the Chinese people. The Party’s highest ideal and ultimate goal is the realization of communism.

The Communist Party of China uses Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its guides to action.

Marxism-Leninism reveals the laws governing the development of the history of human society. Its basic tenets are correct and have tremendous vitality. The highest ideal of communism pursued by Chinese Communists can be realized only when socialist society is fully developed and highly advanced. The development and improvement of the socialist system is a long historical process. By upholding the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism and following the path suited to China’s specific conditions as chosen by the Chinese people, China’s socialist cause will ultimately be victorious.

With Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, Chinese Communists developed Mao Zedong Thought by combining the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism with the actual practice of the Chinese revolution. Mao Zedong Thought is the application and development of Marxism-Leninism in China; it is a body of theoretical principles and a summary of experiences, proven correct in practice, relating to China’s revolution and construction; and it is a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in the long revolutionary struggle against imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism, securing victory in the new democratic revolution and founding the People’s Republic of China, a people’s democratic dictatorship. After the founding of the People’s Republic, the Communist Party of China successfully led the people in carrying out socialist transformation, completing the transition from New Democracy to socialism, establishing the basic socialist system, and developing a socialist economy, politics, and culture.

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping as their chief representative, analyzed both positive and negative experience gained since the founding of the People’s Republic, emancipated the mind, and sought truth from facts. They shifted the focus of the whole Party’s work onto economic development and introduced reform and opening up, thereby ushering in a new era of development in socialism; they gradually formulated the line, principles, and policies for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, brought clarity to basic questions on building, consolidating, and developing socialism in China, and thus established Deng Xiaoping Theory. Deng Xiaoping Theory is the product of combining Marxism-Leninism’s basic tenets with practice in contemporary China and the particular features of the era; it is a continuation and development of Mao Zedong Thought under new historical conditions; it represents a new stage for the development of Marxism in China; it is the Marxism of contemporary China and a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China; and it guides the continuous progression of China’s socialist modernization.

After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Jiang Zemin as their chief representative, through developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in practice, deepened their understanding of what socialism is and how to build it, and what kind of party to build and how to build it, and gathered valuable new experience in governing the Party and the country, thus forming the Theory of Three Represents. The Theory of Three Represents, which is a continuation and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory, reflects new demands that the developments and changes in today’s world and in China have placed on the Party and the government in their work. A powerful theoretical tool for strengthening and improving Party building and promoting the self-improvement and development of China’s socialism, it is a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China and a guiding ideology that the Party must uphold in the long term. Always ensuring the Theory of Three Represents is practiced is the foundation of the Party’s own development, the cornerstone of governance by the Party, and the source of the Party’s strength.

After the Party’s 16th National Congress, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Hu Jintao as their chief representative, continued to take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Theory of Three Represents as their guide. On the basis of the new demands of development they forged a deep understanding of and answered major questions, including what kind of development to pursue and how to pursue it in a new situation, thus forming the Scientific Outlook on Development, which puts people first and calls for comprehensive, balanced, and sustainable development. The Scientific Outlook on Development is a scientific theory that continues in congruence with Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the Theory of Three Represents, while advancing with the times. It fully embodies the Marxist worldview and methodology on development and represents a major achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. It is a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China and a guiding ideology that must be upheld long term in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Since the Party’s 18th National Congress, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative, integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and fine traditional culture, have provided sound answers to major questions of our times, such as what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics the new era requires us to uphold and develop and how we should uphold and develop it, thus giving shape to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The Thought is a continuation and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development. It is the Marxism of contemporary China and of the 21st century, embodying the best of Chinese culture and ethos of this era. It represents a crystallization of the practical experience and collective wisdom of the Party and the people, an important component of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a guide to action for the entire Party and all the Chinese people to strive for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and must be upheld long term and constantly developed. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in a concerted effort to carry out a great struggle, develop a great project, advance a great cause, and realize a great dream, ushering in a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, fulfilling the First Centenary Goal, and embarking on the new journey to accomplish the Second Centenary Goal.

Ultimately, the fundamental reason for all of China’s achievements and progress since reform and opening up began is that the Party has forged a path, formed a theoretical system, established a system, and developed a culture for socialism with Chinese characteristics. All Party members must cherish deeply, uphold long term, and continue to develop this path, this theoretical system, this socialist system, and this culture, which the Party has developed through great hardship. All Party members must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, have firm confidence in its path, theory, system, and culture, carry forward the fighting spirit and build up our fighting ability, implement the Party’s basic theory, basic line, and basic policy, and strive to fulfill the three historic tasks of advancing modernization, achieving China’s reunification, and safeguarding world peace and promoting common development, and realize the Second Centenary Goal and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has remained true to its original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. Through its endeavors over the past century, the Party has fundamentally transformed the future of the Chinese people, opened up the right path for achieving rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, demonstrated the strong vitality of Marxism, profoundly influenced the course of world history, and made itself a forerunner of the times. Based on long-term practice, the Party has gained valuable historical experience in the following respects: upholding the Party’s leadership, putting the people first, advancing theoretical innovation, staying independent, following the Chinese path, maintaining a global vision, breaking new ground, standing up for ourselves, promoting the united front, and remaining committed to self-reform. These points are a rich source of inspiration that the Party and the people have created together. We must cherish them, uphold them over the long term, and continue to enrich and develop them through practice.

China is currently in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come. This is a stage of history that cannot be bypassed as China, which used to be economically and culturally lagging, makes progress in socialist modernization; it will take over a century. China’s development of socialism must begin from China’s own circumstances, follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and comprehensively promote national rejuvenation through the path of Chinese modernization. At the present stage, the principal contradiction in Chinese society is that between the ever-growing needs of the people for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Owing to both domestic factors and international influences, a certain amount of class struggle will continue to exist for a long time to come, and under certain circumstances may even grow more pronounced, however, it is no longer the principal contradiction. In building socialism in China, the basic tasks are to further release and develop the productive forces and gradually achieve socialist modernization and, to this end, reform those elements and areas within the relations of production and the superstructure that are unsuited to the development of the productive forces. The Party must uphold and improve the basic economic systems including the system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together, a system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay while multiple forms of distribution exist alongside it, and the socialist market economy. It must encourage some areas and some people to become well-off first, gradually realize the goal of common prosperity for all, and on the basis of developing production and social wealth, keep meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and promote people’s well-rounded development. Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. The Party must commit to a people-centered philosophy of development. It should have an accurate understanding of this new stage of development, apply a new philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development, accelerate efforts to foster a new pattern of development that is focused on the domestic economy and features positive interplay between domestic and international economic flows, and pursue high-quality development. The general starting point and criteria for judging each item of the Party’s work are that it must benefit the development of the socialist productive forces, be conducive to increasing socialist China’s overall strength, and help to improve the people’s living standards. The Party must respect labor, knowledge, talent, and creativity and ensure that development is for the people and relies on the people, and that its fruits are shared among the people. In accordance with the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Party must promote coordinated economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological advancement, and coordinate efforts to build a modern socialist country in all respects, comprehensively deepen reform, fully advance the law-based governance of China, and strengthen Party self-governance in every respect. On the new journey in the new era, the strategic objectives of economic and social development are to basically realize socialist modernization by 2035 and build China into a great modern socialist country by the middle of this century.

The basic line of the Communist Party of China in the primary stage of socialism is to lead all the people of China together in a self-reliant and pioneering effort, making economic development the central task, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles, and remaining committed to reform and opening up, so as to see China becomes a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.

In leading the cause of socialism, the Communist Party of China must continue its commitment to economic development as the central task, and all other work must take an ancillary role and serve this center. The Party shall implement the strategy for invigorating China through science and education, the strategy on developing a quality work force, the innovation-driven development strategy, the rural vitalization strategy, the coordinated regional development strategy, the sustainable development strategy, and the military-civilian integration strategy. It shall give full play to the role of science and technology as primary productive forces, the role of talent as the primary resource, and the role of innovation as the primary force driving development, draw on advances in science and technology, improve the quality of the country’s workforce, and ensure higher-quality and more efficient, equitable, sustainable, and secure development of the economy.

The Four Cardinal Principles—to keep to the path of socialism, to uphold the people’s democratic dictatorship, to uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and to uphold Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought—form the foundation for building the country. Throughout the whole course of socialist modernization, the Party must adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles and oppose bourgeois liberalization.

A continued commitment to reform and opening up is the path to a stronger China. Only through reform and opening up can we develop China, develop socialism, and develop Marxism. The Party must comprehensively deepen reform, improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and modernize China’s system and capacity for governance. The Party must fundamentally reform the economic structure that constrains the development of the productive forces and uphold and improve the socialist market economy; and in congruence with this it must undertake political structural reform and reform in other fields. The Party must uphold the fundamental national policy of making China open to the world and embrace and learn from all achievements of human society. In carrying out reform and opening up, the Party should be boldly explorative and brave in breaking new ground; the Party should improve the scientific nature of reform-related decision making, pursue reform in a more systematic, holistic, and coordinated way, and pioneer new approaches through practice.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing the socialist market economy. It shall be firm in consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and shall remain steadfast in encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. It shall give play to the decisive role of market forces in resource allocation and ensure the government plays its role better, and establish a sound system for macroeconomic regulation. The Party shall work to balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between humankind and nature, and domestic development and openness to the world. It shall adjust the economic structure, transform the growth model, and advance supply-side structural reform. The Party shall promote the synchronized development of new industrialization, information technology application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, and shall build a new socialist countryside, take a new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, and build China into a country of innovation and a global leader in science and technology.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing socialist democracy. It shall preserve the organic unity of Party leadership, the running of the country by the people, and law-based governance, follow the Chinese socialist path of political development and the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, expand socialist democracy, develop a socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and build a socialist rule of law country, thereby consolidating the people’s democratic dictatorship and developing a socialist political civilization. It shall uphold and improve the people’s congress system, the Communist Party-led system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of public self-governance at the primary level. The Party shall develop a broader, fuller, and more robust whole-process people’s democracy, advance extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy, and act in earnest to protect the people’s right to manage state and social affairs and to manage economic and cultural matters. It shall respect and safeguard human rights. The Party shall encourage the free expression of views and work to establish sound systems and procedures for democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight. It shall improve the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics and strengthen the implementation of law, to bring all the work of the state under the rule of law.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing advanced socialist culture. It shall promote socialist cultural-ethical progress, ensure the practice of the rule of law in combination with the rule of virtue, and work to strengthen the thinking and morality as well as the knowledge of science and culture of the whole nation to provide powerful ideological guarantees, motivation, and intellectual support for reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, and develop a strong socialist culture in China. It shall strengthen the system of core socialist values, uphold Marxism as its guiding ideology, foster the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote a national spirit to which patriotism is central and a spirit of the times centered on reform and innovation, cultivate and practice core socialist values, and champion the socialist concept of honor and disgrace. It shall work to strengthen the people’s sense of national dignity, self-confidence, and self-reliance, protect against the corroding influence of decadent capitalist and feudal ideas, and eliminate all social ills, endeavoring to see that the people of China are people of high ideals and moral integrity and are cultured and disciplined. It must better educate its members of the great ideal of communism. The Party shall strive to develop educational, scientific, and cultural undertakings, promote the creative evolution and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, carry forward our revolutionary culture, develop an advanced socialist culture, and enhance our country’s cultural soft power. The Party shall hold firmly the leading position in ideological work, constantly consolidate the guiding position of Marxism in the realm of ideology, and cement the common ideological foundation which underpins the concerted endeavor of the entire Party and all the Chinese people.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in building a harmonious socialist society. In accord with the overall demands of democracy and the rule of law, equity and justice, honesty and fraternity, vigor and vitality, stability and order, and harmony between humankind and nature, and in line with the principle of building together and sharing together such a society, the Party shall work to solve problems of the greatest, most immediate, and most practical concern to the people. In doing this, it shall focus on ensuring and improving living standards. It shall work to ensure the fruits of development are of greater and more equitable benefit to the people, help them gain an increasingly stronger sense of fulfillment, and strive to see that all people realize their potential, find their proper place in society, and live together in harmony. The Party shall strengthen and develop new approaches to social governance. It shall strictly distinguish between and properly handle contradictions between us and enemies and contradictions among the people, these two different types of contradiction. It shall strengthen comprehensive measures to maintain law and order, and work with firm resolve and in accordance with the law to combat criminal activities that endanger national security and national interests, or threaten social stability or economic development, and will bring criminals to justice, maintaining lasting social stability. The Party shall pursue a holistic approach to national security, promote development while ensuring security, and resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in building a socialist ecological civilization. It shall strengthen the philosophy underlying ecological civilization that nature should be respected, adapted to, and protected; fully understand that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets; follow the fundamental national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment; uphold the principle of prioritizing resource conservation and environmental protection and letting nature restore itself; and take a positive path to development that ensures increased production, higher living standards, and healthy ecosystems. The Party shall strive to build a resource-conserving, environmentally friendly society, implement the strictest possible environmental protection systems, and work to shape spatial layouts, industrial structures, modes of production, and ways of life that are conducive to resource conservation and environmental protection, creating good working and living environments for the people, and ensuring sustainable development for the Chinese nation. The Communist Party of China shall uphold its absolute leadership over the People’s Liberation Army and other people’s armed forces; implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military; strengthen the development of the People’s Liberation Army by enhancing its political loyalty, strengthening the military through reform, science and technology, personnel training, and running the military in accordance with the law; build people’s forces that obey the Party’s command, can fight and win, and maintain excellent conduct; elevate our people’s armed forces to world-class standards; ensure that the People’s Liberation Army accomplishes its missions and tasks in the new era; and give full play to the role of the People’s Liberation Army in consolidating national defense, defending the motherland, and participating in socialist modernization.

The Communist Party of China shall preserve and develop socialist relations among ethnic groups based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony; work proactively to train and select officials from ethnic minorities; help ethnic minorities and areas with concentrations of ethnic minorities with economic, cultural, and social development; foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation; and ensure that all ethnic groups work together for common development and prosperity. The Party shall fully implement its basic policy on religion, and encourage religious believers to contribute to economic and social development.

The Communist Party of China shall urge all workers, farmers, and intellectuals, and all other political parties, persons without party affiliation, and the patriotic forces of all ethnic groups in China to further develop and expand the broadest possible patriotic united front embracing all socialist workers, all those working for the socialist cause, all patriots who support socialism, all patriots who support the reunification of the motherland, and all patriots who are dedicated to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Party shall work continuously to strengthen the unity of all the Chinese people, including compatriots in the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and in Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese. It shall promote long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao, resolutely oppose and deter separatists seeking “Taiwan independence,” and achieve the reunification of the motherland by fully, faithfully, and resolutely implementing the policy of One Country, Two Systems.

The Communist Party of China shall uphold an independent foreign policy of peace, follow a path of peaceful development, continue with the win-win opening up strategy, consider both domestic and international situations, and actively foster relations with other countries, endeavoring to develop a favorable international environment for China’s reform, opening up, and modernization. In international affairs, it shall hold dear humanity’s shared values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom, uphold justice while pursuing shared interests, safeguard China’s independence and sovereignty, oppose hegemonism and power politics, defend world peace, promote human progress, work to build a community with a shared future for mankind, and advance the building of an open, inclusive, clean, and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity. It shall develop relations between China and other countries on the basis of the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. The Party shall constantly work to develop good neighborly relations between China and its surrounding countries and work to strengthen unity and cooperation between China and other developing countries. It shall follow the principle of achieving shared growth through discussion and collaboration, and pursue the Belt and Road Initiative. The Communist Party of China shall develop relations with the Communist parties and other political parties of other countries in accordance with the principles of independence, complete equality, mutual respect, and noninterference in each other’s internal affairs.

To lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to realize the Second Centenary Goal and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, the Communist Party of China must follow its basic line; uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership; exercise self-supervision and strengthen self-governance in every respect; champion the Party’s great founding spirit comprised of the principles of upholding truth and ideals, staying true to the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, fighting bravely without fear of sacrifice, and remaining loyal to the Party and faithful to the people; strengthen its long-term governance capacity, its advanced nature, and its purity; and, in the spirit of reform and innovation, make comprehensive moves to press ahead with the great new project of Party building. It must take enhancing its political building as the overarching principle and make comprehensive efforts to ensure that the Party’s political work is stressed, ideology is strengthened, organizations are consolidated, conduct is improved, and discipline is maintained, institutional development is always emphasized, and the fight against corruption keeps going, thus building the Party more effectively in all respects and using the Party’s own transformation to steer social transformation. It must uphold the principle that the Party builds itself in the interests of, and exercises governance for, the people, and see that its fine traditions and positive work style continue to thrive. It must constantly work to improve the way it exercises leadership and governance and strengthen its ability to resist corruption, prevent moral decline, and withstand risks. It must constantly strengthen its ability to purify, improve, reform, and excel itself. It must constantly strengthen its class foundation, expand its mass base, enhance its creativity, cohesion, and readiness to meet challenges, and build itself up as an ever-learning, service-oriented, and innovative Marxist governing party. The Party should thus be able to forever stand at the forefront of the times and become a strong core capable of leading all the people of China as they continue to advance along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In building itself, the Party must work with firm resolve to meet the following six fundamental requirements.

1. Adherence to the Party’s basic line. The whole Party must use Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the Party’s basic line to achieve unity in thought and action, and must resolutely continue to do so in the long term. The Party must ensure that reform and opening up are carried out in unity with the Four Cardinal Principles, put its basic line into effect in all fields of endeavor, and combat all mistaken tendencies of the “Left” and Right, maintaining vigilance against Rightist tendencies, but primarily defending against “Leftist” tendencies. The entire Party must improve the capacity for political judgment, thinking, and implementation and become more self-motivated and resolute in implementing the Party’s theories, lines, principles, and policies.

2. Commitment to emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, and being realistic and pragmatic. The Party’s line of thinking is to proceed from reality in all it does, to integrate theory with practice, to seek truth from facts, and to verify and develop truths through practice. All Party members must uphold this line of thinking, actively exploring and boldly experimenting, breaking ground and making innovations, and working with creativity; never cease to study new situations, reflect on new experiences, and solve new problems; and enrich and develop Marxism through practice and advance the adaption of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of our times.

3. Adherence to the Party’s organizational line for the new era. The Party must fully implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; focus on improving the organizational system to train high-caliber officials who are loyal to the Party, clean, and responsible and to bring together talented people from all fields who are patriotic and dedicated; and select officials on the basis of both moral integrity and ability, with greater weight given to integrity, and on the basis of merit, so as to provide a strong organizational guarantee for upholding and strengthening overall leadership of the Party and upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. The whole Party must work to improve the political and organizational functions of Party organizations, train and select the good officials that our Party and people need, cultivate a large team of personnel who are capable of shouldering the mission of the times and well prepared to carry on the socialist cause, and bring together the brightest minds from all over, thus ensuring organizationally that the Party’s basic theory, basic line, and basic policy are fully implemented and applied.

4. Dedication to wholeheartedly serving the people. Besides the interests of the working class and the broadest possible majority of the people, the Party has no special interests of its own. It shall, at all times, give top priority to the interests of the people, share weal and woe with them, and maintain the closest possible ties with them. It shall exercise power for the people, demonstrate concern for them, and work in their interests, never allowing any member to become disengaged from the people or to behave as if they are above them. The biggest political advantage the Party has is its close ties with the people while the biggest potential danger it faces as a governing party is becoming distanced from them. Party conduct and the Party’s ties with the people are of paramount importance to the Party. In its own work, the Party shall follow the mass line, seeing that everything is for the people and everything relies on the people, exercising the principle of “from the people, to the people,” and translating the correct ideas of the Party into the voluntary action of the people.

5. Resolve in upholding democratic centralism. Democratic centralism combines centralism built on the basis of democracy with democracy under centralized guidance. It is both the Party’s fundamental organizational principle and the application of the mass line in everyday Party activities. The Party must fully encourage intraparty democracy, respect the principal position of its members, safeguard their democratic rights, and give play to the initiative and creativity of Party organizations at every level and all Party members. Correct centralism must be practiced; all Party members must keep firmly in mind the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, uphold the leadership core, and keep in alignment, and firmly uphold the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core, so as to ensure the solidarity, unity, and concerted action of the whole Party and guarantee the prompt and effective implementation of the Party’s decisions. The Party shall strengthen and regulate political activities within itself; make intraparty political activities more politically oriented, up-to-date, principled, and effective; cultivate a positive and healthy intraparty political culture; and foster a sound political ecosystem featuring honesty and integrity within the Party. In its internal political activities, the Party shall conduct correctly criticism and self-criticism, engage in debate over matters of principle, and uphold truth and rectify mistakes. The Party shall work hard to create a lively political situation featuring both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, and both unity of will and personal sense of ease.

6. Firmness in exercising strict self-supervision and self-governance. Ensuring full and rigorous Party self-governance is an unceasing endeavor and that self-reform is a journey to which there is no end. Under the new circumstances, the tests the Party faces in governance, reform and opening up, the market economy, and the external environment are protracted, complicated, and serious; the dangers of a lack of drive, incompetence, disengagement from the people, inaction, and corruption are more pointedly confronting the whole Party. The Party shall see that strict standards and measures are applied throughout the process and in all aspects of its self-supervision and self-governance. The Party shall ensure self-governance is carried out in accordance with regulations and both symptoms and root causes of problems are addressed. The Party must constantly improve the system of Party regulations, give top priority to ensuring compliance with Party discipline, help its members become more organization conscious and have a stronger sense of discipline, and work to see that every member is equal before Party discipline. The Party shall ensure the principal and oversight responsibilities for full and rigorous Party self-governance are assumed; oversight of leading Party organs and of Party members in leadership positions, particularly those holding principal leadership positions, is strengthened; and the internal oversight system is constantly improved. The Party shall step up efforts to improve conduct, build integrity, and combat corruption; apply a zero-tolerance policy on corruption; and make integrated efforts to ensure that officials do not have the audacity, opportunity, or desire to become corrupt.

Leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the greatest strength of this system. The Party is the highest force for political leadership. It exercises overall leadership over all areas of endeavor in every part of the country. The Party must adapt to the demands of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, remain committed to practicing scientific, democratic, and law-based governance, and strengthen and improve its leadership. The Party must, acting on the principle of guiding the overall situation and coordinating the work of all sides, assume the role of leadership core among all other organizations at the corresponding levels. The Party must concentrate on leading economic development, organize and coordinate the strengths of all by uniting hearts and actions to focus work on economic development, and promote all-around economic and social development. The Party must practice democratic and scientific decision-making; formulate and implement the correct lines, principles, and policies; carry out its organizational, publicity, and educational work to proper effect; and give play to the exemplary and vanguard role of all Party members. The Party must act within the scope of the country’s Constitution and the law. It must ensure that the legislative, judicial, administrative, and supervisory organs of the state, economic and cultural organizations, and people’s organizations work actively on their own initiative, independently, responsibly, and cooperatively. The Party must strengthen its leadership over trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations, and other people’s group organizations, ensure they preserve and strengthen their political consciousness, advanced nature, and orientation toward the people, and give full play to their roles. The Party must adapt to developments and changing circumstances, improving its leadership system and style of leadership and strengthening its capacity for governance. Party members must cooperate closely with people outside the Party, endeavoring together to build socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Chapter I. Membership

Chapter II. The Party’s Organizational System

Chapter III. Central Party Organizations

Chapter IV. Local Party Organizations

Chapter V. Primary-Level Party Organizations

Chapter VI. Party Officials

Chapter VII. Party Discipline

Chapter VIII. Party Organs for Discipline Inspection

Chapter IX. Leading Party Members Groups

Chapter X. Relationship between the Party and the Communist Youth League of China

Chapter XI. Party Emblem and Flag

Organization-Department of Chnacpcc

description::
"The Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) plays a central role in overseeing the personnel affairs and internal structure of the CCP. It is one of the most powerful bodies within the Chinese political system, responsible for managing key appointments within the Party, government, military, state-owned enterprises, and other important organizations.
### Key Responsibilities:
1. **Appointments and Promotions**: The Organization Department controls the selection and promotion of party officials across the CCP hierarchy. It has the authority to vet, train, and evaluate candidates for positions of leadership, ensuring that those chosen align with the Party's values and directives.
2. **Cadre Management**: This involves supervising the development and career paths of Party cadres (officials). The department ensures that the Party maintains control over leadership at all levels of government and society.
3. **Party Building**: The department is tasked with strengthening Party discipline, loyalty, and ideological alignment within the Party’s ranks. It also oversees the implementation of the Party's policies on internal governance, including the training and ideological education of cadres.
4. **Supervision of State-owned Enterprises**: Many of the top executives at state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are also appointed by the Organization Department. This ensures that these enterprises remain loyal to the Party’s broader economic and political agenda.
5. **Political Loyalty**: The department ensures that loyalty to the CCP and its leadership remains a primary criterion for holding any significant position. It is also responsible for vetting individuals based on political reliability and ideological alignment.
### Power and Influence:
The Organization Department has significant influence over the Chinese bureaucracy and policy direction. It operates somewhat behind the scenes, often shrouded in secrecy, but its influence permeates virtually all levels of the Chinese political system. The head of the department is typically a senior member of the CCP’s Politburo, reflecting its critical importance in ensuring Party control over the state's machinery."
[{2024-09-12 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/66e2e921-ac60-8003-9066-fc783d53bd9c]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacpcc'organization-department,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央委员会组织部-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-zǔzhī-bù,

Politburo-Standing-Committee of Chnacp

description::
"The Politburo Standing Committee, the most powerful decision-making body in China, which as of June 2020 consists of seven members;"
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'Politburo-Standing-Committee!⇒Chnacppsc,
* McsEngl.Chnacppsc!=Politburo-Standing-Committee-of-China,
* McsEngl.PSC!=Politburo-Standing-Committee-of-China!⇒Chnacppsc,
* McsEngl.Standing-Committee-of-the-Political-Bureau-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China!⇒Chnacppsc,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-zhèngzhì-jú-chángwù-wěiyuánhuì-中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会!=Chnacppsc,
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-zhèngzhì-jú-chángwù-wěiyuánhuì!=Chnacppsc,

United-Front-Work-Department of Chnacpwf

description::
"The United Front Work Department (UFWD) is a department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tasked with "united front work." It gathers intelligence on, manages relations with, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside mainland China, including in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in other countries.[2][3]
The UFWD focuses its work on people or entities that are outside the CCP, especially in the overseas Chinese diaspora, who hold political, commercial, or academic influence, or who represent interest groups.[4][5] Through its efforts, the UFWD seeks to ensure that these individuals and groups are supportive of or useful to CCP interests and that potential critics remain divided.[6][7][8]"
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacpwf'United-Front-Work-Department,
* McsEngl.UFWD!=United-Front-Work-Department,
* McsEngl.United-Front-Work-Department,

Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference of Chnacpwf

description::
× webaddress: http://en.cppcc.gov.cn/,
"The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s united front system. Its members advise and put proposals for political and social issues to government bodies.[1] However, the CPPCC is a body without real legislative power.[2] While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP.[2]
The body traditionally consists of delegates from the CCP and its people's organizations, eight legally-permitted political parties subservient to the CCP, as well as nominally independent members.[3][4][5] The CPPCC is chaired by a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP. In keeping with the united front strategy, prominent non-CCP members have been included among the Vice Chairs, examples being Chen Shutong, Li Jishen and Soong Ching-ling.[6]
The organizational hierarchy of the CPPCC consists of a National Committee and regional committees. Regional committees extend to the provincial, prefecture, and county level. According to the charter of the CPPCC, the relationship between the National Committee and the regional committees is one of guidance and not direct leadership. However, an indirect leadership exists via the United Front Work Department at each level.[7][8] The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC). The CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are collectively called the Quanguo Lianghui ("National Two Sessions").
The CPPCC is intended to be more representative of a broader range of people than is typical of government office in the People's Republic of China, including a broad range of people from the both inside and outside the CCP. The composition of the members of the CPPCC changes over time according to national strategic priorities.[9] Previously dominated by senior figures in real-estate, state-owned enterprises, and "princelings", the CPPCC in 2018 was primarily composed of individuals from China's technology sector.[10]"
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference]

name::
* McsEngl.CPPCC!=Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference,
* McsEngl.Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-rénmín-zhèngzhì-xiéshāng-huìyì-中国人民政治协商会议!=CPPCC,
* McsZhon.中国人民政治协商会议-zhōngguó-rénmín-zhèngzhì-xiéshāng-huìyì!=CPPCC,

paramount-leader.SPECIFIC

description::
* Mao-Zedong-毛泽东, {1893..1976}
* Deng-Xiaoping-邓小平, {1904..1997}
* Xi-Jinping-习近平, {1953..}

name::
* McsEngl.paramount-leader.specific,

Preamble

China is one of the countries with the longest histories in the world. The Chinese people of all ethnic groups jointly created its magnificent culture and have a proud revolutionary tradition.

After 1840, feudal China gradually became a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country. The Chinese people, wave upon wave, waged heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom.

In the 20th century, momentous historical changes took place in China.

The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. However, the historic mission of the Chinese people to oppose imperialism and feudalism was not yet accomplished.

In 1949, after engaging in protracted, arduous and tortuous struggles, armed and in other forms, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New Democratic Revolution, and founded the People's Republic of China. The Chinese people thus secured power and became masters of their own country.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country gradually achieved the transition from a new democratic society to a socialist society. The socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished, and a socialist system established. The people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants, which in essence is a dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocations, safeguarded national independence and security, and strengthened national defense. Major achievements have been made in economic development. An independent and relatively complete socialist industrial system has now basically been established, and agricultural output has markedly increased. Significant advances have been made in education, science, culture and other fields, and education about socialist thought has made notable progress. The lives of the people have been considerably improved.

Both the victory in China's New Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought by upholding truth, correcting errors, and surmounting many difficulties and obstacles. Our country will long remain in the primary stage of socialism. The fundamental task for our country is to concentrate on achieving socialist modernization along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We the Chinese people of all ethnic groups will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, to uphold the people's democratic dictatorship, stay on the socialist road, carry out reform and opening up, steadily improve the socialist institutions, develop the socialist market economy and socialist democracy, improve socialist rule of law, apply the new development philosophy, and work hard in a spirit of self-reliance to modernize step by step the country's industry, agriculture, national defense, and science and technology and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

In our country the exploiting class, as a class, has been eliminated, but class struggle will continue to exist within a certain scope for a long time to come. The people of China must fight against those domestic and foreign forces and elements that are hostile to and undermine our country's socialist system.

Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the sacred duty of all the Chinese people, including our fellow Chinese in Taiwan, to achieve the great reunification of the motherland.

The cause of building socialism must rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and unite all forces that can be united. Through the long process of revolution, development and reform, a broad patriotic united front has formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, with the participation of other political parties and people's organizations and including all socialist working people, people involved in building socialism, patriots who support socialism, and patriots who support China's reunification and are dedicated to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is a broadly representative organization of the united front, and has played a significant historical role. In the future, it will play an even more important role in the country's political and social life and its friendly foreign activities, in socialist modernization and in safeguarding the unity and solidarity of the country. The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.

The People's Republic of China is a unified multiethnic state founded by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups. Socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony are established and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard ethnic unity, we should oppose major ethnic group chauvinism, which mainly refers to Han chauvinism, and local ethnic chauvinism. The state makes every effort to promote the shared prosperity of all the country's ethnic groups.

The achievements of China's revolution, development and reform would have been impossible without the support of the world's people. The future of China is closely bound up with the future of the world. China pursues an independent foreign policy, observes the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, keeps to a path of peaceful development, follows a mutually beneficial strategy of opening up, works to develop diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries, and promotes the building of a human community with a shared future. China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen its solidarity with the people of all other countries, supports oppressed peoples and other developing countries in their just struggles to win and safeguard their independence and develop their economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

This Constitution affirms, in legal form, the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups and stipulates the fundamental system and task of the state. It is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal force. The people of all ethnic groups, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises and public institutions in the country must treat the Constitution as the fundamental standard of conduct; they have a duty to uphold the sanctity of the Constitution and ensure its compliance.

Chapter I: General Principles

Chapter II: Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens

Chapter III: State Institutions

Chapter IV: The National Flag, National Anthem, National Emblem and the Capital

(This English version is provided by the Communist Party of China Central Committee Institute of Party History and Literature.)

lawChna.capital-offense

description::
"In Mainland China, there are 46[1] crimes punishable by death.[2][3] These are defined in the criminal law of China, which comprehensively identifies criminal acts and their corresponding liabilities.[4]
List of capital offenses
Crimes Endangering National Security
Endangering national security is among the crime categories included in the 1997 revision of China's criminal code.[5] It comprises Articles 102 to 113 of the 1997 Criminal Law and imposes the confiscation of property as a supplementary penalty.[6] The crimes included are:
* Treason,
* Separatism,
* Armed rebellion, rioting,
* Collaborating with the enemy,
* Spying or espionage,
* Selling state secrets,
* Providing material support to the enemy,
Crimes Endangering Public Security
* Arson,
* Flooding,
* Manslaughter,
* Bombing,
* Spreading poisons,
* Spreading hazardous substances (e.g., radioactive, toxic, pathogenic),
* Seriously endangering public safety, broadly construed,
* Sabotaging electricity,
* Sabotaging gas, fuel, petroleum, or other flammables or explosives,
* Hijacking aircraft,
* Illegal possession, transport or selling of explosives or firearms,
* Illegally manufacturing, selling, transporting or storing hazardous materials,
* Theft of explosives or other dangerous material,
* Theft of firearms, ammunition or other dangerous material,
Economic crimes
* Production or sale of counterfeit medicine,
* Production or sale of hazardous food products,
Crimes against people
* Intentional homicide,
* Intentional assault,
* Rape,
* Kidnapping,
* Human trafficking,
Crimes against property
* Robbery,
Crimes against public order
* Prison escape, jailbreaking,
* Raiding a prison,
* Smuggling, dealing, transporting or manufacturing drugs,
Crimes against national defense
* Sabotaging weapons, military installations, or military communications,
* Providing substandard weapons or military installations,
Corruption and bribery
* Embezzlement,
Breach of duty by soldiers
* Insubordination,
* Concealment or false reporting of military intelligence,
* Refusing to pass or falsely passing orders,
* Surrender,
* Defection with aircraft or ships,
* Selling military secrets,
* Theft of military weaponry or supplies,
* Illegally selling or transferring military weaponry or supplies,
* Killing innocent inhabitants of war zones or plundering their property,
* Cowardice",
[{2024-08-04 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.capital-offense-in-PRC,
* McsEngl.lawChna.005-capital-offense,
* McsEngl.lawChna.capital-offense,

province of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
"Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan, currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC).
The local governments of Chinese provinces consists of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a Party Secretary and a Provincial Standing Committee."

[{2024-03-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att015-province!⇒Chnaprovince,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'province!⇒Chnaprovince,
* McsEngl.Chnaprovince!=province-of-China,
* McsEngl.province-of-China!⇒Chnaprovince,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shěng-省!=Chnaprovince,
* McsZhon.省-shěng!=Chnaprovince,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.περιφέρεια-Κίνας!=Chnaprovince,

special-administrative-region of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
"The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China directly under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the country. As a region, they possess the highest degree of autonomy from China's central government. However, despite the relative autonomy that the Central People's Government offers the special administrative regions, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee remains capable of enforcing laws for the special administrative regions.[3]
The legal basis for the establishment of SARs, unlike the other administrative divisions of China, is provided for by Article 31, rather than Article 30, of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China of 1982. Article 31 reads: "The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions".[4][5][6][7]
At present, there are two SARs established according to the Constitution, namely the Hong Kong SAR and the Macau SAR, former British and Portuguese dependencies, respectively,[8] transferred to China in 1997 and 1999, respectively, pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 and the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration of 1987. Pursuant to their Joint Declarations, which are binding inter-state treaties registered with the United Nations, and their Basic laws, the Chinese SARs "shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy".[9] Generally, the two SARs are not considered to constitute a part of mainland China, by both SAR and mainland Chinese authorities.
The provision to establish special administrative regions appeared in the constitution in 1982, in anticipation of the talks with the United Kingdom over the question of the sovereignty over Hong Kong. It was envisioned as the model for the eventual unification with Taiwan and other islands, where the Republic of China has resided since 1949.
Under the one country, two systems principle, the Chinese Central Government is responsible for the diplomatic, military and other state-level affairs of the two SARs. But two SARs continue to possess their own multi-party legislatures, legal systems, police forces, separate customs territory, immigration policies, left-hand traffic,[10] official languages, academic and educational systems, representation on certain international bodies and representation in international competitions, and other aspects that falls within the autonomous level.
Special administrative regions should not be confused with special economic zones, which are areas in which special economic laws apply to promote trade and investments. The Wolong Special Administrative Region in Sichuan province is a nature reserve and not a political division."
[{2024-04-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.SAR!=special-admninistrative-region!⇒Chnasar,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att018-special-admninistrative-region!⇒Chnasar,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'special-admninistrative-region!⇒Chnasar,
* McsEngl.special-admninistrative-region-of-PRC!⇒Chnasar,

townships-乡-xiāng-vs-towns-镇-zhón of ChnaAdmnDiv4

description::
">townships 乡 vs towns 镇:
In the administrative hierarchy of China, both "乡" (xiāng, townships) and "镇" (zhón, towns) are rural administrative divisions, but they serve different roles and have distinct characteristics.
### 乡 (Xiāng) - Township
- **Level**: Townships are typically one level below counties in the Chinese administrative structure. They are common in more rural or less densely populated areas.
- **Function**: A township provides local governance for the rural areas it oversees, which often includes several villages. The focus is usually on agricultural communities.
- **Administration**: Townships are responsible for local governance tasks, including economic development, maintaining public order, and providing basic public services to the rural population within their jurisdiction.
- **Population and Size**: The population and size of townships can vary widely, but they generally cover a larger area with a smaller population density compared to towns.
### 镇 (Zhón) - Town
- **Level**: Like townships, towns are also below counties but are typically found in more developed or economically advanced rural areas.
- **Function**: Towns serve as the commercial and administrative centers of rural areas, often featuring more advanced infrastructure, markets, schools, and hospitals than townships. They might act as hubs for surrounding villages.
- **Administration**: The administration of a town is tasked with more complex governance roles due to the higher population density and greater economic activity. This includes urban planning, economic development, and providing a higher level of public services.
- **Population and Size**: Towns usually have a higher population density than townships and cover a smaller geographic area. The economic and social life in towns is generally more vibrant and diverse.
### Key Differences
- **Development Level**: Towns (镇) are typically more economically developed and have better infrastructure compared to townships (乡). This includes better transportation, education, and healthcare facilities.
- **Population Density**: Towns have a higher population density, with a concentration of businesses, services, and housing. Townships are more spread out, with a focus on agricultural land and villages.
- **Economic Activity**: While both can engage in various economic activities, towns often have a broader economic base, including manufacturing, services, and commerce, in addition to agriculture. Townships are more likely to be focused on agriculture and basic local services.
These distinctions reflect the diverse administrative needs and development strategies of rural China, aiming to balance rural development with preserving agricultural lands and traditional lifestyles."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c25b0016-b573-419b-b713-02a779c4a471]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv4'townships-乡-xiāng-vs-towns-镇-zhón,
* McsEngl.townships-乡-xiāng-vs-towns-镇-zhón-of-ChnaAdmnDiv4,

village of ChnaAdmnDiv5

description::
">Chinese village 村:
In Chinese, "村" (cūn) translates to "village." In China, villages are small settlements or communities that are smaller than towns and cities. They are usually found in rural areas and are characterized by a close-knit community of families who often engage in agricultural or other traditional activities for their livelihood. Chinese villages can vary greatly depending on their geographical location, from the mountainous villages in provinces like Yunnan and Sichuan, to the fishing villages along the coast, to the agricultural villages in the vast plains of the central and eastern regions.
Villages in China have a rich history and are often the keepers of traditional Chinese culture, customs, and ways of life. Many have unique architectural styles, such as the traditional courtyard houses known as "Siheyuan" in northern China, and the "Diaolou" watchtowers of the Kaiping villages in Guangdong. They can also be the site of traditional festivals and practices that have been passed down through generations.
In recent years, the Chinese government has undertaken rural revitalization initiatives aimed at improving living standards in villages, preserving cultural heritage, and encouraging sustainable development. This has included infrastructure development, tourism, and the promotion of local crafts and products. Some villages have gained fame for their scenic beauty or cultural uniqueness, becoming tourist attractions and helping to preserve and showcase rural life in China."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c25b0016-b573-419b-b713-02a779c4a471]

"As of the end of 2020, all the 503,000 administrative villages in China had established villagers committees, and all the 112,000 urban communities in the country had established residents committees."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv5'village,
* McsEngl.village-of-ChnaAdmnDiv5,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.cūn-村!=village,
* McsZhon.村-cūn!=village,

Chnabadbeing.corruption

description::
"Corruption in China post-1949 refers to the abuse of political power for private ends typically by members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who hold the majority of power in the country. Corruption is a very significant problem in China,[1] impacting all aspects of administration, law enforcement,[2] healthcare[3] and education.[4] Since the Chinese economic reforms began, corruption has been attributed to "organizational involution"[5] caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Like other socialist economies that have undertaken economic reforms, such as post-Soviet Eastern Europe and Central Asia, reform-era China has experienced increasing levels of corruption.[6]
Public surveys on the mainland since the late 1980s have shown that corruption is among the top concerns of the general public. According to Yan Sun, Associate Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York, it was cadre corruption, rather than a demand for democracy as such, that lay at the root of the social dissatisfaction that led to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[6] Corruption undermines the legitimacy of the CCP, adds to economic inequality, undermines the environment, and fuels social unrest.[7]
Since the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, corruption has not slowed as a result of greater economic freedom, but instead has grown more entrenched and severe in its character and scope. Business deals often involve corruption.[citation needed] In popular perception, there are more dishonest CCP officials than honest ones, a reversal of the views held in the first decade of reform of the 1980s.[6] Chinese political scientist Minxin Pei argues that failure to contain widespread corruption is among the most serious threats to China's future economic and political stability.[7] He estimates that bribery, kickbacks, theft, and waste of public funds costs at least three percent of GDP.
Cadre corruption in China has been subject to significant media attention since CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping announced his anti-corruption campaign following the CCP's 18th National Congress which was held in November 2012.[8] Many high ranking government and military officials have been found guilty of corruption because of this campaign."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing.corruption,
* McsEngl.corruption-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att012-corruption,
* McsEngl.socChna'corruption,

Chnabadbeing.environmental

description::
"Environmental issues in China had risen in tandem with the country's rapid industrialisation, as well as lax environmental oversight especially during the early 2000s. China was ranked 120th out of the 180 countries on the 2020 Environmental Performance Index.[1]
The Chinese government has acknowledged the problems and made various responses, resulting in some improvements, but western media has criticized the actions as inadequate.[2] In recent years, there has been increased citizens' activism against government decisions that are perceived as environmentally damaging,[3][4] and a retired government official claimed that the year of 2012 saw over 50,000 environmental protests in China.[5]
Since the 2010s, the government has given greater attention to environmental protection through policy actions such as the signing of the Paris climate accord, the 13th Five-Year Plan and the 2015 Environmental Protection Law reform [6] From 2006 to 2017, sulphur dioxide levels in China were reduced by 70 percent,[7] and air pollution has decreased from 2013 to 2018[7] In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments.[8] China has since become the world's largest investor, producer and consumer of renewable energy worldwide, manufacturing state-of-the-art solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric energy facilities as well as becoming the world's largest producer of electric cars and buses.[9]
From an international perspective, China is a party to most of the major treaties meant to address environmental issues. This includes the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Climate Change treaty, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Endangered Species treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the Law of the Sea, the International Tropical Timber Agreements of 1983 and 1994, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified, the Kyoto Protocol (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India) and the Nuclear Test Ban treaty."
[{2024-04-25 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing.environmental,
* McsEngl.socChna'att014-environmental-issue,

Chnabadbeing.regional-discrimination

description::
"Regional discrimination in China or regionalism is overt prejudice against people based on their places of origin, ethnicity, sub-ethnicity, language, dialect, or their current provincial zones. China's sheer size and population renders much demographic understanding tied to locality, and there is often little life movement outside of a citizen's province of birth. Historically, internal migration has been tightly controlled, and many barriers to free movement exist today. Treatment of ethnic minorities and Han Chinese regional groups can hinge on preferential assumptions based on places of upbringing, and is often most pronounced towards those born external to urban zones.
When Chinese migrants settle in a new region, local residents can develop social attitudes and prejudgments based on the newcomer's place of birth. If a large volume of new residents relocate from a particular area, regionalism can manifest as sub-ethnic bias and provoke social tension.[1]
Currently, the CCP defines regionalism as adverse action or negative attitudes against another based on their home province. The Chinese state acknowledges this as a detrimental yet pervasive prejudice.[2]
Regional discrimination there can also be discrimination against person or a group of people who speak a particular language dialect.
The hukou household registry is a system that has been criticized as an entrenchment of social strata, especially as between rural and urban residency status, and is regarded by some as a form of caste system. Internal migrants in China, particularly those hailing from Henan and the northeast, frequently experience challenging lives.[3]"
[{2024-05-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing.regional-discrimination,
* McsEngl.regional-discrimination-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att020-regional-discrimination,
* McsEngl.socChna'regional-discrimination,