People's-Republic-of-China {1949..}
senso-concept-Mcs (socChna)

McsHitp-creation:: {2024-02-21}

overview of socChna

description::
">People's Republic of China:
The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a country in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.4 billion people. It's governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC) under a one-party socialist republic framework. The PRC was established on October 1, 1949, by the CPC under the leadership of Mao Zedong following a prolonged civil war against the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), who retreated to Taiwan. Here's a brief overview of its key aspects:
### Geography
- **Area**: China is the third or fourth largest country by total area, depending on the method of measurement, covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers.
- **Diverse Terrain**: It has a diverse landscape ranging from desert landscapes like the Gobi and Taklamakan in the north to subtropical forests in the south. The Himalayas to the southwest contain Mount Everest, the world's highest point on earth.
- **Rivers and Seas**: Major rivers include the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, and it has a vast coastline along the Pacific Ocean, featuring the Bohai, Yellow, East China, and South China seas.
### Politics and Government
- **One-Party State**: The Communist Party of China is the ruling party, with Xi Jinping serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him China's paramount leader.
- **Administrative Divisions**: China is divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau) which enjoy a degree of administrative autonomy.
### Economy
- **World Economic Powerhouse**: As of the early 21st century, China has the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and the largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). It's a global hub for manufacturing and is the largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods in the world.
- **Economic Reforms**: Since 1978, China has transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy, though the state still plays a significant role in the economy, especially in strategic sectors.
### Society and Culture
- **Ethnic Groups**: The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, among 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China.
- **Language**: Mandarin Chinese is the official language, with various dialects and languages spoken across regions.
- **Cultural Heritage**: China has a rich cultural heritage with a history that dates back over 3,000 years, featuring contributions to philosophy, literature, art, music, and cuisine.
### Foreign Relations and Military
- **Global Influence**: China is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and has significant influence in global affairs, participating in numerous international organizations and forming strategic partnerships around the world.
- **Military**: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the world's largest military force, with significant investments in modernization and expansion of its naval, air, and missile capabilities.
### Challenges
China faces numerous challenges, including environmental pollution, income inequality, demographic shifts due to an aging population, and regional and international tensions, particularly regarding human rights issues and territorial disputes.
The PRC's development and growth have significantly impacted global economics, politics, and the environment, making it a central actor on the world stage."
[{2024-02-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/f82ed804-5ba4-4e18-bb36-977059f483ea]

name::
* McsEngl.McsStn000031.last.html//dirStn//dirMcs!⇒socChna,
* McsEngl.dirStn/McsStn000031.last.html!⇒socChna,
* McsEngl.China!⇒socChna,
* McsEngl.PRC!=People's-Republic-of-China!⇒socChna,
* McsEngl.People's-Republic-of-China!⇒socChna,
* McsEngl.mainland-China!=socChna,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cn!=socChna,
* McsEngl.soc3.Chn!=socChna,
* McsEngl.soc4.China!=socChna,
* McsEngl.soc4.Chna!=socChna,
* McsEngl.socChina!⇒socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna!=McsStn000031,
* McsEngl.socChna!=People's-Republic-of-China-{1949..},
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-中华人民共和国!=socChna,
* McsZhon.中华人民共和国-zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó!=socChna,

human-view of socChna

description::
× generic: human-system-of-society,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumnview,
* McsEngl.socChna'att003-human-view!⇒Chnahumnview,
* McsEngl.socChna'human-view!⇒Chnahumnview,

human of socChna

description::
">people of China:
The people of China, or Chinese people, are primarily associated with the Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in China and the world, making up about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China (PRC). However, China is a multi-ethnic country with 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. The Han Chinese are known for their rich cultural heritage that includes literature, art, music, and cuisine that have evolved over thousands of years.
Apart from the Han, China's ethnic diversity includes groups such as the Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uyghur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, and many others. Each of these ethnic groups has its own unique languages, cultures, and traditions. For instance, the Uyghurs are primarily Muslim and have cultural ties to Central Asia, while the Tibetans are known for their Buddhist practices and living in the Himalayan region.
China's population, as of my last update in April 2023, was over 1.4 billion people, making it the most populous country in the world. This vast population is spread over a wide range of geographical landscapes, from the bustling cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou to rural areas and remote mountainous regions.
The economic reform policies initiated in the late 20th century have transformed China into one of the world's largest economies, lifting millions out of poverty and leading to significant urbanization and modernization. However, this rapid development has also brought about challenges such as environmental degradation, a widening urban-rural divide, and concerns about social and economic inequality.
In terms of language, Mandarin (Putonghua), based on the Beijing dialect, is the official national language and is taught in schools throughout the country. However, many dialects and regional languages are spoken across China, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity.
China's education system is one of the largest and most competitive in the world, with a strong emphasis on academic achievement. The government has made significant investments in education, resulting in high literacy rates and increasing numbers of students pursuing higher education both domestically and abroad.
The Chinese diaspora is extensive, with large communities of people of Chinese ancestry living around the globe. These communities maintain connections to their cultural heritage while also contributing to the social, economic, and cultural life of their adopted countries."
[{2024-03-12 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/34d04e36-6085-4c16-bc24-8c6277ae9e7f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chinese!⇒Chnahumn,
* McsEngl.Chnahumn!=human-of-China,
* McsEngl.Sochumn.China!⇒Chnahumn,
* McsEngl.socChna'att004-human!⇒Chnahumn,
* McsEngl.socChna'human!⇒Chnahumn,
* McsEngl.human-of-China!⇒Chnahumn,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.huárén-华人!=Chnahumn,
* McsZhon.华人-huárén!=Chnahumn,
* McsZhon.zhōngguórén-中国人!=Chnahumn,
* McsZhon.中国人-zhōngguórén!=Chnahumn,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.Κινέζος!ο!=Chnahumn-man,
* McsElln.Κινέζα!η!=Chnahumn-woman,

name of Chnahumn

description::
">naming of humans in PRC:
Here's a breakdown of naming conventions for humans in the People's Republic of China (PRC):
**Structure:**
* Unlike Western names, Chinese names follow a surname-given name order. The surname, which comes first, is usually one character long.
* The given name typically consists of two characters, though some might have three. These characters carry meaning and can reflect hopes for the child's personality or future.
**Character Selection:**
* Meaningful characters: Parents often choose characters with positive meanings like "virtue," "strength," "happiness," or "beauty."
* Generational names: Sometimes, a generation within a family might share a common character in their given names to create a sense of connection.
* Homophones: Characters that sound alike but have different meanings might be chosen for auspicious reasons or simply because they sound pleasant together.
**Official Procedures:**
* No legal restrictions exist on character selection, but some names might be rejected if they're considered too obscure or difficult to write.
* Birth certificates are issued by local authorities upon registration.
**Additional Points:**
* Western influence: With increasing globalization, some parents might choose Western-sounding given names for their children.
* Nicknames: Nicknames are common, often chosen by friends or family and reflecting personality traits.
**Further Exploration:**
If you'd like to delve deeper, you can explore:
* Chinese character meanings: There are online resources and dictionaries that explain the meanings of individual characters.
* Popularity trends: Websites track popular name choices in China."
[{2024-03-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/a0c985e955f81fdd]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumn'name,
* McsEngl.socChna'att006-human-name,
* McsEngl.socChna'human-name,

family-name of Chnahumn

description::
"Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Greater China, Korea, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities around the world such as Singapore and Malaysia. Written Chinese names begin with surnames, unlike the Western tradition in which surnames are written last. Around 2,000 Han Chinese surnames are currently in use, but the great proportion of Han Chinese people use only a relatively small number of these surnames; 19 surnames are used by around half of the Han Chinese people, while 100 surnames are used by around 87% of the population.[1][2] A report in 2019 gives the most common Chinese surnames as Wang and Li, each shared by over 100 million people in China.[3] The remaining eight of the top ten most common Chinese surnames are Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Huang, Zhao, Wu and Zhou.[4]"
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumn'family-name,
* McsEngl.Chnahumn'surname,
* McsEngl.family-name-of-Chnahumn,
* McsEngl.surname-of-Chnahumn,

life-expectancy of Chnahumn

description::
"China has made significant progress in improving public health over the past few decades, with life expectancy increasing from 67.8 years in 1981 to 76.7 years in 2019."
[{2024-03-27 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumn'life-expectancy,
* McsEngl.socChna'att007-life-expectancy,
* McsEngl.socChna'life-expectancy,

Chnahumn.population

description::
"The population of China is estimated to be around 1.4 billion people. There are two main things to keep in mind:
* **China's population is no longer the world's largest.** Estimates suggest India surpassed China in 2023.
* **China's population growth has slowed.** The growth rate is currently around 0.03%, which is quite low."
[{2024-03-12 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/a84235bc260d7f78]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumn.population!⇒Chnappln,
* McsEngl.Chnappln!=population-of-China,
* McsEngl.Socppln.China!⇒Chnappln,
* McsEngl.socChna'population!⇒Chnappln,
* McsEngl.socChna'att005-population!⇒Chnappln,
* McsEngl.socChna'population!⇒Chnappln,

density of Chnappln

description::

[{2024-03-15 retrieved} https://twitter.com/Locati0ns/status/1768605187915329965]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnappln'density,

Chnahumn.ethnic-group

description::
· 56 ethnic groups.
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]
"The PRC officially recognizes 55 ethnic minority groups within China in addition to the Han majority.[1] As of 2010, the combined population of officially-recognized minority groups comprised 8.49% of the population of Mainland China.[2] In addition to these officially-recognized ethnic minority groups, there are Chinese nationals who privately classify themselves as members of unrecognized ethnic groups, such as the very small Chinese Jewish, Tuvan, and Ili Turk communities, as well as the much larger Oirat and Japanese communities.
In Chinese, 'ethnic minority' has translated to shǎoshù mínzú (少數民族), wherein mínzú (民族) means 'nationality' or 'nation' (as in ethnic group)—in line with the Soviet concept of ethnicity—and shǎoshù (少數) means 'minority'.[3][4][5] Since the anthropological concept of ethnicity does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which are defined and regulated by the state), some scholars use the neologism zúqún (族群, 'ethnic group') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity.[6] Including shaoshu mínzu, Sun Yat-sen used the term zhōnghuá mínzú (中華民族, 'Chinese nation' or 'Chinese nationality') to reflect his belief that all of China's ethnic groups were parts of a single Chinese nation.[7]
The ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the PRC include those residing within mainland China, as well as Taiwanese indigenous peoples pursuant to its sovereign claim over Taiwan. However, the PRC does not accept the term indigenous people or its variations, since it might suggest that Han people are not indigenous to Taiwan, or that Taiwan is not historically a part of China. Also, where the Republic of China (ROC) government in Taiwan, as of 2020, officially recognises 16 Taiwanese indigenous tribes, the PRC classifies them all under a single ethnic group, the Gāoshān (高山, 'high mountain') minority, out of reluctance to recognize ethnic classifications derived from the work of Japanese anthropologists during the Japanese rule. (Despite the fact that not all Taiwanese indigenous peoples inhabit in the mountains; for example, the Tao People traditionally inhabit the island of Lanyu.) The regional governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use this ethnic classification system, so figures by the PRC government exclude these two territories."
[{2024-04-29 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'att008-ethnic-group,
* McsEngl.socChna'ethnic-group,
* McsEngl.ethnic-group-of-socChna,

culture of socChna

description::
× generic: culture,
">culture of PRC:
The culture of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is vast and complex, deeply rooted in a history that spans over 5,000 years. It is characterized by a rich blend of traditions and modern adaptations, influenced by various factors such as historical events, geographic diversity, and the recent rapid economic and technological development. Here are some key aspects:
1. **Language and Literature**: Mandarin Chinese is the official language and is spoken by the majority of the population. The Chinese script, which is logographic, is central to the culture. Chinese literature is one of the world's oldest, including classical works like "The Analects of Confucius", "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu, and the novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as "Dream of the Red Chamber".
2. **Philosophy and Religion**: Traditional Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have shaped Chinese culture, ethics, and worldview. Confucianism, in particular, emphasizes hierarchy, family loyalty, and respect for elders, which are still prevalent in Chinese society.
3. **Arts and Crafts**: Chinese art includes traditional painting, calligraphy, pottery, sculpture, and modern art forms. Calligraphy and traditional Chinese painting, which often feature landscapes, flora, and fauna, are particularly esteemed. Crafts such as silk-making, porcelain, and jade carving are also significant.
4. **Performing Arts**: China has a rich heritage in music, dance, and theater. Traditional music often uses instruments such as the erhu, pipa, and guzheng. Peking Opera is a distinctive form that combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance, and acrobatics. Modern pop culture also thrives, influenced by both traditional Chinese forms and Western pop music.
5. **Cuisine**: Chinese cuisine is incredibly diverse, with regional variations such as Cantonese, Sichuan, Shandong, and Jiangsu cuisines. Common ingredients include rice, soybeans, bok choy, and tea, with an emphasis on flavors like soy sauce, ginger, garlic, and sesame oil.
6. **Festivals**: Traditional festivals like the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival are significant cultural events. These festivals are times for family reunions and are marked by activities like dragon boat racing, lantern festivals, and the eating of mooncakes.
7. **Social Structure and Modern Life**: While modern China is rapidly urbanizing and becoming technologically advanced, many traditional values remain. The government promotes a socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics, and this influences aspects of daily life, education, and the political landscape.
8. **Influence Abroad**: Chinese culture has a significant global influence, seen in the spread of Chinese cuisine, festivals, martial arts, and cinema, as well as China’s growing economic and political impact worldwide.
Understanding Chinese culture in its full context requires appreciating both its ancient traditions and its dynamic, contemporary developments."
[{2024-04-25 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/2a1cd8ab-a65d-4454-9484-8503b421b635]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture!=socChna-culture,
* McsEngl.culture.socChna!⇒ChnaCulture,
* McsEngl.socChna'att015-culture!⇒ChnaCulture,
* McsEngl.socChna'culture!⇒ChnaCulture,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōnghuá-wénhuà-中华文化!=ChnaCulture,
* McsZhon.中华文化-zhōnghuá-wénhuà!=ChnaCulture,

ChnaCulture.SPECIFIC

description::
"Chinese culture consists of many subcultures. In China, the cultural difference between adjacent provinces (and, in some cases, adjacent counties within the same province) can often be as big as than that between adjacent European nations.[99] Thus, the concept of Han Chinese subgroups (漢族民系/汉族民系, literally "Han ethnic lineage") was born, used for classifying these subgroups within the greater Han ethnicity. These subgroups are, as a general rule, classified based on linguistic differences.
Using this linguistic classification, some of the well-known subcultures within China include:
North
* Hui culture
* Culture of Beijing (京)
* Culture of Shandong (魯/鲁)
* Culture of Gansu
* Dongbei culture (東北/东北)
* Shaanxi culture
* Jin culture (晉/晋)[100][101][102]
* Zhongyuan culture (豫)
South
* Haipai culture (海)
* Hakka culture (客)
* Hokkien culture (閩)
* Hong Kong culture (港)
* Hubei culture (楚)
* Huizhou culture (徽)
* Hunanese culture (湘)
* Jiangxi culture (贛)
* Jiangnan culture
* Lingnan culture (粵/粤)
* Macanese culture
* Sichuanese culture (蜀)
* Taiwanese culture (台)
* Teochew culture (潮)
* Wenzhou culture (欧)
* Wuyue culture (吳/吴)"
[{2024-07-26 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture#Major_subcultures]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.specific,

ChnaCulture.language

description::
* Standard-Chinese,
"There are several hundred languages in China. The predominant language is Standard Chinese, which is based on Beijingese, but there are hundreds of related Chinese languages, collectively known as Hanyu (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語; pinyin: Hànyǔ, 'Han language'), that are spoken by 92% of the population. The Chinese (or 'Sinitic') languages are typically divided into seven major language groups, and their study is a distinct academic discipline.[1] They differ as much from each other morphologically and phonetically as do English, German and Danish, but meanwhile share the same writing system (Hanzi) and are mutually intelligible in written form. There are in addition approximately 300 minority languages spoken by the remaining 8% of the population of China.[2] The ones with greatest state support are Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang.
According to the 2010 edition of Nationalencyklopedin, 955 million out of China's then-population of 1.34 billion spoke some variety of Mandarin Chinese as their first language, accounting for 71% of the country's population.[3] According to the 2019 edition of Ethnologue, 904 million people in China spoke some variety of Mandarin as their first language in 2017.[4]
Standard Chinese, known in China as Putonghua, based on the Mandarin dialect of Beijing,[5] is the official national spoken language for the mainland and serves as a lingua franca within the Mandarin-speaking regions (and, to a lesser extent, across the other regions of mainland China). Several other autonomous regions have additional official languages. For example, Tibetan has official status within the Tibet Autonomous Region and Mongolian has official status within Inner Mongolia. Language laws of China do not apply to either Hong Kong or Macau, which have different official languages (Cantonese, English and Portuguese) from the mainland."
[{2024-04-26 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.ChnaLago,
* McsEngl.ChnaLago!=socChna'language,
* McsEngl.socChna'att016-language!⇒ChnaLago,
* McsEngl.socChna'language!⇒ChnaLago,

Standard-Chinese (link)

ChnaCulture.worldview

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.Chnaworldview,
* McsEngl.Chnaworldview!=socChna-worldview,
* McsEngl.socChna'att023-worldview!⇒Chnaworldview,
* McsEngl.socChna'worldview!⇒Chnaworldview,
* McsEngl.worldview-of-socChna!⇒Chnaworldview,

ChnaCulture.religion

description::
"Religion in China is diverse and most Chinese people are either non-religious or practice a combination of Buddhism and Taoism with a Confucian worldview, which is collectively termed as Chinese folk religion.
The People's Republic of China is officially an atheist state,[3] but the government formally recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism are recognized separately), and Islam.[4]"
Religion in China (CFPS 2016)[1][2][note 1]
* No religion / Chinese folk religion (73.56%)
* Buddhism (15.87%)
* Taoism, folk sects, and other religious organisations,[note 2] (7.6%)
* Christianity (2.53%)
* Islam[note 3] (0.45%)
[{2024-05-06 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.religion,
* McsEngl.socChna'att022-religion,
* McsEngl.socChna'religion,

ChnaCulture.three-teachings

description::
"In Chinese philosophy, the three teachings (Chinese: 三教; pinyin: sān jiào; Vietnamese: tam giáo, Chữ Hán: 三教) are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. All of these three teachings are considered a harmonious aggregate.[1] Literary references to the "three teachings" by prominent Chinese scholars date back to the 6th century.[1] The term may also refer to a non-religious philosophy built on that aggregation."
[{2024-05-06 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.three-teachings,
* McsEngl.socChna'att024-three-teachings,
* McsEngl.socChna'three-teaching,
* McsEngl.three-teachings-of-socChna,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.sānjiào-三教!=three-teachings,
* McsZhon.三教-sānjiào!=three-teachings,

ChnaCulture.cuisine

description::
">cuisine of PRC:
The cuisine of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is incredibly diverse, reflecting its vast geographical range, varying climates, and rich cultural history. It's often divided into several regional styles, each with its distinct flavors and characteristics. Here are some of the most prominent regional cuisines:
1. **Cantonese (Guangdong)** - Known for its light, fresh flavors emphasizing seafood and fresh vegetables. Dishes such as dim sum and roast duck are very popular.
2. **Sichuan (Szechuan)** - Famous for its bold, pungent, and spicy flavors due to liberal use of garlic, chili peppers, and Sichuan peppercorn. Dishes like Mapo Tofu and Kung Pao Chicken are well-known examples.
3. **Hunan** - Similar to Sichuan cuisine but generally even hotter. It's known for dishes like Steamed Fish Head with Diced Hot Red Peppers and Hunan Beef.
4. **Shandong (Lu)** - A northern coastal cuisine famous for its seafood dishes, soup savories, and the use of vinegar.
5. **Jiangsu (Su)** - Characterized by carefully selected ingredients, emphasizing seafood and soups. It’s known for its soft, moderately salty and sweet tastes.
6. **Zhejiang (Zhe)** - Known for its delicate, fresh, and tender flavors with a good balance between saltiness and sweetness.
7. **Fujian (Min)** - Noted for its seafood dishes, and soups and stews, often with a slightly sweet and sour taste.
8. **Anhui (Hui)** - Known for its use of wild herbs and ingredients from the mountains and rivers, emphasizing stewing and braising.
These cuisines utilize a variety of techniques from stir-frying, steaming, and deep-frying to more complex methods like red cooking or slow braising. Ingredients can range from all types of meat and seafood to a myriad of vegetables, tofu, and noodles.
Beyond these traditional regional styles, modern Chinese cuisine also includes influences from other Asian nations and adapts to global tastes, sometimes creating fusion dishes that blend traditional Chinese techniques with international flavors."
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/fe418f99-9f5e-437b-b5be-e4d607752fb8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacuisine!=cuisine.socChna,
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.Chnacuisine,
* McsEngl.socChna'att019-cuisine!⇒Chnacuisine,
* McsEngl.socChna'cuisine!⇒Chnacuisine,
* McsEngl.cuisine.socChna!⇒Chnacuisine,

ChnaCulture.holiday

description::
"There are currently seven official public holidays on Mainland China.[1] Each year's holidays are announced about three weeks before the start of the year by the General Office of the State Council. A notable feature of mainland Chinese holidays is that weekends are usually swapped with the weekdays next to the actual holiday to create a longer holiday period.

Date Length (without weekends) ‖ English name ‖ Chinese name (Simplified) ‖ Pinyin ‖ Remarks
1) 1 January ‖ 1 day ‖ New Year's Day ‖ 元旦 ‖ Yuándàn ‖
2) 1st day of 1st Lunisolar month ‖ 3 days (Chinese New Year's Eve, 1st and 2nd days of 1st Lunisolar month) ‖ Spring Festival[a] (aka Chinese New Year) ‖ 春节 ‖ Chūnjié ‖ Usually occurs in late January or early February. The most important holiday, celebrating the start of a new year
3) 5 April (4 or 6 April in some years) ‖ 1 day ‖ Tomb-Sweeping Day ‖ 清明节 ‖ Qīngmíng jié ‖ Occurs about 15 days after the March Equinox; day for paying respect to one's ancestors
4) 1 May ‖ 1 day ‖ Labour Day ‖ 劳动节 ‖ Láodòng jié ‖ International Workers' Day
5) 5th day of 5th Lunisolar month ‖ 1 day ‖ Dragon Boat Festival ‖ 端午节 ‖ Duānwǔ jié ‖ Usually occurs in June; commemoration of the ancient poet Qu Yuan
6) 15th day of 8th Lunisolar month ‖ 1 day ‖ Mid-Autumn Festival ‖ 中秋节 ‖ Zhōngqiū jié ‖ Usually occurs in September; important autumn celebration of harvest and togetherness
7) 1 October ‖ 3 days[2] ‖ National Day ‖ 国庆节 ‖ Guóqìng jié ‖ Commemorating the formal proclamation of the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949"
[{2024-04-26 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.Chnaholiday,
* McsEngl.Chnaholiday!=socChna'holiday,
* McsEngl.socChna'att017-holiday!⇒Chnaholiday,
* McsEngl.socChna'holiday!⇒Chnaholiday,

ChnaCulture.festival

description::
"China has a rich tapestry of festivals that reflect its cultural diversity, long history, and traditions. Here are some of the most notable ones:

### 1. **Spring Festival (Chinese New Year)**
- **Date**: First day of the first lunar month (between late January and mid-February).
- **Significance**: The most important festival in China, marking the beginning of the Lunar New Year. It’s a time for family reunions, feasting, and various cultural activities.
- **Customs**:
- **Reunion Dinner**: Families gather for a big meal on New Year's Eve.
- **Red Envelopes**: Elders give red envelopes (hongbao) containing money to children.
- **Fireworks and Lion Dances**: These are meant to scare away evil spirits.
- **Decorations**: Homes are decorated with red lanterns, couplets, and paper cuttings.

### 2. **Lantern Festival**
- **Date**: 15th day of the first lunar month (usually in February or March).
- **Significance**: Marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations.
- **Customs**:
- **Lantern Displays**: People hang and display colorful lanterns.
- **Riddles**: Lantern riddles are solved for fun.
- **Tangyuan**: Eating glutinous rice balls symbolizes family unity.

### 3. **Qingming Festival (Tomb-Sweeping Day)**
- **Date**: April 4th or 5th.
- **Significance**: A day to honor ancestors by visiting their graves.
- **Customs**:
- **Tomb Sweeping**: Cleaning and repairing family graves.
- **Offerings**: Presenting food, tea, and other items to ancestors.

### 4. **Dragon Boat Festival**
- **Date**: 5th day of the 5th lunar month (usually in June).
- **Significance**: Commemorates the poet Qu Yuan.
- **Customs**:
- **Dragon Boat Races**: Teams race long, narrow boats decorated like dragons.
- **Zongzi**: Eating sticky rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves.

### 5. **Mid-Autumn Festival**
- **Date**: 15th day of the 8th lunar month (usually in September or October).
- **Significance**: Celebrates the harvest and the full moon.
- **Customs**:
- **Mooncakes**: Eating mooncakes filled with various fillings.
- **Moon Gazing**: Appreciating the full moon and spending time with family.

### 6. **Double Ninth Festival (Chongyang Festival)**
- **Date**: 9th day of the 9th lunar month (usually in October).
- **Significance**: A day to pay respect to the elderly and to hike.
- **Customs**:
- **Climbing Mountains**: Symbolizes the rise to a higher position.
- **Chrysanthemum Wine**: Drinking wine made from chrysanthemums.
- **Kite Flying**: A popular activity during the festival.

### 7. **Chinese Valentine's Day (Qixi Festival)**
- **Date**: 7th day of the 7th lunar month (usually in August).
- **Significance**: Celebrates the love story of the cowherd and the weaver girl.
- **Customs**:
- **Making Offerings**: Women make offerings to the Vega and Altair stars.
- **Weaving and Needlework**: Competitions and displays of weaving and needle skills.

### 8. **Laba Festival**
- **Date**: 8th day of the 12th lunar month (usually in January).
- **Significance**: Celebrates the Buddha's enlightenment.
- **Customs**:
- **Laba Porridge**: Eating a special porridge made from various grains and beans.
These festivals are celebrated with great enthusiasm and offer a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of China."
[{2024-07-30 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a60ad351-57be-4974-bd26-7b9f64ddfa87]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaCulture.festival!⇒Chnafestival,
* McsEngl.Chnafestival!=festival-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.socChna'att033-festival,
* McsEngl.socChna'festival,

place of socChna

description::
× generic: place-of-society,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaplace!=place-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.place-of-PRC!⇒Chnaplace,
* McsEngl.socChna'att025-place!⇒Chnaplace,
* McsEngl.socChna'place!⇒Chnaplace,

total-area of Chnaplace

description::
">PRC total area rank:
The People's Republic of China (PRC) has a complex ranking in terms of total area:
* **3rd largest by land area:** China ranks third among countries when considering land area alone, after Russia and Canada.
* **3rd or 4th largest by total area:** When you include territorial waters, the ranking depends on whether you consider the United States' claim to a larger exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
* If you only include land areas and internal waters, China ranks 3rd.
* If you include the EEZ areas claimed under international law, the United States would have a slightly larger total area, pushing China to 4th place.
**Here's why the ranking varies:**
* **Land area:** Refers only to the physical land within a country's borders.
* **Internal waters:** Include rivers, lakes, and portions of seas very close to a country's shores.
* **Territorial waters:** Extend 12 nautical miles out from the coast and are considered part of a country's sovereign territory.
* **Exclusive economic zone (EEZ):** Extends 200 nautical miles from the coast, giving a country the right to manage resources like fishing and exploration within that zone.
**Let me know if you'd like a breakdown of China's area or comparisons to other large countries!**"
[{2024-05-10 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c8e99763428804f0]

Area
• Total 9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi)[e][6] (3rd / 4th)
• Water (%) 2.8[7]
[{2024-05-10 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China]

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'att026-total-area,
* McsEngl.socChna'total-area,

region of Chnaplace

description::
· traditional top-level regions of China.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion!=socChna-region,
* McsEngl.socChna'att028-region!⇒Chnaregion,
* McsEngl.socChna'region!⇒Chnaregion,

Chnaregion.north

description::
* area: 1,556,061 km2
* population-{2010}: 164,823,226
* population-density: 105/km2
* region-seat:
- Beijing Dongcheng District
- Tianjin Heping District
- Hebei Shijiazhuang
- Shanxi Taiyuan
- Inner Mongolia Hohhot
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion.north,
* McsEngl.north-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.huáběi-华北!=north-China,
* McsZhon.华北-huáběi!=north-China,

Chnaregion.east

description::
* area: 795,837 km2
* population-{2010}: 384,364,968
* population-density: 483/km2
* region-seat:
- Shanghai Huangpu District
- Jiangsu Nanjing
- Zhejiang Hangzhou
- Anhui Hefei
- Fujian Fuzhou (PRC)
- Kinmen (ROC)
- Taiwan Taipei (PRC-claimed)
- Zhongxing New Village (ROC)
- Jiangxi Nanchang
- Shandong Jinan
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion.east,
* McsEngl.east-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.huádōng-华东!=east-China,
* McsZhon.华东-huádōng!=east-China,

Chnaregion.south-central

description::
* area: 1,014,354 km2
* population-{2010}: 383,559,808
* population-density: 378/km2
* region-seat:
- Henan Zhengzhou
- Hubei Wuhan
- Hunan Changsha
- Guangdong Guangzhou
- Guangxi Nanning
- Hainan Haikou
- Hong Kong Central and Western District
- Macau Macau
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion.south-central,
* McsEngl.south-central-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngnán-中南!=south-central-China,
* McsZhon.中南-zhōngnán!=south-central-China,

Chnaregion.south-west

description::
* area: 2,365,900 km2
* population-{2010}: 192,979,243
* population-density: 82/km2
* region-seat:
- Chongqing Yuzhong District
- Sichuan Chengdu
- Guizhou Guiyang
- Yunnan Kunming
- Tibet Lhasa
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion.south-west,
* McsEngl.south-west-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xīnán-西南!=south-west-China,
* McsZhon.西南-xīnán!=south-west-China,

Chnaregion.north-west

description::
* area: 3,107,701 km2
* population-{2010}: 96,644,038
* population-density: 31/km2
* region-seat:
- Shaanxi Xi'an
- Gansu Lanzhou
- Qinghai Xining
- Ningxia Yinchuan
- Xinjiang άrόmqi
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion.north-west,
* McsEngl.north-west-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xīběi-西北!=north-west-China,
* McsZhon.西北-xīběi!=north-west-China,

Chnaregion.north-east

description::
* area: 793,300 km2
* population-{2010}: 109,520,844
* population-density: 138/km2
* region-seat:
- Liaoning Shenyang
- Jilin Changchun
- Heilongjiang Harbin
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaregion.north-east,
* McsEngl.north-east-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.dōngběi-东北!=north-east-China,
* McsZhon.东北-dōngběi!=north-east-China,

protected-area of Chnaplace

description::
"This is a list of the nationally designated protected areas of China. There are many forms of protected areas in China. Based on their relative importance, each type of protected area can be further graded into two to three levels (national, provincial and prefectural/county level). Nevertheless, the highest rank for "pocket nature preserve" (social and mass-based), "no-hunting area", "no-fishing area", "no-logging area", "wild medicinal material resources conservation area", "crop germplasm resources conservation area", "forest tree germplasm resources conservation area" or "source water protection area" is practically restricted to provincial level. The local government at county level is also responsible for the delimitation and declaration of "basic farmland protection area" and "basic grassland".
Take note that many protected areas in China have multiple official designations, and the statutory boundaries of these multi-designated PAs may be identical or may vary one from the other. For instance, the boundaries of Huangshan NSHA coincide with those of the Huangshan NGP, whereas Fujian province's Wuyi Mountains NNR, NSHA and NFP are adjacent to each other. In Heilongjiang, 27,642.14 hectares out of 115,340.27 hectares of Huzhong NFP are intersected with the experiment zone of Huzhong NNR."
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaplaceProtected!=protected-area-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.protected-area-of-socChna!⇒ChnaplaceProtected,
* McsEngl.socChna'att027-protected-area!⇒ChnaplaceProtected,
* McsEngl.socChna'protected-area!⇒ChnaplaceProtected,

ChnaplaceProtected.UNESCO-biosphere-reserves

description::
* Mount Huangshan, Anhui (2018),
* Baishuijiang, Gansu (2000),
* Dinghushan, Guangdong (1979),
* Chebaling, Guangdong (2007),
* Shankou Mangrove, Guangxi (2000),
* Mao'er Mountain, Guangxi (2011),
* Fanjingshan, Guizhou (1986),
* Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang (2003),
* Xingkai Lake, Heilongjiang (2007),
* Baotianman, Henan (2001),
* Shennongjia, Hubei (1990),
* Xilin Gol, Inner Mongolia (1987),
* Saihan Wula, Inner Mongolia (2001),
* Dalai Lake, Inner Mongolia (2002),
* Hanma, Inner Mongolia (2015),
* Yancheng, Jiangsu (1992),
* Jinggangshan, Jiangxi (2012),
* Foping, Shaanxi (2004),
* Niubeiliang, Shaanxi (2012),
* Wolong, Sichuan (1979),
* Jiuzhaigou Valley, Sichuan (1997),
* Huanglong, Sichuan (2000),
* Bogeda, Xinjiang (1990)Yading, Sichuan (2003),
* Qomolangma, Tibet (2004),
* Xishuangbanna, Yunnan (1993),
* Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan (2000),
* Tianmushan, Zhejiang (1996),
* Nanji Islands [zh], Zhejiang (1998),
* Changbaishan (1979),
* Wuyishan, Jiangxi and Fujian (1987),
* Maolan, Guizhou (1996),
* Fenglin (1997),
* Snake Island, Laotie Mountain (2013),
[{2024-05-11 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Asia_and_the_Pacific#China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaplaceProtected.UNESCO-biosphere-reserves,
* McsEngl.UNESCO-biosphere-reserves-of-socChna,

climate of Chnaplace

description::
"The climate of China is extremely diverse, owing to the country's vast size and varied topography. It ranges from tropical in the far south to subarctic in the far north, and from arid deserts in the northwest to monsoon-drenched regions in the southeast.
* **Southern China:** This region experiences a humid subtropical climate, characterized by hot, humid summers and mild winters. The monsoon season from May to September brings heavy rainfall, while the rest of the year is relatively dry.
* **Central China:** The Yangtze River Valley has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cool to cold. Precipitation is spread throughout the year, with a peak in the summer months.
* **Northern China:** This region has a continental climate with hot summers and cold, dry winters. The monsoon season is less pronounced, and rainfall is lower than in the south.
* **Western China:** This vast area encompasses a variety of climates, including arid deserts in the northwest (such as the Gobi Desert), semi-arid steppes, and high-altitude plateaus (like Tibet) with cold, dry conditions.
* **Northeastern China:** This region, also known as Manchuria, has a subarctic climate with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Precipitation is relatively low and mostly occurs in the summer.
Overall, China's climate is heavily influenced by the East Asian Monsoon, which brings warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean in the summer, leading to heavy rainfall in many parts of the country. In the winter, cold, dry air from Siberia dominates, resulting in cold, dry conditions in the north and milder temperatures in the south."
[{2024-05-22 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/2569bc739dd389b8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaplace'climate!=Chnaclimate,
* McsEngl.socChna'att029-climate!=Chnaclimate,
* McsEngl.socChna'climate!=Chnaclimate,

great-green-wall of Chnaclimate

description::
"The Great Green Wall of China, officially known as the Three-North Shelterbelt Program, continues to be one of the most ambitious ecological projects aimed at combating desertification and improving environmental conditions in northern China. Initiated in 1978, the project involves planting vast stretches of forests across the borders of the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts to act as a windbreak and reduce the frequency of sandstorms.
As of 2024, the project has seen both successes and challenges. On the positive side, it has led to the stabilization of thousands of acres of moving sand dunes and a significant reduction in the frequency of sandstorms by about 20% between 2009 and 2014. Additionally, the project has contributed to carbon sequestration, with studies highlighting its role in boosting China's carbon sink capabilities, thereby helping mitigate climate change【https://earth.org/what-is-the-great-green-wall-in-china/】【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)】【https://scitechdaily.com/the-great-green-wall-chinas-fight-against-desertification/】.
However, the project has faced criticism for several reasons. One major issue is the use of monoculture plantations, which lack biodiversity and are more susceptible to diseases. For example, in 2000, a disease wiped out a billion poplar trees in Ningxia, setting back years of planting efforts. Moreover, many of the trees planted do not survive long-term due to poor maintenance and the unsuitable nature of the soil and climate in certain areas【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)】.
Efforts are ongoing to improve the effectiveness of the Great Green Wall, including enhancing biodiversity and adopting more sustainable afforestation practices. Despite the challenges, the project remains a critical part of China's strategy to combat desertification and promote environmental restoration【https://earth.org/what-is-the-great-green-wall-in-china/】【7†source】.
For more detailed information, you can explore articles from [Earth.org](https://earth.org) and [SciTechDaily](https://scitechdaily.com)."
[{2024-05-22 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/44e013be-73bf-4787-b3fe-4eceb21ad4c0]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaclimate'great-green-wall,
* McsEngl.great-green-wall--of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att030-great-green-wall,
* McsEngl.socChna'great-green-wall,

tourist-attraction of Chnaplace

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2024-12-03},

"The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a vast country with a rich history, diverse culture, and stunning natural landscapes. Here are some of the top tourist attractions:

### **Historical and Cultural Attractions**
1. **The Great Wall of China** - A world-renowned architectural marvel stretching over 13,000 miles.
2. **The Forbidden City (Beijing)** - The imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, now a museum.
3. **Terracotta Army (Xi'an)** - Thousands of life-sized terracotta figures of warriors and horses buried with Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
4. **Temple of Heaven (Beijing)** - A complex of religious buildings used for imperial ceremonies.
5. **Potala Palace (Lhasa, Tibet)** - A magnificent palace and former residence of the Dalai Lama.
6. **Mogao Caves (Dunhuang)** - A collection of Buddhist cave temples with stunning murals and sculptures.

### **Modern Attractions**
7. **The Bund (Shanghai)** - A famous waterfront area showcasing colonial-era architecture.
8. **Shanghai Tower** - The second tallest building in the world, offering breathtaking city views.
9. **Canton Tower (Guangzhou)** - A modern architectural landmark and observation deck.

### **Natural Wonders**
10. **Zhangjiajie National Forest Park** - Known for its pillar-like formations, which inspired the floating mountains in the movie *Avatar*.
11. **Jiuzhaigou Valley (Sichuan)** - A UNESCO World Heritage Site with colorful lakes, waterfalls, and snow-capped peaks.
12. **Huangshan (Yellow Mountains)** - Famous for its majestic peaks, pine trees, and seas of clouds.
13. **Li River (Guilin)** - Scenic cruises through karst mountain landscapes.
14. **Tibet Plateau** - The world's highest and largest plateau with stunning natural beauty.

### **Cultural Villages and Ancient Towns**
15. **Lijiang Old Town** - A well-preserved ancient town with traditional Naxi architecture.
16. **Pingyao Ancient City (Shanxi)** - A UNESCO World Heritage Site showcasing a classic example of a Han Chinese city during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
17. **Hakka Tulou (Fujian)** - Unique, large, circular earthen buildings used as communal residences.

### **Spiritual Destinations**
18. **Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha (Sichuan)** - A sacred Buddhist site with a giant stone Buddha statue.
19. **Shaolin Temple (Henan)** - The birthplace of Chinese martial arts and Zen Buddhism.

### **Unique Experiences**
20. **Harbin Ice and Snow Festival (Heilongjiang)** - A winter festival featuring incredible ice sculptures and snow art.
21. **Yangshuo Countryside (Guangxi)** - Famous for bamboo rafting and stunning rural landscapes.

Would you like detailed information on any specific destination?"
[{2024-12-03 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/674f219f-c648-8003-95c7-8d036ddd90da]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAttraction!=socChna'tourist-attraction,
* McsEngl.socChna'att035-tourist-attraction!⇒ChnaAttraction,
* McsEngl.socChna'tourist-attraction!⇒ChnaAttraction,
* McsEngl.tourist-attraction--of-socChna!⇒ChnaAttraction,

ChnaAttraction.Great-Wall

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2024-12-03},

"The **Great Wall of China** is one of the most iconic architectural feats in history and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Built to protect China from invasions and raids, the Wall is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials. Here’s a concise overview:
### **Key Facts**
1. **Length**: Approximately 21,196 kilometers (13,171 miles), though this includes various branches and sections.
2. **Construction Timeline**:
- Initial walls date back to the **7th century BC**.
- The most famous sections were built during the **Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)**.
3. **Purpose**:
- Defense against nomadic tribes, particularly from the north.
- Border control and regulation of trade along the **Silk Road**.
4. **Construction**:
- Built by soldiers, prisoners, and local people.
- Includes watchtowers, barracks, and signaling capabilities (like smoke signals).
### **Significance**
- **Cultural**: A symbol of Chinese strength and unity.
- **Historical**: Offers insights into ancient military strategies and Ming-era politics.
- **Tourism**: Popular sections include **Badaling**, **Mutianyu**, and **Jiankou**, each known for breathtaking views.
### **Interesting Fact**
Despite its massive size, the myth that it is visible from space with the naked eye is not true. However, it can be seen with aid in low Earth orbit.
Would you like to know about its construction techniques, historical anecdotes, or something else?"
[{2024-12-03 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/674f2892-df00-8003-9690-17bea9809bc8]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAttraction.Great-Wall,
* McsEngl.Great-Wall--of-China,
* McsEngl.the-Great-Wall,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.长城-chángchéng!=the-Great-Wall,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.το-Σινικό-Τείχος!=the-Great-Wall,

heritage of socChna

description::
· culture, nature heritage site, entities.
"In 1999 it was reported that there were some 350,000 immovable cultural properties in China, of which 70,000 were protected at one of the three main levels, in addition to some 10,000,000 movable cultural properties held by state institutions alone.[3] Of these, as of October 2019, 5,058 Sites Protected at the National Level have been designated by the State Administration"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_cultural_heritage_sites_under_national-level_protection]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaheritage!=heritage-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.heritage-of-socChna!⇒Chnaheritage,
* McsEngl.socChna'att021-heritage!⇒Chnaheritage,
* McsEngl.socChna'heritage!⇒Chnaheritage,

world-heritage-site of socChna

description::
"This is a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in China. China has 57, ranking second in the world, just below Italy (59). China ratified The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on 12 December 1985. These sites comprise some of the most essential part of China's valuable and rich tourism resources."
[{2024-04-27 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China]

">list of world-heritage-sites of PRC:
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), has a rich cultural and natural heritage that is recognized globally. As of now, it boasts numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Here's a list of some notable ones:
### Cultural Sites
1. **The Great Wall** (1987)
2. **The Forbidden City (Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang)** (1987, 2004)
3. **Terracotta Warriors (Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor)** (1987)
4. **The Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing** (1998)
5. **Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa** (including the Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka) (1994, 2000, 2001)
6. **Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains** (1994)
7. **Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in “The Centre of Heaven and Earth”** (2010)
8. **The Grand Canal** (2014)
9. **Fujian Tulou** (2008)
10. **Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun** (2000)
### Natural Sites
1. **Mount Taishan** (1987)
2. **Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area** (1992)
3. **Huangshan Scenic Area** (1990)
4. **Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area** (1992)
5. **Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas** (2003)
6. **Mount Sanqingshan National Park** (2008)
7. **South China Karst** (2007, extended in 2014)
8. **Hubei Shennongjia** (2016)
### Mixed Sites (Both Cultural and Natural)
1. **Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area** (1996)
2. **Mount Wuyi** (1999)
3. **Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System** (2000)
This list captures just a portion of China's UNESCO World Heritage Sites, highlighting the diversity and cultural significance of its landmarks. Each site has a unique importance, representing various aspects of Chinese history, culture, and natural beauty."
[{2024-04-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/3a54784d-7e8d-43fe-81e7-7230260da25f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawheritage!=world-heritage-site-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.Socwheritage.socChna!⇒Chnawheritage,
* McsEngl.socChna'att018-world-heritage-site!⇒Chnawheritage,
* McsEngl.socChna'world-heritage-site!⇒Chnawheritage,

time-zone of socChna

description::
"China uses a single time zone for the entire country, known as China Standard Time (CST), which is 8 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+8). This applies across all of China, despite its wide geographical spread."
[{2024-04-06 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/9ba935a8-55de-4894-a55e-dc755a88874e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnatimezone,
* McsEngl.socChna'att013-time-zone!⇒Chnatimezone,
* McsEngl.socChna'time-zone!⇒Chnatimezone,

economic-view of socChna

description::
">overview of Chinese economic system:
## Overview of the Chinese Economic System:
China's economic system is a unique blend of market forces and state intervention, often described as a **socialist market economy**. Here are some key features:

**Market elements:**
* **Private sector:** Plays a dominant role, contributing over half of China's GDP and generating most new jobs.
* **Market mechanisms:** Prices are market-determined for many goods and services.
* **Foreign investment:** Plays a significant role in certain sectors, contributing to technology transfer and economic growth.

**State intervention:**
* **State-owned enterprises (SOEs):** Play a significant role in key sectors like energy, utilities, and finance.
* **Five-year plans:** The government sets broad economic and social development goals through these plans.
* **Industrial policies:** The government actively guides and supports specific industries deemed strategically important.
* **Limited financial liberalization:** The government maintains control over capital flows and the exchange rate.

**Key characteristics:**
* **Rapid economic growth:** China has experienced remarkable economic growth since the late 1970s, averaging over 9% annually for several decades.
* **Manufacturing powerhouse:** China is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter of goods.
* **Shifting focus:** The government is emphasizing domestic consumption and transitioning to a more service-oriented economy.
* **Challenges:** China faces challenges like an aging population, environmental issues, and increasing income inequality.

**Here are some additional points to consider:**
* The balance between market forces and state intervention is constantly evolving, with the government adapting its approach based on economic conditions and priorities.
* China's economic system is complex and subject to ongoing debate and analysis.
* Understanding the nuances of the Chinese economic system is crucial for businesses and individuals seeking to engage with the Chinese market.

**Further resources:**
* World Bank: [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview)
* Asialink Business: [https://asialinkbusiness.com.au/country/china](https://asialinkbusiness.com.au/country/china)
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China)
I hope this overview provides a helpful starting point for understanding the Chinese economic system."
[{2024-02-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/470c95d0d491e4d1]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon!=economy-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att001-economic-view!⇒Chnaecon,
* McsEngl.socChna'economic-view!⇒Chnaecon,
* McsEngl.socialist-market-economy!⇒Chnaecon,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shèhuìzhǔyì-shìchǎng-jīngjì-社会主义市场经济!=Chnaecon,
* McsZhon.社会主义市场经济-shèhuìzhǔyì-shìchǎng-jīngjì!=Chnaecon,

worldview of Chnaecon

description::
· worldview of Chnaecon.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att061-worldview,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'worldview,

socialist-market-economy of Chnaecon

description::
"The socialist market economy (SME) is the economic system and model of economic development employed in the People's Republic of China. The system is a market economy with the predominance of public ownership and state-owned enterprises.[1] The term "socialist market economy" was introduced by Jiang Zemin during the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1992 to describe the goal of China's economic reforms.[2]
Originating in the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978 that integrated China into the global market economy, the socialist market economy represents a preliminary or "primary stage" of developing socialism.[3] Some commentators describe the system as a form of "state capitalism",[4] while others describe it as an original evolution of Marxism, in line with Marxism–Leninism similar to the "New Economic Policy" of the Soviet Union, adapted to the cohabitation with a globalized capitalist system.[5]"
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy]

"A socialist market economy (SME) is an economic system that combines elements of socialism and market economies. It is characterized by public ownership of the means of production, while allowing for market-based allocation of goods and services. The degree of state intervention and control can vary, but the government typically plays a significant role in the economy.
**Key characteristics of a socialist market economy include:**
* **Public ownership:** The state owns and controls major industries and resources, such as land, energy, and transportation.
* **Market-based allocation:** Prices are determined by supply and demand, and businesses compete with each other to sell goods and services.
* **State intervention:** The government sets economic goals and regulates the market to ensure social welfare and prevent monopolies.
* **Social safety net:** The government provides basic necessities, such as healthcare, education, and housing, to all citizens.
The most notable example of a socialist market economy is China. Since the late 1970s, China has implemented economic reforms that have introduced market mechanisms into its socialist system. This has led to rapid economic growth and significant improvements in living standards for many Chinese citizens.
Other countries, such as Vietnam and Laos, have also adopted socialist market economies. The specific policies and practices of these economies vary, but they all share the common goal of balancing economic efficiency with social equity.

**Socialist Market Economy vs. Social Market Economy**
It's important to distinguish between a socialist market economy and a social market economy. While both systems aim to combine market forces with social welfare, they have different underlying philosophies and practices.
* A socialist market economy is based on socialist principles, such as public ownership and state intervention. It prioritizes social welfare and aims to achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth.
* A social market economy is based on capitalist principles, such as private ownership and free markets. However, it also incorporates social welfare measures to ensure a minimum standard of living for all citizens.
**Additional resources:**
* Wikipedia article on Socialist Market Economy: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy)
* Investopedia article on Socialist Market Economies: [https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/081514/socialist-economies-how-china-cuba-and-north-korea-work.asp](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/081514/socialist-economies-how-china-cuba-and-north-korea-work.asp)
* The Socialist Market Economy in Asia: Development in China, Vietnam and Laos: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-15-6248-8](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-15-6248-8)
I hope this information is helpful! If you have any other questions, feel free to ask.
Sources
prezi.com/p/lmrxxatdn8cd/socialism/"
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/3367db328e5653f3]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att063-socialist-market-economy,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'socialist-market-economy,
* McsEngl.SME!=socialist-market-economy,
* McsEngl.socialist-market-economy,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shèhuìzhǔyì-shìchǎng-jīngjì-社会主义市场经济!=socialist-market-economy,
* McsZhon.社会主义市场经济-shèhuìzhǔyì-shìchǎng-jīngjì!=socialist-market-economy,

Beijing-Consensus of Chnaecon

description::
"The term "Beijing Consensus" refers to an alternative model of economic development that contrasts with the Washington Consensus, which has been associated with neoliberal economic policies promoted by institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The Beijing Consensus is often attributed to China's economic policies and practices since the late 20th century and is characterized by several key features:
1. **Pragmatism Over Ideology**: Unlike the Washington Consensus, which emphasizes free markets, deregulation, and privatization, the Beijing Consensus is pragmatic and flexible. It focuses on policies that are effective in the specific context of the country, rather than adhering strictly to ideological principles.
2. **State-Led Development**: The Beijing Consensus advocates for a significant role of the state in the economy. This includes state ownership of key industries, strategic government intervention, and long-term planning.
3. **Incremental Reform**: Rather than pursuing rapid and comprehensive reforms, the Beijing Consensus favors gradual and experimental approaches. Policies are often tested locally before being implemented on a broader scale.
4. **Innovation and Technology**: There is a strong emphasis on innovation, technological advancement, and the development of human capital. The model encourages investment in education, research, and development.
5. **Sovereignty and Independence**: The Beijing Consensus emphasizes the importance of national sovereignty and the right of countries to choose their development paths free from external pressure or interference.
6. **Economic Growth with Stability**: The model prioritizes economic growth but with a focus on maintaining social stability. This involves balancing growth with efforts to reduce inequality and address social issues.
7. **Global Integration on Own Terms**: While encouraging engagement with the global economy, the Beijing Consensus advocates for integration on terms that protect national interests. This includes strategic use of foreign direct investment and trade policies that benefit the country's development goals.
The Beijing Consensus has been influential in shaping the economic strategies of various developing countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. It is seen as a viable alternative to the Washington Consensus, offering a different path to development that is tailored to the specific needs and contexts of individual countries."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/70f63b3f-e1f0-4825-b9ec-1d8ce0d3d23c]

name::
* McsEngl.Beijing-consensus,
* McsEngl.China-model,
* McsEngl.Chinese-economic-model,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att062-Beijing-consensus,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Beijing-consensus,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.běijīng-gòngshì-北京共识!=Beijing-consensus,
* McsZhon.北京共识-běijīng-gòngshì!=Beijing-consensus,

socialism-with-Chinese-characteristics (link) of Chnaecon

visible-hand of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: visible-hand-of-economy,

· today {2024}, China is the-only society that can-build its visible-hand and prove the-superiority of planning vs market.
· the-road to socialism also needs algorithmic-governance. {2024-03-30}

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att014-visible-hand,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'visible-hand,
* McsEngl.visible-hand-of-China,

National-Development-and-Reform-Commission of Chnaecon

description::
"The **National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)** is a crucial policy-making and planning agency in China. Established in 2003, the NDRC evolved from the State Planning Commission and the State Development Planning Commission. It is under the direct control of the State Council, China's central government.
### Key Roles and Functions:
1. **Economic Planning and Policy**: The NDRC is responsible for formulating and implementing national economic and social development strategies, including long-term plans and annual targets. It plays a pivotal role in the management and guidance of the Chinese economy.
2. **Macro-Economic Regulation**: The NDRC oversees macroeconomic policies, including fiscal, monetary, and industrial policies. It ensures that these policies are coordinated to stabilize the economy and promote sustainable development.
3. **Industrial Policy**: The commission devises and enforces policies aimed at fostering industrial growth, innovation, and competitiveness. It also focuses on key sectors such as energy, transportation, and infrastructure.
4. **Price Control and Monitoring**: The NDRC monitors and regulates prices for essential goods and services, including energy, utilities, and transportation. It plays a significant role in preventing inflation and ensuring price stability.
5. **Resource Allocation and Environmental Management**: The agency manages the allocation of key resources, such as land, water, and energy, and integrates environmental considerations into economic planning. It is involved in efforts to reduce pollution and promote sustainable resource use.
6. **Investment Approval and Management**: The NDRC oversees large-scale investment projects, particularly those related to infrastructure and national priorities. It has the authority to approve significant domestic and foreign investment projects.
7. **Regional and Urban Development**: The commission formulates policies to promote balanced regional development and urbanization. It addresses disparities between different regions and aims to create more equitable economic opportunities across the country.
### Influence and Power:
The NDRC is one of the most powerful institutions in China's government. Its decisions and policies have wide-ranging implications for both the domestic economy and international relations. As China's economy has grown and become more complex, the NDRC's role has expanded, making it a central player in the country’s development strategy.
The commission is also involved in international economic cooperation, including initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), where it coordinates with other countries on infrastructure and development projects.
### Structure:
The NDRC is structured into various departments and divisions, each focusing on specific areas such as economic planning, industrial policy, investment, and resource management. It works closely with other government ministries, local governments, and state-owned enterprises to implement its policies.
The NDRC's influence reflects China's approach to economic governance, where central planning and state intervention play critical roles in driving development and maintaining stability."
[{2024-08-17 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/4959751c-1ac0-41cd-b836-40bf90800937]

"The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission, the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China, and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council"."
[{2024-03-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission]

name::
* McsEngl.NDRC!=National-Development-and-Reform-Commission--of-Chnaecon,
* McsEngl.National-Development-and-Reform-Commission--of-Chnaecon,
* McsEngl.State-Planning-Commission--of-Chnaecon,
* McsEngl.State-Development-Planning-Commission--of-Chnaecon,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.fāgǎiwěi-发改委!=NDRC,
* McsZhon.发改委-fāgǎiwěi!=NDRC,

state-information-center of Chnaecon

description::
"The State Information Center (Administration Center of China E-government Network) is a public institution directly affiliated to the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). In 1986, the establishment of State Economic Information System and State Economic Information Center was approved by the State Council in response to challenges brought by the global IT revolution while meeting the needs of China’s reform. On January 24, 1987, the State Information Center was officially established and the name was inscribed by Comrade Deng Xiaoping on January 22, 1988. In 2010, approved by State Commission Office of Public Sectors Reform, it also added the function of the Administration Center of China E-government Network.
As a national-level decision-making advisory body and public service platform of the e-government network with the characteristics of economic analysis and forecasting, informatization building and big data application, the State Information Center has,focusing upon advanced information technologies as the means, information resources development as the core and supporting scientific decisions as the mission,functioned as a think-tank and main force in assisting the CPC Central Committee, the State Council, NDRC and governments at all levels in macro decision-making, and in propelling the development of national economy and informatization of the society. The center has gained comprehensive advantages in policy researchand consultation, development strategy making, data collection &analysis, information technology platform and a team of professional talents. It also takes the lead in promoting the development of national economic information system and the e-government network system to support the economicresearch and informatization of all the departments and regions.
The major responsibilities of the SIC include:
1. Undertaking government informatizationconstruction of the NDRC and providing technical support. Constructing, implementing and managing the “Smart NDRC” project and enabling the daily operation of government affairs service center.
2. Constructing, operating and maintaining the national e-government network and related management. Providing technical support for the integration and sharing of the national e-government information system.
3. Undertaking researches on key issues concerning macroeconomic monitoring and forecasting and the development of national economy and the society, and developing quantitative analysis model and macro-policy simulation.
4. Studying development strategies of national economy and the society as well as the medium- and long-term trends, and providing decision-making support and policy advice with regard to the formulation of medium- and long-term planning and regional development strategies for the state and government departments at all levels.
5. Providing decision-making consultation for the planning of informatization strategies, the top-level design and manufacturing and other industries, which mainly includes the strategic planning and consulting services for the digital economy, sharing economy, smart cities, and strategic emerging industries and automobile industry.
6. Supporting big data decision making, studying big data development strategies and overall planning, pushing forward the sharing, opening and application of big data, carrying out basic research on key generic technologies and core algorithm models in the field of big data.
7. Providing information security policy consultation, security risk assessment and classified protection, information security monitoring and data security services, and carrying out relevant theoretical and applied researches on information systems and network security.
8. Coordinating and guiding development of the national economic information system and the national e-government network system.
9. Operating and building the "China Economic Information Network", undertaking the operation and maintenance of the "Credit China" website and the China "Belt and Road" website while providing technical support."
[{2024-08-17 retrieved} http://www.sic.gov.cn/sic/595/596/597/list/index_pc.html]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att072-state-information-center!⇒Chnasic,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'state-information-center!⇒Chnasic,
* McsEngl.Chnasic!=state-information-center-of-PRC,

economic-info-network of Chnaecon

description::
"The **China Economic Information Network (CEIN)** is a comprehensive platform that provides economic, financial, and business-related information in China. Operated under the China Economic Information Service (CEIS), which is a subsidiary of Xinhua News Agency, the CEIN serves as an authoritative source of economic data, industry reports, market analysis, and news for domestic and international audiences.

### Key Features and Offerings of CEIN:
1. **Economic Data and Statistics**: CEIN provides a wide range of statistical data on China's economy, including GDP, inflation rates, trade figures, industrial output, and more. This data is often used by policymakers, analysts, and businesses for economic forecasting and decision-making.
2. **Industry Reports and Analysis**: The platform offers detailed reports and analysis on various industries, such as manufacturing, technology, energy, and finance. These reports provide insights into market trends, growth opportunities, and challenges faced by different sectors.
3. **Financial Information**: CEIN delivers up-to-date information on China's financial markets, including stock market performance, bond markets, exchange rates, and monetary policy updates. This is crucial for investors and financial professionals monitoring China's financial environment.
4. **News and Commentary**: As part of the Xinhua News Agency's network, CEIN provides real-time news coverage and expert commentary on economic policies, business developments, and global economic events that impact China.
5. **Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Information**: Given China's focus on the Belt and Road Initiative, CEIN also provides specialized content related to the BRI, including project updates, investment opportunities, and policy developments across the participating countries.
6. **Customizable Services**: CEIN offers personalized information services tailored to the needs of businesses and governments, helping them navigate the complexities of the Chinese economy and regulatory environment.

### Users of CEIN:
- **Government Agencies**: For policy formulation and economic planning.
- **Financial Institutions**: To inform investment strategies and risk assessments.
- **Businesses**: To understand market conditions, industry trends, and regulatory requirements.
- **Academics and Researchers**: For scholarly analysis of China’s economic landscape.
- **International Organizations**: To monitor China's economic impact globally.
The China Economic Information Network is instrumental for anyone needing reliable and comprehensive information about China's economic activities, and it plays a significant role in how economic data and insights are disseminated both within China and internationally."
[{2024-08-17 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/2ec15398-dca3-46c1-bf28-f6f76b07cf11]

name::
* McsEngl.CEIN!=China-Economic-Information-Network!⇒Chnaein,
* McsEngl.Chnaein!=China-Economic-Information-Network,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att071-economic-infonet!⇒Chnaein,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'economic-infonet!⇒Chnaein,

planning (link) of Chnaecon

economic-sector of Chnaecon

description::
· the-set of companies and households.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att059-economic-sector!⇒ChnasectorEcon,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'economic-sector!⇒ChnasectorEcon,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEcon!=economic-sector-of-PRC,

wealth of ChnasectorEcon

description::
"China accounted for 17.9% of the world's total wealth in 2021, second highest in the world after the US.[306]
[306] Shorrocks, Anthony; Davies, James; Lluberas, Rodrigo (2022). Global Wealth Databook 2022 (PDF). Credit Suisse Research Institute."
[{2024-06-18 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China#Wealth]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att060-wealth!⇒Chnawealth,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'wealth!⇒Chnawealth,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEcon'wealth!⇒Chnawealth,
* McsEngl.Chnawealth!=wealth-of-economy-of-PRC,

producing-sys of Chnaecon

description::
· the-system that produces satisfiers.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att002-producing-sys,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'producing-sys,

company of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: producing-organization,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att004-company!⇒Chnacmpn,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'company!⇒Chnacmpn,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn!=Chinese-company,

corporate-social-responsibility of Chnacmpn

description::
">Corporate Social Responsibility in PRC:
Absolutely! Here's a comprehensive look at Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its evolution, key drivers, current state, challenges, and future outlook:
**Evolution of CSR in China**
* **Early Stage:** CSR was mostly a foreign concept brought in by multinational corporations operating in China. The focus was initially on compliance with labor standards and environmental regulations.
* **Increasing Government Influence:** The Chinese government started playing a more active role. Laws and guidelines aimed at CSR practices were issued, often related to state priorities and a 'harmonious society' vision.
* **Public Demand and Growth:** With growing consumer awareness and high-profile incidents, company stakeholders began demanding more ethical business practice. In parallel, many Chinese businesses recognized the value CSR delivers to their operations.
**Key Drivers of CSR in China**
* **Government Directives:** The Chinese government heavily influences CSR through regulations, standards, and policy guidance. State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are often at the forefront of CSR initiatives.
* **Economic Development Goals:** CSR is seen as a tool to align with national development goals for building a sustainable economy, addressing inequality, and enhancing China's global image.
* **International Influence:** Global CSR standards and practices influenced by multinational corporations and international NGOs continue to shape China's CSR landscape.
* **Public Expectations:** Growing awareness of social and environmental issues among consumers and the public is pushing companies to be more responsible.
**Current State of CSR in China**
* **Varying Adoption Levels:** SOEs often boast well-developed CSR programs, while smaller and private enterprises may lag behind. CSR adoption and commitment often differ across industries as well.
* **Focus Areas:** Common themes in CSR for Chinese companies include environmental protection, labor rights, community development, ethical supply chains, and philanthropy.
* **CSR Reporting:** Increasing numbers of companies, particularly large and listed ones, issue CSR reports. However, the quality and standardization of reporting are evolving.
**Challenges**
* **Implementation Gaps:** Regulations exist, but effective implementation and enforcement mechanisms can be inconsistent.
* **Conflicting Priorities:** The focus on economic growth sometimes clashes with CSR goals, particularly for companies under pressure for short-term financial performance.
* **Greenwashing:** Some companies engage in superficial CSR practices without genuine change.
* **Public Trust:** Weak consumer rights protection and past corporate scandals lead to some skepticism towards CSR claims.
**The Future of CSR in the PRC**
* **Increased Regulation:** The government is expected to further refine CSR regulations and standards for greater accountability.
* **Market-Driven CSR:** Consumer awareness and investor pressure for sustainable business practices are likely to continue pushing CSR.
* **Global Convergence:** Chinese companies, especially those with international operations, will likely align more with global CSR benchmarks.
* **Integration with Core Business:** CSR will likely shift from a separate function to a deeply integrated part of corporate strategy.
**Important Considerations**
* CSR in the PRC is closely intertwined with state priorities and reflects the unique Chinese political and economic context.
* Companies operating in China or sourcing from China must understand local CSR expectations and challenges.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore specific aspects of CSR in the PRC, such as company examples, labor rights issues, or environmental CSR initiatives!**"
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/31f49d3704159275]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn'corporate-social-responsibility,
* McsEngl.corporate-social-responsibility-of-Chnacmpn,

Chnacmpn.SPECIFIC

description::
* private,
* privateNo,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.specific,

Chnacmpn.aggregate

description::
"40 million registered firms in China"
[{2024-07-22 retrieved} https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/reassessing-role-state-ownership-chinas-economy]
"At present, there are 2.81 million primary-level trade unions in China, covering 6.55 million enterprises and public institutions.
... Democratic management of enterprises and public institutions. With autonomy in their business operations and management, more than 150 million market entities are thriving across the country, providing job opportunities to over 700 million people, increasing China's national strength and promoting steady growth in economic and social wealth.
... A total of 3.14 million enterprises have established employees congresses, including 2.94 million private enterprises."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.aggregate,

Chnacmpn.SOE

description::
">PRC state-owned-enterprises:
State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in the People's Republic of China (PRC) play a significant and influential role in the country's economy. These enterprises are owned by the central or local governments and operate in various key sectors, including energy, telecommunications, transportation, and manufacturing. Here's an overview of their characteristics, roles, and recent developments:
### Characteristics and Roles
- **Strategic Sectors**: SOEs are predominantly present in sectors considered critical to national security and economic stability, such as aerospace, defense, utilities, and banking.
- **Economic Influence**: They contribute significantly to the country's GDP and employment. Their operations are crucial for achieving the government's economic objectives, including social stability, economic development, and innovation.
- **Policy Instruments**: SOEs are used by the Chinese government as instruments to implement its policy objectives. This includes ensuring control over vital resources, leading technological advancements, and managing income distribution.
- **Market Influence**: Due to their size and government backing, SOEs often have significant market power in their respective sectors. This can impact competition and market dynamics domestically and internationally.
### Reforms and Challenges
- **Reform Efforts**: Since the 1990s, China has embarked on a series of SOE reforms aimed at improving efficiency, competitiveness, and corporate governance. These reforms have included introducing modern corporate structures, partial privatizations through public listings, and strategic mergers.
- **Mixed-Ownership Economy**: Recent reforms have focused on encouraging a "mixed-ownership economy" where private investment is sought in SOEs to spur innovation and efficiency while maintaining state control in strategic areas.
- **Challenges**: Despite reforms, challenges remain, including issues of overcapacity, debt levels, and the need for further improvement in corporate governance and transparency. The role of SOEs in the economy also faces scrutiny from international trade partners, who argue that they benefit from unfair advantages, including government subsidies and preferential access to finance.
### International Perspective
- **Global Presence**: Many Chinese SOEs have expanded globally, investing in infrastructure, mining, and other sectors worldwide. This expansion is often seen through the lens of China's broader geopolitical and economic strategies, such as the Belt and Road Initiative.
- **Trade Tensions**: The prominent role of SOEs in China's economy has been a point of contention in international trade negotiations, particularly with the United States and the European Union. Concerns revolve around market access, fair competition, and the state's role in the economy.
### Recent Developments
The Chinese government continues to emphasize the importance of SOEs in achieving national strategic goals, including technological independence and sustainable development. However, it also stresses the need for further reforms to enhance their efficiency and competitive edge both domestically and internationally.
Given the evolving nature of China's economy and international relations, the role and management of SOEs remain subjects of significant interest and debate."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/964dfb5d-202f-44fc-9757-b947b87f2b2e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att064-state-owned-enterprise!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'state-owned-enterprise!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chinese-state-owned-enterprise!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.SOE!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.ChnacmpnSoe!⇒Chnasoe,
* McsEngl.Chnasoe!=PRC-state-owned-enterprise,
* McsEngl.SOE!=state-owned-enterprise.PRC!⇒Chnasoe,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guóyǒu-qǐyè-国有企业!=Chnasoe,
* McsZhon.国有企业-guóyǒu-qǐyè!=Chnasoe,

SASAC of Chnasoe

description::
"The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) was formed in 2003 to oversee the management of the large centrally owned state enterprises." [Wikipedia]
"As of 2022, SASAC oversees 97 centrally owned companies.[49] These are the central SOEs which cover industries deemed most significant to the national economy.[16]: 6  Companies directly supervised by SASAC have been reduced and consolidated through mergers according to the state-owned enterprise restructuring plan with the number of SASAC companies down from over 150 in 2008.[50]"
[{2024-07-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnasoe'Sasac!=State-owned-Assets-Supervision-and-Administration-Commission,
* McsEngl.SASAC!=State-owned-Assets-Supervision-and-Administration-Commission,

Chnasoe.SPECIFIC

description::
* Most Chinese universities are SOEs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China]

"By conventional measures, China has 391,000 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), but new analysis of state ownership among all 40 million registered firms in China finds that 363,000 firms are 100% state-owned, 629,000 firms are 30% state-owned, and nearly 867,000 firms have at least some state ownership.
The total capital of firms with some level of state ownership has risen to roughly 68% of total capital of all firms (40 million) in the economy in 2017. The share owned by the central government has declined while that of local governments has risen.
Mixed state and private ownership is associated with higher firm growth, productivity, and profitability. Firms with closer equity ties to China’s government tend to grow faster but are less profitable and efficient than those with more distant equity ties."
[{2024-07-22 retrieved} https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/reassessing-role-state-ownership-chinas-economy]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnasoe.specific,

Chnacmpn.private

description::
· domestic and foreign private companies.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.private,

Chnacmpn.commune

description::
">China's people's communes:
China's people's communes were large, collective farms established during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) period. They aimed to rapidly transform China's agricultural economy and society into a communist system.
In theory, the communes would:
* Increase agricultural productivity through economies of scale and collectivization.
* Free up labor for industrialization.
* Provide a more equitable distribution of resources.
* Create a new, more egalitarian social order based on cooperation and communal living.
The communes were structured in three tiers:
* Production teams: the smallest unit, typically consisting of 20-50 households.
* Production brigades: several production teams grouped together.
* The commune: the highest level, encompassing several brigades.
Each level had its own leadership and decision-making process. The communes were responsible for all aspects of rural life, including agricultural production, education, healthcare, and social welfare.
The reality of the people's communes fell far short of the ideals. They were implemented hastily and often chaotically, leading to disruptions in agricultural production and widespread famine during the Great Leap Forward. The communes also faced difficulties due to:
* Lack of experienced management
* Disincentives for hard work
* Inadequate infrastructure and resources
The commune system was gradually dismantled after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. By the early 1980s, they had been replaced by a system of household responsibility, which gave peasants more control over their land and production decisions. This shift is credited with playing a major role in China's economic reforms and subsequent agricultural growth."
[{2024-03-06 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/64a7a33dcb27ef80]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att009-commune,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.commune,
* McsEngl.Chnacommune,

Chnacmpn.social-organization

description::
">types of PRC social-organizations:
In the People's Republic of China (PRC), social organizations play a crucial role in governance, service delivery, and community life, bridging the gap between the state and the populace. These organizations can be broadly classified into several types, each serving different functions and purposes within Chinese society:
1. **Government-Affiliated Organizations (GONGOs):** These are non-governmental organizations that are created or supported by the government. Despite their NGO-like appearance, GONGOs often serve as extensions of government agencies, facilitating policy implementation and social services. Examples include the All-China Women's Federation and the China Youth Development Foundation.
2. **Social Groups (Shehui Tuan):** These are non-profit, voluntary membership organizations that engage in activities promoting the interests and welfare of their members or certain sectors of society. They can cover a wide range of interests, including professional associations, academic societies, and cultural promotion groups.
3. **Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):** While the space for independent NGOs in China is limited and closely regulated, a number of domestic and international NGOs do operate in areas such as environmental protection, public health, education, and poverty alleviation. These organizations often work in collaboration with government agencies or under the umbrella of a GONGO to navigate the regulatory environment.
4. **Civil Societies and Grassroots Organizations:** These are community-based organizations that work at the local level to address specific social, economic, or environmental issues. They might include self-help groups, community service organizations, and local advocacy groups. Their influence and reach can vary greatly depending on their relationships with local authorities and their ability to mobilize resources and public support.
5. **Religious Organizations:** Recognized religious organizations in China operate under strict state supervision and must register with the government. They include Buddhist, Taoist, Muslim, Catholic, and Protestant groups. These organizations are allowed to engage in religious activities and community services within the parameters set by the government.
6. **Charities and Philanthropic Organizations:** With the growth of China's economy, there has been a significant rise in charitable giving and philanthropic activities. Organizations in this category focus on poverty alleviation, disaster relief, education, and healthcare. The China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation is a notable example.
7. **Business and Industry Associations:** These organizations represent the interests of businesses and industries, providing services such as policy advocacy, information sharing, and networking opportunities. They play a crucial role in the economic sphere, especially in promoting industry standards and facilitating dialogue between businesses and the government.
8. **Cultural and Recreational Organizations:** These groups promote cultural preservation, sports, and recreational activities among the public. They range from government-supported cultural promotion organizations to local community clubs and sports teams.
The landscape of social organizations in China is diverse but highly regulated, with the government playing a significant role in overseeing and directing the activities of these groups to align with national priorities and maintain social stability. This control is balanced against the recognition of the valuable contributions these organizations can make in addressing social needs and fostering community engagement."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7b7322d4-5a2f-4df5-b9b0-47568aae05bb]

"Democratic management of social organizations. Associations, foundations, social services and other social organizations formulate their own charters and exercise autonomy in managing their staff and activities. They address the concerns of their staff and clients, and hear their opinions. They participate in the governance of public affairs as appropriate to their role, and contribute to improving professional discipline, public services and charitable undertakings.
As of November 2021, more than 900,000 social organizations were registered with departments of civil affairs at all levels, including 2,284 with national networks. Diverse in form, social organizations have become an important area of people's democratic management in China."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att019-social-organization,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'social-organization,
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.social-organization,
* McsEngl.social-organization-of-socChna,

worker of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: worker,
· a-human that produces satisfiers.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att005-worker!⇒Chnawrkr,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'worker!⇒Chnawrkr,
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr!=Chinese-worker,
* McsEngl.wrkr.China!⇒Chnawrkr,

compensation of Chnawrkr

description::
"As of 2024, the median wage in China reflects significant regional and sectoral disparities. Here are some key figures:
1. **Average Monthly Wage**: The average monthly wage across urban areas in China is approximately **¥10,060** (about **$1,385**). This average, however, varies considerably depending on the region. For instance, in top-tier cities like Shanghai and Beijing, the average monthly wages are around **¥13,486** ($1,855) and **¥13,438** ($1,850) respectively.
2. **Median Wage**: Although specific median wage figures are not always provided, it can be inferred that the median wage would generally be lower than the average wage due to the high income inequality present in the country. In urban non-private sectors, the median monthly wage is estimated to be around **¥10,058** (approximately **$1,417**), while it is significantly lower in urban private sectors at around **¥5,695** (about **$802**).
3. **Wage Variation by Sector**: Wages vary significantly by industry. For example, workers in the Information Technology sector can earn on average **¥220,418** ($30,455) annually, while those in sectors like accommodation and food services earn much less, around **¥53,995** ($7,460) annually.
These figures highlight the diversity in income levels across different regions and sectors within China. Wages are typically higher in coastal and economically developed areas compared to inland and less developed regions【https://wagecentre.com/work/work-in-asia-and-oceania/salary-in-china】【https://www.hiredchina.com/articles/china-average-yearly-wages-2024/】【https://remotepad.net/countries/china/average-salary/】【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_average_wage】."
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/292fe321-8eb3-467b-b23f-08e3f3ca4412]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr'compensation,

hours-of-work of Chnawrkr

996-work-system of Chnawrkr

description::
"The 996 working hour system (Chinese: 996工作制) is a work schedule practiced illegally by many companies in China. It derives its name from its requirement that employees work from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week; i.e. 72 hours per week, 12 hours per day.[1][2][3][4][5][6] A number of Mainland Chinese internet companies have adopted this system as their official work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of Chinese Labour Law and have called it "modern slavery".[7][8]
In March 2019, an "anti-996" protest was launched via GitHub.[9][10][11] Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China, but despite official promises to get rid of the system, it is still widespread as of 2024.[12][13][14]
Background
The culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese IT companies,[15] where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[16] Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to encourage overtime work.[17]
This system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou suffer from work-related fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, sleep[18] or eating disorders, occupational stress, and work–family imbalance.[19] According to China's state-owned media People's Daily, a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers said they had health problems.[20][21] Numerous overwork deaths and suicides have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.[22][23]
In 2020, a study found that "Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones".[24] Another study likened 996 culture to "modern slavery", formed through the combination of "unrestricted global capitalism and a Confucian culture of hierarchy and obedience".[7]"
[{2024-08-27 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr'996-work-system,
* McsEngl.996-work-system,

law of Chnawrkr

description::
"Worker laws in the People's Republic of China (PRC) are governed by a combination of national legislation, administrative regulations, and local rules. These laws cover various aspects of employment, including labor contracts, working hours, wages, social insurance, and worker rights. Here’s an overview of key components of worker laws in the PRC:
### 1. **Labor Law of the PRC**
- **Labor Contracts**: The law mandates that employers and employees must sign a written labor contract within one month of starting employment. The contract should specify terms such as job duties, compensation, working hours, and social insurance.
- **Probation Period**: The length of the probation period is strictly regulated, depending on the term of the labor contract. It cannot exceed six months.
- **Termination**: Employers can terminate a labor contract only under specific circumstances, such as employee misconduct, incompetence, or economic redundancy, and must provide severance pay.
### 2. **Working Hours and Overtime**
- **Standard Working Hours**: The standard working hours are eight hours per day and 40 hours per week.
- **Overtime**: Overtime work must be compensated at a rate of 150% of the normal wage for regular overtime, 200% for overtime on rest days (if no compensatory leave is provided), and 300% for overtime on public holidays.
- **Rest and Leave**: Employees are entitled to at least one day off per week. Paid annual leave is also mandated, with the length depending on the employee's cumulative working years.
### 3. **Wages and Social Insurance**
- **Minimum Wage**: The minimum wage is set by local governments and varies from region to region. Employers must ensure that wages are paid at least once a month.
- **Social Insurance**: Employers and employees are required to contribute to social insurance programs, which include pensions, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance.
### 4. **Worker Rights and Protections**
- **Non-Discrimination**: The law prohibits discrimination based on ethnicity, race, gender, religious beliefs, or other factors.
- **Health and Safety**: Employers are required to provide a safe working environment, including necessary training and protective equipment. Workers have the right to refuse work if conditions are unsafe.
- **Union Rights**: Workers have the right to form and join trade unions, which can negotiate on behalf of employees. However, all unions must be affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU).
### 5. **Labor Dispute Resolution**
- **Mediation and Arbitration**: Labor disputes are first subject to mediation, and if unresolved, they can proceed to arbitration by labor dispute arbitration committees. If either party disagrees with the arbitration decision, they can file a lawsuit in the People's Court.
- **Collective Bargaining**: Workers can engage in collective bargaining through their unions, particularly regarding wages, working hours, and other conditions of employment.
### 6. **Special Laws and Regulations**
- **Employment of Women**: Women workers are entitled to special protections, including maternity leave (98 days) and the prohibition of termination during pregnancy, maternity leave, or breastfeeding periods.
- **Child Labor**: The employment of children under the age of 16 is prohibited, with some exceptions for certain cultural and sports activities.
- **Foreign Workers**: Foreign nationals working in China must obtain a work permit and comply with the country’s immigration laws.
### 7. **Recent Developments**
- **Gig Economy**: With the rise of the gig economy, there have been discussions and some local regulations addressing the rights of gig workers, particularly in industries like food delivery and ride-hailing.
These laws aim to protect worker rights while ensuring that businesses can operate efficiently. However, enforcement can vary, and workers sometimes face challenges in asserting their rights, particularly in smaller or less regulated industries."
[{2024-08-03 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/94082955-56ba-49ab-93b3-6ba6122e9dd9]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr'law!⇒lawChnaWrkr,
* McsEngl.lawChnaWrkr!=law-on-Chnawrkr,
* McsEngl.lawWrkr.PRC!=law-on-Chnawrkr,

Chnawrkr.SPECIFIC

description::
">types of workers in PRC:
In the People's Republic of China (PRC), the workforce can be categorized into several types based on various factors such as sector, skill level, and employment nature. Here are some of the main types of workers in China:
1. **State Sector Workers**: Employees who work for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) or government agencies. This sector used to dominate the Chinese economy, but its proportion has been decreasing in favor of the private sector.
2. **Private Sector Workers**: Those employed by privately owned companies. Over the past few decades, the private sector has grown significantly and now employs a large portion of the workforce.
3. **Migrant Workers**: Often referred to as "rural migrant workers," these individuals migrate from rural areas to urban centers in search of better employment opportunities. They are a significant part of the labor force, particularly in construction, manufacturing, and service industries.
4. **Informal Sector Workers**: Workers in this category are typically not formally registered with any employer and do not have formal job security or benefits. They might work in various informal jobs like street vending, casual labor, or domestic work.
5. **High-Tech and Skilled Professionals**: As China advances technologically, there is a growing class of high-tech and skilled professionals in fields such as IT, finance, engineering, and biotechnology.
6. **Entrepreneurs and Business Owners**: With the liberalization of the economy, there has been a significant increase in the number of entrepreneurs who start and run their own businesses across various industries.
7. **Freelancers and Gig Workers**: Similar to global trends, the gig economy in China is growing, with more people working as freelancers or part-time workers, often facilitated by digital platforms.
8. **Agricultural Workers**: Despite rapid urbanization, a significant portion of the Chinese population is still employed in agriculture, working on farms and in related sectors.
9. **Public Service Workers**: Including teachers, doctors, police officers, and other public service roles funded and managed by the government.
These categories reflect a diverse and changing labor landscape in China, driven by economic reforms, urbanization, and technological advancement."
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1eb30464-d82c-4f82-9ebe-b0fe3cc5e0bf]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr.specific,

Chnawrkr.aggregate

description::
"With 778 million workers, the Chinese labor force was the world's largest as of 2020." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China]
"As of recent estimates, China has approximately 806 million workers in its labor force. This number accounts for those actively employed or seeking employment within the country【https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/01/li-qiang-china-special-address-davos-2024/#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2024%2F01%2Fli】. This figure is a significant component of China's total population, which is currently estimated to be around 1.425 billion people【https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/china-population/】."
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/81b14cb1-b1fc-4ec1-b0a2-ce2f8b75a3ff]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnawrkrAggt!=labor-force-of-China,
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr.aggregate!⇒ChnawrkrAggt,
* McsEngl.wrkrAggr.China!⇒ChnawrkrAggt,

Chnawrkr.migrant

description::
"In 2015 a total of 277.5 million migrant workers (36% of the total workforce of 770 million) existed in China.[4] Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010).[5] The balance of gender for migrant workers was two-thirds male to one-third female in 2015.[4] Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people.[6] This population of migrants would represent "almost 40 percent of the total urban population," a number which is almost three times the current level.[6][7] While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large. "In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant."[8]"
[{2024-05-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawrkr.migrant,

workerNo of Chnaecon

description::
">number of non-workers in PRC:
Unfortunately, getting a precise number of non-workers in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is tricky for a few reasons:
**1. Definitions and Data:**
* **Who's a "non-worker"?** This could include students, retirees, stay-at-home parents, the unemployed, or people unable to work due to disability. Each category has different data collection challenges.
* **Data availability:** Statistics on employment are usually readily available. Finding the inverse (non-workers) requires calculating it by subtracting employment numbers from the total population, and that can introduce error margins.
**2. China's Specifics:**
* **Informal sector:** A large informal labor market exists in China, meaning many people work without official records, making them harder to count.
* **Hukou system:** China's household registration system can sometimes restrict movement and access to jobs, complicating who might be considered a potential "worker".
**Where to Look for Clues:**
* **Census Data:** China conducts a national census every ten years. The most recent was in 2020, and results should be getting released soon. This would be the most reliable source for broad categories of non-workers, but may not capture short-term unemployment fluctuations.
* **National Bureau of Statistics of China:** ([http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/](http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/)). They publish employment data, which can be used for calculations.
* **World Bank Data:** ([https://data.worldbank.org/](https://data.worldbank.org/)). They collect and organize labor force participation rates for various countries, including China.
**Important Note:** Be careful with older data. China's economy has changed rapidly. For an accurate picture, focus on recent sources."
[{2024-05-01 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/ad39f6807778e688]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att036-workerNo!⇒ChnawrkrNo,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'workerNo!⇒ChnawrkrNo,
* McsEngl.ChnawrkrNo!=workerNo-of-socChna,

sectorInformal of Chnaecon

description::
"The informal sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) plays a significant role in the country's economy, despite being outside the formal regulatory frameworks. This sector includes a wide range of activities, from small-scale street vendors to unregistered small businesses and part-time or temporary workers. Understanding the informal sector in China requires examining its size, characteristics, and the challenges it presents.
### Key Characteristics of the Informal Sector in China:
1. **Size and Scope**:
- The informal sector is substantial, employing a significant portion of the labor force. Estimates suggest that millions of workers are engaged in informal employment, especially in urban areas where migrant workers are prevalent.
- Activities include street vending, small-scale manufacturing, unlicensed taxis, home-based businesses, and various service jobs that are not officially registered or taxed.
2. **Labor Force**:
- Migrant workers from rural areas form a large part of the informal workforce in urban centers. These workers often lack access to social security benefits, formal contracts, and legal protections.
- Informal employment is common in sectors like construction, domestic work, retail, and food services.
3. **Economic Contribution**:
- The informal sector contributes significantly to China's economy by providing jobs and services, especially in areas where formal employment is scarce or unfeasible.
- It also helps in keeping costs low in various industries, contributing to China's competitive advantage in manufacturing and services.
4. **Challenges**:
- **Regulatory Challenges**: The informal sector often operates outside of government regulations, which can lead to issues like tax evasion, lack of worker protections, and unfair competition with formal businesses.
- **Social and Economic Disparities**: Workers in the informal sector typically earn lower wages and lack access to social security, healthcare, and other benefits available to formal workers, exacerbating income inequality.
- **Government Response**: The Chinese government has taken steps to regulate and formalize parts of the informal sector, but enforcement remains inconsistent, and many workers prefer the flexibility of informal jobs despite the lack of protections.
5. **Recent Trends**:
- Urbanization and economic shifts are gradually transforming the informal sector. There is a growing emphasis on formalizing jobs, especially as China moves towards a more consumption-driven economy.
- The COVID-19 pandemic also impacted the informal sector, with many informal workers facing significant job losses due to lockdowns and reduced economic activity.
In summary, while the informal sector in China is vast and critical to the economy, it presents significant challenges in terms of regulation, worker rights, and economic disparities. The sector's future will likely involve a balance between maintaining flexibility for workers and businesses while increasing formalization and regulation to ensure fair working conditions and economic stability."
[{2024-08-19 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/0daf7828-3c43-4cdb-974d-6eafc6e88e1b]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att075-informal-sector!⇒ChnasectorInformal,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'informal-sector!⇒ChnasectorInformal,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorInformal!=informal-sector-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.informal-economy-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorInformal,
* McsEngl.informal-sector-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorInformal,

sectorStrategic of Chnaecon

description::
"Strategic Sectors: SOEs are predominantly present in sectors considered critical to national security and economic stability, such as aerospace, defense, utilities, and banking."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/964dfb5d-202f-44fc-9757-b947b87f2b2e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att018-sectorStrategic,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorStrategic,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorStrategic,

sectorScitech of Chnaecon

description::
"Science and technology have played a crucial role in the economic development and transformation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Chinese government has placed a high priority on advancing science and technology, investing heavily in research and development, and promoting innovation across various sectors.
The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) is the main government agency responsible for formulating and implementing science and technology policies in China. It oversees a wide range of activities, including basic research, applied research, technology transfer, and international cooperation.
China has made significant progress in various fields of science and technology, including:
* **Aerospace:** China has developed a robust space program, with notable achievements such as the launch of the Tiangong space station and the successful landing of the Chang'e 4 rover on the far side of the moon.
* **Supercomputing:** China has consistently ranked among the top countries in terms of supercomputing power, with its Tianhe series of supercomputers achieving world-leading performance.
* **High-speed rail:** China has built the world's largest high-speed rail network, connecting major cities and facilitating economic growth.
* **Renewable energy:** China is a global leader in renewable energy, with significant investments in solar, wind, and hydropower.
* **Artificial intelligence:** China is actively developing artificial intelligence technologies, with applications in various fields such as healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing.
However, China's science and technology development also faces challenges, including:
* **Intellectual property protection:** Concerns remain about the protection of intellectual property rights in China, which can deter foreign investment and innovation.
* **Talent shortage:** Despite significant progress, China still faces a shortage of highly skilled scientists and engineers, which can hinder its ability to innovate.
* **Research integrity:** Instances of scientific misconduct and fraud have raised concerns about the integrity of research conducted in China.
Despite these challenges, China's commitment to science and technology remains strong. The government continues to invest heavily in research and development, and it is actively promoting international collaboration to address global challenges such as climate change and public health.
In conclusion, science and technology are playing a crucial role in China's development. The country has made remarkable progress in various fields, but it also faces challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable growth and innovation."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/6180d59da8377e31]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att065-sectorScitech!⇒ChnasectorScitech,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorScitech!⇒ChnasectorScitech,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorScitech!=science-and-technology-sector-of-PRC,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.中华人民共和国科学技术-zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-kēxué-jìshù!=ChnasectorScitech,
* McsZhon.zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-kēxué-jìshù-中华人民共和国科学技术!=ChnasectorScitech,

ministry-of-scitech of ChnasectorScitech

description::
"The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the People's Republic of China plays a crucial role in guiding and implementing scientific and technological development policies. Established in its current form in 1998, MOST aims to promote scientific research, technological innovation, and international cooperation in science and technology【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】.

### Functions and Objectives
MOST's primary objectives include enhancing China's capabilities in science and technology, fostering innovation-driven development, and addressing global challenges through international collaboration. Key areas of focus include renewable energy, advanced materials, health technology, and sustainable urban development【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】【https://en.most.gov.cn/PressRoom/202311/t20231107_188729.htm】.

### International Cooperation
MOST is heavily involved in international science and technology cooperation, signing numerous agreements with countries such as Brazil, Australia, Denmark, and Canada. These agreements cover a wide range of fields including renewable energy, agriculture, and public health【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】【https://en.most.gov.cn/pressroom/】. The ministry emphasizes open, equitable, and inclusive collaboration to address global challenges like climate change, health issues, and food security【https://en.most.gov.cn/PressRoom/202311/t20231107_188729.htm】.

### Key Programs and Initiatives
MOST oversees several major programs aimed at advancing China's scientific and technological capabilities. These include the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program), the National Key Technologies R&D Program, and the National Basic Research Program of China【https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)】【https://en.most.gov.cn/pressroom/202305/t20230512_186032.htm】. These programs focus on critical technologies and aim to position China as a global leader in innovation.
For more detailed information about their projects and initiatives, you can visit their [official website](https://en.most.gov.cn)【https://en.most.gov.cn/】【https://en.most.gov.cn/PressRoom/202311/t20231107_188729.htm】."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/e99f59f0-e978-4bf0-82e5-2df017f02af0]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att066-ministy-of-scitech!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'ministy-of-scitech!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryScitech!=ministy-of-scitech-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.MOST!=ministy-of-scitech-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
* McsEngl.ministy-of-scitech-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryScitech,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.kēxué-jìshù-bù-科学技术部!=ChnaministryScitech,
* McsZhon.科学技术部-kēxué-jìshù-bù!=ChnaministryScitech,

Chinese-Academy-of-Science of ChnasectorScitech

description::
"The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It is a vast organization that oversees numerous research institutes across the country, conducting advanced research in a wide range of scientific fields. Here are some key points about CAS:

### Overview
- **Established:** 1949
- **Headquarters:** Beijing, China
- **Motto:** "Science for the Nation, Innovation for the Future"
- **Website:** [www.cas.cn](http://www.cas.cn/)

### Structure
CAS is structured into various divisions, institutes, and centers focusing on different scientific disciplines:
1. **Divisions:** These include various branches such as the Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Life Sciences, Earth Sciences, Information Sciences, Technological Sciences, and Management Sciences.
2. **Institutes:** CAS comprises over 100 research institutes spread throughout China. Notable institutes include the Institute of High Energy Physics, the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, and the Wuhan Institute of Virology.
3. **Centers:** CAS operates numerous research centers that focus on specific areas of research, such as the National Astronomical Observatories and the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology.

### Research and Development
CAS is heavily involved in scientific research and technological innovation. Key areas of research include:
- **Astronomy and Space Science:** CAS operates major observatories and participates in space missions, including the Chang'e lunar exploration program.
- **Biotechnology and Life Sciences:** Research in genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology is a major focus, with institutes like the Beijing Genomics Institute playing a pivotal role.
- **Environmental Science:** CAS conducts extensive research on climate change, environmental protection, and sustainable development.
- **Materials Science and Nanotechnology:** Advanced materials and nanotechnology research are prominent, with several institutes dedicated to these fields.
- **Information Technology:** CAS is involved in cutting-edge IT research, including artificial intelligence, big data, and quantum computing.

### Achievements
CAS has made significant contributions to global science and technology, including:
- **Space Exploration:** Contributions to China's space program, including the successful Chang'e lunar missions.
- **Genomics:** Major advancements in genomics and biotechnology, including the sequencing of the rice genome and contributions to the Human Genome Project.
- **Environmental Research:** Key research in climate change and environmental protection policies.
- **Technological Innovations:** Development of advanced technologies in various fields such as quantum computing, materials science, and renewable energy.

### International Collaboration
CAS collaborates with scientific organizations and universities worldwide. It has established joint research centers and partnerships with institutions across Europe, North America, and Asia. This global collaboration helps enhance scientific research and fosters innovation on an international scale.

### Education and Training
CAS also plays a crucial role in higher education and training. It operates the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) and the CAS Institute of Science and Technology (CAST), offering graduate programs and fostering the next generation of scientists and researchers.
In summary, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is a central pillar of China's scientific research and development, driving innovation and contributing to significant global advancements across a wide range of scientific disciplines."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/b7a88e26-2322-4c8b-ba9b-8abf55d64566]

name::
* McsEngl.CAC!=Chinese-Academy-of-Science,
* McsEngl.Chinese-Academy-of-Science,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att067-Chinese-Academy-of-Science,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chinese-Academy-of-Science,

sectorICT of Chnaecon

description::
">ICT sector in PRC:
The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a vital and rapidly growing part of the country's economy, driven by government support, heavy investment, and innovation. This sector includes a wide range of industries such as telecommunications, computer hardware, software, electronics, and internet services. Here are several key points about the ICT sector in China:
1. **Government Support**: The Chinese government has historically placed a strong emphasis on the development of the ICT sector, seeing it as crucial for economic growth, innovation, and national security. Various five-year plans and initiatives, such as the "Made in China 2025" strategy, aim to make China a global leader in various high-tech industries.
2. **Global Presence**: Chinese ICT companies have become significant players on the world stage, with companies like Huawei, Tencent, Alibaba, and Xiaomi being well-known examples. These companies have expanded their operations globally, competing with other tech giants in areas such as e-commerce, social media, 5G technology, and smart devices.
3. **Innovation and R&D**: There is a strong focus on research and development (R&D) within the Chinese ICT sector, with both the government and private companies investing heavily in innovation. Areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and semiconductors are particular focuses of these R&D efforts.
4. **Digital Economy**: The digital economy in China is one of the largest and most advanced in the world, driven by a massive and tech-savvy population. Mobile payments, e-commerce, and online services have seen widespread adoption across the country, often outpacing other nations in terms of innovation and integration into daily life.
5. **Regulatory Environment**: The Chinese government maintains strict control over the ICT sector, with regulations affecting everything from data security to foreign investment. While these regulations are designed to protect national interests and promote domestic companies, they have also been a source of tension with foreign governments and companies.
6. **Challenges and Opportunities**: The Chinese ICT sector faces several challenges, including trade tensions with other countries, concerns over intellectual property rights, and the need for self-reliance in core technologies like semiconductors. However, these challenges also present opportunities for growth and innovation as China seeks to reduce its dependency on foreign technology and become a global tech leader.
The ICT sector in China is a dynamic and critical component of the country's ambition to transform into a technologically advanced economy. Its development is closely watched by both international competitors and partners, given its implications for global technology trends and economic power shifts."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1482b9ef-7c76-40ff-8df4-c89fcf82a59e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att022-sectorICT!⇒ChnasectorICT,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorICT!⇒ChnasectorICT,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorICT!=ICT-sector-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.ICT-sector-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorICT,

Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology of ChnasectorICT

description::
"The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the sixth-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for regulation and development of the postal service, Internet, wireless, broadcasting, communications, production of electronic and information goods, software industry and the promotion of the national knowledge economy."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology]

name::
* McsEngl.MIIT!=Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryIIT,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att023-Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryIIT,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorICT!⇒ChnaministryIIT,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryIIT!=Ministry-of-Industry-and-Information-Technology-of-socChna,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-gōngyè-hé-xìnxī-huà-bù-中华人民共和国工业和信息化部!=ChnaministryIIT,
* McsZhon.中华人民共和国工业和信息化部-zhōnghuá-rénmín-gònghéguó-gōngyè-hé-xìnxī-huà-bù!=ChnaministryIIT,

media of ChnasectorICT

description::
× generic: sectorMedia,
">mass media in PRC:
The mass media landscape in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is significantly shaped by the country's political environment, which is characterized by a single-party rule under the Communist Party of China (CPC). Here's an overview of key aspects of mass media in the PRC:
1. **Government Control and Censorship**: The Chinese government exercises extensive control over the media within its borders. This includes not just traditional media outlets like newspapers, television, and radio, but also digital and social media platforms. The government employs a vast censorship system, often referred to as the Great Firewall of China, to block access to foreign websites and monitor and censor content on the internet that is deemed politically sensitive or harmful to the state's interests.
2. **Propaganda and Public Opinion Guidance**: The CPC uses mass media as a tool for propaganda and to guide public opinion in a direction that aligns with its policies and ideology. Media outlets often feature positive stories about China’s development, scientific achievements, and the leadership of the CPC, while criticism of the party or its leaders is typically suppressed.
3. **Social Media and Digital Platforms**: Despite the censorship, social media and digital platforms are immensely popular in China, with platforms like Weibo, WeChat, and Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok) playing significant roles in the everyday lives of Chinese citizens. These platforms are subject to strict regulations and surveillance, with content monitored and controlled by both the platforms themselves, under government directives, and through automated systems and human censors.
4. **International Media Presence**: The Chinese government actively seeks to expand its media influence abroad, promoting its viewpoints through international broadcasts and publications in multiple languages. This includes state-run media organizations like CGTN (China Global Television Network) and China Daily, which aim to present China’s perspective on global affairs to international audiences.
5. **Challenges for Foreign Media**: Foreign journalists and media organizations operating in China face various challenges, including restrictions on access to certain areas, surveillance, and occasional harassment. The Chinese government requires foreign correspondents to obtain permission before conducting interviews and reporting from many locations within the country.
6. **Innovations and Adaptations**: Despite the restrictions, Chinese media outlets have been innovative in their content delivery, adopting the latest technologies and trends to engage audiences. This includes the use of AI and virtual reality in news broadcasting and storytelling.
7. **Regulatory Bodies**: The National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) and the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) are among the key regulatory bodies overseeing media and internet content in the country. These agencies enforce regulations and policies regarding what can be published or broadcast.
The landscape of mass media in the PRC is complex, characterized by a blend of tight control, sophisticated censorship mechanisms, technological innovation, and efforts to influence both domestic and international narratives about China."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/e63ef14e-c495-4b27-be53-4dcf735fa91f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att026-mass-media!⇒Chnammedia,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'mass-media!⇒Chnammedia,
* McsEngl.Chnammedia!=mass-media-in-PRC,
* McsEngl.mass-media-in-PRC!⇒Chnammedia,

people's-daily of Chnammedia

description::
× webaddress: http://en.people.cn/,
× webaddress: https://twitter.com/VoiceofPD,
"The People's Daily (Chinese: 人民日报; pinyin: Rénmín Rìbào) is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).[1]: 119  It provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the CCP in multiple languages."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att027-people's-daily,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'people's-daily,
* McsEngl.people's-daily-of-socChna,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.rénmín-rìbào-人民日报!=people's-daily-of-socChna,
* McsZhon.人民日报-rénmín-rìbào!=people's-daily-of-socChna,

China-daily of Chnammedia

description::
× webaddress: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/,
"China Daily (simplified Chinese: 中国日报; traditional Chinese: 中國日報; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rìbào) is an English-language daily newspaper owned by the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party.[1][2][3]"
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att028-China-daily,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'China-daily,
* McsEngl.China-daily-of-socChna,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-rìbào-中国日报!=China-daily-of-socChna,
* McsZhon.中国日报-zhōngguó-rìbào!=China-daily-of-socChna,

internet of ChnasectorICT

description::
">internet of PRC:
The internet in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has some unique characteristics compared to the global internet. Here's a breakdown of some key aspects:
* **Regulation and Control:** The PRC government exercises significant control over the internet. This includes content filtering, known as the Great Firewall, which restricts access to certain websites and online services. Laws also restrict content deemed sensitive by the government.
* **Domestic vs. International Access:** China has fostered a largely self-contained internet ecosystem with its own dominant tech companies and platforms. These may be alternatives to familiar global ones, like Baidu instead of Google or WeChat instead of Facebook.
* **Innovation and Development:** Despite restrictions, China's internet sector is a powerhouse of innovation. The country is a leader in areas like e-commerce, mobile payments, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
Here are some resources for further reading:
* **PRC Net Dreams: Is Control Possible?**([https://safety.rsf.org/chinas-cyber-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bcensorship-figures/](https://safety.rsf.org/chinas-cyber-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bcensorship-figures/))
* **Sinophone, Chinese, and prc Internet** ([https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Internet-users-and-the-penetration-rate-for-China-Unit-10-million_fig1_272757284](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Internet-users-and-the-penetration-rate-for-China-Unit-10-million_fig1_272757284))"
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/d696f28e9d82eef1]

">internet of PRC:
The term "Internet of PRC" (People's Republic of China) refers to the characteristics, governance, infrastructure, and policies that shape the digital landscape in China. The Chinese internet is known for several unique features that set it apart from the rest of the world, including:
1. **Great Firewall of China**: This term refers to the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the PRC to regulate the internet domestically. It includes blocking access to selected foreign websites and slowing down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall restricts access to many foreign internet platforms like Google, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, among others.
2. **Cybersecurity Laws**: China has implemented strict cybersecurity and data privacy laws, including the Cybersecurity Law that came into effect in 2017. These laws regulate how data is collected, stored, and transferred, affecting both domestic and foreign entities operating in China.
3. **Domestic Internet Ecosystem**: Due to restrictions on foreign internet companies, China has developed its own thriving internet ecosystem. Companies like Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and ByteDance are giants within China, providing a range of services from search engines, e-commerce, social media, messaging, to video platforms that cater to the Chinese population.
4. **Surveillance and Censorship**: The Chinese government exercises significant control over internet content, with strict censorship on content deemed politically sensitive or harmful to social stability. This includes the use of automated systems and human censors to monitor, block, or remove content.
5. **Digital Economy Growth**: Despite these restrictions, or perhaps because of the protected environment, China's digital economy has seen explosive growth. It leads in areas such as mobile payments, e-commerce, digital finance, and has made significant advances in artificial intelligence, 5G technology, and other sectors.
6. **International Expansion**: Chinese internet companies are increasingly going global, adapting their services for international markets. TikTok (an international version of Douyin), developed by ByteDance, is one example of a Chinese app that has achieved significant success globally.
These characteristics highlight the dual nature of the Chinese internet: on one hand, it's a highly controlled and censored environment; on the other, it's a hotbed for innovation and growth in the digital sector. The government's tight grip on the internet serves both to maintain social stability and foster a competitive market for domestic companies."
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1435c3b8-5981-4cf8-b754-a3b42bfca9f8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att030-internet!⇒Chnainternet,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'internet!⇒Chnainternet,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorICT'internet!⇒Chnainternet,
* McsEngl.Chnainternet!=internet-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.internet-of-ChnasectorICT!⇒Chnainternet,

IPv6 of Chnainternet

description::
"As of 2021, China is the only country known to work towards a single-stack IPv6 network. The country announced plans in 2017 to lead globally in IPV6 adoption by 2025, and achieve full nationwide rollout by 2030. Experts believe that such a plan to widely adopt IPv6 for the country's internet infrastructure, can help China to increase its leadership in 5G and Internet of Things across multiple varying industries.[9][10]"
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnainternet'IPv6,
* McsEngl.IPv6-of-Chnainternet,

AI of ChnasectorICT

description::
× generic: techAi,
">AI sector in PRC:
The AI sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been growing rapidly, driven by strong governmental support, substantial investment, and a robust talent pool. The Chinese government views AI as a critical component of its strategy to become a leading global technological power and has implemented a series of plans and policies to foster the development and application of AI technologies. Here's a general overview:
### Government Policies and Plans
1. **National AI Development Plan (2017)**: This strategic plan outlines China's ambition to become the world leader in AI by 2030, aiming to make the AI industry a major new growth engine and improving the country's competitiveness.
2. **Local Government Initiatives**: Various local governments in China have also introduced their own policies and incentives to support the AI sector, including funding, research grants, and the establishment of AI industrial parks.
### Key Focus Areas
- **AI Research and Development**: China is home to some of the world's leading AI research labs and universities, focusing on areas such as machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and autonomous driving.
- **Implementation in Industries**: AI technologies are being widely implemented across several sectors, including manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and urban management, transforming traditional industries and fostering new types of businesses.
- **Smart Cities and Surveillance**: China is at the forefront of deploying AI in smart city initiatives, including traffic management, environmental monitoring, and public security. The use of AI in surveillance and facial recognition technologies is particularly notable, raising discussions around ethics and privacy.
### Leading Companies and Startups
- **Tech Giants**: Companies like Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei are leading the charge, investing heavily in AI research and development, and applying AI technologies across their products and services.
- **Innovative Startups**: The AI sector in China is also characterized by a dynamic startup ecosystem, with numerous innovative companies focusing on AI applications in specific industries or niches.
### Challenges and Concerns
- **Ethical and Privacy Concerns**: The application of AI in surveillance and data collection has raised significant ethical and privacy concerns, both domestically and internationally.
- **Dependency on Foreign Technology**: Despite rapid advancements, the Chinese AI sector still relies on certain key technologies from foreign companies, particularly in areas like advanced semiconductor chips, which are critical for AI computations.
- **Talent and Innovation**: While China produces a large number of graduates in STEM fields, there is an ongoing challenge to cultivate high-end talent that can lead in AI innovation and research.
Overall, the AI sector in China is a major focus of the country's technological advancement and economic strategy, with significant investments being made to secure a leading position in the global AI landscape."
[{2024-04-06 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7ea869ab-d587-43cb-b112-0fddacf37c6d]

name::
* McsEngl.AI-in-PRC!⇒ChnatechAi,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att032-AI!⇒ChnatechAi,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'AI!⇒ChnatechAi,
* McsEngl.ChnatechAi!=techAi.PRC,
* McsEngl.techAi.PRC!⇒ChnatechAi,

company of ChnatechAi

description::
Year | Company | Designated AI Specialty
2017 | Alibaba Cloud (阿里云) | Smart City Brain
2017 | Baidu (百度) | Autonomous Vehicle
2017 | Tencent (腾讯) | Medical Intelligence
2017 | iFlytek (科大讯飞) | Voice Recognition
2018 | SenseTime (商汤) | Intelligent Vision
2019 | Yitu (依图科技) | Visual Computing
2019 | Minglamp Technology (明略科技) | Intelligent Marketing
2019 | Huawei (华为) | Software and Hardware
2019 | Pingan (中国平安) | Financial Intelligence
2019 | Hikvision (海康威视) | Video Perception
2019 | JD.com (京东) | Smart Supply Chain
2019 | Megvii (旷世科技) | Visual Perception
2019 | Qihoo 360 (奇虎360) | Security and Smart Brain
2019 | TAL Education Group (好未来) | Education
2019 | Xiaomi (小米) | Home Automation
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China#Leading_companies]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnatechAi'company,
* McsEngl.company-of-ChnatechAi,

IoT of ChnasectorICT

description::
× generic: techIot,
">IoT in PRC:
When discussing the Internet of Things (IoT) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), it's important to recognize the country's significant role in both the development and deployment of IoT technologies. China has emerged as a global leader in the IoT sector, driven by substantial investment from both the government and private sector, a strong manufacturing base, and a large domestic market. Here are some key aspects to consider:
1. **Government Support and Plans**: The Chinese government has been highly supportive of IoT development as part of its broader ambition to upgrade its manufacturing capabilities and to implement smart city projects. Initiatives like "Made in China 2025" and the "New Infrastructure" plan explicitly mention the development of IoT technologies as a priority.
2. **Smart Cities and Urban Applications**: China is a pioneer in deploying IoT technologies for smart city applications. This includes smart traffic management systems, environmental monitoring, smart utilities, and public safety systems. Cities like Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen are often cited as examples of how IoT can be integrated into urban infrastructure.
3. **Industrial IoT (IIoT)**: The application of IoT in manufacturing and industrial sectors is a significant focus area in China. IIoT is seen as a way to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness in the global market. The country has numerous industrial parks and factories that are increasingly utilizing IoT technologies for operations and management.
4. **Consumer IoT**: The Chinese market is one of the largest for consumer IoT products, including smart home devices, wearables, and healthcare gadgets. The rapid adoption rates are fueled by a tech-savvy population and a competitive landscape of companies innovating in this space.
5. **5G Integration**: The rollout of 5G networks in China has further accelerated IoT development, providing the necessary infrastructure for high-speed, low-latency communication between devices. This is particularly important for applications requiring real-time data transfer, such as autonomous driving and remote medical services.
6. **Challenges and Concerns**: Despite the rapid growth, there are challenges including data security, privacy concerns, and the need for standardization across devices and platforms. Additionally, the global nature of supply chains for IoT devices means that international tensions and trade policies can impact the sector.
7. **Innovation and Competition**: The IoT landscape in China is highly competitive, with both large tech companies and startups vying for market share. This competition drives innovation, leading to rapid advancements in IoT technology and applications.
In conclusion, the IoT ecosystem in the PRC is one of the most dynamic and influential globally, with the potential to shape not just the domestic economy and society but also to have a significant impact on global IoT standards and practices. The combination of government support, technological innovation, and market dynamics makes China a key player in the future development of IoT."
[{2024-04-05 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7c83aded-8a34-4531-98d6-f9a48bb7c9ac]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att031-IoT!⇒Chnaiot,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'IoT!⇒Chnaiot,
* McsEngl.IoT-PRC!⇒Chnaiot,

sectorEducation of Chnaecon

description::
">education sector of PRC:
The education sector of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is vast and complex, shaped by the country's socio-political context and its rapid development over recent decades. Here's an overview highlighting its structure, policies, challenges, and innovations:
### Structure
- **Pre-school Education**: For children aged 3 to 6, not mandatory.
- **Primary Education**: Six years of compulsory education, usually for children aged 6 to 12.
- **Secondary Education**: Divided into junior secondary (three years) and senior secondary (three years). The completion of junior secondary is compulsory, while senior secondary is divided into academic and vocational tracks.
- **Higher Education**: Includes undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral studies in universities and colleges. Vocational and technical education is also a significant component.
### Policies and Government Initiatives
- **Compulsory Education Law**: Enacted in 1986, it mandates nine years of education for all children.
- **Education Reform**: Recent reforms focus on reducing academic burden on students, reforming the college entrance examination (Gaokao), and promoting vocational education.
- **"Double First Class" Initiative**: Aims to develop world-class universities and disciplines.
- **Rural Education**: Efforts to bridge the urban-rural education gap, including improving infrastructure and teacher quality in rural areas.
### Challenges
- **Urban-Rural Divide**: Significant disparities in educational resources and outcomes between urban and rural areas.
- **Pressure and Competition**: The education system is highly competitive, particularly the Gaokao, leading to high pressure on students.
- **Quality of Higher Education**: While China has increased its quantity of higher education institutions, improving quality and fostering innovation remain challenges.
- **Reform Implementation**: Balancing traditional emphasis on rote memorization and exam performance with the need for creativity, critical thinking, and practical skills.
### Innovations and Trends
- **EdTech Growth**: Rapid growth in educational technology, with platforms offering online courses, tutoring, and educational resources.
- **Internationalization**: Increasing number of foreign students in China and Chinese students studying abroad, along with partnerships between Chinese and foreign universities.
- **Lifelong Learning**: Initiatives to promote lifelong learning and continuing education for adults, including online platforms and community education centers.
China's education sector continues to evolve, addressing its challenges while leveraging technology and policy reforms to improve quality and access. The government's focus on education as a pillar for national development and social equity is evident in its continuous investment and reform efforts."
[{2024-03-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/83b3b2d8-c8b5-4a35-945c-0cf5988421a4]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att017-sectorEdu!⇒ChnasectorEdu,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorEdu!⇒ChnasectorEdu,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEdu!=sectorEdu-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.sectorEdu-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorEdu,

ministry-of-education of ChnasectorEdu

description::
">education ministry of PRC:
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the agency of the State Council of China that administers the Chinese education system. Its responsibilities include formulating policies, laws, and regulations regarding education, guiding educational reform, and overseeing the education sector across the country. This includes pre-school, primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as vocational and adult education.
The Ministry is tasked with promoting the development of education to enhance the national quality of education, support economic and social development, and improve the scientific, cultural, and ideological levels of the whole nation. It plays a crucial role in drafting educational strategies, standards, and curricula, as well as in supervising and evaluating their implementation by local educational departments and institutions.
The Minister of Education is the head of the Ministry and is responsible for its overall operations. The Ministry also works closely with other governmental agencies, local governments, and educational institutions to promote educational exchanges and cooperation both domestically and internationally.
The Ministry's duties extend to overseeing the allocation of resources and funding for education, promoting equal access to educational opportunities, improving the quality of teaching staff, and advancing the internationalization of China's education system.
In recent years, the Ministry has been actively involved in reforming the education sector by promoting quality over quantity, encouraging innovation in education, fostering the development of world-class universities, and enhancing vocational education to meet the needs of China's evolving economy."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/897ffaa6-43c6-416d-98df-46c263432c22]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att021-ministry!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
* McsEngl.Chnaministry.education!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryEdu!=education-ministry-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEdu'ministry!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
* McsEngl.education-ministry-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryEdu,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiàoyùbù-教育部!=ChnaministryEdu,
* McsZhon.教育部-jiàoyùbù!=ChnaministryEdu,

higher-education of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"Higher education in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has undergone significant transformation and development over the past few decades. It is now one of the largest and most diverse higher education systems in the world. Below is an overview of key aspects of higher education in China:

### 1. **Structure of Higher Education**
- **Institutions**: China has a variety of higher education institutions, including universities, colleges, and vocational schools. These institutions are generally categorized into two main types: research universities (focusing on academic research and offering undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs) and teaching-oriented institutions (focused on teaching and offering mainly undergraduate programs).
- **Degrees Offered**: The higher education system offers Bachelor's degrees (typically 4 years), Master's degrees (2-3 years), and Doctoral degrees (3-5 years). In addition, vocational degrees and certificates are available.
- **Admissions**: Admission to universities is highly competitive and is primarily based on the results of the Gaokao, the national college entrance examination.

### 2. **Gaokao Examination**
- The Gaokao is the most important academic examination for high school students in China. It is a rigorous test that determines university admissions, and the results are often seen as a key determinant of a student's future.
- The exam covers subjects like Chinese, Mathematics, and a foreign language (usually English), with additional subjects depending on the student's chosen stream (humanities or sciences).

### 3. **Key Institutions**
- China has several prestigious universities, with Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Fudan University being among the most renowned. These institutions are often compared to top universities globally and have a strong emphasis on research and innovation.
- The "Double First Class" initiative, launched in 2015, aims to develop world-class universities and disciplines within China.

### 4. **Government Initiatives**
- The Chinese government has been investing heavily in higher education, with several initiatives aimed at improving the quality of education and increasing China's global competitiveness. These include the "211 Project" and the "985 Project," which have provided significant funding to selected universities.
- In recent years, the "Double First Class" initiative has replaced the 211 and 985 Projects, aiming to create a number of world-class institutions and disciplines by 2050.

### 5. **Internationalization**
- China has been actively promoting the internationalization of its higher education system. This includes encouraging Chinese students to study abroad, attracting international students to Chinese universities, and establishing international collaborations and partnerships.
- The number of foreign students in China has grown significantly, with the country becoming one of the top destinations for international education, especially among students from developing countries.

### 6. **Challenges**
- **Quality and Equity**: Despite progress, there are still disparities in the quality of education between urban and rural areas, and between different regions of the country. Access to high-quality education remains a challenge for students from less developed areas.
- **Overemphasis on Exams**: The Gaokao system, while standardized, places a heavy emphasis on test performance, which has been criticized for fostering rote learning rather than creativity and critical thinking.
- **Graduate Employment**: The rapid expansion of higher education has led to a mismatch between graduates' skills and the demands of the labor market, contributing to high levels of graduate unemployment or underemployment.

### 7. **Research and Innovation**
- China is investing heavily in research and development, with universities playing a key role. The country has made significant strides in scientific research, with Chinese universities increasingly producing world-class research outputs, especially in fields like engineering, computer science, and materials science.

### 8. **Private Education**
- In addition to public institutions, there has been a rise in private universities and colleges in China. These institutions offer additional options for students and often focus on more specialized or vocational training.

### 9. **Future Trends**
- The Chinese government aims to continue expanding access to higher education while improving quality and global competitiveness. There is a strong emphasis on aligning educational outcomes with the needs of the economy, fostering innovation, and enhancing the international reputation of Chinese universities.
Overall, higher education in China is characterized by rapid expansion, increasing quality, and a strong push towards internationalization and research excellence. However, it also faces challenges related to equity, the exam-centric education culture, and the alignment of education with labor market needs."
[{2024-08-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a1693459-f05c-4d97-bc2b-8238799693a9]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att068-higher-education,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'higher-education,
* McsEngl.higher-education-in-PRC,

Double-First-Class-Construction of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"The "Double First-Class Construction" initiative is a significant educational reform project in China, aimed at developing world-class universities and disciplines. Launched by the Chinese Ministry of Education, this initiative focuses on promoting excellence in higher education to enhance China's global competitiveness in academia.
### Key Aspects of the Initiative:
1. **Objective**: The primary goal of the Double First-Class initiative is to establish a group of world-leading universities and disciplines by 2050. The initiative is part of China's broader strategy to become a global leader in science, technology, and innovation.
2. **"Double First-Class"**: The term refers to "First-Class Universities" and "First-Class Disciplines." Universities that are part of this initiative are expected to achieve international recognition in both institutional quality and discipline-specific excellence.
3. **Selection and Evaluation**: Universities and disciplines are selected based on their current academic performance, research capabilities, and potential for development. These selections are periodically reviewed, and institutions must maintain high standards to remain part of the initiative.
4. **Support and Investment**: Significant financial and policy support is provided to selected universities and disciplines to help them improve their infrastructure, attract top-tier faculty, enhance research capabilities, and foster international collaborations.
5. **Global Impact**: The initiative is seen as a way for China to enhance its influence in global academia, competing with leading Western institutions and contributing to the country's broader goals of innovation-driven development.
6. **Implementation**: The initiative is implemented in phases, with the first list of selected universities and disciplines announced in 2017. The progress of these institutions is closely monitored, with adjustments made based on their achievements and changing global academic trends.
The Double First-Class initiative represents a major shift in China's approach to higher education, emphasizing quality over quantity and aiming to build a small number of globally competitive institutions and disciplines."
[{2024-08-03 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/38ce8273-759d-45a4-a2bd-d681f241181f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att070-Double-First-Class-Construction,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Double-First-Class-Construction,
* McsEngl.Double-First-Class-Construction,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.世界一流大学和一流学科建设shìjiè-yīliú-dàxué-hé-yīliú-xuékē-jiànshè!=world-class-universities-and-first-class-disciplines,

higher-education-institution of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"The Ministry of Education of China imposes strict naming regulations for the Chinese names of nationwide higher education institutions. Only institutions that satisfy all requirements set up by the ministry can use the stand-alone word "University" in their Chinese names. Otherwise, the institutions may only use other words such as "College," "Vocational and Technical University," or "Vocational and Technical College" instead.[12] However, the Ministry of Education of China does not examine or regulate the English names of higher education institutions. Therefore, a number of colleges and vocational colleges in China adapt the stand-alone word "University" as part of their self-translated English names.[12][13][14]
University (大学)[12]
- The number of full-time students in the university should be more than 8,000.
- The number of postgraduate students on campus shall not be less than 5% of the total number of full-time students.
- In the humanities (philosophy, literature, history, etc.), social sciences (economics, law, education, etc.), science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, management and other disciplines, universities should have more than 3 disciplines as Main subjects.
- The general undergraduate majors in each major subject category should cover more than three first-level disciplines in that subject category.
- The number of full-time undergraduate and above students in each major subject category shall not be less than 15% of the total number of full-time undergraduate and above students in the school.
- Have at least 2 master's degree-granting points.
- The total number of general undergraduate majors offered by the school is at least 20.
- The proportion of full-time faculty members with graduate degrees should generally reach more than 50%, and the proportion of full-time faculty members with doctoral degrees in the total number of full-time faculty members should generally reach more than 20%.
- The number of full-time faculty members with senior professional and technical titles should generally be no less than 400, of which the number of full-time faculty members with full professor titles should generally be no less than 100.[12]
College (学院)
Vocational University/Vocational and Technical University (职业大学/职业技术大学)[15]
Vocational College/Vocational and Technical College (职业学院/职业技术学院)
Senior Vocational School (高等专科学校)
Adult Higher Education School (成人高等学校)[16][17][18]
- Radio and TV University/Open University (广播电视大学/开放大学)
- Workers' College (职工高等学校)
- Peasants' College (农民高等学校)
- Institutes for Administration (管理干部学院)
- Educational College (教育学院)
- Independent Correspondence College (独立函授学院)"
[{2024-04-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China#By_institutional_status]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att035-higher-education-institution,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'higher-education-institution,
* McsEngl.higher-education-institution-of-Chnaecon,

addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China,

university of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"In the 2024 rankings for universities in the People's Republic of China (PRC), Tsinghua University leads the list, followed closely by Peking University, both renowned for their comprehensive programs and historical significance in China's education sector. Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Fudan University, also highly prestigious, rank third and fourth, respectively, illustrating the strong emphasis on research and international collaboration prevalent at these institutions. Zhejiang University completes the top five, recognized for its wide-ranging disciplines and significant contributions to research and innovation.
The rankings reflect these universities' strong international connections, research output, academic reputation, and selective admission processes, underscoring their status not only within China but globally. Notably, Tsinghua University has improved its standing to 12th globally, up from 16th the previous year, while Peking University now ranks 14th worldwide, improving from 17th.
These institutions, along with others in the top rankings, play a pivotal role in China's higher education landscape, contributing significantly to the country's scientific and technological advancements, as well as to the global academic community. Their efforts in fostering a diverse and dynamic educational environment are evident through various international partnerships and exchange programs aimed at enhancing the global experience for their students【7†source】【8†source】."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/13dd536e-45e8-4ad9-b71b-593c3615d34e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att020-university!⇒Chnauniversity,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'university!⇒Chnauniversity,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEdu'university!⇒Chnauniversity,
* McsEngl.Chnauniversity!=university.PRC,
* McsEngl.university.PRC!⇒Chnauniversity,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.dàxué-大学!=Chnauniversity,
* McsZhon.大学-dàxué!=Chnauniversity,

secondary-education of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"Secondary education in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a crucial stage in the country's education system, structured to prepare students for higher education or vocational training. The system is divided into two main phases: **Junior Secondary Education** (lower secondary) and **Senior Secondary Education** (upper secondary).

### 1. **Junior Secondary Education (初中)**:
- **Duration**: 3 years, typically for students aged 12 to 15.
- **Compulsory**: Junior secondary education is part of the nine-year compulsory education system in China, which includes six years of primary education.
- **Curriculum**: The curriculum includes a broad range of subjects, such as Chinese language, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, politics, physical education, music, and art.
- **Assessment**: At the end of junior secondary school, students take the **Zhongkao** (High School Entrance Examination). The results determine whether a student can enter a key senior high school, a regular senior high school, or a vocational school.

### 2. **Senior Secondary Education (高中)**:
- **Duration**: 3 years, for students typically aged 15 to 18.
- **Non-Compulsory**: Unlike junior secondary education, senior secondary education is not compulsory.
- **Tracks**: There are mainly two types of senior secondary schools:
- **General Senior Secondary Schools**: Focus on academic subjects in preparation for the **Gaokao** (National Higher Education Entrance Examination), which is essential for admission to universities.
- **Vocational Senior Secondary Schools**: Focus on practical skills and vocational training, preparing students for direct entry into the workforce or further specialized education.
- **Curriculum**: In general senior secondary schools, the curriculum becomes more specialized with students choosing either a science or humanities track. The subjects studied align with the student's chosen track, which directly impacts their Gaokao preparation.
- **Assessment**: The Gaokao is the primary focus of students in general senior secondary schools, as it is the key determinant for university admissions. It is considered one of the most important exams in a Chinese student's life.

### **Key Features of Secondary Education in PRC**:
- **Highly Competitive**: The education system is highly competitive, especially in senior secondary schools where students prepare rigorously for the Gaokao.
- **Educational Reform**: In recent years, there have been ongoing reforms aimed at reducing student stress and emphasizing the development of well-rounded individuals rather than just academic performance.
- **Urban vs. Rural Disparities**: There is a significant disparity in educational resources and opportunities between urban and rural areas, with urban schools generally having better facilities, teachers, and access to educational resources.

### **Recent Trends**:
- **Increased Emphasis on Vocational Education**: The Chinese government has been promoting vocational education to better align with the needs of the economy and provide diverse opportunities for students.
- **Educational Technology**: With the rise of digital technology, there is an increasing use of online resources and platforms in secondary education, particularly in urban areas.

Secondary education in China plays a critical role in shaping the future prospects of students, particularly through the Gaokao, which continues to be a pivotal point in the educational journey of Chinese students."
[{2024-08-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a78b7173-6168-4ff5-a433-ab1051df896d]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att069-secondary-education,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'secondary-education,
* McsEngl.secondary-education-in-PRC,

STEM-student of ChnasectorEdu

description::
"With over five million students graduating in #science, #technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) each year, China has become the world's leading producer of STEM graduates.
Read full: http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0409/c90000-20154685.html"
[{2024-04-09 retrieved} https://twitter.com/VoiceofPD/status/1777592524887974248]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att034-STEM-sdudent,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'STEM-sdudent,
* McsEngl.STEM-sdudent-in-PRC,

sectorHealth of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: sectorHealth.

">health sector of PRC:
The health sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades, reflecting the country's rapid economic development and changing demographics. Here are some key aspects of China's health sector as of my last update in April 2023:
### Public Health Insurance
China has established a universal health care system that aims to provide basic health insurance coverage to all its citizens. This system is primarily funded by the government and is comprised of three major schemes: the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) for urban employees, the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) for urban residents without formal employment, and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) for rural residents. These schemes have significantly increased access to healthcare services and reduced the burden of healthcare costs for many Chinese citizens.
### Healthcare Facilities and Workforce
China has a large and diverse healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, community health centers, and clinics. The number of healthcare professionals, including doctors and nurses, has grown substantially, though there remains a disparity in the distribution of healthcare resources between urban and rural areas, and between eastern and western regions of the country.
### Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
TCM plays a significant role in China's health sector. It is integrated into the national healthcare system, with TCM hospitals and departments available alongside conventional medicine facilities. The government supports the development and research of TCM, emphasizing its role in preventive care and treatment of chronic diseases.
### Public Health Initiatives
China has implemented various public health initiatives to address major health challenges such as infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and environmental health issues. Efforts to control the spread of infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis have been prioritized. Additionally, the country has focused on combating air pollution, improving food safety, and promoting healthier lifestyles to reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases like heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
### Challenges
Despite these advances, China's health sector faces several challenges, including ensuring equitable access to healthcare services across its vast and diverse population, managing the rising costs of healthcare, and addressing the health implications of an aging population. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has put significant pressure on China's healthcare system, highlighting the need for continued investment in public health infrastructure and emergency preparedness.
### Recent Developments
In recent years, China has placed an emphasis on healthcare reform, including efforts to improve the quality of healthcare services, increase healthcare affordability, and reduce disparities in healthcare access. Technology and innovation, including digital health initiatives, have been key areas of focus to enhance healthcare delivery and patient care.
This overview provides a snapshot of China's health sector as of early 2023. For the most current information, particularly in light of ongoing global health challenges and China's dynamic response to such issues, consulting recent sources and official updates is recommended."
[{2024-03-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/24a948c6-3081-486f-9360-be8b947a5402]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att015-sectorHealth!⇒ChnasectorHealth,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorHealth!⇒ChnasectorHealth,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorHealth!=sectorHealth-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.sectorHealth-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorHealth,

right-to-health of ChnasectorHealth

description::
"The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[8] finds that China is fulfilling 98.4% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[9] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, China achieves 98.6% of what is expected based on its current income.[9] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 97% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. When considering the right to reproductive health, the nation is fulfilling 99.6% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available. Overall, China falls into the "good" category when evaluating the right to health.[9]"
[{2024-03-27 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahumnright.health,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorHealth'right-to-health,
* McsEngl.right-to-health-of-socChna,

sectorEnergy of Chnaecon

description::
"Absolutely! Here's a breakdown of the energy sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC):

**Key Features**
* **World's Largest Energy Consumer and Producer:** China has immense energy needs and is the planet's leading energy consumer and producer.
* **Coal Dominance:** Historically, coal has been the backbone of China's energy mix, leading to significant environmental consequences.
* **Transition Towards Renewables:** A significant shift toward renewable energy sources is underway, with China leading the world in solar and wind power installations.
* **Hydropower Powerhouse:** China is a global leader in hydropower, with massive projects like the Three Gorges Dam.
* **Nuclear Ambitions:** China has a growing nuclear power sector, aiming to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.

**Energy Mix**
The current energy mix of China roughly looks like this:
* **Coal:** Approximately 60%
* **Renewables (hydro, solar, wind, biomass):** Around 20%
* **Oil:** About 10%
* **Natural Gas:** About 6%
* **Nuclear:** Approximately 4%

**Challenges and Opportunities**
* **Environmental Impact:** Balancing its energy needs with mitigating the severe pollution from coal-fired power plants is a major challenge.
* **Energy Security:** China is increasingly reliant on energy imports, making energy security a concern.
* **Renewable Energy Growth:** Opportunities exist for further expansion of renewables, but this requires grid upgrades and addressing the intermittent nature of sources like solar and wind.
* **Energy Efficiency:** There's significant room for improving energy efficiency across industries and in the residential sector.

**Government Policies**
The Chinese government plays a powerful role in shaping the energy sector. Key policies include:
* **Carbon Neutrality Goals:** China has ambitious targets to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
* **Renewable Energy Subsidies:** Support for renewable energy development has been instrumental in its growth.
* **Energy Market Reforms:** Ongoing reforms aim to create a more competitive energy market and improve efficiency.
**Let me know if you'd like to dive deeper into a particular aspect of China's energy sector!**"
[{2024-05-09 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/1739e679dfb3c38c]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att052-sectorEnergy!⇒ChnasectorEnergy,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorEnergy!⇒ChnasectorEnergy,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorEnergy!=sectorEnergy-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.sectorEnergy-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorEnergy,

sectorService of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: sectorService,
">service sector in PRC:
The service sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has undergone significant transformation and expansion in recent decades. Traditionally dominated by agriculture and manufacturing, the Chinese economy has shifted towards services, reflecting broader global trends and the government's strategic decisions to promote sustainable growth. Here are key points about the service sector in China:
1. **Economic Contribution**: The service sector has become a significant part of China’s GDP, outpacing the growth of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. This shift is part of China's transition from an export-driven economy to one that is more consumer-oriented.
2. **Diverse Sub-sectors**: The Chinese service sector encompasses a wide range of industries, including finance, real estate, retail, hospitality, education, healthcare, information technology, and logistics. Technological innovation, particularly in digital services and e-commerce, has been a major growth driver.
3. **Employment**: The service sector has become a major source of employment in China, reflecting its expanding role in the economy. This sector tends to offer a wide range of job opportunities, from high-skill positions in finance and IT to roles in retail and hospitality.
4. **Urbanization and Consumer Spending**: Urbanization and rising incomes in China have led to increased consumer spending on services, including healthcare, education, and leisure activities. This trend is expected to continue as the middle class expands and consumer preferences evolve.
5. **Government Policies**: The Chinese government has implemented various policies to encourage the growth of the service sector, including easing restrictions on foreign investment in certain sub-sectors, offering tax incentives, and investing in infrastructure and education to support knowledge-based services.
6. **Challenges and Opportunities**: While the service sector presents significant opportunities for growth, it also faces challenges. These include addressing issues related to service quality, competition, regulatory barriers, and the need for skilled labor. Additionally, as the sector grows, companies in China are increasingly looking to expand their service offerings abroad.
7. **International Trade**: Services are also playing an increasingly important role in China's international trade, with exports of services growing steadily. This includes sectors such as tourism, education, and technology-based services.
The future growth of China's service sector is likely to be influenced by technological advancements, policy reforms, and shifts in global economic dynamics. The sector's evolution is critical for China's aim to achieve more balanced and sustainable economic development."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/51e0e76f-0dbd-4664-9431-2407b267a431]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att029-sectorService!⇒ChnasectorService,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorService!⇒ChnasectorService,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorService!=service-sector-of-China,
* McsEngl.service-sector-of-China!⇒ChnasectorService,

sectorAgriculture of Chnaecon

description::
">agricultural sector of China:
China's agricultural sector is a complex and essential part of the country's economy and food security. Despite having only 10% of the world's arable land, China manages to feed roughly 20% of the world's population [Image of China farmland]. This is due to a long history of intensive farming techniques, government support, and recent technological advancements.
Here's a closer look at some key aspects of China's agriculture:
* **Production:** China is the world's largest producer of rice, wheat, corn, cotton, vegetables, fruits, meat, poultry, and fishery products [FAO website].
* **Challenges:** Limited arable land, water scarcity, and environmental pollution are all major challenges facing Chinese agriculture. The government is investing in research and development to improve yields and resource efficiency.
* **Government Policy:** The Chinese government has long prioritized agricultural development. In recent years, there has been a focus on "revitalizing the countryside" by investing in rural infrastructure and social services.
* **Modernization:** China's agricultural sector is undergoing rapid modernization. This includes the use of new technologies such as precision agriculture, drones, and vertical farming.
Overall, China's agricultural sector is a complex and dynamic system that is essential for the country's food security and economic development. The sector faces a number of challenges, but the government is investing in research and development to improve yields and resource efficiency."
[{2024-03-10 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/058ab6a3086e1dcf]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att012-sectorAgriculture!⇒ChnasectorAgro,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorAgriculture!⇒ChnasectorAgro,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorAgro!=agriculture-sector-of-China,
* McsEngl.agriculture-sector-of-China!⇒ChnasectorAgro,

sectorTrade of Chnaecon

description::
">trade sector of China:
The trade sector of China is a crucial component of its economy, serving as a major driver of growth and a reflection of its global economic influence. China is the world's largest trading nation, with its trade dynamics having significant implications for global trade networks and economic policies. Here are the key features and recent trends in China's trade sector:
1. **Export Dominance**: China is the largest exporter in the world, providing a wide range of products including electronics, machinery, clothing, and medical equipment. The country's manufacturing sector is a pivotal element of its export economy, benefitting from efficient production processes, a vast labor force, and an expanding technological capability.
2. **Import Portfolio**: While known for its exports, China is also a major importer, bringing in raw materials, semiconductors, oil, and other commodities to fuel its manufacturing sector and meet domestic demand. Its position as a major consumer of raw materials has a significant impact on global commodity markets.
3. **Trade Partners**: China maintains extensive trade relationships with numerous countries around the world. The United States, European Union, ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea are among its top trading partners. The nature of these relationships can vary, from collaborative to competitive, impacting global trade dynamics.
4. **Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)**: Launched in 2013, the BRI is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government involving infrastructure development and investments in countries across Asia, Europe, Africa, and beyond. This initiative seeks to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter economic future through trade.
5. **Trade Tensions and Agreements**: In recent years, China has faced trade tensions with several countries, most notably the United States. These tensions have led to the imposition of tariffs and have sparked discussions on trade practices, intellectual property rights, and global supply chains. Despite these tensions, China continues to pursue and sign trade agreements to bolster economic ties and access new markets.
6. **Digital Trade and E-commerce**: China's digital economy is booming, with e-commerce platforms like Alibaba and JD.com revolutionizing retail and global trade. This digital transformation has allowed China to establish a significant presence in global e-commerce, facilitating cross-border trade and opening new markets for Chinese products.
7. **COVID-19 Impact and Recovery**: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global supply chains and affected trade flows worldwide, including China. However, China's trade sector showed resilience, with export growth rebounding as the country became a key supplier of medical supplies and electronics during the pandemic. The recovery trajectory has highlighted the adaptability and pivotal role of China's trade sector in the global economy.
China's trade sector continues to evolve, influenced by global economic trends, technological advancements, and international relations. Its impact on global trade and the economy at large remains significant, making it a key area of study and analysis for policymakers, businesses, and researchers alike."
[{2024-03-12 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/769f086a-4d4a-4646-820e-14ff9fd557c0]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att013-sectorTrade!⇒ChnasectorTrade,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorTrade!⇒ChnasectorTrade,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorTrade!=sectorTrade-of-China,
* McsEngl.sectorTrade-of-China!⇒ChnasectorTrade,

sectorTransportation of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: sectorTransportation,

"The transportation sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a massive and rapidly evolving system. Here's a quick breakdown:
**Growth and Importance:**
* China's economic boom has been fueled in part by its extensive transportation network.
* The country boasts the world's second-longest railway network, with a high emphasis on high-speed rail [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China).
* Road networks have grown tremendously as well.
**Modality:**
* Rail is the dominant mode of transport for both passengers and freight.
* However, air travel and road freight are seeing significant growth, reflecting China's growing consumer class.
**Challenges and Considerations:**
* The rapid expansion has placed a strain on the environment, with the sector contributing a significant portion of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.
* Balancing continued growth with sustainability is a major focus for the PRC government.
**Looking Forward:**
* The PRC is investing in cleaner technologies and promoting public transport options to reduce reliance on private vehicles.
* The future of the sector likely involves further integration between different modes of transport for a more efficient system.
Here are some additional points to consider:
* The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a significant factor in the transportation sector's future, aiming to connect China with other countries through infrastructure projects.
* Technological advancements like autonomous vehicles and smart traffic management systems could play a role in the future of transportation in China."
[{2024-05-08 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/44283eb39eac1b35]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att051-sectorTransportation!⇒ChnasectorTrnsp,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorTransportation!⇒ChnasectorTrnsp,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorTrnsp!=sectorTransportation-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.sectorTransportation-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorTrnsp,

sectorTourism of Chnaecon

description::
">tourist sector of PRC:
The tourist sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a significant component of the country's economy, showcasing a rich tapestry of cultural heritage, ancient history, and modern advancements. China's diverse landscapes range from the bustling metropolises of Shanghai and Beijing to the tranquil beauty of Guilin's karst mountains and the historic Silk Road trails. The country is home to a multitude of UNESCO World Heritage sites, including the Great Wall of China, the Forbidden City, and the Terracotta Army in Xi'an, drawing millions of international and domestic tourists each year.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, China was one of the world's top destinations for international tourists and a major source of outbound tourists. The pandemic significantly impacted the global travel industry, including China's, with travel restrictions leading to a decrease in international tourism. However, China has been working towards revitalizing its tourism sector by gradually reopening its borders, easing travel restrictions, and promoting domestic tourism.
The Chinese government has implemented several measures to support the tourism industry, such as offering subsidies, encouraging local tourism, and investing in digital transformation and sustainable tourism practices. China's tourism market is also seeing a shift towards high-quality, personalized travel experiences, with an emphasis on cultural immersion, eco-tourism, and rural tourism.
Moreover, China's tourism sector is increasingly leveraging technology to enhance the tourist experience, with innovations in virtual reality (VR) tours, mobile payment systems, and smart tourism platforms becoming more prevalent.
Despite challenges, the future of China's tourism sector looks promising, with expectations of a continued recovery and growth driven by domestic demand and the eventual return of international tourists. The sector's development is closely aligned with China's broader economic goals, including promoting cultural exchange, generating employment, and supporting regional development."
[{2024-03-28 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/40575a96-c761-4482-ae03-a83753b92e78]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att016-sectorTourism!⇒ChnasectorTrsm,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorTourism!⇒ChnasectorTrsm,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorTrsm!=sectorTourism-of-China,
* McsEngl.Chnatourism!⇒ChnasectorTrsm,
* McsEngl.sectorTourism-of-China!⇒ChnasectorTrsm,

ministry-of-culture-and-tourism of ChnasectorTrsm

descption::
· Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部; Wénhuà hé Lǚyóubù) - Oversees culture, tourism, and radio and television broadcasting."
[{2024-03-10 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/e16fb3c695ea7954]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att020-ministry-of-culture-and-tourism!⇒ChnaministryCaT,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'ministry-of-culture-and-tourism!⇒ChnaministryCaT,
* McsEngl.ChnaministryCaT!=ministry-of-culture-and-tourism-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.ministry-of-culture-and-tourism-of-PRC!⇒ChnaministryCaT,

tourist-resort-national-level of ChnasectorTrsm

description::
"China now has 85 national-level tourist resorts, as of June 2024. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism made 22 additions to its list, bringing the country's total to 85.
These resorts are located across 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. They offer a diverse range of attractions, including natural landscapes, cultural heritage sites, and modern entertainment facilities.
Some of the most popular national-level tourist resorts in China include:
* **Gubei Water Town:** Located in the Miyun District of Beijing.
* **Wulingyuan Scenic Area:** Located in Zhangjiajie, Hunan province.
* **Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area:** Located in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan province.
* **Huangshan Scenic Area:** Located in Huangshan City, Anhui province.
* **West Lake Scenic Area:** Located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province.
If you are interested in learning more about China's national-level tourist resorts, you can find a complete list on the Ministry of Culture and Tourism website or other travel websites."
[{2024-06-16 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/916dd6b628629399]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att057-tourist-resort-national-level,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'tourist-resort-national-level,
* McsEngl.national-level-tourist-resort-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.tourist-resort-national-level-of-PRC,

visa-requirement of ChnasectorTrsm

description::
"Traveling to the People's Republic of China (PRC) typically requires obtaining a visa, but the specifics can vary depending on your nationality, the purpose of your visit, and the duration of your stay. Here's a general guide:
### 1. **Visa Requirements:**
- **Tourist Visa (L Visa):** Most travelers visiting China for tourism need a tourist visa. You'll need to apply for this visa before entering China.
- **Business Visa (M Visa):** If you're traveling for business purposes, you'll need to apply for a business visa.
- **Work Visa (Z Visa):** If you intend to work in China, a work visa is required.
- **Student Visa (X Visa):** If you're planning to study in China, you'll need a student visa.
- **Transit Visa (G Visa):** For short layovers, some nationalities may need a transit visa, but many can transit through certain Chinese cities without a visa for up to 144 hours.
### 2. **Visa Exemptions:**
- **Visa-Free Transit:** Citizens from certain countries can transit through Chinese cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and others without a visa for up to 72 or 144 hours, as long as they meet specific requirements (e.g., having a confirmed onward ticket to a third country).
- **Hong Kong and Macau:** If you're only visiting Hong Kong or Macau, different visa rules apply. Many nationalities can visit Hong Kong and Macau without a visa for short stays.
- **Special Administrative Regions:** If you hold a valid visa or residence permit from Hong Kong or Macau, you may be eligible for certain visa-free or simplified entry processes when entering mainland China.
### 3. **Application Process:**
- **Submit Application:** Apply at a Chinese embassy or consulate in your country. Some countries may also offer online applications or visa processing centers.
- **Documents Required:** You'll typically need a valid passport, a completed visa application form, a recent passport-sized photo, and any supporting documents (e.g., itinerary, invitation letter, etc.).
- **Processing Time:** Processing times vary, but it typically takes a few days to a couple of weeks.
### 4. **COVID-19 Considerations:**
- China had strict entry restrictions and quarantine measures in place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ensure you check the latest travel advisories, as policies may still be in place.
### 5. **Other Important Considerations:**
- **Entry/Exit Requirements:** Ensure your passport has at least six months of validity and sufficient blank pages for visa stamps.
- **Health Requirements:** Check if any vaccinations or health screenings are required.
- **Currency Regulations:** Be aware of currency regulations for both entering and leaving China.
### 6. **Visa for Specific Nationalities:**
- **United States, Canada, UK, Australia, EU Countries:** Generally require a visa for most visits, including tourism, business, and work.
- **ASEAN Countries:** Some ASEAN member countries' citizens can visit China visa-free for a limited period.
Always check the specific visa requirements and travel advisories for your nationality and circumstances with the nearest Chinese embassy or consulate before planning your trip."
[{2024-08-12 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a4f05e1c-6538-407c-be38-bd1c7eda62e5]

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'visa-requirement,

consuming-sys of Chnaecon

description::
· the-system that consumes the-satisfiers.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att003-consuming-sys,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'consuming-sys,

household of Chnaecon

description::
">quantity of chinese households:
Finding the exact quantity of Chinese households in 2024 is challenging without access to the most recent census data. However, insights can be drawn from the trends observed in recent years and population projections. According to the latest United Nations data, the population of China in 2024 is estimated to be approximately 1,425,178,782, with a growth rate of 0.05%【5†source】. The structure and size of Chinese households have been evolving, reflecting broader demographic and social changes.
Over the past few decades, the average household size in China has decreased significantly due to various factors including the country's family planning policies, urbanization, and changing lifestyles. For example, the average size of Chinese households was 3.09 persons in 2010, down from previous years. This reduction in household size is attributed to an increase in one-to-three-person households, which made up 64.9% of all households in 2010, with two- and three-person households accounting for over half of this percentage. The trend of shrinking household sizes is consistent in both urban and rural areas, driven by population flow and changes in lifestyle and values【6†source】.
Additionally, the structure of households has also simplified, with a noticeable increase in one-generation households and a decline in multi-generational living arrangements. As of 2010, one-generation and two-generation households made up over 80% of all households. There's also a significant presence of nuclear families, which constitute a large portion of the household types in China【6†source】.
Moreover, there's a growing trend of aging family households and "empty-nest" family households, indicating an increasing number of elderly living alone or with their spouse only, as younger generations move out. This trend underscores the demographic shift towards an aging population and the challenges it poses to traditional family-oriented care systems【6†source】.
While these trends offer insight into the changing dynamics of Chinese households, the exact quantity of households in 2024 would require specific census data that isn't directly available from the sources I accessed."
[{2024-03-05 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/70c59f0e-b6ca-4c9a-81a6-87aba58a1548]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att006-household!⇒Chnahshd,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'household!⇒Chnahshd,
* McsEngl.Chnahshd!=Chinese-household,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.jiātíng-家庭!=Chnahshd,
* McsZhon.家庭-jiātíng!=Chnahshd,

relation-to-family-in-law of Chnahshd

description::
"In PRC (People's Republic of China) law, there is a distinction between "household" (家庭, jiātíng) and "family" (家族, jiāzú), though they are closely related concepts.

**Household (家庭):**
* **Definition:** A household typically refers to a group of people living together and sharing living arrangements. This could include immediate family members (parents and children), extended family (grandparents), or even unrelated individuals living together.
* **Legal Relevance:** The concept of a household is important in various legal contexts, such as:
* **Census and Population Registration:** Households are the basic unit for census data collection and population registration in China.
* **Housing:** Certain housing policies and regulations may be based on household registration or the number of people living in a household.
* **Social Welfare:** Some social benefits and programs may be targeted at households or depend on household income levels.

**Family (家族):**
* **Definition:** In a broader sense, a family refers to a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. It can include multiple households and generations, forming a larger kinship network.
* **Legal Relevance:** The concept of family is significant in:
* **Inheritance Law:** Family relationships determine inheritance rights and obligations in China.
* **Family Disputes:** Family law deals with issues like divorce, child custody, and property division within families.
* **Traditional Customs:** Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on family values and obligations, and these cultural norms sometimes influence legal interpretations and decisions.

**Key Differences:**
* **Scope:** A household is primarily focused on cohabitation and shared living arrangements, while a family encompasses broader kinship ties and relationships beyond cohabitation.
* **Legal Focus:** Household is often relevant in areas like population management, housing, and social welfare, while family is more pertinent in matters of inheritance, family disputes, and cultural practices.
**Note:** The legal distinctions between household and family may not always be clear-cut, and there can be overlap in their usage in certain legal contexts. Additionally, the interpretation and application of these concepts may vary depending on specific laws, regulations, and regional practices in China."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b6422c4b2e91c617]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahshd'relation-to-family-in-law,
* McsEngl.family-relation-to-household-in-PRC-law,

Chnahshd.aggregate

description::
">quantity of chinese households:
There are two main ways to measure the quantity of Chinese households:
* **Total Households:** This refers to the total number of households in China, regardless of size. According to various sources, this number was estimated to be around **474 million** in 2021 [1].
* **Registered Households:** This data might focus on households registered with urban residency, potentially underrepresenting the total number. Here, figures can be higher, with estimates reaching **499.4 million** in 2021 [2].
It's important to consider which type of data best suits your needs. The total household figure offers a broader picture, while registered households might be more relevant for specific urban-focused studies.
Here are some additional points to keep in mind:
* The number of households in China is projected to continue increasing moderately in the coming years [3].
* The average size of households in China has been decreasing, with around **2.76 people** per household in 2022 [4]. This means the rise in total households might not directly reflect population growth."
[{2024-03-05 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/3a12ba44ef0bbb1e]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahshd.aggregate,
* McsEngl.sectorHshd.China,

Chnahshd.ten-star

description::
"In China, a "ten-star household" (十星级文明家庭) is a prestigious recognition awarded to families who exemplify the values and virtues promoted by the Chinese government. These values often include:
* **Patriotism:** Demonstrating love for and loyalty to the country.
* **Filial Piety:** Respecting and caring for elders.
* **Harmonious Family:** Maintaining a peaceful and loving household.
* **Law-abiding:** Following the laws and regulations of the country.
* **Diligence:** Being hardworking and contributing to society.
* **Thrift:** Being frugal and avoiding wastefulness.
* **Environmental Consciousness:** Protecting the environment and promoting sustainable living.

Households who achieve this status are often seen as role models in their communities and are given certain benefits. These can include:
* **Priority in Education:** Children from ten-star households may receive preferential treatment in school admissions or scholarship applications.
* **Housing Benefits:** They may be given priority in public housing allocation or receive subsidies for housing improvements.
* **Employment Opportunities:** Family members may be given preference in job applications or receive training opportunities.
* **Healthcare Benefits:** They may receive priority in medical treatment or receive discounts on medical expenses.
* **Social Recognition:** Ten-star households are often praised in the media and receive awards and certificates from the government, which can enhance their social status and reputation.
The ten-star household system is part of the Chinese government's effort to promote social harmony and moral values. It is also seen as a way to encourage citizens to participate in community development and contribute to the country's modernization.
Please let me know if you would like more information on this topic."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/953800c6329e617f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahshd.ten-star,
* McsEngl.ten-star-household-of-PRC,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shí-xīng-jí-wénmíng-jiātíng-十星級文明家庭!=ten-star-civilized-family,
* McsZhon.十星級文明家庭-shí-xīng-jí-wénmíng-jiātíng!=ten-star-civilized-family,

consumer of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: consumer.
·

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer!=consumer-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att077-consumer!⇒Chnaconsumer,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'consumer!⇒Chnaconsumer,

Chnaconsumer.rich

description::
"The landscape of wealth in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has seen significant fluctuations and interesting developments as of 2024:
**Number of Billionaires**: China continues to have one of the highest numbers of billionaires in the world, with recent figures indicating around 814 billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List for 2024. This places China at the top in terms of the sheer number of billionaires, ahead of the United States.
**Wealth Trends**: Despite the high number, there's been a noted decline in the collective wealth of China's richest. From 2021 to 2024, the total wealth controlled by billionaires in China's mainland decreased by about 47%, from $2.5 trillion to $1.3 trillion. This decline can be attributed to various economic factors including stock market drops, real estate market issues, and broader economic slowdowns influenced by both domestic policy and international relations.
**Notable Billionaires**:
- **Zhou Zhaoqun** has been highlighted as China's richest female entrepreneur with a fortune around $12 billion as per recent mentions.
- **Colin Huang**, the founder of Temu (owned by PDD Holdings), experienced a brief period as China's richest person, but a significant stock crash impacted his standing, illustrating the volatility in wealth status due to stock market performances.
**Economic and Social Dynamics**:
- There's a mix of success stories from rags to riches, showcasing entrepreneurial spirit, alongside reports of wealth leaving China, with thousands of millionaires and billionaires reportedly emigrating, which might reflect on economic confidence or seeking better investment climates.
- The tech sector boom has significantly contributed to the wealth of young billionaires, with companies like ByteDance (TikTok's parent company) and e-commerce platforms creating substantial wealth.
**Geopolitical and Economic Challenges**:
- China's economic engagement globally, including in places like Mexico with companies like Huawei, indicates strategic economic expansions but also faces challenges due to geopolitical tensions.
- The economic environment in China has been described as experiencing both rapid wealth accumulation in tech sectors and significant challenges like high unemployment rates and property market downturns.
**Cultural and Social Insights from X**:
- Social media discussions highlight both the wealth and the personal stories of billionaires, like the marriage of gay Chinese billionaires, indicating social progressiveness or at least visibility in wealth circles, which might not be commonly highlighted in traditional media.
Given these points, China's billionaire scene is dynamic, marked by significant wealth creation in tech and e-commerce, but also by economic challenges that affect their net worth and global economic standing."
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer.rich,

Chnaconsumer.richMiddle

description::
">PRC middle-class:
The middle class in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been a subject of considerable interest due to its rapid growth and its implications for both domestic and global economics. Here's an overview based on general knowledge up to 2024:
**Growth and Definition:**
- **Economic Development:** China's economic reforms, which started in the late 1970s, have led to an unprecedented expansion of its middle class. This group has grown from a negligible percentage of the population to a significant portion, although exact figures can vary based on definitions.
- **Definition:** The definition of "middle class" in China can differ, but it generally includes individuals or households with an income that allows for discretionary spending beyond basic needs. This might include owning property, cars, being able to travel for leisure, and affording better education for children.
**Characteristics:**
- **Income:** While specific income thresholds for middle-class status can vary, it's often defined by analysts in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) or by a range of income that allows for a certain lifestyle.
- **Consumption:** The Chinese middle class is known for its high consumption levels, particularly in sectors like technology, automotive, luxury goods, and travel. This consumption drives a significant portion of China's economic growth.
- **Education:** There's a strong emphasis on education. Middle-class families often invest heavily in their children's education, including extracurricular classes, international schooling, or education abroad.
- **Housing:** Home ownership is a key indicator of middle-class status in China. The real estate market boom has both been driven by and has contributed to the wealth of the middle class.
- **Savings:** Despite high consumption, the Chinese middle class also has a high savings rate compared to Western counterparts, influenced by cultural values and the need for security against future uncertainties in health care or retirement.
**Challenges:**
- **Economic Pressure:** There's increasing pressure due to the cost of living, especially in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Housing prices, education costs, and health care can strain middle-class finances.
- **Social Mobility:** While there has been significant upward mobility, there's also concern about the sustainability of this growth, with fears of a shrinking middle class due to economic slowdowns or policy changes.
- **Debt:** To maintain or achieve middle-class lifestyles, many have taken on considerable debt, particularly through mortgages or consumer loans.
**Political and Social Impact:**
- The middle class often has a stake in stability but can also be a source of pressure for political reform, better governance, environmental protection, and legal rights, though outright political activism varies.
- **Global Impact:** The size and spending power of China's middle class have global implications, influencing everything from global luxury markets to tourism, to international education.
**Current Sentiment (as of 2024):**
From posts and general discussions found on platforms like X, there seems to be a mix of optimism about the continued growth of China's middle class and concerns over economic pressures, real estate bubbles, and the desire for migration among some members of this demographic. There's also mention of the middle class's role in consumer culture, with significant spending on travel, education, and luxury goods, indicating both the economic power and the lifestyle expectations of this group.
Remember, while these insights are based on general trends and sentiments up to 2024, the exact statistics or current conditions might require up-to-date research for precise figures or shifts in trends."
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer.richMiddle,

Chnaconsumer.richNo

description::
"China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history[88][89]—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.[90] Between 1981 and 2019, the percentage of the population living in extreme poverty decreased from 88.1% to 0.2%.[91]"
[{2024-08-30 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaconsumer.richNo,

sectorPublic of Chnaecon

description::
">public sector of China:
The public sector in China refers to the portion of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises. The Chinese public sector includes a range of activities and organizations that are owned, funded, or operated by the government, encompassing national, provincial, and local levels. This includes, but is not limited to, administrative and regulatory agencies, public health and education services, national defense and public safety, infrastructure and public transportation, and cultural and recreational services. Additionally, the public sector in China encompasses state-owned enterprises (SOEs), which play a significant role in key industries such as banking, energy, telecommunications, and transportation.
Historically, China's economy was predominantly state-controlled, but since the economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s, there has been a significant shift towards incorporating market principles and encouraging private sector participation. Despite these reforms, the state has maintained a dominant presence in certain sectors deemed strategic for national security or economic development. The government exercises control over these sectors through direct ownership, regulatory frameworks, or by holding significant shares in hybrid enterprises.
The Chinese public sector is characterized by its significant role in economic development, influence over critical industries, and the central government's strong involvement in strategic decision-making processes. This structure supports the government's objectives of maintaining social stability, promoting economic growth, and achieving national development goals.
In recent years, reforms have been introduced to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of SOEs, including measures to professionalize management, introduce mixed ownership, and encourage innovation. These reforms aim to enhance the performance of the public sector while ensuring it continues to contribute to the country's broader socio-economic objectives."
[{2024-03-06 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/eca619c7-e3de-4281-913d-8e5c368bdc50]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.sectorPublic!⇒ChnasectorPublic,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att007-sectorPublic!⇒ChnasectorPublic,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorPublic!⇒ChnasectorPublic,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorPublic!=public-sector-of-China,
* McsEngl.public-sector-of-China!⇒ChnasectorPublic,
* McsEngl.sectorSocadmn-of-China!⇒ChnasectorPublic,

public-budget of ChnasectorPublic

description::
"The public budget of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a complex system that encompasses the revenue and expenditure of the central and local governments. Here's a summary of the key points based on recent reports:

**2023 Actuals (Preliminary Data)**
* **Revenue:** 23.36 trillion yuan (approximately 3.3 trillion USD), with tax receipts of 18.11 trillion yuan and non-tax revenue of 3.56 trillion yuan.
* **Expenditure:** 28.24 trillion yuan (approximately 4 trillion USD), resulting in a deficit of 4.88 trillion yuan.

**2024 Budget (Projected)**
* **Revenue:** 24.5 trillion yuan (approximately 3.4 trillion USD), a 4.8% increase from 2023.
* **Expenditure:** 28.5 trillion yuan (approximately 4 trillion USD), a 1% increase from 2023.
* **Deficit:** 4.1 trillion yuan (approximately 564.9 billion USD), down 16.8% from 2023.

**Additional Notes**
* The government has prioritized fiscal support for key industrial sectors, new growth drivers, and public services.
* The budget includes increased spending on agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, urban and rural communities, and housing guarantees.
* There has been a decrease in general public budget revenue in the first quarter of 2024, but spending has increased.
* It's important to note that these figures represent the general public budget and do not include other budgets managed by the Chinese government.

**Further Information**
For more in-depth analysis and detailed reports, you can refer to the following resources:
* **Making Sense of China's Government Budget:** [https://chinapower.csis.org/making-sense-of-chinas-government-budget/](https://chinapower.csis.org/making-sense-of-chinas-government-budget/)
* **Report on the Execution of the Central and Local Budgets for 2023 and on the Draft Central and Local Budgets for 2024:** [https://npcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024-MOF-Report_EN.pdf](https://npcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024-MOF-Report_EN.pdf)
* **China's new budget book reveals fiscal priorities for 2024:** [https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202403/14/content_WS65f2f558c6d0868f4e8e5166.html](https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202403/14/content_WS65f2f558c6d0868f4e8e5166.html)
I hope this information is helpful!"
[{2024-06-17 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/94f24320faef86b3]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc!=public-budget-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att058-public-budget!⇒ChnabdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorPublic'budget!⇒ChnabdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.bdgtPblc.PRC!⇒ChnabdgtPblc,
* McsEngl.public-budget-of-PRC!⇒ChnabdgtPblc,

input of ChnabdgtPblc

description::
"In 2023, the revenue of the national general public budget of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was 21.678437 trillion yuan, which is a 6.4% increase compared to 2022. The revenue includes:
* **Tax receipts:** 18.112936 trillion yuan (an increase of 8.7%)
* **Non-tax revenue:** 3.565501 trillion yuan (a decrease of 3.7%)
This amount represents 99.8% of the budgeted figure for 2023. With additional funds from budget stabilization funds and other sources, the total revenue reached 23.362505 trillion yuan.
You can find more information in these resources:
* **Ministry of Finance Report (2024):** [https://npcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024-MOF-Report_EN.pdf](https://npcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024-MOF-Report_EN.pdf)
* **Update: China's general public budget revenue tops 21 trln yuan in 2023:** [https://english.news.cn/20240201/3ce40c013237400eb217fa64405e68f8/c.html](https://english.news.cn/20240201/3ce40c013237400eb217fa64405e68f8/c.html)
It's important to note that this is just the revenue for the national general public budget, which is the main budget for the central and local governments. There are also other budgets, such as the government-managed funds budget, which had a revenue of 7.070485 trillion yuan in 2023."
[{2024-07-29 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/69d3cbe307752ff3]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc'input,

output of ChnabdgtPblc

description::
"For 2024, China's public budget expenditure has been set at approximately 28.55 trillion yuan, which represents a 4% increase from the previous year. The budget includes substantial allocations for various sectors to drive economic recovery and enhance social development.
### Key Allocations and Priorities:
1. **Defense**: China's defense budget has been increased by 7.2%, reaching nearly 1.7 trillion yuan (around $236.1 billion). This increase is part of ongoing efforts to modernize the military, reflecting priorities such as enhancing war readiness and industrial capacity【7†source】【8†source】.
2. **Health and Education**: Significant funds are allocated for health care and education. The budget for health care includes 76.5 billion yuan for basic public health services. Education receives a similar emphasis with targeted subsidies for schools and universities, particularly to support disadvantaged students【6†source】.
3. **Science and Technology**: The budget prioritizes innovation, with allocations for research and development in high-tech industries like artificial intelligence, biomanufacturing, and next-generation information technology. Tax reliefs and low-cost credit support are also planned to bolster high-tech firms【6†source】【7†source】.
4. **Infrastructure and Development**: Special treasury bonds amounting to 1 trillion yuan will be issued to support infrastructure projects, urban-rural integration, and regional development. These bonds aim to stimulate economic activity without increasing the deficit-to-GDP ratio【6†source】.
5. **Social Welfare**: The budget includes substantial transfer payments from the central government to local governments, projected at about 10.2 trillion yuan. These payments are designed to ensure equitable access to basic public services across regions, with significant portions allocated for social insurance and employment subsidies【6†source】【7†source】.
### Fiscal Strategy:
China is maintaining a deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3%, translating to a deficit of 4.06 trillion yuan. This fiscal strategy includes measures like issuing special-purpose bonds and implementing preferential tax and fee policies to support key sectors and public services【6†source】【7†source】.
In summary, China's 2024 public budget focuses on defense, health, education, technological innovation, infrastructure development, and social welfare, with strategic fiscal measures to support economic and social objectives. For more detailed information, you can refer to sources like ChinaPower Project and China Daily."
[{2024-07-29 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/bfd348df-9e1d-44e6-83fd-20e84bdf6586]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc'output,

balance of ChnabdgtPblc

description::
China is maintaining a deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3%, translating to a deficit of 4.06 trillion yuan. This fiscal strategy includes measures like issuing special-purpose bonds and implementing preferential tax and fee policies to support key sectors and public services【6†source】【7†source】.
[{2024-07-29 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/bfd348df-9e1d-44e6-83fd-20e84bdf6586]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnabdgtPblc'balance,

public-debt of ChnasectorPublic

description::
"In 2022, China's total government debt stood at approximately CN¥ 94 trillion (US$ 14 trillion), equivalent to about 77.1% of GDP." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att010-public-debt!⇒Chnapublicdebt,
* McsEngl.Chnapublicdebt!=public-debt-of-China,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorPublic'debt!⇒Chnapublicdebt,
* McsEngl.public-debt-of-China!=Chnapublicdebt,

sectorArmed of ChnasectorPublic

description::
× generic: sectorArmed,

* People's Liberation Army,
* Paramilitary forces of China,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att053-sectorArmed!⇒ChnasectorArmed,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorArmed!⇒ChnasectorArmed,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorArmed!=sectorArmed-of-socChna,

People's-Liberation-Army of ChnasectorPublic

description::
"The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the combined military forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the world's largest and most powerful military organizations. Here are some key aspects of the PLA:

### Structure and Organization
1. **Ground Force (PLAGF)**: The largest component, responsible for land-based military operations.
2. **Navy (PLAN)**: The maritime force, which includes surface ships, submarines, naval aviation, and the Marine Corps.
3. **Air Force (PLAAF)**: Handles aerial operations, including fighters, bombers, and transport aircraft.
4. **Rocket Force (PLARF)**: Manages China's strategic and tactical missile forces, including nuclear and conventional missiles.
5. **Strategic Support Force (PLASSF)**: A relatively new branch responsible for space, cyber, electronic, and psychological warfare.

### History
- **Formation**: Established on August 1, 1927, during the Nanchang Uprising, which marked the beginning of the CPC's armed resistance.
- **Civil War and Liberation**: Played a crucial role in the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the PRC in 1949.
- **Modernization**: Underwent significant modernization efforts from the 1980s onward, with increased focus on technology, joint operations, and power projection.

### Modernization and Capabilities
- **Technological Advancements**: Significant investments in indigenous technology, including advanced fighter jets (like the J-20), naval vessels (like aircraft carriers and destroyers), and missile systems.
- **Strategic Goals**: Emphasis on becoming a world-class military by 2049, aligning with the centenary of the PRC.
- **Global Presence**: Increasing participation in international peacekeeping, anti-piracy operations, and military diplomacy.

### Key Strategic Objectives
- **Regional Dominance**: Ensuring control over key areas such as the South China Sea and Taiwan.
- **Global Influence**: Expanding China's influence through military presence and strategic partnerships.
- **Defense of Sovereignty**: Protecting China's territorial integrity and national sovereignty against external threats.

### Challenges and Controversies
- **Human Rights**: Accusations of human rights abuses, particularly in regions like Xinjiang.
- **Transparency**: Criticized for lack of transparency in military spending and intentions.
- **Regional Tensions**: Involved in territorial disputes with several neighboring countries, raising regional security concerns.

### Conclusion
The PLA is a central element of China's national strategy, reflecting the country's aspirations for regional dominance and global influence. Its ongoing modernization and expansion efforts underscore its pivotal role in China's future geopolitical landscape."
[{2024-05-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/582319ca-7791-4556-85da-683bd5915a0f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att055-People's-Liberation-Army!⇒Chnapla,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'People's-Liberation-Army!⇒Chnapla,
* McsEngl.Chnapla!=People's-Liberation-Army-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.PLA!=People's-Liberation-Army-of-socChna,

paramilitary-forces of ChnasectorPublic

description::
"The paramilitary forces of China are the military units and formations apart from the People's Liberation Army, the principal military force of the People's Republic of China. They are composed of three main forces, the People's Liberation Army reserve force, the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia, and they act as auxiliaries to the active forces of the People's Liberation Army. They generally perform a wide range of roles. All together, the paramilitary has 98,854,000 troops, as of 2018.[1]"
[{2024-05-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att056-paramilitary-forces,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'paramilitary-forces,
* McsEngl.paramilitary-forces-of-socChna,

sectorPolice of ChnasectorPublic

description::
× generic: sectorPolice,

">is "People's Armed Police" the police forces of PRC
The People's Armed Police (PAP) is not the equivalent of the standard police force in the People's Republic of China (PRC). While they do have some law enforcement duties, their role is more complex:
* **Paramilitary Force:** The PAP is primarily a paramilitary organization with a focus on internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, and disaster response. They are more heavily armed and equipped than the regular police.
* **Dual Role:** In peacetime, the PAP supports regular police in maintaining law and order, especially during large-scale events or emergencies. In wartime, they are under the command of the Central Military Commission and provide support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
* **Jurisdiction:** While they can be involved in law enforcement activities, they mainly operate under the Ministry of Public Security but have a military command structure.
**Regular Police:** The standard police force in China falls under the Ministry of Public Security and is responsible for everyday law enforcement activities like criminal investigations, traffic control, and community policing.
In summary, while there is some overlap in their functions, the People's Armed Police is not the regular police force of the PRC. They are a separate paramilitary organization with a broader range of responsibilities beyond law enforcement."
[{2024-05-24 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/97e8c29a0056a094]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att054-sectorPolice!⇒ChnasectorPolice,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorPolice!⇒ChnasectorPolice,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorPolice!=sectorPolice-of-socChna,

sectorPrivate of Chnaecon

description::
">private sector of China:
The private sector in China plays a significant role in the country's economy, contributing to innovation, employment, and economic growth. Following the economic reforms initiated in 1978, China transitioned from a predominantly state-controlled economy to one that encourages and incorporates private enterprise. This shift has led to substantial economic expansion and has transformed China into one of the world's largest economies.
### Key Characteristics of China's Private Sector
1. **Diverse Industries:** The private sector in China spans a wide range of industries, from manufacturing and technology to services and e-commerce. Companies like Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei have become global giants, demonstrating the sector's competitive edge and innovative capabilities.
2. **Contribution to GDP:** The private sector contributes a significant portion of China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). While exact figures can vary, it's widely acknowledged that private enterprises are crucial for sustained economic growth.
3. **Employment:** The private sector is a major source of employment in China, creating jobs for millions of people across the country. It plays a vital role in urban and rural economic development.
4. **Government Support and Regulation:** The Chinese government has implemented policies to support the growth of the private sector, including tax cuts, financial incentives, and deregulation measures. However, the sector also faces challenges due to regulatory changes and government policies favoring state-owned enterprises in certain industries.
5. **Global Presence:** Chinese private companies have increasingly expanded their operations abroad, investing in various countries and regions. This global expansion has been supported by initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
6. **Innovation and Research & Development (R&D):** Many private sector companies in China heavily invest in R&D, driving innovation in technology, biotechnology, renewable energy, and other fields. The country has become a global leader in patents and technological advancement.
### Challenges
Despite its successes, the private sector in China faces several challenges, including regulatory hurdles, competition with state-owned enterprises, and external factors such as trade tensions and international sanctions. The government's evolving policy landscape and its emphasis on national security and technology control can also impact the growth and international expansion of private businesses.
### Future Outlook
The future of China's private sector is poised for continued growth, with a focus on sustainability, digital transformation, and global competitiveness. The Chinese government recognizes the importance of the private sector in achieving its long-term economic goals, including technological self-reliance and high-quality development. As such, the balance between government support, regulation, and the entrepreneurial spirit of the private sector will be crucial for its future success."
[{2024-03-06 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/0fb6df2b-b412-48f6-9a0f-1abc4d44cf9d]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacmpn.sectorPrivate!⇒ChnasectorPrivate,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att008-sectorPrivate!⇒ChnasectorPrivate,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'sectorPrivate!⇒ChnasectorPrivate,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorPrivate!=public-sector-of-China,
* McsEngl.private-sector-of-China!⇒ChnasectorPrivate,
* McsEngl.sectorSocadmnNo-of-China!⇒ChnasectorPrivate,

financial-system of Chnaecon

description::
× generic: financial-system,

">financial system of China:
China's financial system is a complex and evolving giant, playing a key role in the country's economic growth. Here's a breakdown of its key features:
**Structure:**
* **Banks:** Dominated by state-owned commercial banks, but a growing private sector presence. Policy banks handle specific government initiatives.
* **Stock Markets:** Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges are major players, but still developing compared to the U.S.
* **Bond Market:** Rapidly growing, offering an alternative to bank lending for businesses.
* **Shadow Banking:** A complex network of non-bank financial institutions, being regulated more closely.
**Key Points:**
* **Large and Growing:** China's financial system is one of the world's biggest, with vast resources.
* **Government Influence:** The government plays a significant role in shaping financial markets and credit allocation.
* **Transformation:** The system is undergoing reforms to be more market-oriented and open to foreign investment.
* **Challenges:** Issues like high corporate debt and a less mature asset management industry are being addressed.
**Further Exploration:**
If you'd like to deep dive into specific aspects, I can provide details on:
* The history and development of China's financial system.
* The role of regulatory bodies like the People's Bank of China.
* The impact of China's financial system on the global economy."
[{2024-03-10 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/2a90a15241f73dbe]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att011-financial-system!⇒Chnafinsys,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'financial-system!⇒Chnafinsys,
* McsEngl.Chnafinsys!=financial-system-of-China,
* McsEngl.financial-system-of-China!⇒Chnafinsys,

sector of Chnafinsys

description::
"**Overview of the Financial Sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC)**
The financial sector in China is a cornerstone of its rapidly evolving economy, playing a pivotal role in supporting economic growth, implementing government policies, and facilitating global trade and investment. It encompasses a wide array of institutions, including banks, insurance companies, securities firms, asset management companies, and fintech enterprises.
---
### **Banking Sector**
**State-Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs):**
- **Big Four Banks:** The banking industry is dominated by the "Big Four" SOCBs: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), China Construction Bank (CCB), Agricultural Bank of China (ABC), and Bank of China (BOC).
- **Role:** These banks primarily focus on financing state-owned enterprises (SOEs), large infrastructure projects, and government initiatives.
- **Market Share:** They hold a significant portion of the country's banking assets, influencing liquidity and credit allocation.
**Joint-Stock Commercial Banks:**
- **Examples:** China Merchants Bank, China Minsheng Bank.
- **Characteristics:** These are partially privatized banks with both state and private ownership, known for more market-oriented practices.
**City and Rural Commercial Banks:**
- **Function:** Serve regional economies by providing financial services to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and local residents.
- **Challenges:** Often face higher levels of non-performing loans due to localized economic fluctuations.
**Foreign Banks:**
- **Presence:** Institutions like HSBC, Standard Chartered, and Citibank operate in China but hold a small market share.
- **Regulations:** Subject to strict regulatory requirements, limiting their expansion compared to domestic banks.
---
### **Capital Markets**
**Stock Exchanges:**
- **Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE):** Focuses on larger, established companies.
- **Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE):** Caters to smaller and high-tech enterprises.
- **STAR Market:** A technology-focused board on the SSE, launched to support innovation-driven companies.
**Bond Market:**
- **Scale:** One of the largest globally, including government, corporate, and financial bonds.
- **Opening-Up:** Initiatives like Bond Connect allow foreign investors easier access.
**Derivatives and Futures:**
- **Development:** Still maturing, with limited but growing product offerings.
- **Regulation:** Tightly regulated to prevent excessive speculation.
---
### **Insurance Sector**
**Growth:**
- **Expansion:** Rapid growth due to increasing personal wealth and awareness of risk management.
- **Key Players:** China Life Insurance, Ping An Insurance, and China Pacific Insurance.
**Regulatory Environment:**
- **Oversight:** Managed by the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC).
- **Reforms:** Efforts to improve solvency requirements and risk management practices.
---
### **Regulatory Bodies**
**People's Bank of China (PBOC):**
- **Role:** Central bank responsible for monetary policy, financial stability, and regulation of financial institutions.
**China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC):**
- **Function:** Regulates banking and insurance sectors, focusing on risk prevention and consumer protection.
**China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC):**
- **Purpose:** Oversees securities and futures markets, ensuring fair and transparent capital markets.
**State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE):**
- **Responsibility:** Manages foreign exchange market activities and reserves, implements capital account regulations.
---
### **Recent Developments (As of October 2023)**
**Digital Currency:**
- **E-CNY (Digital Yuan):** The PBOC has accelerated the rollout of its central bank digital currency, aiming to enhance payment efficiency and reduce reliance on cash.
**Financial Opening-Up:**
- **Foreign Ownership:** Relaxation of foreign ownership limits in securities, mutual funds, and insurance sectors to 100%.
- **Market Access:** Increased accessibility for foreign financial institutions to participate in domestic markets.
**Green Finance:**
- **Initiatives:** Promotion of green bonds and sustainable investing to support environmental objectives.
- **Regulations:** Establishment of guidelines for classifying green projects and reporting standards.
**Fintech and Innovation:**
- **Growth:** Significant advancements in mobile payments, online lending, and wealth management platforms.
- **Regulation:** Implementation of stricter regulations on fintech to mitigate systemic risks, exemplified by the halted IPO of Ant Group.
---
### **Challenges**
**Debt Levels:**
- **Corporate Debt:** High levels of corporate indebtedness pose risks to financial stability.
- **Local Government Financing Vehicles (LGFVs):** Used by local governments to circumvent borrowing limits, increasing hidden debt.
**Shadow Banking:**
- **Concerns:** Non-bank lending activities contribute to unregulated credit growth and potential defaults.
- **Crackdowns:** Regulatory efforts to bring shadow banking activities under supervision.
**Economic Slowdown:**
- **Growth Rates:** Slower GDP growth impacts profitability and asset quality within the financial sector.
- **Demographics:** An aging population may affect long-term economic vitality and financial sustainability.
**US-China Relations:**
- **Trade Tensions:** Ongoing disputes can influence cross-border capital flows and investor confidence.
- **Sanctions and Restrictions:** Potential for increased financial sanctions affecting Chinese institutions.
---
### **Conclusion**
The financial sector of the PRC is undergoing significant transformation, balancing between rapid growth, technological innovation, and the need for risk management. Regulatory reforms and opening-up policies aim to integrate China's financial markets more deeply with the global economy while safeguarding against systemic risks. Despite challenges like high debt levels and external geopolitical pressures, the sector remains a dynamic and integral part of China's economic landscape.
---
**Note:** This overview reflects the state of China's financial sector up to October 2023. For the most current information, consulting official regulatory announcements and recent market analyses is recommended."
[{2024-09-19 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/66ec3385-3968-8003-b343-a42c1d685d0a]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnafinsys'sector!⇒ChnasectorFin,
* McsEngl.ChnasectorFin,
* McsEngl.financial-sector-of-PRC!⇒ChnasectorFin,

currency of Chnaecon

description::
* RMB,
* digital-RMB,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att078-currency,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'currency,
* McsEngl.currency-of-PRC,

Central-Financial-Work-Conference of Chnafinsys

description::
"The **Central Financial Work Conference** is a significant policy meeting in China, typically held every five years. This conference brings together top government officials, including leaders from the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the State Council, and various financial regulatory bodies. The primary purpose of the conference is to set the strategic direction for China's financial sector, outline key reforms, and address systemic risks.
**Key Objectives:**
1. **Financial Stability:** Ensuring the stability of the financial system is a paramount concern. The conference addresses potential risks and outlines measures to prevent financial crises.
2. **Regulatory Reforms:** Discussions often lead to the restructuring of regulatory frameworks to enhance oversight and coordination among financial institutions.
3. **Economic Development:** Aligning the financial sector with broader economic goals, such as supporting technological innovation, urbanization, and international trade.
4. **Risk Management:** Identifying systemic risks, such as high corporate debt levels or shadow banking activities, and developing strategies to mitigate them.
**Recent Developments:**
As of my knowledge cutoff in October 2023, the most recent Central Financial Work Conference was held in **2017**. Key outcomes from that conference included:
- **Establishment of the Financial Stability and Development Committee:** A new regulatory body under the State Council aimed at improving coordination among financial regulators and enhancing oversight to prevent systemic risks.
- **Emphasis on Serving the Real Economy:** Reaffirming that the financial sector should support the real economy by providing adequate financing to businesses and industries, especially in innovation-driven sectors.
- **Deleveraging Efforts:** Implementing measures to reduce excessive borrowing and indebtedness in various sectors, particularly among state-owned enterprises.
Please note that there may have been developments or additional conferences held after my last update in October 2023. For the most recent information, I recommend checking official Chinese government publications or reputable news outlets specializing in Chinese economic affairs."
[{2024-09-19 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/66ec3981-a7fc-8003-ac16-3b4c68920a26?model=gpt-4o]

name::
* McsEngl.Central-Financial-Work-Conference--of-PRC,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att082-Central-Financial-Work-Conference,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Central-Financial-Work-Conference,
* McsEngl.National-Financial-Work-Conference--of-PRC,

bank of Chnafinsys

description::
"Banks in the People's Republic of China (PRC) play a critical role in the country's financial system, supporting its massive economy and contributing to the country's development. There are several types of banks in China, including state-owned commercial banks, policy banks, joint-stock commercial banks, and regional/local banks. Here's a general overview of the major categories and examples of key banks in each:
### 1. **State-Owned Commercial Banks**
These are the largest banks in China, majority-owned by the Chinese government, and they control a significant portion of the country's banking assets.
- **Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)**: The largest bank in the world by assets, ICBC serves as a major player in China's economic landscape.
- **China Construction Bank (CCB)**: One of the "Big Four" banks, CCB focuses on infrastructure and construction lending.
- **Agricultural Bank of China (ABC)**: Primarily focused on rural and agricultural financing but now has expanded services.
- **Bank of China (BOC)**: One of the oldest and most international banks in China, involved in international trade financing, foreign exchange, and cross-border services.
- **Bank of Communications (BoComm)**: It is also one of the oldest banks in China, with an extensive network both domestically and internationally.
### 2. **Policy Banks**
Policy banks in China are established to implement the government's economic policies and serve specific sectors, often with a focus on development and long-term infrastructure projects.
- **China Development Bank (CDB)**: The CDB provides financing for national projects like infrastructure, public welfare, and energy.
- **Export-Import Bank of China (Exim Bank)**: Focuses on promoting Chinese exports and investments abroad.
- **Agricultural Development Bank of China (ADBC)**: Concentrates on supporting rural development, including agricultural financing and poverty alleviation.
### 3. **Joint-Stock Commercial Banks**
These banks are partially owned by the government, but they also have private and institutional shareholders. They are designed to operate more competitively in the market.
- **China Merchants Bank (CMB)**: A highly regarded bank known for innovation and retail banking services.
- **China CITIC Bank**: Associated with the CITIC Group, providing a wide range of banking services.
- **Industrial Bank**: Specializes in commercial banking, particularly focusing on green finance and sustainability projects.
- **Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (SPDB)**: A major commercial bank with a strong presence in financial centers like Shanghai.
### 4. **Regional and Local Banks**
These banks focus on specific regions or cities and provide specialized services. They are usually smaller but play an essential role in local economies.
- **Bank of Beijing**: A leading city commercial bank in Beijing.
- **Bank of Shanghai**: Serves the Shanghai region and plays an active role in the local economy.
- **Bank of Jiangsu**: A regional bank focusing on the Jiangsu province's economy.
### 5. **Foreign Banks Operating in China**
In addition to domestic banks, numerous foreign banks operate in the PRC, serving both Chinese and international clients. Notable examples include:
- **HSBC (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation)**
- **Standard Chartered Bank**
- **Deutsche Bank**
### The Role of Banks in China's Economy:
- **Economic Development**: Chinese banks have been pivotal in funding China's rapid urbanization and infrastructure expansion.
- **Global Influence**: As China's economy globalizes, its banks are increasingly involved in international projects, especially through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- **State Control and Regulation**: The government heavily regulates banks to ensure financial stability, and many policies are aimed at managing economic growth, avoiding financial risks, and controlling inflation.
Chinese banks are integral to the nation’s economic policy, and their growing global footprint highlights China's increasing influence in international finance."
[{2024-09-04 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/02a43cc0-eec2-447d-9c72-ea8550581059]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabank!=bank-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att079-bank!⇒Chnabank,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'bank!⇒Chnabank,

stock-exchange of Chnafinsys

description::
"China has several major stock exchanges where companies can list and trade their shares. The primary stock exchanges in China are:
### 1. **Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)**
- **Location**: Shanghai
- **Founded**: 1990
- **Description**: The Shanghai Stock Exchange is one of the two largest stock exchanges in Mainland China, the other being the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. It is the world's fourth-largest stock exchange by market capitalization. The SSE lists companies through both A-shares (traded in Chinese yuan and accessible to domestic investors and qualified foreign investors) and B-shares (traded in foreign currencies and accessible to international investors).
### 2. **Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE)**
- **Location**: Shenzhen
- **Founded**: 1990
- **Description**: The Shenzhen Stock Exchange is the second major stock exchange in Mainland China. Like the SSE, it offers A-shares and B-shares. The SZSE is known for its focus on smaller and mid-sized companies, particularly high-tech and growth-oriented firms. It also operates the ChiNext board, which is akin to the NASDAQ in the United States, specializing in innovative and start-up companies.
### 3. **Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEX)**
- **Location**: Hong Kong
- **Founded**: 1891
- **Description**: Although geographically part of China, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange operates as a separate entity under the "one country, two systems" principle. HKEX is one of the largest and most significant stock exchanges globally, serving as a major financial gateway between Mainland China and international markets. It lists many Chinese companies, including major state-owned enterprises, alongside international firms.
### 4. **Beijing Stock Exchange (BSE)**
- **Location**: Beijing
- **Founded**: 2021
- **Description**: The Beijing Stock Exchange is the newest stock exchange in China, established to support smaller and innovative companies, especially those that focus on specialized or emerging industries. It was built on the existing NEEQ (National Equities Exchange and Quotations) system, often referred to as the "New Third Board," which is an over-the-counter market for trading shares.
### 5. **National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) - The "New Third Board"**
- **Location**: Beijing
- **Founded**: 2012
- **Description**: NEEQ is an over-the-counter (OTC) market in China, mainly designed for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to raise capital and improve liquidity. It is not considered a traditional stock exchange but plays a significant role in providing an alternative platform for companies that may not meet the stringent listing requirements of the SSE or SZSE.
These exchanges form the backbone of China's stock market, each catering to different segments of the economy and types of investors. The exchanges in Shanghai and Shenzhen are primarily focused on the domestic market, while the Hong Kong Stock Exchange serves as a crucial link to international markets."
[{2024-08-27 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/af27414f-135b-41f7-89af-7578cb65d8f6]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att076-stock-exchange,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'stock-exchange,
* McsEngl.stock-exchange-of-PRC,

belt-and-road-initiative of Chnaecon

description::
">Belt and Road Initiative:
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations. It's one of the most ambitious infrastructure and investment projects in history, reminiscent of the historic Silk Road that connected Asia with Africa, Western Asia, and parts of Europe, facilitating trade and cultural exchange.
* The BRI is composed of two main components:
* 1. **The Silk Road Economic Belt**: This component focuses on connecting China to Europe through Central Asia. It aims to create a land-based network of railroads, highways, pipelines, and other infrastructure projects to facilitate trade and the movement of goods.
* 2. **The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road**: This aspect of the initiative seeks to connect China to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, and Europe through sea routes. It involves port development projects, maritime cooperation, and other investments to enhance trade and logistic capabilities.
* The objectives of the BRI are multifaceted, including enhancing regional connectivity, developing infrastructure, promoting economic integration, and fostering trade and investment. While it is viewed by many as an opportunity for economic growth, there are also concerns regarding debt sustainability, environmental impacts, and the strategic implications of China's increased influence in global affairs.
* The initiative represents China's ambition to play a larger role in global affairs with a China-centered trading network. It has drawn participation from over 100 countries and international organizations, with significant investments in infrastructure projects around the world. However, it has also faced criticism and scrutiny, particularly from some Western countries that view it as a means for China to expand its economic and political influence globally."
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/0c1a9ff1-79e1-48aa-877e-f8609200fd07]

name::
* McsEngl.BRI!=belt-and-road-initiative!⇒Chnabri,
* McsEngl.Chnabri!=belt-and-road-initiative,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att033-belt-and-road-initiative!⇒Chnabri,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'belt-and-road-initiative!⇒Chnabri,
* McsEngl.OBOR!=one-belt-one-road!⇒Chnabri,
* McsEngl.belt-and-road-initiative!⇒Chnabri,
* McsEngl.one-belt-one-road!⇒Chnabri,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.yīdài-yīlù-一带一路!=Chnabri,
* McsZhon.一带一路-yīdài-yīlù!=Chnabri,

special-economic-zone of Chnaecon

description::
"In justifying opening up and the series of economic reforms that ensued in China, Deng Xiaoping referred to Karl Marx and his theories, which predicted that nations need to undergo urbanization and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. One of the most renowned reforms under Deng was establishing four "special economic zones" along the Southeastern coast of China, with Shenzhen, Shantou, and Zhuhai located in Guangdong province and Xiamen located in Fujian province. The four aforementioned special economic zones were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024, there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988, Hainan became the fifth "SEZ". In 1990, Pudong district in Shanghai became the sixth "SEZ". In 2009, Binhai district in Tianjin became the seventh "SEZ". Special economic zones (SEZs) in mainland China are granted more free market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government of China, compared to the planned economy elsewhere.
This allows SEZs to utilize economic management which is more attractive to foreign and domestic businesses. In SEZs, "...foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in Beijing" with "tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology".[1] Trade was originally controlled by China's centralized government. However, these special zones are where market-driven capitalist policies are implemented to entice foreign investments in China. In 1986, China then added 14 additional cities to the list of special economic zones."


[{2024-05-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.SEZ!=Chnaecon'special-economic-zone!⇒Chnasez,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att050-special-economic-zone!⇒Chnasez,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'special-economic-zone!⇒Chnasez,
* McsEngl.Chnasez!=special-economic-zone-of-Chnaecon,

evaluation of Chnaecon

description::
">evaluation of economy of PRC:
Evaluating the economy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) involves looking at several key aspects, including its growth trends, structure, strengths, challenges, and global impact. Below is a comprehensive evaluation of the Chinese economy:
### 1. **Economic Growth**:
- **Historical Growth**: Over the past few decades, China's economy has experienced rapid growth. Since the economic reforms of the late 1970s, China has transformed from a largely agrarian economy into an industrial and manufacturing powerhouse, achieving annual GDP growth rates of over 10% for many years.
- **Current Trends**: While growth has slowed in recent years, China remains one of the fastest-growing major economies. Recent GDP growth rates have hovered around 4–6%, partially due to a maturing economy and global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic.
### 2. **Economic Structure**:
- **Manufacturing Hub**: China is often referred to as the "world's factory" due to its vast manufacturing sector. It leads in the production of electronics, machinery, textiles, and other consumer goods, supplying markets across the globe.
- **Shift to Services and Consumption**: In recent years, there has been a strategic shift from heavy reliance on manufacturing and exports to developing the services sector and increasing domestic consumption. This is part of China's broader goal to balance its economy.
- **Technology and Innovation**: China has invested heavily in technology, with significant advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, telecommunications (e.g., Huawei), electric vehicles (e.g., BYD), and fintech (e.g., Alibaba, Tencent). The country is now a global leader in innovation.
### 3. **Global Economic Influence**:
- **Trade and Investment**: China is the world's largest exporter and a major trading partner to many countries. It plays a central role in global supply chains. Additionally, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has made significant investments in infrastructure across Asia, Africa, and Europe, expanding its economic influence.
- **Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)**: China is both a major recipient of FDI and a major investor abroad, particularly in developing economies and strategic industries worldwide.
- **RMB Internationalization**: China has been working to internationalize its currency, the renminbi (RMB), to reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar in global trade and finance.
### 4. **Economic Strengths**:
- **Large Population and Workforce**: With over 1.4 billion people, China has a massive labor force and consumer base, which provides strong domestic demand and a large pool of talent.
- **Infrastructure**: China has invested heavily in infrastructure, including high-speed rail, highways, airports, and urban development. This supports its industrial base and economic expansion.
- **Innovation and R&D**: China’s increased spending on research and development has made it a global leader in sectors like 5G, AI, green energy, and biotechnology.
### 5. **Challenges**:
- **Aging Population**: China’s population is aging rapidly, leading to potential future labor shortages and increased pressure on social services and pensions.
- **Debt Levels**: China’s rapid growth has been accompanied by rising debt, especially in the corporate and local government sectors. Managing debt while maintaining growth is a key challenge for policymakers.
- **Environmental Issues**: Industrial growth has caused significant environmental degradation, with pollution and resource depletion being major concerns. The government has made strides in green energy and sustainability but continues to face challenges in balancing growth with environmental responsibility.
- **Income Inequality**: Despite significant progress, income inequality between rural and urban areas and among different regions of China remains a challenge.
### 6. **Geopolitical and Trade Issues**:
- **U.S.-China Trade War**: The ongoing trade tensions between China and the U.S. have impacted exports and supply chains. Tariffs, technology restrictions, and political tensions affect bilateral trade, though China has sought to diversify its markets and reduce dependency on U.S. technology.
- **Global Perceptions**: China’s growing influence, especially through initiatives like the Belt and Road, has led to concerns about debt diplomacy and its role in global governance. However, China remains a vital economic partner for many nations.
### 7. **Future Outlook**:
- **Sustainability of Growth**: China’s long-term goal is to achieve more balanced and sustainable growth. This includes fostering domestic consumption, reducing reliance on exports, and advancing technological innovation.
- **Common Prosperity**: The Chinese government has recently emphasized "common prosperity" to reduce inequality and ensure that wealth is more evenly distributed across the population. This could have broad implications for social policies, taxation, and corporate practices.
- **Global Influence**: As China continues to expand its role in global trade, finance, and technology, its policies and growth strategies will significantly shape the future of the global economy.
### Conclusion:
China’s economy is a key driver of global economic activity, marked by rapid development, technological advancements, and strategic international investments. However, it faces challenges such as debt management, demographic shifts, and environmental concerns. While the pace of growth may moderate in the coming years, China is likely to remain a dominant force in the global economy due to its strong industrial base, innovation capabilities, and large consumer market."
[{2024-09-05 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a86b37db-230f-4393-8601-391ce8b5d5d2]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att080-evaluation,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'evaluation,

net-worth of Chnaeconeval

description::
"On 19 December 2021, according to a report by McKinsey Global Institute, China's net worth reached $120 trillion in 2020 to overtake the U.S.'s $89 trillion as a red-hot real estate market drove up property value.[206]"
[{2024-09-05 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China#Housing_and_construction]

"The net worth of the People's Republic of China (PRC) economy is a reflection of its total national wealth, including assets such as land, infrastructure, corporate and household wealth, and government assets, minus liabilities. As of recent estimates, China's total national net worth has grown significantly over the years, driven by industrial growth, real estate development, and financial expansion.
According to a report by McKinsey & Company in 2021, China’s national net worth was estimated to be around **$120 trillion**, surpassing the United States. This reflects both the country's rapid urbanization and the enormous real estate market. The property sector in China plays a significant role, contributing heavily to household and corporate wealth.
Some key factors in China’s economic net worth include:
- **Real estate**: The value of urban residential property alone is a huge portion of China's wealth.
- **Corporate assets**: Chinese businesses have grown in size and profitability, adding to the nation's wealth.
- **Government assets**: China's government has significant holdings in infrastructure, companies, and financial reserves.
It's important to note that China's net worth is also affected by its debt levels, including government, corporate, and household debt, which has been rising. This can influence the sustainability of its wealth in the long term.
If you are looking for more up-to-date figures, it would be necessary to consult the latest reports from international financial institutions or government sources."
[{2024-09-05 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/2d46f006-46a9-41b9-8966-dbd8b82f778d]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att081-net-worth,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'net-worth,
* McsEngl.Chnanet-worth,
* McsEngl.net-worth-of-PRC,

reform-and-opening-up of Chnaecon

description::
"The policy known as "Reform and Opening Up" of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was officially initiated at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in December 1978. This policy marked a significant shift from the earlier Maoist economic policies towards a more market-oriented economic system, which was termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics."
Here's an overview based on historical context and developments up to my last update:
### Key Elements of Reform and Opening Up:
1. **Economic Reforms:**
- **Agricultural Reforms:** The introduction of the Household Responsibility System, which replaced collective farming with a system where land was contracted to individual households, allowing them to keep surplus produce after fulfilling state quotas. This greatly increased agricultural productivity.
- **Industrial Reforms:** State-owned enterprises were given more autonomy, and there was a shift towards encouraging competition, allowing private businesses, and eventually welcoming foreign investment.
- **Price Reform:** Transition from state-fixed prices to a dual-track pricing system where market forces also influenced pricing, eventually moving towards market pricing.
- **Special Economic Zones (SEZs):** Areas like Shenzhen were designated for foreign investment with tax incentives, fewer regulations, and other economic freedoms to experiment with capitalist market techniques.
2. **Opening Up:**
- **Foreign Investment:** Encouragement of foreign direct investment (FDI), joint ventures, and eventually the creation of a stock market.
- **Trade:** China began to integrate into the global economy, which culminated in its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, further committing to open trade practices.
3. **Political and Social Impacts:**
- While economic freedoms expanded, political reforms were more limited, maintaining the CPC's central role in governance. However, there was some relaxation in the tight social controls of the Mao era.
- The policy led to significant social changes, including urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to cities for work.
### Outcomes:
- **Economic Growth:** China experienced rapid economic growth, often cited as an economic miracle, transforming from an agrarian economy to the world's manufacturing hub and second-largest economy.
- **Social Disparities:** The reforms also led to increased inequality, both between urban and rural areas and within regions, as coastal cities benefited more from foreign investment.
- **Environmental Impact:** Rapid industrialization came with severe environmental costs, leading to issues like pollution and resource depletion.
- **Cultural Shifts:** There was a significant influx of foreign culture, business practices, and technology, which influenced Chinese society.
### Recent Developments:
As of my last update, discussions around "Reform and Opening Up" continue to evolve:
- **Xi Jinping's Era:** Under Xi Jinping, there has been a mixture of further economic reform pushes (like financial sector reforms, Belt and Road Initiative) but also a tightening of political control, which some see as a deviation from the spirit of openness in terms of political discourse.
- **Technology and Innovation:** China has aimed to move up the value chain, focusing on becoming a leader in technology and innovation, which can be seen as an extension of the "opening up" in terms of technology exchange but also in self-reliance due to international tensions.
- **Challenges:** There are ongoing debates about the sustainability of the current model, how to manage state versus market influences, deal with corruption, and address the socio-economic inequalities that the reforms have exacerbated.
The "Reform and Opening Up" remains a fundamental policy framework for China, adapting over time to new global and domestic conditions while striving to maintain economic growth and stability under the socialist market economy model."
[{2024-09-22 retrieved} https://x.com/i/grok]

name::
* McsEngl.Chinese-economic-miracle,
* McsEngl.Chinese-economic-reform,
* McsEngl.reform-and-opening-up-of-PRC,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.改革开放-gǎigé-kāifàng!=reform-and-opening-up-of-PRC,

planning of Chnaecon

description::
">state planning in China:
State planning in China refers to the centralized economic planning and policy-making process used by the Chinese government to manage and direct the economy. This approach has evolved significantly since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Here's an overview of its evolution and current state:
### 1. Early Years (1949-1978)
- **Soviet Model Adoption**: Initially, China adopted the Soviet-style planned economy model, which emphasized heavy industry and centralized planning. The government created Five-Year Plans to set economic goals and allocate resources.
- **Great Leap Forward**: In the late 1950s, Mao Zedong initiated the Great Leap Forward, aiming to rapidly transform China into a socialist society through massive industrial and agricultural collectivization. This period was marked by economic mismanagement and resulted in a catastrophic famine.
### 2. Reform and Opening-Up (1978-present)
- **Economic Reforms**: Initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began to shift from a purely planned economy to a more market-oriented economy while still under state control. This included introducing Special Economic Zones (SEZs), allowing foreign investment, and promoting private enterprise.
- **Modernization Goals**: The focus was on modernizing agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology to create a "socialist market economy."
- **Balancing State and Market**: Over time, the role of market mechanisms has increased, but the state retains significant control over critical sectors and strategic industries. The government uses Five-Year Plans to outline development priorities, though these plans have become more indicative and flexible over the years.
### 3. Current State Planning
- **Made in China 2025**: Launched in 2015, this initiative aims to upgrade China's manufacturing base by developing high-tech industries such as electric cars, next-generation IT, telecommunications, robotics, artificial intelligence, green energy and vehicles, and new materials.
- **Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)**: Announced in 2013, the BRI aims to enhance global trade and stimulate economic growth across Asia and beyond through infrastructure development and investments.
### 4. Challenges and Criticisms
- **Efficiency and Innovation**: While state planning has contributed to rapid economic growth and industrialization, critics argue that it can also lead to inefficiency, corruption, and a stifling of innovation.
- **Environmental Concerns**: Rapid industrial growth has led to significant environmental degradation, prompting the government to incorporate sustainable development goals into its planning.
### 5. Future Directions
- **Dual Circulation Strategy**: Recently, China has introduced the concept of a "dual circulation" strategy, which focuses on expanding domestic demand as a driver of growth while remaining open to foreign investment and trade.
State planning in China is a complex and evolving process that combines elements of central planning with market mechanisms. While it has been instrumental in the country's rapid economic development, it also faces challenges that require balancing growth with sustainability, innovation, and integration into the global economy."
[{2024-02-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/f82ed804-5ba4-4e18-bb36-977059f483ea]

">planning in PRC:
When discussing "planning in the PRC" (People's Republic of China), it's important to recognize that the term can encompass various aspects, including economic planning, urban planning, environmental planning, and more, due to the broad governance and developmental strategies employed by the Chinese government. Below, I'll provide a brief overview of the most significant areas of planning in China.
### Economic Planning
China has a long history of five-year plans, which are comprehensive blueprints used by the government to guide social and economic development over specific periods. These plans outline goals for development in various sectors, including industry, agriculture, energy, technology, and environmental protection. The five-year plans are crucial for understanding China's strategic priorities and policy directions. Over the decades, these plans have shifted focus from heavy industrialization to technology-driven growth, sustainability, and innovation.
### Urban Planning
Urban planning in China addresses the rapid urbanization and growth of cities. The government plans cities to optimize land use, develop transportation infrastructure, and improve living conditions while also striving to preserve historical sites. Recently, there's been a focus on developing "smart cities" that leverage technology to improve urban management, sustainability, and residents' quality of life.
### Environmental Planning
Environmental concerns have taken center stage in Chinese planning, especially given the challenges of air and water pollution, desertification, and the need for sustainable development. The government has launched initiatives to increase green spaces, develop renewable energy sources, and enforce stricter environmental regulations. Efforts are also made to integrate environmental considerations into all aspects of planning and development.
### Technology and Innovation Planning
China places a significant emphasis on becoming a global leader in technology and innovation. This involves planning in education, research and development, and the nurturing of high-tech industries, including information technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy. The "Made in China 2025" initiative is a notable example, aiming to transition China from being the "world's factory" to a hub of high-tech industries leading in advanced manufacturing processes.
### Social Planning
Social planning in China covers a wide array of policies and initiatives aimed at improving the social welfare system, healthcare, education, and housing. Efforts are made to address disparities between urban and rural areas, improve access to public services, and enhance the overall standard of living.
### Challenges
Despite the comprehensive planning efforts, China faces challenges, including balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability, managing urban-rural disparities, and ensuring that rapid technological advancements do not lead to significant social inequalities.
Understanding planning in the PRC is a complex task due to the multifaceted approach taken by the government across various sectors. The success and efficiency of these plans are often a subject of international interest and analysis, reflecting China's significant role in global affairs."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/0f424d3c-4958-4629-9bb2-8839c6f95c67]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att001-planning!⇒Chnaplanning,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'planning!⇒Chnaplanning,
* McsEngl.Chnaplanning!=planning-in-socChna,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'planning!⇒Chnaplanning,
* McsEngl.Socadmn-planning-of-Chnaecon!⇒Chnaplanning,
* McsEngl.planning-in-PRC!⇒Chnaplanning,
* McsEngl.public-planning-of-Chnaecon!⇒Chnaplanning,
* McsEngl.state-planning-of-Chnaecon!⇒Chnaplanning,

5-years-plan of Chnaecon

description::
"Chinese 5 years plans:
China's Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives. The government of the People's Republic of China has been developing these plans since 1953. These plans are comprehensive blueprints designed to set growth targets and development objectives for the country over five-year periods. Each plan reflects the government's priorities at the time and outlines strategies for economic growth, technological development, and social progress. Here's a brief overview of some key Five-Year Plans:
1. **First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957)**: Focused on heavy industry. China sought to lay the groundwork for a socialist economy by prioritizing the development of heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture.
2. **Great Leap Forward (Second Five-Year Plan, 1958–1962)**: Aimed to rapidly transform China from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. This plan led to significant economic difficulties and a famine.
3. **Reform and Opening-up (Late 1970s onwards)**: Although not a Five-Year Plan in itself, the period following the death of Mao Zedong marked a shift in policy towards economic reform and opening up to foreign investment. Subsequent Five-Year Plans have reflected this change in direction.
4. **Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006–2010)**: Emphasized balanced development, environmental protection, and social equity. It marked a shift towards quality of growth over sheer speed of growth.
5. **Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (2016–2020)**: Focused on innovation, environmental protection, and opening up the economy to the world. It also emphasized the importance of the service sector and aimed to address issues such as income inequality.
6. **Fourteenth Five-Year Plan (2021–2025)**: Prioritizes high-quality development with a focus on technological innovation, green development, and the dual circulation strategy (relying on both domestic and international markets for growth). It also aims to achieve self-reliance in technology and to foster a green and low-carbon economy.
Each plan has its context, reflecting China's evolving economic priorities, technological capabilities, and social goals. The plans are critical to understanding China's long-term economic strategy and policy directions."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/8c4c0941-9fc2-4944-b185-ed5ff4fd9e6c]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att025-5-years-plan!⇒Chnaplan5,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'5-years-plan!⇒Chnaplan5,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5!=5-years-plan-in-PRC,
* McsEngl.5-years-plan-in-PRC!⇒Chnaplan5,
* McsEngl.five-years-plan-in-PRC!⇒Chnaplan5,
* McsEngl.socChna'five-years-plan-in-PRC!⇒Chnaplan5,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.wǔnián-guīhuà-五年规划!=Chnaplan5,
* McsZhon.五年规划-wǔnián-guīhuà!=Chnaplan5,
* McsZhon.wǔnián-jìhuà-五年计划!=Chnaplan5,
* McsZhon.五年计划-wǔnián-jìhuà!=Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.14-{2021..2025}

description::
"Absolutely! Here's an overview of the 14th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its goals, focuses, and significance:
**What is it?**
* The 14th Five-Year Plan is a comprehensive economic and social development blueprint covering 2021-2025.
* It sets out the strategic direction and priorities for China's development over the following five years.
* These plans are a legacy from the Soviet-inspired, centrally planned economic system but remain an important tool for signaling the Chinese Communist Party's priorities.
**Key Goals:**
* **High-Quality Development:** Emphasizes sustainable, innovation-driven growth and a shift away from a pure focus on GDP growth figures.
* **Dual Circulation Strategy:** Prioritizes domestic markets (internal circulation) while maintaining strong international trade and investment links (external circulation). This aims to promote self-reliance and reduce external vulnerabilities.
* **Technological Innovation:** Massive focus on R&D investment in strategic fields like semiconductors, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology to move China up the value chain.
* **Green and Low-Carbon Development:** Commits to reducing carbon emissions, peaking them before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.
* **Rural Revitalization:** Aims to close the urban-rural income gap, improve living standards in rural areas, and modernize agriculture.
* **Social Development:** Focuses on improving healthcare, education, social security, and promoting a fairer income distribution.
**Areas of Focus**
* **Upgrading manufacturing** to higher value-added industries
* **Expanding domestic consumption** to reduce reliance on exports
* **Promoting indigenous innovation** to lessen dependency on foreign tech
* **Building a modern infrastructure system** (including high-speed rail, 5G networks, etc.)
* **Tackling environmental problems** like pollution and climate change
* **Urbanization and hukou reform** (easing restrictions on household registration residency, providing social services)
**Significance**
* The 14th Five-Year Plan comes at a time of growing geopolitical tensions, particularly with the United States. It reflects a desire to reduce economic reliance on other countries and technological competition.
* It marks a significant turning point in China's development model, emphasizing quality growth and self-sufficiency rather than a sole focus on high-speed economic expansion.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 14th Five-Year Plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b93604f9db3d6552]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att024-Chnaplan5.{2021..2025}-14,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2021..2025}-14,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2021..2025}-14,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.14-{2021..2025},
* McsEngl.14-{2021..2025}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.13-{2016..2020}

description::
"Absolutely! Here's a breakdown of the 13th Five-Year Plan in the People's Republic of China (2016-2020):
**What are Five-Year Plans?**
Five-Year Plans are centralized economic blueprints used in China since 1953. They outline strategic goals, economic targets, and development priorities for the country over a five-year period.
**The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020)**
The 13th Five-Year Plan marked a significant turning point in China's economic planning, emphasizing:
* **"Moderately Prosperous Society":** This plan aimed to complete the establishment of a "moderately prosperous society" by 2020. This involved targets in poverty reduction, income growth, and social welfare.
* **Innovation-Driven Development:** China aimed to move away from a focus on manufacturing and towards a knowledge-based economy fueled by innovation.
* **Green Development:** Sustainability became a core priority, with goals to reduce energy consumption, lower pollution, and promote renewable energy.
* **Supply-Side Structural Reform:** This focused on optimizing the supply of goods and services to meet market needs, reducing industrial overcapacity, and improving efficiency.
* **Opening-Up:** China further opened its markets to foreign trade and investment, encouraging international cooperation.
**Key Targets of the 13th Five-Year Plan**
* Maintain an average annual GDP growth rate of at least 6.5%.
* Create over 50 million new urban jobs.
* Lift tens of millions of people out of rural poverty.
* Increase urbanization rate from 56.1% to 60%.
* Reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 15%.
* Reduce carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 18%.
* Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 15%.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 13th Five-Year plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/b3873b5e1a1495f4]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att037-Chnaplan5.{2016..2020}-13,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2016..2020}-13,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2016..2020}-13,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.13-{2016..2020},
* McsEngl.13-{2016..2020}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.12-{2011..2015}

description::
"You're likely referring to China's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). Here's a breakdown of its focus and key points:
**What are Five-Year Plans?**
* Five-Year Plans are centralized blueprints for the social and economic development of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
* They outline major targets, objectives, strategies, and resource allocation across various sectors of the economy.
**The 12th Five-Year Plan: Key Themes**
1. **Economic Rebalancing:** The plan aimed to shift China's economy away from heavy reliance on exports and investment toward a more balanced model driven by domestic consumption and services.
2. **Innovation:** It emphasized innovation as a cornerstone for transforming China's economic model and achieving sustainable growth. This involved investing in research and development, and promoting strategic emerging industries such as new energy, biotechnology, and high-end manufacturing.
3. **Environmental Protection:** The 12th Five-Year Plan prioritized environmental protection and sustainability initiatives like:
* Mandatory targets for reducing energy intensity (energy consumption per unit of GDP)
* Reducing emissions (carbon intensity)
* Increasing the share of non-fossil fuels in energy consumption.
4. **Social Development:** The plan emphasized improving the lives of Chinese citizens with a focus on:
* Expanding social safety nets
* Bridging the income gap
* Improving healthcare and education.
**Key Targets and Achievements**
* **GDP Growth:** The plan originally targeted average annual GDP growth of 7%. Growth during this period actually averaged closer to 7.8%.
* **Energy Efficiency:** China achieved a 16% reduction in energy intensity, meeting its target.
* **Carbon Intensity:** China reduced carbon intensity by 17%, also on target.
* **Non-fossil Fuels:** The share of non-fossil fuels in energy consumption reached 11.4%, close to the 11.5% target.
**Evaluation and Legacy**
* The 12th Five-Year Plan is seen as pivotal in China's effort to transition to a more sustainable growth model.
* While certain targets were met, critics argue efforts to reduce income inequality were less successful.
**Let me know if you'd like a deeper dive into a specific aspect of the 12th Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/2417d67192bc1df8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att038-Chnaplan5.{2011..2015}-12,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2011..2015}-12,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2011..2015}-12,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.12-{2011..2015},
* McsEngl.12-{2011..2015}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.11-{2006..2010}

description::
"The 11th Five-Year Plan of China (2006-2010) was a crucial turning point in the country's economic and social development. Here's a breakdown of its key features and significance:
**Focus Areas**
* **Shift Towards Sustainable Development:** China began to move away from a purely growth-driven model towards a greater emphasis on sustainability. This meant finding a better balance between economic expansion and environmental protection.
* **Emphasis on Social Harmony:** The plan aimed to address growing income disparities and social inequities. This involved improving public services, extending social safety nets, and promoting more balanced development between urban and rural regions.
* **Resource Conservation:** Energy efficiency became a major target. The plan called for a 20% reduction in energy intensity (energy used per unit of GDP). This signaled that China was becoming more conscious of the environmental impact of its rapid industrialization.
* **Scientific and Technological Innovation:** The 11th Five-Year Plan promoted indigenous innovation as a key driver for economic transformation. China sought to break away from relying solely on imported technology and build its capabilities in research and development.
**Targets**
* **Economic Growth:** Maintain an average annual GDP growth rate of around 7.5%.
* **Energy Conservation:** Reduce energy intensity by 20%.
* **Emissions Reduction:** Cut major pollutant emissions by 10%.
* **Urbanization:** Increase the percentage of the population living in urban areas.
**Impact and Legacy**
The 11th Five-Year Plan is considered a watershed moment in China's development for several reasons:
* **Environmental Awareness:** It marked the first time a Five-Year Plan had binding targets for energy reduction and pollution control, putting environmental concerns front and center.
* **Social Welfare:** The plan's emphasis on building a "harmonious society" led to a strengthening of social programs and policies aimed at reducing inequality.
* **Future blueprint:** The 11th Five-Year Plan laid the foundation for subsequent plans that have continued to emphasize a more sustainable, balanced, and innovation-driven growth model for China.
Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 11th Five-Year Plan in more detail!"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/532235ee6499136d]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att039-Chnaplan5.{2006..2010}-11,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2006..2010}-11,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2006..2010}-11,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.11-{2006..2010},
* McsEngl.11-{2006..2010}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.10-{2001..2005}

description::
"You're likely referring to China's Five-Year Plans, a key aspect of economic and social strategy in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Here's a breakdown of the 10th Five-Year Plan, along with some context on the overall system:
**China's Five-Year Plans**
* **Purpose:** Set strategic goals for economic and social development over five-year periods. These plans outline priorities, targets, and policy directions for the nation.
* **History:** The practice of Five-Year Plans has its roots in the Soviet Union's centrally planned economy, and China adopted the model after the founding of the PRC in 1949.
**The 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005)**
* **Key Focuses:**
* Growing the services sector
* Developing domestic demand
* Western development (promoting development in China's less economically advanced western regions)
* Rural urbanization
* Environmental sustainability (increasing forest coverage, urban green spaces)
* **Significance:** The 10th Five-Year Plan shifted focus away from purely quantitative growth targets toward a more comprehensive approach including structural changes, sustainability, and quality of life improvements.
**Important Notes**
* **Flexibility:** These plans are less rigid than in the early days of the PRC. They can be modified and adjusted based on evolving economic and social conditions.
* **14th Five-Year Plan:** China is currently operating within the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025). This plan emphasizes technological innovation, a dual-circulation economy (combining domestic and international markets), and green development.
**Let me know if you would like a summary of another specific Five-Year Plan or want more information about how the system functions!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/05c6e02fbe9063d8]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att040-Chnaplan5.{2001..2005}-10,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{2001..2005}-10,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{2001..2005}-10,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.10-{2001..2005},
* McsEngl.10-{2001..2005}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.09-{1996..2000}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1996-2000), including its major goals, strategies, and outcomes:
**Major Goals**
* **Completing the Second Phase of Modernization:** China aimed to further develop its economy, infrastructure, and living standards as part of its long-term modernization goals.
* **Quadrupling Per Capita GDP:** The plan set a target to quadruple the 1980 per capita GDP by the year 2000, reflecting economic growth aspirations.
* **Eradicating Poverty:** A significant focus was placed on reducing poverty levels and improving the lives of the nation's poorest citizens.
* **Accelerating the Transition to a Socialist Market Economy:** China sought to deepen its market-oriented reforms, further transforming its economy.
* **Establishing a Modern Enterprise System:** The focus was on improving the efficiency and competitiveness of state-owned enterprises while encouraging the growth of the private sector.
**Key Strategies**
* **Macroeconomic Regulation and Control:** The government continued to play an active role in managing the economy through fiscal and monetary policies.
* **Prioritizing Agriculture:** Agriculture remained important, with policies aimed at increasing productivity and rural living standards.
* **Investing in Infrastructure:** Major investments were made in transportation, energy, and communication infrastructure to support long-term growth.
* **Emphasizing Science, Technology, and Education:** Efforts were increased to improve technological innovation, scientific development, and education levels as key drivers of economic competitiveness.
* **Focusing on Social Development:** The plan addressed social issues like healthcare, social security, and environmental protection.
* **Expanding Opening Up:** Continued emphasis on attracting foreign investment and increasing international trade.
**Outcomes**
* **Significant Economic Growth:** Over the five-year period, China experienced significant economic growth, although the target of completely eradicating poverty was not fully achieved.
* **Transformation of the Economic Structure:** Market-oriented reforms and the growth of the non-state sector led to shifts in the Chinese economy.
* **Improvements in Living Standards:** The lives of many ordinary Chinese citizens improved.
* **Advancements in Science and Technology:** China made progress in research and development, although a gap remained compared to the most developed nations.
* **Continued Challenges:** Despite the achievements, China faced challenges including income inequality, environmental concerns, and the need for continued reform of state-owned enterprises.
**Historical Significance**
The Ninth Five-Year Plan was a crucial period in China's economic transition and laid the foundation for the country's rapid rise in the early 21st century. The policies and goals of this plan helped propel China into becoming a major global economic power.
**Let me know if you'd like more details on any specific aspect of the Ninth Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/126a0a1d0614172a]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att041-Chnaplan5.{1996..2000}-09,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1996..2000}-09,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1996..2000}-09,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.09-{1996..2000},
* McsEngl.09-{1996..2000}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.08-{1991..1995}

description::
"Here's a summary of the 8th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1991-1995), including its key goals, outcomes, and significance:
**Background**
Following the success of previous economic reforms, China was in a period of transition toward a socialist market economy by the time of the 8th Five-Year Plan. This plan sought to solidify that shift and guide China's continued economic development.
**Key Goals**
* **Modernization:** Further modernize and upgrade China's industrial sectors and infrastructure.
* **Maintain Sustainable Growth:** Ensure a sustainable and balanced GDP growth rate of around 6% annually.
* **Address Regional Disparities:** Focus on developing the central and western regions to reduce the growing economic gap between coastal and inland parts of China.
* **Improve Living Standards:** Raise living standards and increase personal consumption across the population.
* **Science and Technology:** Emphasize technological innovation and research and development across various sectors.
* **Opening-Up:** Continue the policy of opening up China to foreign trade and investment.
**Significant Outcomes**
* **Economic Growth:** China exceeded its projected GDP growth rate, achieving rapid economic expansion and continuing its path to becoming a global economic powerhouse.
* **Infrastructure Upgrade:** Significant expansion of transportation networks (railways, highways, ports), energy projects, and telecommunications.
* **State-Owned Enterprise Reform:** Initiatives to streamline and increase the efficiency of state-owned enterprises were begun, improving their productivity.
* **Increased Standard of Living:** Living standards improved for many, though income inequality began to increase.
* **Scientific Advancement:** China saw progress in areas like space exploration and biotechnology.
**Historical Significance**
The 8th Five-Year Plan was a significant step in solidifying China's shift towards a more market-driven economy. It facilitated:
* **Foundation for Future Growth:** The infrastructure and industrial development laid the foundation for China's continued economic growth in subsequent decades.
* **Attracting Foreign Investment:** The emphasis on opening-up policies was critical in attracting foreign direct investment, which fueled China's economic advances.
* **Challenges Emerged:** The 8th Five-Year Plan period also highlighted growing income inequality and regional development gaps, which became major issues tackled in later plans.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the 8th Five-Year Plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/9b26746d5c5d4ab0]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att042-Chnaplan5.{1991..1995}-08,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1991..1995}-08,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1991..1995}-08,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.08-{1991..1995},
* McsEngl.08-{1991..1995}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.07-{1986..1990}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 7th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1986-1990):
**Background**
* China's economic reforms, initiated in the late 1970s, had shown success but also created imbalances and inflationary pressures. The 7th Five-Year Plan aimed at stabilizing the economy while continuing with reforms.
**Key Goals**
1. **Economic Reform and Indirect Control:** The plan emphasized shifting from direct, centralized government control to broader macroeconomic management. This involved giving enterprises more operational autonomy and using economic tools like taxes and interest rates to guide economic activity.
2. **Coastal Development Strategy:** China's coastal regions were given priority for development, focusing on:
* Restructuring traditional industries
* Cultivating new, high-tech industries
* Expanding consumer goods production
3. **Inland Development:** Inland regions were encouraged to support coastal development and focus on processing industries and agriculture.
4. **Economic Stability:** Efforts were made to curb inflation, regulate investment expenditure, and improve efficiency to maintain economic balance.
5. **Technological Advancement:** Technology imports and self-developed technology received increased attention to modernize industries.
6. **Improved Living Standards:** The plan aimed to increase real income for urban and rural populations.
7. **Foreign Trade and Investment:** China sought to expand exports, imports, and foreign investment to integrate further with the global economy.
8. **Education and Talent Development:** The focus was on implementing compulsory 9-year education and training a larger professional workforce.
**Outcomes**
* **Economic Growth:** The economy grew at a slower pace than the previous plan period but maintained an average annual growth rate of 7.8%.
* **Reform Progress:** The shift toward market-oriented policies continued, though at a gradual pace.
* **Increased Living Standards:** Consumption levels improved for many Chinese citizens.
* **Expanded Foreign Engagement:** Foreign trade and investment increased significantly.
* **Continued Imbalances:** Regional disparities and some inflationary pressures persisted.
**Historical Significance**
The 7th Five-Year Plan marked a crucial period in China's economic history. It:
* Demonstrated China's commitment to further economic reforms.
* Initiated a strategy of regional specialization for economic development.
* Set a foundation for more rapid growth and market opening in subsequent decades.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any aspect of the plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/4cb3b6c5d1a5780f]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att043-Chnaplan5.{1986..1990}-07,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1986..1990}-07,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1986..1990}-07,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.07-{1986..1990},
* McsEngl.07-{1986..1990}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.06-{1981..1985}

description::
"Here's a summary of the 6th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (1981-1985), including its key goals, focuses, and significance:
**Background**
* The 6th Five-Year Plan was a crucial point in China's economic development. It came after the turbulence of the Cultural Revolution and aimed to stabilize and restructure the economy.
* It marked a shift from the previous focus on heavy industry to a more balanced approach that included consumer goods and agriculture.
**Key Goals**
* **Economic Readjustment and Restructuring:** Correcting imbalances caused by previous plans, focusing on light industry, and addressing economic inefficiencies.
* **Moderately Increased Standard of Living:** Improve the lives of Chinese citizens by focusing on consumer goods production.
* **Technological Progress:** Upgrade technology in existing industries and promote the development of new industries.
* **Strengthening Infrastructure:** Develop energy, transportation, and other crucial infrastructure sectors.
* **Emphasis on Education and Science:** Improve training and education to support modernization efforts.
**Major Focuses**
* **Agriculture:** Boost agricultural output and increase rural incomes.
* **Light Industry (consumer goods):** Expand the production of consumer goods to meet growing demand.
* **Energy:** Increase energy production, particularly coal, and improve energy conservation.
* **Transportation:** Expand railways, roads, and ports to improve the movement of goods and people.
* **Textiles:** A major industry for China at the time, the plan aimed to increase both production and quality of textile products.
**Significance**
* **Foundation for Future Growth:** The 6th Five-Year plan laid the groundwork for China's subsequent economic reforms and the period of rapid economic growth that followed.
* **Redirection of Economic Focus:** It marked a shift in emphasis towards a more balanced and consumer-oriented economy.
* **Initial Steps in Modernization:** The plan's emphasis on technological development and infrastructure helped modernize China's economy.
**Additional Notes:**
* The economic readjustment during this period led to a temporary slowdown in growth, but it helped create a more sustainable foundation for long-term development.
* The plan introduced some early economic reforms, such as giving more autonomy to enterprises and experimenting with market mechanisms.
**Let me know if you want a more detailed breakdown of specific targets or policies within the 6th Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c7a8e02b766493f2]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att044-Chnaplan5.{1981..1985}-06,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1981..1985}-06,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1981..1985}-06,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.06-{1981..1985},
* McsEngl.06-{1981..1985}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.05-{1976..1980}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 5th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its historical context, goals, successes, and failures:
**Historical Context**
* **A Time of Turmoil:** The 5th Five-Year Plan (1976-1980) was launched in a period of significant political and economic instability following the Cultural Revolution. The death of Mao Zedong in 1976 further heightened this uncertainty.
* **Power Struggles and Conflicting Ideologies:** The post-Mao era saw a clash between those favoring a continuation of radical revolutionary policies and those pushing for economic modernization and greater openness. These tensions played out during the creation of the 5th Five-Year Plan.
**Goals of the Plan**
The 5th Five-Year Plan was heavily influenced by the desire to rapidly industrialize China. Some of its key aims were:
* **Massive Industrial Growth:** The original plan set extremely ambitious goals of reaching steel production levels of 60 million tons and petroleum output of 250 million tons by 1985.
* **Self-Reliance:** Emphasis was placed on developing China's own industries and reducing reliance on foreign technology and imports.
* **Building Key Infrastructure:** The plan aimed to construct 120 large-scale projects, including bases for steel, coal, non-ferrous metals, and oil development.
**Outcomes of the Plan**
The 5th Five-Year Plan experienced mixed results:
* **Initial Successes:** The plan did see some initial growth in heavy industry and the construction of several significant infrastructure projects.
* **Impractical Targets:** The unrealistic targets for steel and petroleum production quickly proved unachievable. The focus on heavy industry came at the expense of agriculture and light industry, creating severe imbalances in the economy.
* **Economic Adjustment:** In 1979, under the new leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China began shifting towards economic reforms, placing less emphasis on rigid central planning and more on market mechanisms. This was a major correction within the 5th Five-Year Plan period.
**Lessons Learned**
The 5th Five-Year Plan offers important lessons in centralized economic planning:
* **Need for Realistic Goals:** Setting overly ambitious targets without considering practical resource constraints leads to economic distortions.
* **Importance of Balance:** Focusing solely on heavy industry can harm other sectors of the economy, creating imbalances and shortages.
* **Flexibility for Course Correction:** Even with the best of intentions, central plans can be flawed. Mechanisms to review and adjust them are crucial for economic health.
**Legacy**
Despite its shortcomings, the 5th Five-Year Plan was a pivotal period in China's economic development. The failures and lessons learned helped shape the pragmatism and market-oriented reforms that laid the foundation for its later economic success.
**Let me know if you'd like to explore any specific aspects of the 5th Five-Year Plan in more detail!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/69d4c6baa4abd267]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att045-Chnaplan5.{1976..1980}-05,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1976..1980}-05,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1976..1980}-05,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.05-{1976..1980},
* McsEngl.05-{1976..1980}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.04-{1971..1975}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 4th Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC), including its historical context, main goals, outcomes, and significance:
**Historical Context**
* **Time Period:** 1971 - 1975
* **Political Situation:** The 4th Five-Year Plan was launched during a time of significant political upheaval in China, within the latter period of the Cultural Revolution. This led to instability and initially unrealistic targets within the plan.
**Main Goals**
The initial draft of the 4th Five-Year Plan set out highly ambitious goals:
* **Overall Growth:** Reach an average annual growth rate of 12.5% for the gross output value of industry and agriculture.
* **Infrastructure:** Invest 130 billion yuan in infrastructure construction over five years.
* **Agriculture:**
* Grain output: 300-325 billion kilograms.
* Cotton output: 65-70 million piculs (1 picul = 60 kg).
* **Industry**
* Steel output: 35-40 million tons.
* Coal: 400-430 million tons.
* Electricity: 200-220 billion kWh.
* Railway freight: 900 million to 1 billion tons.
**Revisions and Outcomes**
* **Adjusted Targets:** In 1973, the State Planning Commission revised the plan, lowering some of the initially unrealistic targets.
* **Outcomes:** Although the period faced disruption due to political instability, China saw some economic progress during the 4th Five-Year Plan:
* Industrial and agricultural output increased.
* Infrastructure development progressed.
* China began greater engagement in foreign trade.
**Significance**
* **Setting the Stage:** Despite its turbulent context, the 4th Five-Year Plan established foundations for future growth in China. It paved the way for later reform efforts aimed at more stable and sustainable growth.
* **Shift Towards Pragmatism:** The revision of the plan's targets marked a shift from a focus on extreme revolutionary ambitions towards a more pragmatic approach to economic growth.
**Important Considerations**
* **Impact of the Cultural Revolution:** The Cultural Revolution had a significant negative impact on the Chinese economy, including disruptions to production, investment, and education. These factors limited the full potential of the 4th Five-Year Plan.
* **Data Accuracy:** It's important to be aware of potential inaccuracies in data from this period due to the political environment in China.
**Let me know if you would like a more detailed breakdown of specific aspects of the 4th Five-Year Plan!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c617ade0a6fdcaaf]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att046-Chnaplan5.{1971..1975}-04,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1971..1975}-04,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1971..1975}-04,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.04-{1971..1975},
* McsEngl.04-{1971..1975}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.03-{1966..1970}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 3rd Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC):
**Background**
* **Timing:** 1966-1970
* **Context:** The 3rd Five-Year Plan came after the economic chaos of the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961). It also unfolded during the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.
**Goals**
1. **Strengthen Agriculture:** Agriculture was considered the foundation of economic development. The plan focused on increasing agricultural production, food, and essential consumer goods.
2. **Boost National Defense:** Given geopolitical tensions with both the Soviet Union and the United States, a strong defense sector was a major priority.
3. **Advance Key Industries:** Industrial development and infrastructure were still crucial for economic modernization. Focus was given to heavy industry, transportation, and energy sectors.
4. **Promote Science and Technology:** The plan aimed to advance China's scientific capabilities for both industry and national defense.
**Strategies and Implementation**
* **Readjustment and Recovery:** Much of the focus was on readjusting economic imbalances caused by the Great Leap Forward.
* **Decentralization:** Some decision-making was moved away from central authorities to provincial and local levels.
* **“Third Front” Construction:** Increased investment in inland provinces for strategic and security reasons.
**Outcomes**
* **Mixed Results:** Economic progress was made in some areas, particularly agriculture and basic industries, but the plan was hindered by the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution.
* **Political Upheaval:** Constant ideological campaigns and purges caused economic instability.
* **Improved Living Standards:** Despite the political chaos, many people experienced modest improvements in living standards compared to the immediate aftermath of the Great Leap Forward.
**Historical Significance**
The 3rd Five-Year Plan demonstrated the difficulties of establishing planned economic growth within a highly politicized and unstable environment. It also showed China's continued strategic focus on industrialization and military readiness."
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/1735cfa8d205a7b1]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att047-Chnaplan5.{1966..1970}-03,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1966..1970}-03,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1966..1970}-03,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.03-{1966..1970},
* McsEngl.03-{1966..1970}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.02-{1958..1962}

description::
"Here's a breakdown of the 2nd Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China (PRC) along with some of the issues it led to:
**Background**
Following the success of the first Five-Year Plan (1953-1957), the Chinese Communist Party launched its Second Five-Year Plan (1958-1962). However, this plan was intimately tied into the disastrous Great Leap Forward.
**Goals of the Plan**
* **Heavy Industry Focus:** The plan aimed to continue the rapid industrialization of China, with a particular emphasis on heavy industry such as steel, coal, and machinery.
* **Simultaneous Development:** Unlike the first plan, the focus was on developing agriculture and heavy industry at the same time.
* **Socialist Transformation:** Continuing the push to collectivize land, businesses, and other means of production into a more rigidly socialist structure.
* **Decentralization:** Some decision-making authority was supposed to devolve from the central government to provincial and local levels.
**The Great Leap Forward**
The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) was a radical and ultimately catastrophic attempt to accelerate China's economic development, launched alongside the 2nd Five-Year Plan. It involved:
* **Communes:** The establishment of large-scale agricultural communes where people were organized into work units and private property was mostly abolished.
* **Backyard Steel Furnaces:** A mass mobilization campaign to produce steel, even in small, improvised furnaces, that turned out to be largely wasteful and inefficient.
**Consequences**
The unrealistic targets of the Great Leap Forward and the disruption caused by its policies led to:
* **Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961):** One of the worst famines in human history resulted from a combination of agricultural mismanagement, bad weather, and the diversion of resources and labor away from food production. It's estimated that tens of millions of people died.
* **Economic Collapse:** Industrial production plummeted, and the entire Chinese economy went into a severe crisis.
**Legacy**
The 2nd Five-Year Plan was officially abandoned as the immense failure of the Great Leap Forward became apparent. The disaster led to a period of readjustment within the Chinese leadership and a more moderate economic course in the 1960s. However, the famine and the chaos of the period had a lasting and devastating impact on China."
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/1abb816217864e29]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att048-Chnaplan5.{1958..1962}-02,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1958..1962}-02,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1958..1962}-02,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.02-{1958..1962},
* McsEngl.02-{1958..1962}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplan5.01-{1953..1957}

description::
"Absolutely! Here's a breakdown of the People's Republic of China's 1st Five-Year Plan (1953-1957):
**Background**
* After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the country faced the enormous task of reconstruction after decades of war.
* The Chinese Communist Party, guided by Chairman Mao Zedong, saw the need for a centralized economic plan to guide the country's development.
**Goals and Influences**
* **Soviet Model:** The 1st Five-Year Plan was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's economic planning model. The USSR provided substantial assistance in the form of financial aid and technical expertise.
* **Heavy Industry:** The primary goal of the plan was to rapidly industrialize China, with a strong emphasis on developing heavy industries such as steel production, coal mining, and machinery manufacturing.
* **Collectivization of Agriculture:** To support industrialization, the plan also involved the collectivization of agriculture, where individual farms were merged into larger, state-controlled collectives.
**Key Projects**
* **156 Major Projects:** The plan included 156 key industrial projects designed to lay the foundation for China's industrial base. These covered areas like iron and steelworks, power plants, and transportation infrastructure.
* **Northeast China:** Due to its existing industrial base, Northeast China (Manchuria) received a significant portion of investment, leading to the development of major industrial centers.
**Outcomes**
* **Economic Success:** The 1st Five-Year Plan was largely considered a success in terms of economic growth. Industrial production increased significantly, especially in targeted sectors like steel and coal.
* **Socialist Transformation:** The plan accelerated the shift towards a socialist economic system with the government playing a dominant role in the economy.
* **Foundation for Future Growth:** While later economic plans of the PRC faced more challenges, the 1st Five-Year Plan laid the initial groundwork for China's eventual rise as an industrial power.
**Let me know if you want to delve deeper into specific aspects of the plan or how it compared to other economic initiatives in China's history!**"
[{2024-05-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/cba8d9d080e95ac5]

"By the time of the completion of the first 5 Year Economic Plan in 1957, Mao had come to believe that the path to socialism that had been followed by the Soviet Union was not appropriate for China. He was critical of Khrushchev's reversal of Stalinist policies and he was also alarmed by the uprisings that had taken place in East Germany, Poland and Hungary, and the perception that the USSR was seeking "peaceful coexistence" with the Western powers. Mao had become convinced that China should follow its own path to communism."
[{2024-08-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att049-Chnaplan5.{1953..1957}-01,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'Chnaplan5.{1953..1957}-01,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.{1953..1957}-01,
* McsEngl.Chnaplan5.01-{1953..1957},
* McsEngl.01-{1953..1957}-Chnaplan5,

Chnaplanning.urban

description::
"Urban planning in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a complex and dynamic field, shaped by a combination of top-down government directives, rapid urbanization, and increasing consideration for environmental sustainability.
**Key characteristics:**
* **Top-down approach:** The Chinese government plays a central role in urban planning through a tiered system of national, provincial, and local plans. This centralized approach allows for large-scale, coordinated development but can also lead to a lack of flexibility and local input.
* **High density urban development:** Due to rapid population growth and limited land resources, Chinese cities are often characterized by high-density development, with extensive use of high-rise buildings and compact urban layouts.
* **Extensive urbanization:** China has experienced unprecedented urbanization in recent decades, with hundreds of millions of people moving from rural areas to cities. This has led to the rapid expansion of existing cities and the construction of numerous new ones.
* **Increasing focus on sustainability:** While economic growth and development have been the primary drivers of urban planning in the past, there is a growing recognition of the need for sustainable and environmentally conscious urban development. This is reflected in initiatives such as the promotion of green building practices, the development of public transportation systems, and the creation of urban green spaces.
**Challenges and opportunities:**
* **Balancing growth and sustainability:** One of the key challenges for urban planning in China is to balance the need for continued economic growth and development with the imperative of creating sustainable and livable cities.
* **Managing rapid urbanization:** The rapid pace of urbanization presents significant challenges in terms of providing adequate housing, infrastructure, and services for the growing urban population.
* **Addressing environmental concerns:** The rapid industrialization and urbanization of China have led to significant environmental challenges, including air pollution, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Urban planning needs to address these concerns and promote environmentally sustainable development.
* **Encouraging innovation and smart city development:** China has the opportunity to leverage technological advancements and data-driven approaches to create innovative and smart cities that improve the quality of life for its citizens.
**Conclusion:**
Urban planning in China is a complex and multifaceted field, facing significant challenges and opportunities. While the government's top-down approach has allowed for rapid development and large-scale infrastructure projects, there is a growing need for more sustainable and environmentally conscious urban planning practices. By balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability, and by addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization, China can create vibrant, livable, and sustainable cities for its future.
**Disclaimer:**
While I strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, please be aware that urban planning policies and practices in China are constantly evolving. If you require more specific or detailed information, please consult official government sources or academic resources. "
[{2024-08-18 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/e2795ed2af514c78]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att073-urban-planning,
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'urban-planning,
* McsEngl.urban-planning-in-PRC,

National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-(2014-2020)

description::
"The **National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)** was a significant policy initiative in China, aimed at guiding the country's urbanization process during that period. It represented a strategic shift in China's approach to urbanization, focusing on more sustainable, inclusive, and balanced development compared to the rapid urban growth seen in previous decades. Here are some key points about the plan:

### Objectives:
1. **Promote Sustainable Urbanization**: The plan aimed to encourage more sustainable forms of urbanization, focusing on energy efficiency, environmental protection, and improved urban planning.
2. **Improve the Quality of Urbanization**: Rather than just expanding cities, the plan emphasized improving the quality of life in urban areas, including better infrastructure, public services, and housing conditions.
3. **Balanced Regional Development**: The plan sought to reduce the regional disparities in urban development by promoting growth in smaller cities and towns, especially in central and western China, rather than concentrating growth in coastal megacities.
4. **Urban-Rural Integration**: It emphasized better integration of urban and rural areas, including the provision of public services in rural areas, development of rural infrastructure, and allowing more rural residents to settle in cities.
5. **People-Centered Urbanization**: The plan highlighted the importance of a people-centered approach to urbanization, with a focus on improving citizens' quality of life, expanding access to social services, and ensuring fair and equal opportunities for all residents, including migrants from rural areas.

### Key Features:
- **Hukou System Reform**: One of the major reforms under this plan was the gradual reform of the *hukou* (household registration) system, which historically restricted rural residents from accessing public services in cities. The plan proposed loosening these restrictions to allow more rural migrants to obtain urban residency status.
- **Environmental and Resource Constraints**: Recognizing the environmental challenges posed by rapid urbanization, the plan included measures to manage resource constraints, reduce pollution, and promote green development.
- **Smart and Digital Cities**: The plan encouraged the development of smart cities using information and communication technologies to improve urban management, public services, and economic productivity.
- **Public Services Expansion**: The plan aimed to expand access to public services, including education, healthcare, and social security, to all urban residents, including migrants.
- **Urban Infrastructure Development**: Significant investments were planned for urban infrastructure, including transportation, water supply, and waste management systems, to support the growing urban population.

### Outcomes:
By the end of 2020, China had made substantial progress toward the goals outlined in the plan. Urbanization levels increased significantly, with a greater focus on quality over quantity. The reform of the *hukou* system allowed more rural migrants to settle in cities, although challenges remained. The development of smaller cities and towns helped to alleviate the pressure on major metropolitan areas, and there was a growing emphasis on sustainable and green urban development.
The National New-Type Urbanization Plan laid the groundwork for China's continued urbanization efforts in the 2020s, with ongoing reforms and initiatives building on its achievements."
[{2024-08-18 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/c2d6f379-357d-48cc-9dec-2cc21daa8ad6]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'att074-National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-{2014..2020},
* McsEngl.Chnaecon'National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-{2014..2020},
* McsEngl.National-New-Type-Urbanization-Plan-{2014..2020},

admin-system of socChna

description::
">Chinese administration overview:
The Chinese administration operates under a single-party political system led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The country's administrative framework is structured to ensure centralized control while delegating certain powers to regional and local governments. Here's an overview of the main components of the Chinese administrative system:
### Central Government
- **National People's Congress (NPC):** The highest state body and China's legislative house. It is responsible for making and enforcing laws. The NPC also elects the President and the Vice President of the People's Republic of China.
- **President:** The head of state, elected by the NPC. The President represents China in foreign relations and performs ceremonial duties.
- **State Council:** The chief administrative authority, effectively the government of China. It is led by the Premier and includes vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, and heads of commissions. The State Council executes laws, drafts economic policies, and administers day-to-day national affairs.
- **Central Military Commission (CMC):** Controls the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the militia forces. It is the highest military body.
### Communist Party of China (CPC)
- **National Congress of the CPC:** The party's highest body, it convenes every five years to outline policies and elect the Central Committee.
- **Central Committee:** Governs the party between national congresses and elects the Politburo and its Standing Committee, which are the core leadership bodies.
- **General Secretary:** The highest-ranking official within the Communist Party, typically the most powerful person in China.
- **Politburo and Standing Committee:** They are the top decision-making bodies of the CPC, determining policies and the direction of the state.
### Judicial Branch
- **Supreme People's Court:** The highest court in the country, overseeing the judicial system.
- **Supreme People's Procuratorate:** The highest national level public procurator's office, responsible for both prosecution and investigation.
### Local Government
China is divided into several administrative levels, including provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and Special Administrative Regions (SARs). Local governments are structured similarly to the central government and are responsible for implementing national policies and administering local affairs.
- **Provinces and Autonomous Regions:** Have their own local congresses and governments which report to the central government.
- **Municipalities and Special Administrative Regions (SARs):** Like Beijing and Shanghai (municipalities), and Hong Kong and Macau (SARs), have a degree of administrative autonomy and directly report to the central government.
### Policy Implementation and Control
- **United Front Work Department:** Manages relationships with non-Communist Party entities and influences areas such as religion and overseas Chinese affairs.
- **Discipline Inspection Commissions:** Responsible for monitoring corruption and ensuring party discipline at all levels of government.
This structure allows the CPC to maintain control over the state apparatus, ensuring that the party's policies and directives are implemented throughout the country. The system is designed to promote stability, economic development, and party control, with a focus on centralization, efficiency, and social harmony."
[{2024-03-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/00efd10e-17f6-4c22-83fe-c1cd03b727c7]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn!=admin-sys--of-socChna,
* McsEngl.admin-sys--of-socChna!⇒ChnaAdmn,
* McsEngl.socChna'att002-admin-sys!⇒ChnaAdmn,
* McsEngl.socChna'admin-sys!⇒ChnaAdmn,

people's-democratic-dictatorship of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The term "people's democratic dictatorship" is a political concept that is enshrined in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party.

**Core Tenets:**
* **Representation:** The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the state claim to represent and act on behalf of the people.
* **Dictatorship of the Proletariat:** The CCP holds that it is necessary to maintain a dictatorship of the proletariat (working class) to prevent a return to a "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie" (rule by the capitalist class).
* **Suppression of Opposition:** The CCP believes it has the right to use its power to suppress any forces it deems "reactionary" or opposed to its socialist agenda.

**Historical Context:**
The concept of people's democratic dictatorship was developed by Mao Zedong, the founding leader of the People's Republic of China. It was seen as a necessary step in the transition from a capitalist to a socialist society.

**Criticisms:**
The term has been widely criticized for its inherent contradiction. Critics argue that a dictatorship, even one claiming to be on behalf of the people, cannot be truly democratic. They point to the CCP's suppression of dissent and lack of political freedoms as evidence that the system is not truly representative of the people's will.

**Alternative Perspectives:**
Some scholars argue that the concept of people's democratic dictatorship is a product of its historical context and should not be taken at face value. They suggest that it was a way for the CCP to legitimize its rule and maintain control over the country during a time of political and social upheaval.
**If you are interested in learning more about this topic, you may want to explore the following resources:**
* Wikipedia article on People's democratic dictatorship: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship)
* Mao Zedong's essay "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship": [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm)
Please note that this is a complex and controversial topic, and there are many different perspectives on it. It is important to consider multiple viewpoints and sources of information before forming your own opinion.
Sources
cvec.org/at-the-top-current-items/course-descriptions-20w/entenmann-info-20w/
typeset.io/pdf/thought-reform-during-the-chinese-cultural-revolution-the-33r5dh7fdm.pdf"
[{2024-07-19 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/d37fd8c4218cceaa]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att021-people's-democratic-dictatorship,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'people's-democratic-dictatorship,
* McsEngl.people's-democratic-dictatorship--of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socialist-consultative-democracy,
* McsEngl.whole-process-people's-democracy,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.rénmín-mínzhǔ-zhuānzhèng-人民民主专政!=people's-democratic-dictatorship,
* McsZhon.人民民主专政-rénmín-mínzhǔ-zhuānzhèng!=people's-democratic-dictatorship,

communist-party of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the central force in Chinese politics. Here's a breakdown of the CCP:
**Role:**
* The CCP is the **founding and sole ruling party** of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
* It has complete control over the government and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), China's military.
**History:**
* Founded in 1921 by figures like Mao Zedong and Chen Duxiu.
* Won the Chinese Civil War in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China.
**Structure:**
* Highly centralized and hierarchical with the National Party Congress as its highest authority.
* The Congress meets every few years to elect a Central Committee, which in turn elects a Politburo, the core decision-making body.
* The CCP has over 98 million members, making it the world's second-largest political party.
**Ideology:**
* Officially adheres to **socialism with Chinese characteristics**, a blend of communist ideology and market economics.
* Emphasizes national rejuvenation and a strong central government.
**Criticisms:**
* The CCP is often criticized for its:
* Authoritarian rule and limited political freedoms.
* Human rights record, including suppression of dissent and ethnic minorities.
* Control over information and internet censorship.
**Understanding the CCP is crucial to understanding modern China.**
For further reading, you can explore these resources (but I can't provide links directly):
* Wikipedia: [Chinese Communist Party]
* Britannica: [Chinese Communist Party (CCP)]"
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c6da06fd656841b5]

name::
* McsEngl.CCP!=Chinese-communist-party!⇒Chnacp,
* McsEngl.CPC!=communist-party-of-China!⇒Chnacp,
* McsEngl.Chinese-communist-party!⇒Chnacp,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att001-communist-party!⇒Chnacp,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'communist-party!⇒Chnacp,
* McsEngl.Chnacp!=communist-party-of-China,
* McsEngl.communist-party-of-China!⇒Chnacp,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-中国共产党!=Chnacp,
* McsZhon.中国共产党-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng!=Chnacp,

worldview of Chnacp

description::
"[party members] Conscientiously study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,"
[{2024-03-29 retrieved} CPC-Constitution/Article-3]

"Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods, consisting of Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents (Jiang Zemin), Scientific Outlook on Development (Hu Jintao), and Xi Jinping Thought. According to CCP doctrine, Xi Jinping Thought is considered to represent Marxist–Leninist policies suited for China's present condition while Deng Xiaoping Theory was considered relevant for the period when it was formulated.[1]
The term entered common usage during the era of Deng Xiaoping and was largely associated with Deng's overall program of adopting elements of market economics as a means to foster growth using foreign direct investment and to increase productivity (especially in the countryside where 80% of China's population lived) while the CCP retained both its formal commitment to achieve communism and its monopoly on political power.[2] In the party's official narrative, socialism with Chinese characteristics is Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions and a product of scientific socialism. The theory stipulated that China was in the primary stage of socialism due to its relatively low level of material wealth and needed to engage in economic growth before it pursued a more egalitarian form of socialism, which in turn would lead to a communist society described in Marxist orthodoxy.[3]"
[{2024-07-17 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'worldview,
* McsEngl.socialism-with-Chinese-characteristics!⇒Chnacp'worldview,
* McsEngl.worldview.Chnacp!⇒Chnacp'worldview,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.中国特色社会主义-zhōngguó-tèsè-shèhuì-zhǔyì!=Chnacp'worldview,

Mao-Zedong-thought of Chnacp

description::
"Mao Zedong Thought, officially known as Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, represents the adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to the specific conditions of pre-industrial China. It emphasizes the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, the importance of armed struggle, and the concept of continuous revolution.
Here's a summary of key aspects:
* **Peasant-based revolution:** Mao Zedong believed that in pre-industrial societies like China, the peasantry, rather than the urban proletariat, could be the primary force of revolution. This contrasted with traditional Marxist-Leninist theory, which focused on the urban working class.
* **Armed struggle:** Mao Zedong advocated for armed struggle as the primary means of achieving revolutionary change. He believed that political power ultimately came from the barrel of a gun.
* **Mass line:** The mass line emphasizes the importance of close connection between the Communist Party and the masses. It involves learning from the masses, understanding their needs, and formulating policies based on their experiences.
* **Cultural Revolution:** Mao Zedong initiated the Cultural Revolution to combat perceived bourgeois influences within the Communist Party and society. This period was marked by significant social and political upheaval.
* **Continuous revolution:** Mao Zedong believed that even after the initial socialist revolution, class struggle would continue. He argued for the necessity of ongoing revolution to prevent the restoration of capitalism.
Mao Zedong Thought had a profound impact on the Chinese Communist Revolution and the subsequent development of the People's Republic of China. It continues to be a subject of study and debate, with various interpretations and assessments of its legacy."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/36730cb12af216f7]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att023-Mao-Zedong-thought,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Mao-Zedong-thought,
* McsEngl.Mao-Zedong-thought,

Deng-Xiaoping-theory of Chnacp

description::
"Deng Xiaoping Theory encompasses the various policy pronouncements that guided China's reform process starting in 1978. It is considered a significant departure from Mao Zedong Thought, as Deng emphasized economic development as the central focus of the Communist Party's work.
Key aspects of Deng Xiaoping Theory include:
* **Socialism with Chinese Characteristics:** This concept involves incorporating elements of capitalism into a socialist framework to boost productivity, advance Chinese culture, and improve people's living standards.
* **"Four Modernizations":** This refers to the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.
* **Open Door Policy:** This policy encourages foreign investment and trade to accelerate China's economic growth.
* **Economic Reforms:** These reforms include decentralizing economic decision-making, introducing market mechanisms, and allowing for private enterprise in certain sectors.
* **"One Country, Two Systems":** This principle was applied to Hong Kong and Macau, allowing them to maintain their capitalist systems while being part of the People's Republic of China.
Deng Xiaoping Theory significantly impacted China's economic development and global integration. However, it also faced criticism for issues such as income inequality, corruption, and environmental degradation.
For further information, you can refer to the following resources:
* Wikipedia article on Deng Xiaoping Theory: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory)
* Deng Xiaoping Theory on Chinese Posters: [https://chineseposters.net/themes/dengxiaoping-theory](https://chineseposters.net/themes/dengxiaoping-theory)
Please note that this is a brief overview of Deng Xiaoping Theory. If you have any specific questions or would like more details on a particular aspect, feel free to ask."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/dd6cd918e700b014]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att024-Deng-Xiaoping-theory,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Deng-Xiaoping-theory,
* McsEngl.Deng-Xiaoping-theory,

theory-of-three-represents of Chnacp

description::
"The Three Represents, officially known as the Theory of Three Represents, is a socio-political ideology that was introduced in China by Jiang Zemin in 2000. It defines the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Chinese society and outlines three key areas the CCP must represent:
1. **Represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces:** This means the CCP must prioritize economic development and modernization, focusing on advancing industries, technology, and innovation.
2. **Represent the orientation of China's advanced culture:** The CCP is tasked with promoting a socialist culture that aligns with China's values and traditions, while also encouraging cultural exchange and development.
3. **Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people:** The CCP's core mission is to serve the interests of the people, ensuring their well-being, social stability, and overall prosperity.
The Three Represents theory was significant for several reasons:
* **Ideological Shift:** It marked a departure from traditional Marxist-Leninist thought, where the Communist Party primarily represented the working class. The Three Represents broadened the party's focus to encompass broader societal interests.
* **Modernization:** It emphasized economic development and technological advancement as crucial goals for China, aligning with the country's reform and opening-up policies.
* **Legitimacy:** The theory aimed to strengthen the CCP's legitimacy by highlighting its commitment to serving the people and leading China towards a prosperous future.
**Criticisms:** The Three Represents has faced criticism for being vague and open to interpretation. Some argue it was primarily a political tool to consolidate Jiang Zemin's power and maintain the CCP's control over society.
If you would like to delve deeper into the Three Represents theory, I recommend consulting the following resources:
* Wikipedia article on Three Represents: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents)
* "Three Represents Theory" aims for "Peaceful Evolution" - RIETI: [https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/china/02082301.html](https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/china/02082301.html)
Let me know if you have any further questions!"
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/c4a9807f783640c3]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att025-theory-of-three-represents,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'theory-of-three-represents,
* McsEngl.theory-of-three-represents,

scientific-outlook-on-development of Chnacp

description::
"The Scientific Outlook on Development[a] is one of the guiding socio-economic principles of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), credited to former Chinese leader Hu Jintao and his administration, who was in power from 2002 to 2012.
The Scientific Outlook on Development incorporates scientific socialism, sustainable development, social welfare, a humanistic society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the creation of a Socialist Harmonious Society. According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development."[1]
The ideology is lauded by the Chinese government as a successor and extension ideology to Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Three Represents. It was ratified into the CCP constitution at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007, and to the preamble of the Chinese Constitution at the first session of the 13th National People's Congress in March 2018."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att026-scientific-outlook-on-development,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'scientific-outlook-on-development,
* McsEngl.scientific-outlook-on-development,

Xi-Jinping-thought of Chnacp

description::
""Xi Jinping Thought" refers to a set of policies and ideas derived from the speeches and writings of Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and President of the People's Republic of China. Officially known as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era," it was enshrined in the CPC's constitution in 2017 and in the country's constitution in 2018. This ideological framework is seen as a guide for China's political, economic, and social policies.
Key components of Xi Jinping Thought include:
1. **Party Leadership**: Emphasizing the absolute leadership of the Communist Party in all aspects of Chinese society. The CPC's role is central and must be upheld in every sphere, including politics, economy, culture, and military.
2. **Socialism with Chinese Characteristics**: Continuing and developing socialism adapted to China's specific conditions and unique historical, cultural, and social circumstances.
3. **Modernization**: Advancing economic modernization, technological innovation, and enhancing the country's overall national strength. This includes ambitious projects like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Made in China 2025 plan.
4. **Rule of Law**: Strengthening the rule of law in China to ensure justice, equity, and an orderly society, while maintaining the CPC's leading role.
5. **Ecological Civilization**: Prioritizing environmental protection and sustainable development to build a "Beautiful China."
6. **National Security**: Ensuring comprehensive national security, including economic, political, military, and cultural security.
7. **People-Centered Development**: Focusing on improving the quality of life and wellbeing of the Chinese people, addressing issues like poverty alleviation, healthcare, and education.
8. **Military Reform**: Strengthening and modernizing the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to build a world-class military force.
9. **Global Influence**: Promoting China's role and influence in global governance and international relations, advocating for a more multipolar world order and multilateralism.
10. **Cultural Confidence**: Promoting Chinese culture, values, and heritage as part of national rejuvenation and global cultural exchanges.
These principles are intended to guide China's development and governance in the coming decades, ensuring stability, prosperity, and the continued dominance of the Communist Party. Xi Jinping Thought represents the latest evolution of Marxist-Leninist principles adapted to the contemporary Chinese context."
[{2024-07-21 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/ff5d54f4-2654-4408-b8e9-47ad6f205e90]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att027-Xi-Jinping-thought,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Xi-Jinping-thought,
* McsEngl.Xi-Jinping-thought,

leadership of Chnacp

description::
"Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics."
[{2024-03-24 retrieved} Constitution/Article-1]

"All government departments, state-owned enterprises and public institutes include CCP committees, from the village level to the national level. The CCP committees in government bodies supervise and lead the bodies, with the State Council legally required to implement CCP policies.[7][8] As outlined by the CCP constitution: "Government, the military, society and schools, north, south, east and west – the party leads them all."[6]"
[{2024-03-24 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China#Relationship_with_the_Chinese_Communist_Party]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'leadership,

member of Chnacp

description::
"In recent years (as of 2022), around 30-35% of Chinese entrepreneurs have been party members.[15]"
[{2024-03-30 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents#Influence_and_reception]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'member,

cadre of Chnacp

description::
"The terms "member of the CPC" and "cadre" are often used in the context of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and have specific meanings:

### Member of the CPC
- **Definition**: An individual who has been formally admitted into the Communist Party of China.
- **Eligibility and Process**: Membership is open to any Chinese citizen over the age of 18 who accepts the party's program and constitution, willingly joins and works in one of the party's organizations, actively participates in party activities, executes the party's decisions, and pays membership dues.
- **Roles and Responsibilities**: Members are expected to uphold the party's principles, participate in party meetings, take part in party activities, and contribute to the party's work in various capacities. They are not necessarily in leadership or managerial positions.
- **Scope**: The party has millions of members from various walks of life, including students, workers, farmers, professionals, and officials.

### Cadre
- **Definition**: A cadre is a member of the CPC who holds a leadership or managerial position within the party, government, military, state-owned enterprises, or other institutions.
- **Eligibility and Process**: Cadres are typically selected from among the party members based on their performance, loyalty, and suitability for leadership roles. The selection process is rigorous and often involves evaluations, recommendations, and approvals from higher authorities within the party.
- **Roles and Responsibilities**: Cadres are responsible for implementing party policies, managing organizational affairs, leading teams, and ensuring the party's directives are carried out effectively. They hold significant influence and authority in their respective areas of responsibility.
- **Scope**: While all cadres are party members, not all party members are cadres. The cadre system is essential for the CPC's organizational structure and governance, ensuring that the party's leadership and administrative functions are carried out by trusted and capable individuals.

### Key Differences
1. **Scope of Membership**:
- All cadres are members of the CPC, but not all members are cadres.
2. **Roles and Responsibilities**:
- CPC members may not necessarily hold leadership or managerial positions, whereas cadres are specifically those in such positions.
3. **Selection and Appointment**:
- Regular members join the party through a standard membership process, while cadres are appointed to their positions based on their qualifications and the party's needs.
4. **Influence and Authority**:
- Cadres generally have more influence and authority within the party and government structures compared to regular party members."
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/1e2bf329-4233-43ce-ad03-015fb0fabdc1]

"The term in Chinese today generally extends to any person in a position of certain authority or responsibility subject to CCP oversight, whether or not they are members of the party. ... Personnel in many positions of state-owned enterprises and other government-affiliated institutions are also referred to as cadres. These individuals are generally paid by the state.[6][7]"
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party#Definition]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att030-cadre-of-Chnacp,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'cadre-of-Chnacp,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'cadre,
* McsEngl.cadre-of-Chnacp,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.gànbù-干部!=Chnacp'cadre,
* McsZhon.干部-gànbù!=Chnacp'cadre,

constitution of Chnacp

description::
"The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party has 55 articles and its contents describe the program of the party, as well as its organizational structure and party symbolism."
[{2024-03-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party]

name::
* McsEngl.CPC-Constitution!⇒Chnacpcstn,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'constitution!⇒Chnacpcstn,
* McsEngl.Chnacpcstn!=Chinese-Communist-Part-Constitution,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.中国共产党章程-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhāngchéng!=Chnacpcstn,

source:
http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/Constitution-of-Communist-Party-of-China_202210.pdf

CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA

Revised and adopted at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on
October 22, 2022

General Program

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. It is the leadership core for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and represents the developmental demands of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation for China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the greatest possible majority of the Chinese people. The Party’s highest ideal and ultimate goal is the realization of communism.

The Communist Party of China uses Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its guides to action.

Marxism-Leninism reveals the laws governing the development of the history of human society. Its basic tenets are correct and have tremendous vitality. The highest ideal of communism pursued by Chinese Communists can be realized only when socialist society is fully developed and highly advanced. The development and improvement of the socialist system is a long historical process. By upholding the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism and following the path suited to China’s specific conditions as chosen by the Chinese people, China’s socialist cause will ultimately be victorious.

With Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, Chinese Communists developed Mao Zedong Thought by combining the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism with the actual practice of the Chinese revolution. Mao Zedong Thought is the application and development of Marxism-Leninism in China; it is a body of theoretical principles and a summary of experiences, proven correct in practice, relating to China’s revolution and construction; and it is a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in the long revolutionary struggle against imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism, securing victory in the new democratic revolution and founding the People’s Republic of China, a people’s democratic dictatorship. After the founding of the People’s Republic, the Communist Party of China successfully led the people in carrying out socialist transformation, completing the transition from New Democracy to socialism, establishing the basic socialist system, and developing a socialist economy, politics, and culture.

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping as their chief representative, analyzed both positive and negative experience gained since the founding of the People’s Republic, emancipated the mind, and sought truth from facts. They shifted the focus of the whole Party’s work onto economic development and introduced reform and opening up, thereby ushering in a new era of development in socialism; they gradually formulated the line, principles, and policies for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, brought clarity to basic questions on building, consolidating, and developing socialism in China, and thus established Deng Xiaoping Theory. Deng Xiaoping Theory is the product of combining Marxism-Leninism’s basic tenets with practice in contemporary China and the particular features of the era; it is a continuation and development of Mao Zedong Thought under new historical conditions; it represents a new stage for the development of Marxism in China; it is the Marxism of contemporary China and a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China; and it guides the continuous progression of China’s socialist modernization.

After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Jiang Zemin as their chief representative, through developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in practice, deepened their understanding of what socialism is and how to build it, and what kind of party to build and how to build it, and gathered valuable new experience in governing the Party and the country, thus forming the Theory of Three Represents. The Theory of Three Represents, which is a continuation and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory, reflects new demands that the developments and changes in today’s world and in China have placed on the Party and the government in their work. A powerful theoretical tool for strengthening and improving Party building and promoting the self-improvement and development of China’s socialism, it is a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China and a guiding ideology that the Party must uphold in the long term. Always ensuring the Theory of Three Represents is practiced is the foundation of the Party’s own development, the cornerstone of governance by the Party, and the source of the Party’s strength.

After the Party’s 16th National Congress, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Hu Jintao as their chief representative, continued to take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Theory of Three Represents as their guide. On the basis of the new demands of development they forged a deep understanding of and answered major questions, including what kind of development to pursue and how to pursue it in a new situation, thus forming the Scientific Outlook on Development, which puts people first and calls for comprehensive, balanced, and sustainable development. The Scientific Outlook on Development is a scientific theory that continues in congruence with Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the Theory of Three Represents, while advancing with the times. It fully embodies the Marxist worldview and methodology on development and represents a major achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. It is a crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China and a guiding ideology that must be upheld long term in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Since the Party’s 18th National Congress, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative, integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and fine traditional culture, have provided sound answers to major questions of our times, such as what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics the new era requires us to uphold and develop and how we should uphold and develop it, thus giving shape to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The Thought is a continuation and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development. It is the Marxism of contemporary China and of the 21st century, embodying the best of Chinese culture and ethos of this era. It represents a crystallization of the practical experience and collective wisdom of the Party and the people, an important component of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a guide to action for the entire Party and all the Chinese people to strive for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and must be upheld long term and constantly developed. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in a concerted effort to carry out a great struggle, develop a great project, advance a great cause, and realize a great dream, ushering in a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, fulfilling the First Centenary Goal, and embarking on the new journey to accomplish the Second Centenary Goal.

Ultimately, the fundamental reason for all of China’s achievements and progress since reform and opening up began is that the Party has forged a path, formed a theoretical system, established a system, and developed a culture for socialism with Chinese characteristics. All Party members must cherish deeply, uphold long term, and continue to develop this path, this theoretical system, this socialist system, and this culture, which the Party has developed through great hardship. All Party members must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, have firm confidence in its path, theory, system, and culture, carry forward the fighting spirit and build up our fighting ability, implement the Party’s basic theory, basic line, and basic policy, and strive to fulfill the three historic tasks of advancing modernization, achieving China’s reunification, and safeguarding world peace and promoting common development, and realize the Second Centenary Goal and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has remained true to its original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. Through its endeavors over the past century, the Party has fundamentally transformed the future of the Chinese people, opened up the right path for achieving rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, demonstrated the strong vitality of Marxism, profoundly influenced the course of world history, and made itself a forerunner of the times. Based on long-term practice, the Party has gained valuable historical experience in the following respects: upholding the Party’s leadership, putting the people first, advancing theoretical innovation, staying independent, following the Chinese path, maintaining a global vision, breaking new ground, standing up for ourselves, promoting the united front, and remaining committed to self-reform. These points are a rich source of inspiration that the Party and the people have created together. We must cherish them, uphold them over the long term, and continue to enrich and develop them through practice.

China is currently in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come. This is a stage of history that cannot be bypassed as China, which used to be economically and culturally lagging, makes progress in socialist modernization; it will take over a century. China’s development of socialism must begin from China’s own circumstances, follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and comprehensively promote national rejuvenation through the path of Chinese modernization. At the present stage, the principal contradiction in Chinese society is that between the ever-growing needs of the people for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Owing to both domestic factors and international influences, a certain amount of class struggle will continue to exist for a long time to come, and under certain circumstances may even grow more pronounced, however, it is no longer the principal contradiction. In building socialism in China, the basic tasks are to further release and develop the productive forces and gradually achieve socialist modernization and, to this end, reform those elements and areas within the relations of production and the superstructure that are unsuited to the development of the productive forces. The Party must uphold and improve the basic economic systems including the system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together, a system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay while multiple forms of distribution exist alongside it, and the socialist market economy. It must encourage some areas and some people to become well-off first, gradually realize the goal of common prosperity for all, and on the basis of developing production and social wealth, keep meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and promote people’s well-rounded development. Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. The Party must commit to a people-centered philosophy of development. It should have an accurate understanding of this new stage of development, apply a new philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development, accelerate efforts to foster a new pattern of development that is focused on the domestic economy and features positive interplay between domestic and international economic flows, and pursue high-quality development. The general starting point and criteria for judging each item of the Party’s work are that it must benefit the development of the socialist productive forces, be conducive to increasing socialist China’s overall strength, and help to improve the people’s living standards. The Party must respect labor, knowledge, talent, and creativity and ensure that development is for the people and relies on the people, and that its fruits are shared among the people. In accordance with the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Party must promote coordinated economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological advancement, and coordinate efforts to build a modern socialist country in all respects, comprehensively deepen reform, fully advance the law-based governance of China, and strengthen Party self-governance in every respect. On the new journey in the new era, the strategic objectives of economic and social development are to basically realize socialist modernization by 2035 and build China into a great modern socialist country by the middle of this century.

The basic line of the Communist Party of China in the primary stage of socialism is to lead all the people of China together in a self-reliant and pioneering effort, making economic development the central task, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles, and remaining committed to reform and opening up, so as to see China becomes a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.

In leading the cause of socialism, the Communist Party of China must continue its commitment to economic development as the central task, and all other work must take an ancillary role and serve this center. The Party shall implement the strategy for invigorating China through science and education, the strategy on developing a quality work force, the innovation-driven development strategy, the rural vitalization strategy, the coordinated regional development strategy, the sustainable development strategy, and the military-civilian integration strategy. It shall give full play to the role of science and technology as primary productive forces, the role of talent as the primary resource, and the role of innovation as the primary force driving development, draw on advances in science and technology, improve the quality of the country’s workforce, and ensure higher-quality and more efficient, equitable, sustainable, and secure development of the economy.

The Four Cardinal Principles—to keep to the path of socialism, to uphold the people’s democratic dictatorship, to uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and to uphold Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought—form the foundation for building the country. Throughout the whole course of socialist modernization, the Party must adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles and oppose bourgeois liberalization.

A continued commitment to reform and opening up is the path to a stronger China. Only through reform and opening up can we develop China, develop socialism, and develop Marxism. The Party must comprehensively deepen reform, improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and modernize China’s system and capacity for governance. The Party must fundamentally reform the economic structure that constrains the development of the productive forces and uphold and improve the socialist market economy; and in congruence with this it must undertake political structural reform and reform in other fields. The Party must uphold the fundamental national policy of making China open to the world and embrace and learn from all achievements of human society. In carrying out reform and opening up, the Party should be boldly explorative and brave in breaking new ground; the Party should improve the scientific nature of reform-related decision making, pursue reform in a more systematic, holistic, and coordinated way, and pioneer new approaches through practice.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing the socialist market economy. It shall be firm in consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and shall remain steadfast in encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. It shall give play to the decisive role of market forces in resource allocation and ensure the government plays its role better, and establish a sound system for macroeconomic regulation. The Party shall work to balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between humankind and nature, and domestic development and openness to the world. It shall adjust the economic structure, transform the growth model, and advance supply-side structural reform. The Party shall promote the synchronized development of new industrialization, information technology application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, and shall build a new socialist countryside, take a new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, and build China into a country of innovation and a global leader in science and technology.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing socialist democracy. It shall preserve the organic unity of Party leadership, the running of the country by the people, and law-based governance, follow the Chinese socialist path of political development and the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, expand socialist democracy, develop a socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and build a socialist rule of law country, thereby consolidating the people’s democratic dictatorship and developing a socialist political civilization. It shall uphold and improve the people’s congress system, the Communist Party-led system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of public self-governance at the primary level. The Party shall develop a broader, fuller, and more robust whole-process people’s democracy, advance extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy, and act in earnest to protect the people’s right to manage state and social affairs and to manage economic and cultural matters. It shall respect and safeguard human rights. The Party shall encourage the free expression of views and work to establish sound systems and procedures for democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight. It shall improve the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics and strengthen the implementation of law, to bring all the work of the state under the rule of law.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing advanced socialist culture. It shall promote socialist cultural-ethical progress, ensure the practice of the rule of law in combination with the rule of virtue, and work to strengthen the thinking and morality as well as the knowledge of science and culture of the whole nation to provide powerful ideological guarantees, motivation, and intellectual support for reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, and develop a strong socialist culture in China. It shall strengthen the system of core socialist values, uphold Marxism as its guiding ideology, foster the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote a national spirit to which patriotism is central and a spirit of the times centered on reform and innovation, cultivate and practice core socialist values, and champion the socialist concept of honor and disgrace. It shall work to strengthen the people’s sense of national dignity, self-confidence, and self-reliance, protect against the corroding influence of decadent capitalist and feudal ideas, and eliminate all social ills, endeavoring to see that the people of China are people of high ideals and moral integrity and are cultured and disciplined. It must better educate its members of the great ideal of communism. The Party shall strive to develop educational, scientific, and cultural undertakings, promote the creative evolution and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, carry forward our revolutionary culture, develop an advanced socialist culture, and enhance our country’s cultural soft power. The Party shall hold firmly the leading position in ideological work, constantly consolidate the guiding position of Marxism in the realm of ideology, and cement the common ideological foundation which underpins the concerted endeavor of the entire Party and all the Chinese people.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in building a harmonious socialist society. In accord with the overall demands of democracy and the rule of law, equity and justice, honesty and fraternity, vigor and vitality, stability and order, and harmony between humankind and nature, and in line with the principle of building together and sharing together such a society, the Party shall work to solve problems of the greatest, most immediate, and most practical concern to the people. In doing this, it shall focus on ensuring and improving living standards. It shall work to ensure the fruits of development are of greater and more equitable benefit to the people, help them gain an increasingly stronger sense of fulfillment, and strive to see that all people realize their potential, find their proper place in society, and live together in harmony. The Party shall strengthen and develop new approaches to social governance. It shall strictly distinguish between and properly handle contradictions between us and enemies and contradictions among the people, these two different types of contradiction. It shall strengthen comprehensive measures to maintain law and order, and work with firm resolve and in accordance with the law to combat criminal activities that endanger national security and national interests, or threaten social stability or economic development, and will bring criminals to justice, maintaining lasting social stability. The Party shall pursue a holistic approach to national security, promote development while ensuring security, and resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests.

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in building a socialist ecological civilization. It shall strengthen the philosophy underlying ecological civilization that nature should be respected, adapted to, and protected; fully understand that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets; follow the fundamental national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment; uphold the principle of prioritizing resource conservation and environmental protection and letting nature restore itself; and take a positive path to development that ensures increased production, higher living standards, and healthy ecosystems. The Party shall strive to build a resource-conserving, environmentally friendly society, implement the strictest possible environmental protection systems, and work to shape spatial layouts, industrial structures, modes of production, and ways of life that are conducive to resource conservation and environmental protection, creating good working and living environments for the people, and ensuring sustainable development for the Chinese nation. The Communist Party of China shall uphold its absolute leadership over the People’s Liberation Army and other people’s armed forces; implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military; strengthen the development of the People’s Liberation Army by enhancing its political loyalty, strengthening the military through reform, science and technology, personnel training, and running the military in accordance with the law; build people’s forces that obey the Party’s command, can fight and win, and maintain excellent conduct; elevate our people’s armed forces to world-class standards; ensure that the People’s Liberation Army accomplishes its missions and tasks in the new era; and give full play to the role of the People’s Liberation Army in consolidating national defense, defending the motherland, and participating in socialist modernization.

The Communist Party of China shall preserve and develop socialist relations among ethnic groups based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony; work proactively to train and select officials from ethnic minorities; help ethnic minorities and areas with concentrations of ethnic minorities with economic, cultural, and social development; foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation; and ensure that all ethnic groups work together for common development and prosperity. The Party shall fully implement its basic policy on religion, and encourage religious believers to contribute to economic and social development.

The Communist Party of China shall urge all workers, farmers, and intellectuals, and all other political parties, persons without party affiliation, and the patriotic forces of all ethnic groups in China to further develop and expand the broadest possible patriotic united front embracing all socialist workers, all those working for the socialist cause, all patriots who support socialism, all patriots who support the reunification of the motherland, and all patriots who are dedicated to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Party shall work continuously to strengthen the unity of all the Chinese people, including compatriots in the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and in Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese. It shall promote long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao, resolutely oppose and deter separatists seeking “Taiwan independence,” and achieve the reunification of the motherland by fully, faithfully, and resolutely implementing the policy of One Country, Two Systems.

The Communist Party of China shall uphold an independent foreign policy of peace, follow a path of peaceful development, continue with the win-win opening up strategy, consider both domestic and international situations, and actively foster relations with other countries, endeavoring to develop a favorable international environment for China’s reform, opening up, and modernization. In international affairs, it shall hold dear humanity’s shared values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom, uphold justice while pursuing shared interests, safeguard China’s independence and sovereignty, oppose hegemonism and power politics, defend world peace, promote human progress, work to build a community with a shared future for mankind, and advance the building of an open, inclusive, clean, and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity. It shall develop relations between China and other countries on the basis of the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. The Party shall constantly work to develop good neighborly relations between China and its surrounding countries and work to strengthen unity and cooperation between China and other developing countries. It shall follow the principle of achieving shared growth through discussion and collaboration, and pursue the Belt and Road Initiative. The Communist Party of China shall develop relations with the Communist parties and other political parties of other countries in accordance with the principles of independence, complete equality, mutual respect, and noninterference in each other’s internal affairs.

To lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to realize the Second Centenary Goal and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, the Communist Party of China must follow its basic line; uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership; exercise self-supervision and strengthen self-governance in every respect; champion the Party’s great founding spirit comprised of the principles of upholding truth and ideals, staying true to the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, fighting bravely without fear of sacrifice, and remaining loyal to the Party and faithful to the people; strengthen its long-term governance capacity, its advanced nature, and its purity; and, in the spirit of reform and innovation, make comprehensive moves to press ahead with the great new project of Party building. It must take enhancing its political building as the overarching principle and make comprehensive efforts to ensure that the Party’s political work is stressed, ideology is strengthened, organizations are consolidated, conduct is improved, and discipline is maintained, institutional development is always emphasized, and the fight against corruption keeps going, thus building the Party more effectively in all respects and using the Party’s own transformation to steer social transformation. It must uphold the principle that the Party builds itself in the interests of, and exercises governance for, the people, and see that its fine traditions and positive work style continue to thrive. It must constantly work to improve the way it exercises leadership and governance and strengthen its ability to resist corruption, prevent moral decline, and withstand risks. It must constantly strengthen its ability to purify, improve, reform, and excel itself. It must constantly strengthen its class foundation, expand its mass base, enhance its creativity, cohesion, and readiness to meet challenges, and build itself up as an ever-learning, service-oriented, and innovative Marxist governing party. The Party should thus be able to forever stand at the forefront of the times and become a strong core capable of leading all the people of China as they continue to advance along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In building itself, the Party must work with firm resolve to meet the following six fundamental requirements.

1. Adherence to the Party’s basic line. The whole Party must use Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the Party’s basic line to achieve unity in thought and action, and must resolutely continue to do so in the long term. The Party must ensure that reform and opening up are carried out in unity with the Four Cardinal Principles, put its basic line into effect in all fields of endeavor, and combat all mistaken tendencies of the “Left” and Right, maintaining vigilance against Rightist tendencies, but primarily defending against “Leftist” tendencies. The entire Party must improve the capacity for political judgment, thinking, and implementation and become more self-motivated and resolute in implementing the Party’s theories, lines, principles, and policies.

2. Commitment to emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, and being realistic and pragmatic. The Party’s line of thinking is to proceed from reality in all it does, to integrate theory with practice, to seek truth from facts, and to verify and develop truths through practice. All Party members must uphold this line of thinking, actively exploring and boldly experimenting, breaking ground and making innovations, and working with creativity; never cease to study new situations, reflect on new experiences, and solve new problems; and enrich and develop Marxism through practice and advance the adaption of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of our times.

3. Adherence to the Party’s organizational line for the new era. The Party must fully implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; focus on improving the organizational system to train high-caliber officials who are loyal to the Party, clean, and responsible and to bring together talented people from all fields who are patriotic and dedicated; and select officials on the basis of both moral integrity and ability, with greater weight given to integrity, and on the basis of merit, so as to provide a strong organizational guarantee for upholding and strengthening overall leadership of the Party and upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. The whole Party must work to improve the political and organizational functions of Party organizations, train and select the good officials that our Party and people need, cultivate a large team of personnel who are capable of shouldering the mission of the times and well prepared to carry on the socialist cause, and bring together the brightest minds from all over, thus ensuring organizationally that the Party’s basic theory, basic line, and basic policy are fully implemented and applied.

4. Dedication to wholeheartedly serving the people. Besides the interests of the working class and the broadest possible majority of the people, the Party has no special interests of its own. It shall, at all times, give top priority to the interests of the people, share weal and woe with them, and maintain the closest possible ties with them. It shall exercise power for the people, demonstrate concern for them, and work in their interests, never allowing any member to become disengaged from the people or to behave as if they are above them. The biggest political advantage the Party has is its close ties with the people while the biggest potential danger it faces as a governing party is becoming distanced from them. Party conduct and the Party’s ties with the people are of paramount importance to the Party. In its own work, the Party shall follow the mass line, seeing that everything is for the people and everything relies on the people, exercising the principle of “from the people, to the people,” and translating the correct ideas of the Party into the voluntary action of the people.

5. Resolve in upholding democratic centralism. Democratic centralism combines centralism built on the basis of democracy with democracy under centralized guidance. It is both the Party’s fundamental organizational principle and the application of the mass line in everyday Party activities. The Party must fully encourage intraparty democracy, respect the principal position of its members, safeguard their democratic rights, and give play to the initiative and creativity of Party organizations at every level and all Party members. Correct centralism must be practiced; all Party members must keep firmly in mind the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, uphold the leadership core, and keep in alignment, and firmly uphold the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core, so as to ensure the solidarity, unity, and concerted action of the whole Party and guarantee the prompt and effective implementation of the Party’s decisions. The Party shall strengthen and regulate political activities within itself; make intraparty political activities more politically oriented, up-to-date, principled, and effective; cultivate a positive and healthy intraparty political culture; and foster a sound political ecosystem featuring honesty and integrity within the Party. In its internal political activities, the Party shall conduct correctly criticism and self-criticism, engage in debate over matters of principle, and uphold truth and rectify mistakes. The Party shall work hard to create a lively political situation featuring both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, and both unity of will and personal sense of ease.

6. Firmness in exercising strict self-supervision and self-governance. Ensuring full and rigorous Party self-governance is an unceasing endeavor and that self-reform is a journey to which there is no end. Under the new circumstances, the tests the Party faces in governance, reform and opening up, the market economy, and the external environment are protracted, complicated, and serious; the dangers of a lack of drive, incompetence, disengagement from the people, inaction, and corruption are more pointedly confronting the whole Party. The Party shall see that strict standards and measures are applied throughout the process and in all aspects of its self-supervision and self-governance. The Party shall ensure self-governance is carried out in accordance with regulations and both symptoms and root causes of problems are addressed. The Party must constantly improve the system of Party regulations, give top priority to ensuring compliance with Party discipline, help its members become more organization conscious and have a stronger sense of discipline, and work to see that every member is equal before Party discipline. The Party shall ensure the principal and oversight responsibilities for full and rigorous Party self-governance are assumed; oversight of leading Party organs and of Party members in leadership positions, particularly those holding principal leadership positions, is strengthened; and the internal oversight system is constantly improved. The Party shall step up efforts to improve conduct, build integrity, and combat corruption; apply a zero-tolerance policy on corruption; and make integrated efforts to ensure that officials do not have the audacity, opportunity, or desire to become corrupt.

Leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the greatest strength of this system. The Party is the highest force for political leadership. It exercises overall leadership over all areas of endeavor in every part of the country. The Party must adapt to the demands of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, remain committed to practicing scientific, democratic, and law-based governance, and strengthen and improve its leadership. The Party must, acting on the principle of guiding the overall situation and coordinating the work of all sides, assume the role of leadership core among all other organizations at the corresponding levels. The Party must concentrate on leading economic development, organize and coordinate the strengths of all by uniting hearts and actions to focus work on economic development, and promote all-around economic and social development. The Party must practice democratic and scientific decision-making; formulate and implement the correct lines, principles, and policies; carry out its organizational, publicity, and educational work to proper effect; and give play to the exemplary and vanguard role of all Party members. The Party must act within the scope of the country’s Constitution and the law. It must ensure that the legislative, judicial, administrative, and supervisory organs of the state, economic and cultural organizations, and people’s organizations work actively on their own initiative, independently, responsibly, and cooperatively. The Party must strengthen its leadership over trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations, and other people’s group organizations, ensure they preserve and strengthen their political consciousness, advanced nature, and orientation toward the people, and give full play to their roles. The Party must adapt to developments and changing circumstances, improving its leadership system and style of leadership and strengthening its capacity for governance. Party members must cooperate closely with people outside the Party, endeavoring together to build socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Chapter I. Membership

Article 1

Any forward-thinking Chinese worker, farmer, member of the armed forces, intellectual, or person from any other social strata who has reached the age of eighteen and who accepts the Party’s program and Constitution and is willing to join and work actively in one of the Party’s organizations, carry out the Party’s resolutions, and pay regular membership dues may apply for membership to the Communist Party of China.

Article 2

Members of the Communist Party of China are vanguard fighters of the Chinese working class who possess Communist consciousness.

Members of the Communist Party of China must wholeheartedly serve the people, be ready to make any personal sacrifice, and dedicate their lives to realizing communism.

Members of the Communist Party of China shall be forever ordinary members of the working people. No Communist Party member shall pursue any personal gain or privilege beyond the individual interests and the powers attached to their job afforded through laws and policies.

Article 3

Party members must fulfill the following obligations:

1) Conscientiously study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, study the Party’s lines, principles, policies, and resolutions, acquire a fundamental knowledge of the Party, study the history of the Party, improve their general, scientific, legal, and professional knowledge, and work diligently to strengthen their ability to serve the people.

2) Strengthen consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership; stay confident in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics; and uphold Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole and uphold the Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership. Implement the Party’s basic line, principles, and policies, take the lead in reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, encourage the people to work hard for economic development and social progress, and play an exemplary and vanguard role in production, work, study, and social activities.

3) Adhere to the principle that the interests of the Party and the people come before all else, subordinating personal interests to the interests of the Party and the people, being the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts, working selflessly for the public interest, and making a significant contribution.

4) Consciously observe Party discipline, with utmost emphasis placed on the Party’s political discipline and rules, set a fine example in abiding by the laws and regulations of the state, strictly protect Party and state secrets, execute Party decisions, comply with Party decisions on job allocation, and readily fulfill the Party’s tasks.

5) Uphold Party solidarity and unity, practice loyalty and honesty toward the Party, ensure their actions are true to their words, firmly oppose all factional and clique activities, and oppose feigning compliance and other double-dealing behavior and scheming of any kind.

6) Engage in genuine criticism and self-criticism, have the courage to reveal and correct statements and actions violating the Party’s principles and shortcomings and mistakes in work, and resolutely combat corruption and other forms of misconduct.

7) Maintain close ties with the people, share the ideas of the Party with them, consult with them as issues arise, keep the Party up to date on their views and demands, and defend their legitimate interests.

8) Promote new socialist customs and practices; lead the way in practicing core socialist values and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace; champion Communist ethics; advocate traditional virtues of the Chinese nation; and, the moment any difficulty or danger arises, step forward and fight bravely without fearing sacrifice to defend the interests of the country and the people.

Article 4

Party members shall enjoy the right to:

1) Attend relevant Party meetings, read relevant Party documents, and benefit from Party education and training.

2) Participate in discussion on questions concerning Party policy at Party meetings and in Party newspapers and periodicals.

3) Make suggestions and proposals regarding the work of the Party.

4) Offer well-founded criticism at Party meetings of any Party organization or any member; responsibly expose or report to the Party any disciplinary or legal violation by any Party organization or member; demand disciplinary action be brought against a member known to have violated discipline or the law; and call for the dismissal or replacement of any incompetent cadre.

5) Participate in voting and stand for election.

6) Be present and plead their case at discussions held by Party organizations to decide on disciplinary action to be taken against them or to appraise their work and behavior; other Party members may also bear witness or argue on their behalf.

7) Make a statement of reservation and present their views to a Party organization at a higher level, up to and including the Central Committee, in case of disagreement with a Party resolution or policy, on the condition that they resolutely implement the resolution or policy in question while it is in force.

8) Submit a request, appeal, or accusation to a higher-level Party organization, up to and including the Central Committee, and request that the organization concerned issues an accountable reply.

No Party organization at any level, including the Central Committee, has the right to deprive a Party member of the aforementioned rights.

Article 5

New Party members must be admitted through a Party branch, for which political integrity must be upheld as the primary criterion and the principle of individual admission must be adhered to.

An applicant for Party membership must complete an application form and be recommended by two full Party members. The application must be accepted at a general meeting of the Party branch concerned and be approved by the Party organization at the next level up, and the applicant must undergo observation for a probationary period before being granted full membership.

In recommending an applicant, a Party member must endeavor to understand the applicant’s thinking, character, personal record, and performance at work and explain to the applicant the program and Constitution of the Party, the criteria for membership, and the rights and obligations of members, and must accordingly report responsibly to the Party organization.

The Party branch committee shall, in relation to the applicant for Party membership, solicit the opinions of relevant persons within and outside the Party, carry out thorough checks, and, on believing the applicant to meet Party criteria, submit the application to a general meeting for discussion.

Before approving the admission of an applicant for membership, the Party organization at the next level up must appoint Party members to talk with the applicant in order to get to know him or her better and help deepen his or her understanding of the Party.

In exceptional circumstances, the Party Central Committee or the committee of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the central government may admit a new Party member directly.

Article 6

A probationary Party member must take an oath of admission before the Party flag. The oath reads: It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party’s program, observe the provisions of the Party Constitution, fulfill the obligations of a Party member, carry out the Party’s decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, protect Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism for the rest of my life, always be prepared to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party.

Article 7

The probationary period of a probationary member is one year. Party organizations should act in earnest to guide and observe probationary members.

The obligations of a probationary member are the same as those of a full member. With the exception of the right to vote and stand for election, the rights of a probationary member are the same as those of a full member.

Upon completion of the probationary period of a probationary member, the Party branch should promptly discuss whether he or she may be accepted as a full member. A probationary member who conscientiously performs his or her obligations and meets the criteria for full membership shall have their status changed to full member at the end of the probationary period; in the event that continued observation and education are deemed necessary, the probationary period may be extended, but by no more than one year; in the event that a probationary member has failed to perform his or her obligations or to meet the criteria for full membership, his or her probationary membership shall be revoked. Any decision to grant a probationary member full membership, extend a probationary period, or revoke a probationary membership must be discussed and passed at a general meeting of the Party branch and approved by the Party organization at the next level up.

The probationary period of a probationary member shall begin on the day the general meeting of the Party branch passes the decision to accept him or her as a probationary member. Length of Party membership shall be counted from the day he or she is granted full membership, having completed the probationary period.

Article 8

Every Party member, irrespective of position, must join a branch, group, or other given unit of the Party; participate in the regular activities of the Party organization; and accept the oversight of the people both within and outside the Party. Party members in positions of leadership must attend meetings of Party members in leadership positions held by their respective Party committees or leading Party members groups. There shall be no special Party members exempted from participation in the regular activities of the Party organization or from the oversight of the people within and outside the Party.

Article 9

Party members have the freedom to withdraw from the Party. In the event a Party member requests a withdrawal, the Party branch concerned shall, after discussion at a general meeting, announce the removal of his or her name from the Party roll and report the withdrawal to the Party organization at the next level up to be put on record.

In the event that a Party member is found to lack revolutionary will or to be failing to fulfill Party-member obligations or the criteria for Party membership, the member’s Party branch shall require him or her to undergo education and rectify the situation within a stipulated time frame. If there is no change following attempts at education, he or she shall be urged to withdraw from the Party. In the event that a member is to be urged to withdraw from the Party, the matter shall be discussed and decided on at a general meeting of the Party branch concerned and submitted to the Party organization at the next level up for approval. Should a Party member urged to withdraw be adamant that he or she will not do so, the case shall be submitted to a general meeting of the Party branch concerned for discussion to decide on the removal of their name from the Party roll, after which the decision shall be submitted to the Party organization at the next level up for approval.

A Party member who, without good reason, fails to take part in the regular activities of his or her Party organization, pay membership dues, or carry out work assigned by the Party for six consecutive months shall be regarded as having given up his or her membership. The Party branch concerned should, through a general meeting, decide on the removal of their name from the Party roll and report it to the Party organization at the next level up for approval.

Chapter II. The Party’s Organizational System

Article 10

The Party is an integral body organized under its own program and Constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism. The Party’s basic principles of democratic centralism are as follows:

1) Individual Party members defer to Party organizations, the minority defers to the majority, lower-level Party organizations defer to higher-level Party organizations, and all organizations and members of the Party defer to the National Congress and the Central Committee of the Party.

2) Leading bodies of the Party at all levels, with the exception of their dispatched representative organs and the leading Party members groups in non-Party organizations, are generated by election.

3) The highest leading bodies of the Party are the National Congress and the Central Committee which it elects. The Party’s local leading bodies are the Party congresses at each level and the Party committees which they elect. Party committees are responsible and shall report their work to the Party congress at the same level.

4) Higher-level Party organizations shall listen regularly to the views of lower-level organizations and rank-and-file Party members, and respond quickly to the problems they raise. Lower-level Party organizations shall report on their work to and request instructions from higher-level Party organizations; at the same time, they shall handle, independently and responsibly, matters within their jurisdiction. Higher- and lower-level Party organizations shall exchange information and support and oversee each other. Party organizations at all levels shall practice transparency in Party affairs in accordance with regulations, helping Party members to be better informed of internal Party affairs and enabling them greater opportunity to participate.

5) Party committees at all levels shall function on the principle of combining collective leadership with individual responsibility based on the division of work. Decisions on all major issues shall be made through discussion by the Party committee concerned in accordance with the principles of collective leadership, democratic centralism, pre-meeting contemplation, and meeting-based decision making. Members of Party committees shall act in earnest to fulfill their respective obligations in accordance with the collective decisions made and the division of work.

6) The Party proscribes all forms of personality cult. It shall be ensured that the activities of Party leaders are subject to oversight by the Party and the people, while at the same time upholding the standing of all leaders who represent the interests of the Party and the people.

Article 11

The election of delegates to Party congresses and members of Party committees, at all levels, shall reflect the will of the voters. Elections shall be held by secret ballot. Lists of candidates shall be fully deliberated and discussed by Party organizations and voters. The method of nominating a greater number of candidates than the number of persons to be elected may be adopted to directly carry out a formal election, or this method may first be used in a preliminary election to generate a list of candidates for the formal election that is to follow. Voters have the right to inquire about candidates, request a change in candidates, decline to vote for any of the candidates, or choose to vote for someone who is not a candidate. No organization or individual shall in any way compel a voter to vote or not vote for a candidate.

If the Party Constitution is thought to have been violated in any way during the election of a delegate to a local Party congress at any level or to a Party congress at the primary level, after investigation and verification, the Party committee at the next level up shall issue a decision to declare the election invalid and take appropriate measures, and report this decision to the Party committee at the next level up to be checked and approved before it is formally announced and implemented.

A tenure system shall be adopted for delegates to Party congresses at all levels.

Article 12

The Central Committee and local committees at all levels shall, when necessary, convene a conference of delegates to discuss and make decisions on a major problem that requires prompt resolution. The number of delegates to attend and the procedures for generating the list of delegates shall be determined by the Party committee convening the conference.

Article 13

Every instance of a new Party organization being formed or an existing Party organization being dissolved must be decided on by a Party organization at a higher level.

When the congress of a local Party organization at any level or the congress of a primary-level Party organization is not in session, the Party organization at the next level up may, when it deems necessary, transfer or designate the persons responsible for the lower-level Party organization.

The Party’s Central Committee and local committees at every level may dispatch representative organs.

Article 14

The Party’s Central Committee and committees of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government shall implement the discipline inspection system, and shall, within their term of office, carry out inspections of the Party organizations of all localities, departments, enterprises, and public institutions under their jurisdiction.

The leading Party members groups or Party committees of the departments and offices under the Party Central Committee and the State Council shall carry out inspections in response to the needs of their work.

City (including prefecture and league) and county (including county-level city, district, and banner) Party committees shall establish a discipline inspection system.

Article 15

When making a decision on an important issue affecting a lower-level organization, a leading body of the Party at any level shall, under normal circumstances, solicit the opinions of the lower-level organization. It shall be ensured that the lower-level organization is able to exercise its functions and powers as usual. Except in exceptional circumstances, no higher-level leading body shall interfere in any matter that ought to be handled by a lower-level organization.

Article 16

Only the Central Committee of the Party has the power to make decisions on major national policies. The Party organization of a department or locality may make suggestions to the Central Committee with regard to such policies, but shall not make any decision or express their views outside the Party without authorization.

Lower-level Party organizations must resolutely implement the decisions of higher-level Party organizations. In the event that a lower-level organization believes a decision of a higher-level organization to be unsuitable for the specific circumstances of its locality or department, it may request that the decision be revised. If the higher-level organization decides to maintain its original decision, the lower-level organization must carry out the decision and refrain from publicly voicing any differences of opinion, but reserves the right to report the matter to a Party organization at the next level up.

Newspapers, periodicals, and other media used in publicity run by Party organizations at all levels must feature information on the lines, principles, policies, and resolutions of the Party.

Article 17

In discussing and making decisions on a matter, Party organizations must uphold the principle of the minority respecting the majority. When a decision is being made on a major issue, a vote shall be held. Serious consideration should be given to the differing views of a minority. In case of disagreement on a major issue where the numbers in support of each view are closely matched, except in an emergency when action must be taken according to the majority view, the decision should be delayed and further investigation, research, and exchange of opinions should be undertaken before another vote is held. In exceptional circumstances, the disagreement may also be reported to the Party organization at the next level up and a verdict requested.

In the event that an individual Party member is to express a view on a major issue on behalf of his or her Party organization that goes beyond the scope of the organization’s existing decisions, the content must be referred to that organization for prior discussion and a decision, or referred to the Party organization at the next level up for instruction. No Party member, whatever his or her position, may act alone in making a decision on a major issue. In case of emergency, when a decision by an individual is unavoidable, the matter must be reported to his or her Party organization immediately after the event. No leader may make decisions arbitrarily or place him or herself above his or her Party organization.

Article 18

Organizations of the Party at the central, local, and primary levels must all give serious attention to Party building; regularly discuss and examine the Party’s promotional, educational, and organizational work, discipline inspection, its work with the people, and its work related to the united front; and carefully study current thinking and political trends both within and outside the Party.

Chapter III. Central Party Organizations

Article 19

The National Congress of the Party shall be held once every five years and convened by the Central Committee. In the event that the Central Committee deems it necessary or more than one third of provincial-level Party organizations put forward a request, a National Congress may be convened early. Except in unusual circumstances, it may not be postponed.

The number of delegates to the National Congress and the procedures governing their election shall be determined by the Central Committee.

Article 20

The functions and powers of the National Congress of the Party are as follows:

1) to hear and examine the reports of the Central Committee;

2) to examine the reports of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection;

3) to discuss and make decisions on major issues concerning the Party;

4) to revise the Constitution of the Party;

5) to elect the Central Committee; and

6) to elect the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

Article 21

The functions and powers of the National Conference of the Party are to discuss and make decisions on major issues and to replace members and elect additional members of the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. The number of Central Committee members and alternate members to be replaced or newly elected shall not exceed one fifth of the respective totals of full and alternate members elected to the Central Committee by the National Congress of the Party.

Article 22

The Central Committee of the Party is elected for a term of five years. In the event that a National Congress is convened early or postponed, the term shall be shortened or extended accordingly. The length of Party membership of Central Committee members or alternate members must be a minimum of five years. The number of members and alternate members of a Central Committee shall be determined by the National Congress. Empty seats on the Central Committee shall be filled by alternate members in order of the number of votes they were elected by.

Plenary sessions of the Central Committee are convened by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and are to be convened at least once annually. The Political Bureau shall report on its work at the plenary sessions and accept their oversight.

When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee shall carry out its resolutions, direct all Party work, and represent the Communist Party of China in external relations.

Article 23

The Political Bureau, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau, and the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party are elected at the plenary session of the Central Committee. The General Secretary of the Central Committee must be generated from among the members of the Political Bureau’s Standing Committee.

Between plenary sessions of the Central Committee, the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee shall exercise the functions and powers of the Central Committee.

The Secretariat of the Central Committee is the working body of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee. Members of the Secretariat are nominated by the Political Bureau’s Standing Committee and must be approved at a plenary session of the Central Committee.

The General Secretary of the Central Committee is responsible for convening meetings of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee and shall preside over the work of the Secretariat.

Members of the Central Military Commission of the Party are decided on by the Central Committee; Chairperson of the Central Military Commission assumes overall responsibility over the work of the Commission.

Central leading bodies and leaders elected by a Central Committee shall, when the next National Congress is in session, continue to preside over the day-to-day work of the Party until new central leading bodies and leaders have been elected by its successive Central Committee.

Article 24

Party organizations in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army shall carry out their work in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee. The Central Military Commission is responsible for Party work and political work in the armed forces, and shall prescribe the organizational system and organs of the Party in the armed forces.

Chapter IV. Local Party Organizations

Article 25

The Party congress of a province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, city divided into districts, autonomous prefecture, county (banner), autonomous county, city not divided into districts, or municipal district is to be held once every five years.

Each local Party congress is convened by the local Party committee at the corresponding level. In exceptional circumstances, and with the approval of the Party committee at the next level up, a local Party congress may be brought forward or postponed.

At every level, the number of delegates to a local Party congress and the procedures governing their election shall be determined by the local Party committee at the corresponding level and reported for approval to the Party committee at the next level up.

Article 26

The functions and powers of a local Party congress, at every level, are as follows:

1) to hear and examine the reports of the local Party committee at the corresponding level;

2) to examine the reports of the local commission for discipline inspection at the corresponding level;

3) to discuss and adopt resolutions on major issues within the scope of its local area; and

4) to elect the local Party committee and commission for discipline inspection at the corresponding level.

Article 27

The Party committee of a province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, city divided into districts, or autonomous prefecture is elected for a term of five years. The length of Party membership of a member or alternate member of such a committee must be a minimum of five years.

The Party committee of a county (banner), autonomous county, city not divided into districts, or municipal district is elected for a term of five years. The length of Party membership of a member or alternate member of such a committee must be a minimum of three years.

In the event that a local Party congress, at any level, is brought forward or postponed, the term of the committee elected by the previous congress shall be shortened or extended accordingly.

At every level the number of members and alternate members of a local Party committee shall be determined by the corresponding Party committee at the next level up. At every level empty seats on a local Party committee shall be filled by alternate members of that committee in order of the number of votes they were elected by.

Local Party committees at every level shall convene a plenary session at least biannually.

Local Party committees at every level shall, when their local Party congress is not in session, carry out the directives of the Party organization at the next level up and the resolutions of the Party congress at the corresponding level, direct work in their own local area, and report on their work at regular intervals to the Party committee at the next level up.

Article 28

Local Party committees at every level shall, at their plenary sessions, elect standing committees, secretaries, and deputy secretaries, and report to the next higher-level Party committee for approval. Local Party committee standing committees at every level shall exercise the functions and powers of the local Party committee when it is not in plenary session. The standing committee shall continue to preside over day-to-day work during the next session of the local Party congress until a new standing committee has been elected.

Local Party committee standing committees at every level shall regularly report on their work at the plenary sessions of their Party committees and accept their oversight.

Article 29

A prefectural Party committee, or the equivalent organization, is a representative organ dispatched by the Party committee of a province or autonomous region to a prefecture covering a number of counties, autonomous counties, and/or cities. It shall lead work in its given prefecture as authorized by the Party committee of the province or autonomous region.

Chapter V. Primary-Level Party Organizations

Article 30

A primary-level Party organization shall be formed in any enterprise, villagers’ committee, government organ, school, hospital, research institute, subdistrict and community, social organization, company of the People’s Liberation Army, and any other primary-level work unit where there are three or more full Party members.

Primary-level Party organizations shall, according to the requirements of their work and Party member numbers, and with the approval of higher-level Party organizations, establish primary-level Party committees, general Party branch committees, or Party branch committees. A primary-level Party committee is elected through a general meeting or a meeting of delegates and a general Party branch committee or a Party branch committee is elected through a general meeting, and in nominating candidates for these committees, the opinions of both Party and non-Party members shall be widely solicited.

Article 31

A primary-level Party committee, a general Party branch committee or a Party branch committee is elected for a term of three to five years. Results of elections for the secretaries and deputy secretaries of primary-level Party committees, general Party branch committees, and Party branch committees shall be reported to higher-level Party organizations for approval.

Article 32

Primary-level Party organizations play a key role for the Party in the basic units of social organization; they are the foundation for all the Party’s work and for its capacity to take on challenges. Their main tasks are:

1) to communicate to the public and carry out the Party’s lines, principles and policies, the resolutions of the Party Central Committee and other higher-level Party organizations, and their own resolutions; to give full play to the exemplary and vanguard role of Party members, to excel in their work, and to unite and organize Party officials and non-party officials as well as Party members and non-party members to fulfill the tasks of their work units.

2) to organize Party members to conscientiously study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; regularize and institutionalize the requirement for all Party members to study the Party Constitution, Party regulations, the Party’s history, and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s major policy addresses and to meet Party standards; study the Party’s lines, principles, policies, and resolutions; acquire a fundamental knowledge of the Party; and improve their general, scientific, legal, and professional knowledge.

3) to guide, manage, oversee, and serve Party members, improve their caliber, deepen their commitment to the ideals and convictions, strengthen their Party spirit, and ensure they participate regularly in Party organization activities; to carry out criticism and self-criticism activities, and maintain and implement Party discipline; to see that members conscientiously fulfill their obligations, and protect against infringements on their rights; and to improve migrant Party member management.

4) to maintain close ties with the people, regularly seek to understand their criticisms and opinions of Party members and the Party’s work, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, and effectively carry out work related to their political thinking.

5) to give full play to the initiative and creativity of Party members and the people, to discover, nurture, and recommend people with outstanding talent from among them, and to encourage them to contribute their skills and intelligence to reform, opening up, and socialist modernization.

6) to guide and train active applicants for Party membership, to attend to routine work related to member recruitment, and to attach great importance to recruiting Party members from among those in the forefront of production and work and from among the younger generations.

7) to ensure that Party officials and all other personnel strictly observe state laws and regulations and the state’s financial and economic statutes and regulations on personnel, and that they do not infringe on the interests of the state, collectives, or the people.

8) to encourage Party members and the people to consciously resist unacceptable practices and resolutely fight against all violations of Party discipline or state law.

Article 33

Primary-level Party committees in subdistricts, townships, and towns and Party organizations in villages and communities shall provide overall leadership over all primary-level organizations and over work in all areas in their localities to enhance community-level social governance, and support and ensure the exercise of functions and powers by administrative, economic, and people’s self-governed organizations there.

The leading Party members groups or Party committees of state-owned enterprises shall play a leadership role, set the right direction, keep in mind the big picture, ensure the implementation of Party policies and principles, and discuss and decide on major issues of their enterprise in accordance with regulations.

Primary-level Party organizations in state-owned or collective enterprises should focus their work on the operations of their enterprise. Primary-level Party organizations shall guarantee and oversee the implementation of the principles and policies of the Party and the state within their own enterprise and shall support the board of shareholders, board of directors, board of supervisors, and manager (or factory director) in exercising their functions and powers in accordance with the law. They shall wholeheartedly rely on the workers and office staff and support the work of workers’ representative congresses; and they shall participate in making decisions on major issues in the enterprise. They shall strengthen their own organizational development and lead work on political thinking, efforts toward cultural-ethical progress, work related to the united front, and work on trade unions, Communist Youth League organizations, women’s organizations, and other people’s group organizations.

Primary-level Party organizations in non-public sector entities shall implement the Party’s principles and policies, guide and oversee their enterprises’ observance of state laws and regulations, exercise leadership over trade unions, Communist Youth League organizations, and other people’s group organizations, promote unity and cohesion among workers and office staff, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of all parties, and promote the healthy development of their enterprises.

Primary-level Party organizations in social organizations shall communicate to the public and carry out the Party’s lines, principles, and policies, exercise leadership over trade unions, Communist Youth League organizations, and other people’s group organizations, guide and manage their Party members, lead and serve the people, and advance the cause of the Party.

Primary-level Party organizations shall play a key role in public institutions under the charge of administrative leaders. Primary-level Party organizations in public institutions under the charge of administrative leaders led by a Party committee shall discuss and make decisions on major issues and, at the same time, ensure that the administrative leaders are able to fully exercise their functions and powers.

Primary-level Party organizations in offices of the Party or the state at every level shall assist chief administrators in fulfilling their tasks and improving their work; they shall guide, manage, and oversee all Party members, including chief administrators, but shall not direct the work of their work units.

Article 34

Party branches are the basic organizations of the Party; they are responsible for directly guiding, managing, and overseeing Party members and for organizing, communicating with, uniting, and serving the people.

Chapter VI. Party Officials

Article 35

Party officials are the backbone of the Party’s cause and public servants of the people, and shall be loyal to the Party, clean, and responsible. The Party shall select officials on the basis of both their moral integrity and their professional competence—giving greater priority to the former—and on the basis of their merits and not their origins; it shall select officials who put the Party’s cause first and who are impartial and upright; it shall oppose favoritism; and it shall endeavor to develop a contingent of officials that is more revolutionary, younger, better educated, and more professional.

The Party attaches great weight to the education, training, selection, assessment, and oversight of its officials, and considers the training and selection of outstanding young officials to be of particular importance. The Party shall work actively to achieve progress in reforming the cadre system.

The Party attaches great importance to the training and promotion of female officials and ethnic minority officials.

Article 36

Party officials at every level must hold firm convictions, be committed to serving the people, be hardworking and pragmatic, take on responsibility, and be clean and honest. They must set a good example in carrying out their obligations as Party members as prescribed in Article 3 of this Constitution and must meet the following basic requirements:

1) Have the necessary understanding of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development to be able to perform their duties; take the lead in applying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; endeavor to use Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods in analyzing and solving practical problems; demand of themselves commitment to study, political integrity, and rectitude; and be able to stand the test of any hardship or difficulty.

2) Have firm conviction in the high ideal of communism and in socialism with Chinese characteristics, resolutely implement the Party’s basic line, principles, and policies, demonstrate determination in pursuing reform and opening up, devote themselves to the cause of modernization, work hard in building socialism, foster the right view on performance evaluation, and make solid achievements that stand up in practice, in the eyes of the people, and over the course of time.

3) Maintain a commitment to the emancipation of the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, and breaking new ground and innovating; carry out investigations and research diligently, enabling Party principles and policies to be combined with circumstances in their localities or departments and ensuring work is done to excellent effect; be truthful, do practical work, and seek tangible results.

4) Be dedicated to the revolutionary cause and have a strong sense of political responsibility, have practical experience, and have the organizational ability, general education, and specialized knowledge necessary to excel in leading posts.

5) Exercise the power vested in them by the people as it should be exercised, be principled, handle matters in accordance with the law, practice honesty and integrity, work diligently for the people, lead by example, work hard and live plainly, maintain close ties with the people, uphold the Party’s mass line, consciously accept the criticism and oversight of the Party and the people, strengthen their moral self-cultivation, espouse the Party spirit and high ethical standards, be a role model, exercise self-respect, self-reflection, self-caution, and self-motivation, combat the practice of formalities for formalities’ sake, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, and oppose privilege-seeking mindsets and practices and any act of abusing power for personal gain.

6) Uphold the Party’s democratic centralism, work in a democratic way, keep in mind the bigger picture, and be good at uniting and working with other comrades, including those whose views differ from their own.

Article 37

Party officials should be able to cooperate well with non-Party officials, respect them, and be open-minded in learning from them.

Party organizations at all levels must be good at discovering, and recommending for leadership positions, talented non-Party members with practical learning, and ensure that they enjoy authority commensurate with their positions and can fully play their roles.

Article 38

Party members in leadership positions at every level, whether elected through democratic procedures or appointed by a leading body, do not hold posts for life and can be transferred from or relieved of their posts.

Officials whose age and health make them unfit to continue working should retire according to state regulations.

Chapter VII. Party Discipline

Article 39

Party discipline refers to the codes of conduct that must be observed by Party organizations at every level and by all Party members. It is a guarantee for safeguarding Party unity and solidarity and for ensuring that the tasks of the Party are accomplished. Party organizations must strictly observe and maintain Party discipline. Communist Party members must consciously accept the constraints of Party discipline.

Article 40

Party discipline mainly consists of political and organizational discipline and discipline regarding integrity, the public, work, and life.

For members who have violated Party discipline, Party organizations shall reprimand and educate them, order them to conduct self-examination, admonish them, or take disciplinary action against them, depending on the nature and seriousness of their mistakes, in keeping with the principle of learning from mistakes to prevent recurrence, treating the illness to save the patient, exercising strict discipline enforcement, holding every violator accountable, and discovering problems early and correcting them when they are nascent. The four forms of oversight and discipline enforcement shall be exercised, ensuring that those who have committed minor misconduct are made to “redden and sweat”; that penalties and organizational adjustments to official positions are employed as important means of Party self-supervision and self-governance; and that those who have committed serious disciplinary and/or criminal violations are expelled from the Party.

It is strictly forbidden within the Party to take any measure in contravention of the Party Constitution or state laws in dealing with a member, or to retaliate against or frame another person. Offending organizations and individuals must be held accountable according to Party discipline and state laws.

Article 41

There are five forms of disciplinary action for Party members: warning, severe warning, removal from a position within the Party, probation within the Party, and expulsion from the Party.

Party members shall not be placed on probation within the Party for a period of more than two years. A Party member under probation shall have no right to vote or stand for election. A Party member who has undergone a period of disciplinary probation and genuinely rectified his or her mistake(s) shall have his or her rights as a Party member restored. A Party member who refuses to show remorse shall be expelled from the Party.

Expulsion is the ultimate form of disciplinary action within the Party. In deciding on or approving an expulsion, Party organizations at every level shall look into all documentation and opinions related to the case with circumspection.

Article 42

Any disciplinary action to be taken against a Party member must be discussed and decided on at a general meeting of Party branch, and reported to the primary-level Party committee for approval. In the event that the issues involved are important or complicated, or if a member is to be expelled from the Party, the case shall be reported to a Party commission for discipline inspection for examination and approval at the county level or above depending on the specific circumstances of the case. In exceptional circumstances, a Party committee or a commission for discipline inspection at or above the county level has the authority to decide directly on the disciplinary action to be taken against a Party member.

Any decision to give a member or alternate member of the Central Committee a warning or severe warning shall be examined by the Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and then submitted to the Central Committee for approval. Any decision to give a member or alternate member of a local Party committee at any level a warning or severe warning shall be submitted to the commission for discipline inspection at the next level up for approval and reported to the Party committee at the same level as the commission to be put on record. Any decision to discipline a member or alternate member of the Central Committee or a local committee at any level by removal from his or her position within the Party, disciplinary probation, or expulsion from the Party must be approved by a two-thirds majority vote at a plenary meeting of the Party committee to which the member or alternate member in question belongs. When the plenary meeting is not in session, the decision may be taken first by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee or the standing committee of a local Party committee while awaiting confirmation at the plenary meeting of the Party committee. The use of such actions in disciplining a member or alternate member of a local Party committee at any level is subject to examination by the standing committee of the commission for discipline inspection at the next level up and shall then be submitted by the commission for discipline inspection to the Party committee at the same level as the commission for approval.

The expulsion from the Party of a member or alternate member of the Central Committee who has committed a serious criminal violation shall be decided upon by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee; the expulsion of a member or alternate member of a local Party committee at any level who has committed a serious criminal violation shall be decided upon by the standing committee of the Party committee at the corresponding level.

Article 43

When a Party organization is deciding on disciplinary action against a Party member, it should investigate and verify the facts as objectively as possible. The Party member in question must be shown the disciplinary decision and the facts it is based on, and be given the chance to offer an explanation and speak in his or her own defense. If the member does not accept the decision, he or she may appeal, and the Party organization concerned must promptly manage or forward the appeal, and must not withhold or suppress it. Those who persist with mistaken views or unjustifiable claims shall be subject to reprimand and education.

Article 44

Should a Party organization fail to uphold Party discipline, it must be held accountable.

In the event that a Party organization seriously violates Party discipline and is unable to rectify the mistake on its own, the Party committee at the next level up should, after establishing and verifying the facts, make a decision to reorganize or dissolve the organization based on the seriousness of the case, report this decision to the Party committee at the next level up for examination and approval, and then formally announce and execute the decision.

Chapter VIII. Party Organs for Discipline Inspection

Article 45

The Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection shall function under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Party. Local commissions for discipline inspection at every level and primary-level commissions for discipline inspection shall all function under the dual leadership of the Party committee at the corresponding level and the commission for discipline inspection at the next level up. A commission for discipline inspection shall strengthen its leadership over the lower-level commissions for discipline inspection.

The Party’s commissions for discipline inspection at every level shall serve a term of the same duration as Party committees at the corresponding level.

The Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection shall elect, at a plenary session, its standing committee, secretary, and deputy secretaries, and shall report the election results to the Central Committee for approval. Local commissions for discipline inspection at every level shall elect their standing committees, secretaries, and deputy secretaries at their plenary sessions. Election results must go through the Party committee at the corresponding level and be reported to the Party committee at the next level up for approval. Whether a primary-level Party committee should set up a commission for discipline inspection or simply appoint a discipline inspection commissioner is to be determined by the Party organization at the next level up in light of the specific circumstances. Committees of general Party branches and Party branches shall have in place discipline inspection commissioners.

The Party’s central and local commissions for discipline inspection shall dispatch discipline inspection teams to all the Party and state organs at the corresponding level and to state-owned enterprises and public institutions as required by relevant regulations. The leaders of such discipline inspection teams shall attend relevant meetings of the leading Party organizations in the work units under inspection. The leading Party organizations in the work units concerned must support their work.

Article 46

The Party’s commissions for discipline inspection at every level are bodies specifically charged with the responsibility of conducting internal oversight, whose main tasks are: to defend the Constitution and other regulations of the Party, to monitor the implementation of the lines, principles, policies, and resolutions of the Party, to assist their respective Party committees in ensuring strict Party self-governance in every respect, improving Party conduct, and organizing and coordinating efforts to combat corruption, and to improve Party and state oversight systems.

The duties of the Party’s commissions for discipline inspection at every level are to exercise oversight, enforce discipline, and ensure accountability. They shall work to keep Party members educated about their duty to observe Party discipline and shall make decisions about maintaining Party discipline; they shall oversee the performance of duty and exercise of power by Party organizations and Party members in leadership positions, accept and handle complaints and reports made by both Party members and the general public, hold cautionary talks, and carry out oral or written inquiries; they shall examine and deal with important or complicated cases of violations of the Constitution or other regulations of the Party by Party organizations or members and decide on or rescind disciplinary action against the Party members involved; they shall pursue accountability or propose enforcing accountability; they shall deal with complaints and appeals made by Party members; and they shall safeguard the rights of Party members.

Commissions for discipline inspection at every level shall report to the Party committee at the corresponding level on problems encountered in handling and the outcomes of particularly important or complicated cases. Local commissions for discipline inspection at every level and primary-level commissions for discipline inspection shall, at the same time, also submit reports to commissions for discipline inspection at the next level up.

If a commission for discipline inspection at any level discovers a violation of Party discipline by a member of the Party committee at the corresponding level, it may take preliminary steps to verify the facts and, if it is necessary to file a case, should simultaneously report the matter to the Party committee at the corresponding level and the commission for discipline inspection at the next level up; if a member of the standing committee of the Party committee is involved, the case shall be reported to and subject to preliminary verification by the commission for discipline inspection at the next level up and, if it is necessary to investigate the case, the commission for discipline inspection in question should then report it to the Party committee at the corresponding level for approval.

Article 47

Higher-level commissions for discipline inspection have the power to examine the work of lower-level commissions and to approve or revise their decisions on a case. If the decision to be revised has already been ratified by the Party committee at the corresponding level, the revision must be approved by the Party committee at the next level up.

If a local commission for discipline inspection at any level or a primary-level commission for discipline inspection disagrees with a decision made during the handling of a case by the Party committee at the corresponding level, it may request that the commission at the next level up re-examines the case; should a local or primary-level commission discover a discipline violation by the Party committee at the corresponding level or by any of its members, and if the Party committee fails to address or addresses incorrectly that violation, the commission has the right to appeal to a higher-level commission and request assistance in dealing with the matter.

Chapter IX. Leading Party Members Groups

Article 48

A leading Party members group may be formed in the leading body of central or local state organs, people’s organizations, economic or cultural institutions, or other non-Party organizations. Such a group shall play the leading role. Its main tasks are: to ensure that the Party’s lines, principles, and policies are implemented; to strengthen leadership over Party building within its work unit and fulfill its responsibility for exercising strict Party self-governance in every respect; to discuss and make decisions on matters of major significance within its work unit, to manage officials to proper effect; to discuss and decide on important issues including adjusting the setup of primary-level Party organizations, admitting new Party members, and disciplining Party members; to encourage non-Party officials and the people in fulfilling the tasks entrusted to them by the Party and the state; and to exercise leadership over the work of the Party organizations of the work unit and those directly under it.

Article 49

The composition of a leading Party members group is decided on by the Party organization that approves its establishment. A leading Party members group shall appoint a secretary and, when necessary, deputy secretaries.

A leading Party members group must accept the leadership of the Party organization that approves its establishment.

Article 50

Party committees may be set up in state departments which exercise centralized leadership over the work units beneath them and in leading organs of relevant work units. The Central Committee of the Party shall stipulate the specific procedures for their establishment and define their functions, powers, and tasks.

Chapter X. Relationship between the Party and the Communist Youth League of China

Article 51

The Communist Youth League of China is a people’s group organization of forward-thinking young people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China; it is a school for vast numbers of young people to learn through practice about socialism with Chinese characteristics and about communism; it is an aide to and reserve force of the Party. The Central Committee of the Communist Youth League functions under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Party. Local chapters of the Communist Youth League come under the leadership of the relevant Party committee at the corresponding level and of the higher-level organization of the League itself.

Article 52

Party committees at every level must strengthen their leadership over Communist Youth League organizations and pay attention to the selection and training of League officials. The Party must give firm support to the Communist Youth League as it carries out its work in a vibrant and creative way which suits the characteristics and needs of young people, and give full play to the League’s spearhead role and its role as a bridge linking the Party with younger generations.

Those secretaries of League committees at or below the county level or in enterprises and public institutions who are Party members may attend the meetings of Party committees or of the standing committees of Party committees at their corresponding level as non-voting participants.

Chapter XI. Party Emblem and Flag

Article 53

The emblem of the Communist Party of China is composed of a hammer and sickle.

Article 54

The flag of the Communist Party of China is a red flag emblazoned with a golden Party emblem.

Article 55

The Party emblem and the Party flag are the symbol and sign of the Communist Party of China. Party organizations at every level and all Party members shall protect the sanctity of the Party emblem and the Party flag. Party emblems and flags should be made and used according to regulations.

National-Congress of Chnacp

description::
"Constitutionally, the party's highest body is the Party Congress, which meets every five years.
... The National Congress elects the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI)"
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.CCP-National-Congress!⇒Chnacpnc,
* McsEngl.Chinese-Communist-Party-National-Representatives-Congress!⇒Chnacpnc,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'congress!⇒Chnacpnc,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'national-congress!⇒Chnacpnc,
* McsEngl.Chnacpnc!=National-Congress-of-the-Chinese-Communist-Party,
* McsEngl.National-Congress-of-the-Chinese-Communist-Party!⇒Chnacpnc,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-quánguó-dàibiǎo-dàhuì-中国共产党全国代表大会!=Chnacpnc,
* McsZhon.中国共产党全国代表大会-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-quánguó-dàibiǎo-dàhuì!=Chnacpnc,

central-committee of Chnacp

description::
"the Central Committee in turn elects bodies such as:
* The General Secretary, which is the highest-ranking official within the Party and usually the Chinese Paramount leader.
* The Politburo, consisting of 22 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee);
* The Politburo Standing Committee, the most powerful decision-making body in China, which as of June 2020 consists of seven members;[47]
* The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CCP, headed by the General Secretary;
* The Central Military Commission"
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Central-Committee-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China!⇒Chnacpcc,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'central-committee!⇒Chnacpcc,
* McsEngl.Chnacpcc!=Central-Committee-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-中国共产党中央委员会!=Chnacpcc,
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央委员会-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì!=Chnacpcc,

Organization-Department of Chnacpcc

description::
"The Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) plays a central role in overseeing the personnel affairs and internal structure of the CCP. It is one of the most powerful bodies within the Chinese political system, responsible for managing key appointments within the Party, government, military, state-owned enterprises, and other important organizations.
### Key Responsibilities:
1. **Appointments and Promotions**: The Organization Department controls the selection and promotion of party officials across the CCP hierarchy. It has the authority to vet, train, and evaluate candidates for positions of leadership, ensuring that those chosen align with the Party's values and directives.
2. **Cadre Management**: This involves supervising the development and career paths of Party cadres (officials). The department ensures that the Party maintains control over leadership at all levels of government and society.
3. **Party Building**: The department is tasked with strengthening Party discipline, loyalty, and ideological alignment within the Party’s ranks. It also oversees the implementation of the Party's policies on internal governance, including the training and ideological education of cadres.
4. **Supervision of State-owned Enterprises**: Many of the top executives at state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are also appointed by the Organization Department. This ensures that these enterprises remain loyal to the Party’s broader economic and political agenda.
5. **Political Loyalty**: The department ensures that loyalty to the CCP and its leadership remains a primary criterion for holding any significant position. It is also responsible for vetting individuals based on political reliability and ideological alignment.
### Power and Influence:
The Organization Department has significant influence over the Chinese bureaucracy and policy direction. It operates somewhat behind the scenes, often shrouded in secrecy, but its influence permeates virtually all levels of the Chinese political system. The head of the department is typically a senior member of the CCP’s Politburo, reflecting its critical importance in ensuring Party control over the state's machinery."
[{2024-09-12 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/66e2e921-ac60-8003-9066-fc783d53bd9c]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacpcc'organization-department,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央委员会组织部-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-zǔzhī-bù,

central-commission-for-discipline-inspection of Chnacp

description::
"The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI)[note 1] is the highest supervisory organ of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCDI is under the control of the CCP Central Committee, per the principle of unified power. It is tasked with defending the party constitution, enforcing inner-party regulations, coordinating anti-corruption work, and safeguarding the core position of Xi Jinping in the CCP Central Committee and the party as a whole. Safeguarding the political position of Xi and the Central Committee is, officially, the CCDI's highest responsibility.[1] Since the vast majority of officials at all levels of government are also CCP members, the commission is, in practice, the top anti-corruption body in China.
At its first plenary session after being elected by a CCP National Congress, the CCDI elect its secretary, deputy secretaries, secretary general and other Standing Committee members. The CCDI then reports the election results to the Central Committee, which can either approve or disapprove of the results. The CCDI Standing Committee is responsible for convening and presiding over plenary sessions of the CCDI. When the CCDI is not in session, its powers and responsibilities are delegated to the CCDI Standing Committee, which has to implement the decisions of the CCP Central Committee and the CCDI plenary sessions. It is held accountable to the CCDI plenary sessions. The secretary convenes, presides over the work and sets the agenda of the CCDI Standing Committee meetings. The current secretary is Li Xi, who was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and approved by the 20th Central Committee on 23 October 2022.
The modern commission was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978. Control systems had existed previously under the name "Central Control Commission" for a brief period in 1927 and again between 1955 and 1968, and under its present name from 1949 to 1955. It was disbanded during the Cultural Revolution in 1969. In 1993, the internal operations of the agency and the government's Ministry of Supervision (MOS) were merged. However, beginning with Hu Jintao's term as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2002, and especially following Xi Jinping's assumption of the party leadership in November 2012, the CCDI has undergone significant reforms to increase its autonomy."
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection]

name::
* McsEngl.CCDI!=central-commission-for-discipline-inspection-CCP!⇒Chnacpccdi,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'central-commission-for-discipline-inspection!⇒Chnacpccdi,
* McsEngl.central-commission-for-discipline-inspection-of-CCP!⇒Chnacpccdi,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-jìlǜ-jiǎnchá-wěiyuánhuì-中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会!=Chnacpccdi,
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-jìlǜ-jiǎnchá-wěiyuánhuì!=Chnacpccdi,

General-Secretary of Chnacp

description::
"The position of CCP General Secretary is the highest authority leading China's National People's Congress, State Council, Political Consultative Conference, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate."
[{2024-07-19 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China]
The General Secretary, which is the highest-ranking official within the Party and usually the Chinese Paramount leader.
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China]

"The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CCP) is a crucial position in the Chinese political landscape, often considered the paramount leader of China. Here's a list of individuals who have held this position over the years:
1. **Chen Duxiu** (1921-1927): Co-founder of the CCP and its first General Secretary, he played a key role during the early years of the party.
2. **Xiang Zhongfa** (1927-1931): His tenure was marked by increased conflict with the Kuomintang.
3. **Bo Gu** (1931-1935): Served during a turbulent period, including the Long March.
4. **Zhang Wentian** (1935-1943): Led as General Secretary during a critical period of consolidation for the CCP.
5. **Mao Zedong** (1943-1976): The most prominent leader of the CCP and the People's Republic of China, Mao's policies and ideology shaped modern China.
6. **Hua Guofeng** (1976-1981): Succeeded Mao and attempted to consolidate power but was eventually sidelined by economic reformers.
7. **Hu Yaobang** (1981-1982): Known for his liberal stance and efforts to rehabilitate those persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.
8. **Zhao Ziyang** (1982-1987): Promoted economic reforms but was removed from power after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
9. **Jiang Zemin** (1989-2002): Steered China through a period of significant economic transformation and integration into the global economy.
10. **Hu Jintao** (2002-2012): Continued policies of economic growth and initiated efforts to combat corruption, albeit with a cautious approach to political reform.
11. **Xi Jinping** (since 2012): Current General Secretary, known for his centralization of power, anti-corruption campaign, and the significant expansion of China's influence globally.
These leaders have each left a distinct mark on the history and development of China, navigating the party through periods of both immense challenge and significant growth."
[{2024-05-09 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/6daba01d-5df1-4440-a30e-42b030ddf535]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'General-Secretary!⇒Chnacpgs,
* McsEngl.Chnacpgs!=General-Secretary-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-Chinese-Communist-Party,
* McsEngl.General-Secretary-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-Chinese-Communist-Party!⇒Chnacpgs,
* McsEngl.socChna'General-Secretary-of-CCP!⇒Chnacpgs,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-zǒng-shūjì-中国共产党中央委员会总书记!=Chnacpgs,
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央委员会总书记-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-zǒng-shūjì!=Chnacpgs,

Politburo of Chnacp

description::
× member: 25.
× term: 5 years.
× meeting: once a month.

"Currently, the bureau is a group of 24 top officials who oversee the party and central government. The politburo is headed by a general secretary. Unlike politburos of other communist parties, power within the CCP Politburo is further centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee, a group of 7 individuals from among the larger Politburo."
[{2024-03-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'Politburo!⇒Chnacppb,
* McsEngl.Chnacppb!=Political-Bureau-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China,
* McsEngl.Politburo-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China!⇒Chnacppb,
* McsEngl.Political-Bureau-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China!⇒Chnacppb,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-zhèngzhì-jú-中国共产党中央委员会政治局!=Chnacppb,
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央委员会政治局-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-wěiyuánhuì-zhèngzhì-jú!=Chnacppb,

Politburo-Standing-Committee of Chnacp

description::
"The Politburo Standing Committee, the most powerful decision-making body in China, which as of June 2020 consists of seven members;"
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'Politburo-Standing-Committee!⇒Chnacppsc,
* McsEngl.Chnacppsc!=Politburo-Standing-Committee-of-China,
* McsEngl.PSC!=Politburo-Standing-Committee-of-China!⇒Chnacppsc,
* McsEngl.Standing-Committee-of-the-Political-Bureau-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-Communist-Party-of-China!⇒Chnacppsc,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-zhèngzhì-jú-chángwù-wěiyuánhuì-中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会!=Chnacppsc,
* McsZhon.中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会-zhōngguó-gòngchǎndǎng-zhōngyāng-zhèngzhì-jú-chángwù-wěiyuánhuì!=Chnacppsc,

united-front of Chnacp

description::
"The united front[a] is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) involving networks of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests. It has historically been a popular front that has included eight legally-permitted political parties and people's organizations which have nominal representation in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).[3] Under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.[4][5][6]
United front organizations are managed primarily by the United Front Work Department (UFWD), but the united front strategy is not limited solely to the UFWD. All CCP cadres are required to engage in "united front work".[7] CPPCC is considered to be the highest-ranking united front organization, being central to the system. Outside of China, the strategy involves numerous front organizations, which tend to obfuscate or downplay any association with the CCP.[8][9][10]"
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacp'united-front!⇒Chnacpwf,
* McsEngl.Chnacpwf!=united-front-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.united-front-of-PRC!⇒Chnacpwf,

United-Front-Work-Department of Chnacpwf

description::
"The United Front Work Department (UFWD) is a department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tasked with "united front work." It gathers intelligence on, manages relations with, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside mainland China, including in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in other countries.[2][3]
The UFWD focuses its work on people or entities that are outside the CCP, especially in the overseas Chinese diaspora, who hold political, commercial, or academic influence, or who represent interest groups.[4][5] Through its efforts, the UFWD seeks to ensure that these individuals and groups are supportive of or useful to CCP interests and that potential critics remain divided.[6][7][8]"
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnacpwf'United-Front-Work-Department,
* McsEngl.UFWD!=United-Front-Work-Department,
* McsEngl.United-Front-Work-Department,

Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference of Chnacpwf

description::
× webaddress: http://en.cppcc.gov.cn/,
"The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s united front system. Its members advise and put proposals for political and social issues to government bodies.[1] However, the CPPCC is a body without real legislative power.[2] While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP.[2]
The body traditionally consists of delegates from the CCP and its people's organizations, eight legally-permitted political parties subservient to the CCP, as well as nominally independent members.[3][4][5] The CPPCC is chaired by a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP. In keeping with the united front strategy, prominent non-CCP members have been included among the Vice Chairs, examples being Chen Shutong, Li Jishen and Soong Ching-ling.[6]
The organizational hierarchy of the CPPCC consists of a National Committee and regional committees. Regional committees extend to the provincial, prefecture, and county level. According to the charter of the CPPCC, the relationship between the National Committee and the regional committees is one of guidance and not direct leadership. However, an indirect leadership exists via the United Front Work Department at each level.[7][8] The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC). The CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are collectively called the Quanguo Lianghui ("National Two Sessions").
The CPPCC is intended to be more representative of a broader range of people than is typical of government office in the People's Republic of China, including a broad range of people from the both inside and outside the CCP. The composition of the members of the CPPCC changes over time according to national strategic priorities.[9] Previously dominated by senior figures in real-estate, state-owned enterprises, and "princelings", the CPPCC in 2018 was primarily composed of individuals from China's technology sector.[10]"
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference]

name::
* McsEngl.CPPCC!=Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference,
* McsEngl.Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference,
* McsEngl.Chnacp'Chinese-People's-Political-Consultative-Conference,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-rénmín-zhèngzhì-xiéshāng-huìyì-中国人民政治协商会议!=CPPCC,
* McsZhon.中国人民政治协商会议-zhōngguó-rénmín-zhèngzhì-xiéshāng-huìyì!=CPPCC,

leader of ChnaAdmn

description::
* core-leader,
* paramount-leader,

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att016-leader,
* McsEngl.Chnadmn'leader,

core-leader of ChnaAdmn

description::
"In modern Chinese politics, a leadership core or core leader (Chinese: 领导核心; pinyin: lǐngdǎo héxīn) refers to a person who is recognized as central to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Four individuals so far have been given this designation: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Xi Jinping. The leader of the fourth generation, Hu Jintao, has never been referred to as core throughout his term as General Secretary. The designation is not a formal title and does not hold legal weight, but its use in official party documentation gives its holder a precisely defined place in theory on their relative standing to the rest of the CCP leadership. The leadership core operates as part of the Leninist concept of democratic centralism, and is intended to represent a vital center rather than a hierarchical peak, which differentiates it from the role of paramount leader.[citation needed] Although all core leaders have also been paramount leaders, not all paramount leaders are or have been designated 'leadership core'.[citation needed]"
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att017-core-leader,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'core-leader,
* McsEngl.core-leader-of-socChna,

paramount-leader of ChnaAdmn

description::
"Paramount leader (Chinese: 最高领导人; pinyin: Zuìgāo Lǐngdǎorén; lit. 'highest leader') is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The paramount leader typically controls the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), often holding the titles of CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC).[1][2][3] The state representative (president) or head of government (premier) are not necessarily paramount leader—under China's party-state system, CCP roles are politically more important than state titles.[4]

The paramount leader is not a formal position nor an office unto itself. The term gained prominence during the era of Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989), when he was able to wield political power without holding any official or formally significant party or government positions at any given time (state representative, head of government or CCP General Secretary).[5] As the leader of the world's largest economy by GDP purchasing power parity (PPP), the second largest economy by nominal GDP, and a potential superpower, the paramount leader is considered to be one of the world's most powerful political figures.[6][7][8]

There has been significant overlap between paramount leader status and leadership core status, with a majority but not all of paramount leaders being also leadership cores, though they are separate concepts. The term has been used less frequently to describe Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, who have all formally held the offices of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (party leader), President of the People's Republic of China (state representative) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (commander-in-chief). Jiang, Hu and Xi are therefore usually referred to as president in the international scene, the title used by most other republican heads of state.[4] However, Deng's successors derive their real power from the post of general secretary, which is the primary position in the Chinese power structure[9] and generally regarded by scholars as the post whose holder can be considered paramount leader.[10] The presidency is a largely ceremonial office according to the Constitution,[note 1] and the most powerful position in the Chinese political system is the CCP general secretary.[12]

Xi Jinping is the current paramount leader.[13] He is considered to have taken on the role in November 2012, when he became CCP general secretary, rather than in March 2013 when he succeeded Hu Jintao as president.[14]"
[{2024-03-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att003-paramount-leader,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'paramount-leader,
* McsEngl.highest-leader-of-China,
* McsEngl.paramount-leader-of-China,
* McsEngl.supreme-leader-of-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zuìgāo-lǐngdǎorén-最高领导人!=paramount-leader-of-China,
* McsZhon.最高领导人-zuìgāo-lǐngdǎorén!=paramount-leader-of-China,

paramount-leader.SPECIFIC

description::
* Mao-Zedong-毛泽东, {1893..1976}
* Deng-Xiaoping-邓小平, {1904..1997}
* Xi-Jinping-习近平, {1953..}

name::
* McsEngl.paramount-leader.specific,

National-People's-Congress of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest state organ of power. Its permanent organ is the National People's Congress Standing Committee."
[{2024-03-14 retrieved} Constitution/article-57]
"The National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state."
[{2024-03-14 retrieved} Constitution/article-58]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att006-National-People's-Congress!⇒Chnaadmnnpc,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'National-People's-Congress!⇒Chnaadmnnpc,
* McsEngl.Chnaadmnnpc!⇒National-People's-Congress-of-China,
* McsEngl.NPC!-National-People's-Congress-of-China!⇒Chnaadmnnpc,

State-Council of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The State Council of the People's Republic of China, namely, the Central People's Government, is the executive organ of the highest state organ of power; it is the highest state administrative organ."
[{2024-03-14 retrieved} Constitution/article-85]

"The State Council of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Central People's Government, is the chief administrative authority and the national cabinet of China. It is constitutionally the highest administrative organ of the country and the executive organ of the National People's Congress, the highest organ of state power. It is composed of the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, directors of committees, the auditor general, and the secretary-general.
The premier is responsible for the State Council and exercises overall leadership of its work. The secretary-general of the State Council, under the leadership of the premier, is responsible for handling the daily work of the State Council and heads the General Office of the State Council. The executive meeting of the State Council, consisting of the premier, vice premiers, state councillors and the secretary-general, meets two to three times a month, while the plenary session, consisting of all members of the State Council, meets every six months.
The State Council directly oversees provincial-level People's Governments, and in practice maintains membership with top levels of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Aside from a few, members of the State Council are also members of the CCP's Central Committee."
[{2024-03-09 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Central-People's-Government!⇒Chnaadmnsc,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att004-State-Council!⇒Chnaadmnsc,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'State-Council!⇒Chnaadmnsc,
* McsEngl.Chnaadmnsc!=State-Council-of-China,
* McsEngl.State-Council-of-the-People's-Republic-of-China!⇒Chnaadmnsc,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.Zhōnghuá-Rénmín-Gònghéguó-Guówùyuàn-中华人民共和国国务院!=Chnaadmnsc,
* McsZhon.中华人民共和国国务院-Zhōnghuá-Rénmín-Gònghéguó-Guówùyuàn!=Chnaadmnsc,

constituent of Chnaadmnsc

description::
"The constituent departments of the State Council (Chinese: 国务院组成部门; pinyin: Guówùyuàn Zǔchéng Bùmén; lit. 'State Affairs Court Constituent Department(s)') are the principal units of State Council of the People's Republic of China. Types of departments include ministries (部; bù), commissions (委员会; wěiyuánhuì), the People's Bank of China and the National Audit Office.
The current 14th State Council has 26 Constitute Departments; 21 ministries, three commissions along with the PBC and the Audit Office. It also has a General Office, one Directly Affiliated Specialized Institution, 14 Directly Affiliated Institutions, one Office, 7 Directly Affiliated Public Institutions, and 17 National Bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of the State Council.[1][2][3][4]"
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaadmnsc'constituent,

ministry of Chnaadmnsc

description::
">ministries of China:
The People's Republic of China's central government administration is vested in the State Council, which is headed by the Premier. The State Council consists of several ministries and commissions that oversee various aspects of the government's work. Here's a list of the 26 ministries under China's State Council:
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (外交部; Waijiāobù) - Responsible for conducting and managing foreign affairs relations.
* Ministry of National Defense (国防部; Guófangbù) - Oversees the People's Liberation Army, the armed forces of China.
* National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展和改革委员会; Guójiā Fāzhǎn hé Gǎige Wěiyuánhuì) - The main body of the State Council for national development strategies, macro-economic management, and social development.
* Ministry of Education (教育部; Jiàoyùbù) - Formulates, implements and manages educational policies and regulations.
* Ministry of Science and Technology (科学技术部; Kēxué Jìshùbù) - Oversees scientific research and technological innovation.
* Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工业和信息化部; Gōngyó hé Xìnxi Huàbù) - Develops and implements industrial policies and regulations.
* State Ethnic Affairs Commission (国家民族事务委员会; Guójiā Mínzú Shìwù Wěiyuánhuì) - Oversees affairs concerning China's ethnic minorities.
* Ministry of Public Security (公安部; Gōng'ān bù) - Responsible for public security, law enforcement and immigration control.
* Ministry of State Security (国家安全部; Guójiā Ānquánbù) - Oversees state security and intelligence gathering.
* Ministry of Civil Affairs (民政部; Mínzhóngbù) - Oversees civil administration, social welfare, and marriage registration.
* Ministry of Justice (司法部; Sīfǎbù) - Oversees judicial administration and law reform.
* Ministry of Finance (财政部; Cáizhóngbù) - Formulates and implements fiscal and taxation policies.
* Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源和社会保障部; Rénliú Zīyuán hé Shóhuì Bǎozhàngbù) - Oversees labor and social security policies.
* Ministry of Natural Resources (自然资源部; Zìrán Zīyuánbù) - Oversees management of land, mineral, and marine resources.
* Ministry of Ecological Environment (生态环境部; Shēngtài Huánjìngbù) - Oversees environmental protection.
* Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (住房和城乡建设部; Zhùfáng hé Chéngxiāng Jiànshóbù) - Oversees housing, urban and rural development, and construction.
* Ministry of Transport (交通运输部; Jiāotong Vận tải bù) - Oversees transport infrastructure and services.
* Ministry of Water Resources (水利部; Shuǐlìbù) - Oversees water conservancy and resource management.
* Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (农业农村部; Nóngyó Nóngcūn bù) - Oversees agriculture, rural development, and poverty alleviation.
* Ministry of Commerce (商务部; Shāngwùbù) - Oversees international trade and foreign investment.
* Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部; Wénhuà hé Lǚyóubù) - Oversees culture, tourism, and radio and television broadcasting."
[{2024-03-10 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/e16fb3c695ea7954]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaadmnsc'ministry!⇒Chnaministry,
* McsEngl.Chnaministry!=ministry-of-China,
* McsEngl.ministry-of-China!⇒Chnaministry,

National-Commission-of-Supervision of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The National Commission of Supervision of the People's Republic of China is the highest supervisory organ.
The National Commission of Supervision shall direct the work of local commissions of supervision at all levels; commissions of supervision at higher levels shall direct the work of those at lower levels."
[{2024-03-14 retrieved} Constitution/article-125]

"The National Supervisory Commission is the highest supervisory and anti-corruption authority of the People's Republic of China. Formed in 2018 by an amendment to the Constitution, the Commission holds the same constitutional status as that of the State Council, of the Supreme People's Court, and of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.[1]
According to the 2018 Constitution, the Director of the National Supervisory Commission is elected by the National People's Congress and shall not serve more than two consecutive terms. The Director reports to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee. The Deputy Directors and Members of the Commission are nominated by the Director and are appointed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee.[2]
The National Supervisory Commission is co-located with the Chinese Communist Party's Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.[1]"
[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att007-National-Commission-of-Supervision!⇒Chnaadmnncs,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'National-Commission-of-Supervision!⇒Chnaadmnncs,
* McsEngl.Chnaadmnncs!=National-Commission-of-Supervision,
* McsEngl.NCS!=National-Commission-of-Supervision!⇒Chnaadmnncs,
* McsEngl.NSC!=National-Supervisory-Commission-of-PRC!⇒Chnaadmnncs,
* McsEngl.National-Commission-of-Supervision-of-PRC!⇒Chnaadmnncs,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guójiā-jiānchá-wěiyuánhuì-国家监察委员会!=Chnaadmnncs,
* McsZhon.国家监察委员会-guójiā-jiānchá-wěiyuánhuì!=Chnaadmnncs,

legal-system of ChnaAdmn

description::
× generic: legal-system.

"The Chinese legal system is a complex and multifaceted framework that has evolved significantly over the past few decades. It is based on the civil law system, which means it relies on comprehensive statutes and laws that are codified and serve as the primary sources of legal authority. Here's an overview of its key characteristics and components:
### Historical Context
The modern Chinese legal system has its roots in the mid-20th century, following the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Initially influenced by Soviet legal traditions, China's legal system has undergone substantial reforms since the late 1970s, aiming to support economic reforms and open up to international standards.
### Legal Framework
- **Constitution**: The Constitution of the PRC is the supreme law of the country. It outlines the country's political system, fundamental rights of citizens, and the structure of the state organs.
- **Laws**: Below the constitution, there are various levels of laws, including basic laws that govern civil, criminal, and administrative matters; laws enacted by the National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee; administrative regulations issued by the State Council; and local regulations by local people's congresses and governments.
- **Legal Interpretation**: The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate play significant roles in interpreting laws, which is crucial for ensuring consistency in legal application across the country.
### Judiciary and Legal Enforcement
- **Court System**: The court system in China is structured in several tiers, including the Supreme People's Court at the top, followed by high people's courts (at the provincial level), intermediate people's courts (at the municipal level), and basic people's courts (at the district and county levels). There are also specialized courts for handling cases related to military, maritime, and intellectual property issues.
- **Legal Professionals**: The legal profession includes judges, prosecutors, and attorneys. Legal education and qualification exams are prerequisites for these roles. The legal profession has grown significantly, with an increasing number of lawyers and law firms participating in domestic and international legal matters.
- **Rule of Law and Legal Reform**: In recent years, there has been an emphasis on promoting the rule of law, enhancing judicial transparency, and reforming various aspects of the legal system to improve governance, protect human rights, and attract foreign investment.
### Challenges and Criticisms
Despite reforms, the Chinese legal system faces criticism regarding the rule of law, judicial independence, and human rights protections. The Communist Party of China retains significant influence over the legal system, and political considerations can impact legal outcomes. Efforts to address these issues and further reform the legal system continue to be subjects of domestic and international attention.
### Conclusion
The Chinese legal system is a reflection of the country's unique historical, cultural, and political context. While it has made significant strides in developing a comprehensive legal framework and supporting economic growth, ongoing challenges remain in achieving judicial independence and ensuring the protection of rights within the framework of its civil law system."
[{2024-03-08 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c8b586ec-7c9f-413c-802f-2e8c7f8e1d9b]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att002-legal-system!⇒Chnalgls,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'legal-system!⇒Chnalgls,
* McsEngl.Chnalgls!=legal-system-of-China,
* McsEngl.legal-system-of-China!⇒Chnalgls,

law-enforcement-system of Chnalgls

description::
"Law enforcement in China consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of enforcement procedures used to maintain order in the country. Along with the courts and procuratorates, the country's judicial and public security agencies include the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) and the Ministry of State Security (MSS), with their descending hierarchy of departments, bureaus (局, "Jú"), subbureaus (副局, "Fù jú"), and stations (所, "Suǒ").
Hong Kong and Macau have separate law enforcement agencies, different legal systems and are classified as separate jurisdictions under the one country two systems framework. However, Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) and Public Security Police Force of Macau often cooperate with the mainland MPS on cases involving cross border crime."
[{2024-03-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att010-law-enforcement-system,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'law-enforcement-system,
* McsEngl.Chnalgls'law-enforcement-system,
* McsEngl.law-enforcement-system-of-China,

law of Chnalgls

description::
">Chinese law overview:
Here's an overview of Chinese law:
**Legal System:**
* **Civil Law System:** China's legal system is based on codified laws rather than judicial precedent (court decisions) like common law systems found in the US or UK [Wikipedia: Chinese law]. There are statutes and regulations that cover various areas of law.
* **Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics:** While rooted in civil law, China's system incorporates elements of socialist law and its own historical legal traditions [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
**Sources of Law:**
* **Constitution:** The supreme law of China, outlining fundamental rights and the structure of government [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
* **Statutes & Regulations:** Laws passed by the National People's Congress and detailed regulations by government bodies [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
* **Guiding Cases:** Though not binding precedent, these interpretations from the Supreme People's Court offer guidance for judges [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
**Legal Branches:**
* **Civil and Commercial Law:** Covers personal and property rights, contracts, marriage, intellectual property, etc. [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
* **Administrative Law:** Governs the relationship between citizens and the government [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
* **Criminal Law:** Defines crimes and punishments [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
* **Procedural Law:** Outlines legal procedures for civil and criminal cases [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
**Historical Influences:**
* **Traditional Chinese Law:** Confucian philosophy emphasizing social order and Legalist focus on codified law [Wikipedia: Chinese law].
* **German Civil Law:** Influenced China's legal system in the early 20th century [Britannica: Chinese law].
**Further Points:**
* The awareness of rule of law in China is increasing [fdi.mofcom.gov.cn].
* China's legal system differs from those in Hong Kong and Macau, which have their own legal traditions [Wikipedia: Law of the People's Republic of China].
This is a basic overview, and Chinese law is complex. If you're interested in a specific area of Chinese law, I can help you find more information."
[{2024-03-13 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/696f1a4ff8ca8942]

">Chinese law overview:
Chinese law encompasses a broad and complex system that has evolved significantly over time. The People's Republic of China (PRC) operates under a socialist legal system with characteristics that distinguish it from both common law and civil law systems. Below is an overview of the key features and components of Chinese law:
### 1. Legal Framework and Sources of Law
- **Constitution**: The Constitution of the PRC is the supreme law of the country, setting out the basic system of the state and the fundamental rights and duties of its citizens.
- **Legislation**: Laws passed by the National People’s Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee form the primary source of law in China. These include criminal, civil, and administrative laws.
- **Administrative Regulations and Rules**: Issued by the State Council, these provide more detailed rules within the framework established by the legislation.
- **Local Regulations and Rules**: Local People's Congresses and governments can issue regulations and rules that must not conflict with national law.
- **Judicial Interpretations**: The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate issue interpretations of laws that guide how laws should be applied in judicial proceedings.
### 2. Legal System Characteristics
- **Socialist Legal System**: Chinese law is grounded in the principles of socialism, emphasizing state ownership and the central role of the Communist Party of China.
- **Rule by Law vs. Rule of Law**: The concept of "rule by law" is emphasized, where law is used as a tool to govern the state and society, distinct from the "rule of law" principle where law constrains the state itself.
- **Legal Reform and Opening-up**: Since the late 20th century, China has undergone significant legal reforms, introducing elements of market economy principles and increasingly engaging with international legal standards.
### 3. Key Areas of Law
- **Criminal Law**: Governs crimes and penalties, emphasizing social order and state security.
- **Civil Law**: Includes laws on contracts, property, family relations, and inheritance, focusing on private rights and obligations.
- **Commercial Law**: Covers business entities, commercial transactions, and market regulation.
- **Intellectual Property Law**: Encompasses protection for inventions, trademarks, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
- **Administrative Law**: Regulates the organization and functions of government agencies and the relations between these agencies and individuals or organizations.
- **Environmental Law**: Addresses environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources.
### 4. Judicial System
- **Courts**: China's court system includes the Supreme People's Court, high people's courts (provincial-level), intermediate people's courts (city-level), and basic people's courts (county and district level).
- **Procuratorates**: Parallel to the court system, the people's procuratorates are responsible for prosecution and supervision of legal enforcement.
### 5. Challenges and Criticisms
- **Transparency and Consistency**: The legal system faces challenges related to transparency, consistency in law application, and judicial independence.
- **Human Rights**: There are concerns about human rights protections, especially regarding freedom of expression, assembly, and the treatment of minorities.
The Chinese legal system continues to evolve, influenced by domestic needs, international trends, and economic development priorities. As China plays an increasingly significant role on the world stage, understanding its legal system becomes crucial for both diplomatic and business engagements."
[{2024-03-13 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/fff1c353-fd15-4ae3-b2c8-7d7e2870b797]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att005-law!⇒lawChna,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'law!⇒lawChna,
* McsEngl.Chnalaw!⇒lawChna,
* McsEngl.Chnalgls'law!⇒lawChna,
* McsEngl.lawChna!=law-of-China,
* McsEngl.law.China!⇒lawChna,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zhōngguó-fǎlǜ-中国法律!=lawChna,
* McsZhon.中国法律-zhōngguó-fǎlǜ!=lawChna,

Judgment-Documents-Network of lawChna

description::
">China's Judgment Documents Network:
China's *Judgment Documents Network* (also known as the *China Judgments Online* platform) is an official, publicly accessible online repository where judicial decisions from courts across China are published. This platform represents a significant step toward judicial transparency and is part of broader judicial reforms undertaken by the Chinese government to modernize its legal system and increase public access to legal information.
### Key Features of China’s Judgment Documents Network:
1. **Launch and Purpose:**
- Launched in **2013** by the Supreme People’s Court of China, the platform serves as a centralized database for judgments, rulings, and other judicial documents from courts at all levels across the country.
- The main goal is to enhance **judicial transparency** and **accountability** by making legal decisions publicly available, which helps in building public trust in the judicial system.
2. **Scope of Documents:**
- The network contains **tens of millions** of court judgments from cases ranging from civil, criminal, and administrative disputes to commercial, intellectual property, and family law cases.
- As of recent years, the database has become one of the world’s largest repositories of court rulings.
3. **Access and Searchability:**
- The platform allows anyone to search for judgments by **court level, case type, date,** and **keywords**. This includes decisions from local, intermediate, and higher courts.
- Legal professionals, scholars, and the general public can access case details, legal reasoning, and the final judgment, which aids in legal research and understanding of case precedents.
- However, sensitive cases involving national security or minors are not always published in full, and some judgments may be redacted to protect privacy.
4. **Impact on Legal Practice:**
- Lawyers and legal scholars in China can use the network to study **case law trends**, though China follows a **civil law system**, meaning judicial decisions do not create binding precedents.
- Law firms use the platform to develop litigation strategies by analyzing how different courts interpret certain legal provisions or apply laws in specific types of cases.
- The availability of a large volume of cases allows researchers to analyze legal trends, predict case outcomes, and identify regional differences in how laws are enforced.
5. **Judicial Accountability:**
- By publishing judgments, the network helps promote **judicial accountability**. Judges know their decisions will be made public, which can reduce the likelihood of corruption or arbitrary decision-making.
- The platform also assists in addressing public concerns about inconsistent judicial practices by showcasing how similar cases have been handled.
6. **Challenges and Limitations:**
- **Language barrier:** The documents are published in Chinese, limiting access for non-Chinese speakers. There’s little to no translation available.
- **Selective publication:** While the goal is transparency, some court judgments, particularly those involving politically sensitive or high-profile cases, may not be fully disclosed or may remain unpublished.
- **Enforcement of judgments:** Public access to judgments doesn’t guarantee that all rulings are successfully enforced, especially in cases where parties are unwilling or unable to comply.
7. **Integration with Legal Technology:**
- The platform integrates with **AI tools** to help users analyze legal trends or even predict outcomes based on past rulings. This is part of China's broader effort to develop "smart courts" and apply AI in the judiciary.
- With AI and big data, the platform contributes to more efficient legal analysis and assists in the evolution of China’s legal system toward becoming more data-driven and accessible.
### Broader Implications:
The *China Judgment Documents Network* is an important tool for increasing **transparency** and **public confidence** in the judiciary. It also plays a critical role in promoting consistency in judicial practice across different regions and court levels. While the platform has its challenges, such as selective disclosure and language limitations, it stands as a groundbreaking initiative in global judicial reform efforts.
The network reflects China's ambitions to modernize its legal system and embrace technology, showcasing its effort to build a judicial system that is not only efficient but also more open to public scrutiny."
[{2024-10-02 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/66fd2340-6160-8003-9073-d59c5c586924]

name::
* McsEngl.Judgment-Documents-Network--of-PRC,
* McsEngl.lawChna'Judgment-Documents-Network,

lawChna.SPECIFIC

description::
"The legal system of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is complex and has evolved significantly over the years. The types of laws in the PRC can be broadly categorized into several areas, each with specific functions and regulatory scope. Here's an overview:
### 1. **Constitutional Law**
- **Constitution**: The Constitution of the PRC is the highest law of the land, establishing the fundamental legal framework of the state, the structure of government, and the rights and duties of citizens.
- **Amendments and Constitutional Interpretation**: Amendments to the Constitution and interpretations of its provisions are also a key part of constitutional law.
### 2. **Civil Law**
- **General Civil Law**: Governs private rights and obligations, including property, contracts, family law, and inheritance.
- **Contract Law**: Specifically regulates agreements between individuals and entities.
- **Property Law**: Covers the ownership and transfer of property rights.
### 3. **Criminal Law**
- **Criminal Code**: Defines criminal offenses and prescribes penalties, including imprisonment, fines, and other forms of punishment.
- **Criminal Procedure Law**: Outlines the procedures for prosecuting criminal cases, from investigation to trial and sentencing.
### 4. **Administrative Law**
- **Administrative Procedure Law**: Regulates the actions of administrative agencies, including the rights of citizens to challenge administrative decisions.
- **Regulatory Laws**: Includes various laws that govern specific sectors (e.g., environmental law, public health law, urban planning).
### 5. **Economic and Commercial Law**
- **Company Law**: Governs the formation, operation, and dissolution of companies.
- **Securities Law**: Regulates the issuance and trading of securities, including stock markets.
- **Bankruptcy Law**: Covers the legal process for companies and individuals who are unable to repay their debts.
### 6. **Labor Law**
- **Labor Contract Law**: Regulates employment contracts, working conditions, and the rights and responsibilities of employers and employees.
- **Social Security Law**: Governs social insurance, pensions, and welfare programs.
### 7. **Intellectual Property Law**
- **Patent Law**: Protects inventions and technological innovations.
- **Trademark Law**: Protects brand names, logos, and other distinctive signs.
- **Copyright Law**: Protects creative works such as literature, music, and software.
### 8. **Environmental Law**
- **Environmental Protection Law**: Sets the legal framework for environmental conservation and pollution control.
- **Laws on Natural Resources**: Regulate the use and protection of natural resources like land, water, and forests.
### 9. **Family and Inheritance Law**
- **Marriage Law**: Governs marriage, divorce, and related family matters.
- **Inheritance Law**: Regulates the distribution of a deceased person’s estate.
### 10. **Foreign-Related Laws**
- **Foreign Investment Law**: Governs foreign investment in the PRC, including the establishment and operation of foreign enterprises.
- **International Trade Law**: Regulates the import and export of goods and services, and the PRC's participation in international trade agreements.
### 11. **Military Law**
- **Military Service Law**: Governs compulsory military service and the rights and duties of military personnel.
- **Military Courts and Procedure**: Special laws that govern the military justice system.
### 12. **Special Administrative Region Laws**
- **Hong Kong Basic Law**: The constitutional document governing Hong Kong under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle.
- **Macau Basic Law**: Similar to the Hong Kong Basic Law, governing Macau's legal framework.
### 13. **National Security Law**
- **National Security Law**: Covers laws related to state security, anti-espionage, and anti-terrorism.
These categories represent the broad types of laws in the PRC, but the legal system is dynamic, with frequent amendments and new legislation being introduced to address emerging issues."
[{2024-08-04 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/6d9e0f45-6221-46a2-a4c1-f57af0c63a94]

"The law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a complex system with various types of law. The core of modern Chinese law is based on Germanic-style civil law, socialist law, and traditional Chinese approaches.
The Chinese legal system covers laws that fall under seven categories:
1. **Constitution and Constitution-related laws:** These laws establish the fundamental principles and structure of the state, define the rights and duties of citizens, and outline the powers and functions of the government.
2. **Civil and commercial laws:** These laws govern personal and property relationships between individuals and legal entities. They cover areas such as contracts, property rights, torts, family law, and intellectual property.
3. **Administrative laws:** These laws regulate the activities of government agencies and their interactions with citizens and businesses. They cover areas such as public administration, licensing, taxation, and environmental protection.
4. **Economic laws:** These laws govern economic activities and relationships in the country. They cover areas such as competition, foreign investment, banking, and securities.
5. **Social laws:** These laws address social issues and protect the rights and welfare of individuals and groups. They cover areas such as labor law, social security, education, and healthcare.
6. **Criminal laws:** These laws define crimes and prescribe punishments for offenders. They cover areas such as theft, fraud, assault, and homicide.
7. **Laws on lawsuit and non-lawsuit procedures:** These laws govern the procedures for resolving disputes through litigation and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.
In addition to these seven categories, there are also various other types of laws in China, such as military law, maritime law, and environmental law.
The Chinese legal system is constantly evolving, with new laws being enacted and old laws being amended to meet the changing needs of society. It is important to consult with a legal professional for advice on specific legal issues in China."
[{2024-08-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/3f9f1a12128db31b]

name::
* McsEngl.lawChna.specific,

lawChna.Constitution-2018

description::
× webaddress: http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/constitution.html,
× webaddress: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c191/c505/201905/t20190521_263492.html,

Constitution of the People's Republic of China
Full text after amendment on March 11, 2018

(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated by the Announcement of the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982; amended in accordance with the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 12, 1988, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 29, 1993, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress on March 14, 2004, and the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress on March 11, 2018)

Preamble

China is one of the countries with the longest histories in the world. The Chinese people of all ethnic groups jointly created its magnificent culture and have a proud revolutionary tradition.

After 1840, feudal China gradually became a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country. The Chinese people, wave upon wave, waged heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom.

In the 20th century, momentous historical changes took place in China.

The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. However, the historic mission of the Chinese people to oppose imperialism and feudalism was not yet accomplished.

In 1949, after engaging in protracted, arduous and tortuous struggles, armed and in other forms, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New Democratic Revolution, and founded the People's Republic of China. The Chinese people thus secured power and became masters of their own country.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country gradually achieved the transition from a new democratic society to a socialist society. The socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished, and a socialist system established. The people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants, which in essence is a dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocations, safeguarded national independence and security, and strengthened national defense. Major achievements have been made in economic development. An independent and relatively complete socialist industrial system has now basically been established, and agricultural output has markedly increased. Significant advances have been made in education, science, culture and other fields, and education about socialist thought has made notable progress. The lives of the people have been considerably improved.

Both the victory in China's New Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought by upholding truth, correcting errors, and surmounting many difficulties and obstacles. Our country will long remain in the primary stage of socialism. The fundamental task for our country is to concentrate on achieving socialist modernization along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We the Chinese people of all ethnic groups will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, to uphold the people's democratic dictatorship, stay on the socialist road, carry out reform and opening up, steadily improve the socialist institutions, develop the socialist market economy and socialist democracy, improve socialist rule of law, apply the new development philosophy, and work hard in a spirit of self-reliance to modernize step by step the country's industry, agriculture, national defense, and science and technology and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

In our country the exploiting class, as a class, has been eliminated, but class struggle will continue to exist within a certain scope for a long time to come. The people of China must fight against those domestic and foreign forces and elements that are hostile to and undermine our country's socialist system.

Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the sacred duty of all the Chinese people, including our fellow Chinese in Taiwan, to achieve the great reunification of the motherland.

The cause of building socialism must rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and unite all forces that can be united. Through the long process of revolution, development and reform, a broad patriotic united front has formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, with the participation of other political parties and people's organizations and including all socialist working people, people involved in building socialism, patriots who support socialism, and patriots who support China's reunification and are dedicated to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is a broadly representative organization of the united front, and has played a significant historical role. In the future, it will play an even more important role in the country's political and social life and its friendly foreign activities, in socialist modernization and in safeguarding the unity and solidarity of the country. The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.

The People's Republic of China is a unified multiethnic state founded by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups. Socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony are established and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard ethnic unity, we should oppose major ethnic group chauvinism, which mainly refers to Han chauvinism, and local ethnic chauvinism. The state makes every effort to promote the shared prosperity of all the country's ethnic groups.

The achievements of China's revolution, development and reform would have been impossible without the support of the world's people. The future of China is closely bound up with the future of the world. China pursues an independent foreign policy, observes the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, keeps to a path of peaceful development, follows a mutually beneficial strategy of opening up, works to develop diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries, and promotes the building of a human community with a shared future. China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen its solidarity with the people of all other countries, supports oppressed peoples and other developing countries in their just struggles to win and safeguard their independence and develop their economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

This Constitution affirms, in legal form, the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups and stipulates the fundamental system and task of the state. It is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal force. The people of all ethnic groups, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises and public institutions in the country must treat the Constitution as the fundamental standard of conduct; they have a duty to uphold the sanctity of the Constitution and ensure its compliance.

Chapter I: General Principles

Article 1

The People's Republic of China is a socialist state governed by a people's democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants.

The socialist system is the fundamental system of the People's Republic of China. Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is prohibited for any organization or individual to damage the socialist system.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-1,]

Article 2

All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people.

The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at all levels.

The people shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs through various channels and in various ways.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-2,]

Article 3

The state institutions of the People's Republic of China shall practice the principle of democratic centralism.

The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at all levels shall be created through democratic election and shall be responsible to the people and subject to their oversight.

All administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory and procuratorial organs of the state shall be created by the people's congresses and shall be responsible to them and subject to their oversight.

The division of functions and powers between the central and local state institutions shall honor the principle of giving full play to the initiative and motivation of local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-3,]

Article 4

All ethnic groups of the People's Republic of China are equal. The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of all ethnic minorities and uphold and promote relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony among all ethnic groups. Discrimination against and oppression of any ethnic group are prohibited; any act that undermines the unity of ethnic groups or creates divisions among them is prohibited.

The state shall, in light of the characteristics and needs of all ethnic minorities, assist all ethnic minority areas in accelerating their economic and cultural development.

All areas inhabited by ethnic minorities shall practice regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise the power to self-govern. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the People's Republic of China.

All ethnic groups shall have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own traditions and customs.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-4,]

Article 5

The People's Republic of China shall practice law-based governance and build a socialist state under the rule of law. 

The state shall safeguard the unity and sanctity of the socialist legal system.

No law, administrative regulation or local regulation shall be in conflict with the Constitution.

All state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises and public institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. Accountability must be enforced for all acts that violate the Constitution or laws.

No organization or individual shall have any privilege beyond the Constitution or the law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-5,]

Article 6

The foundation of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, that is, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership has eradicated the system of exploitation of man by man, and practices the principle of “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.”

In the primary stage of socialism, the state shall uphold a fundamental economic system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together, and shall uphold an income distribution system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay, while multiple forms of distribution exist alongside it.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-6,]

Article 7

The state sector of the economy, that is, the sector of the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, shall be the leading force in the economy. The state shall ensure the consolidation and development of the state sector of the economy.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-7,]

Article 8

Rural collective economic organizations shall practice a two-tiered system of both unified and separate operations with household contract management as its basis. Rural economic cooperatives — producer, supply and marketing, credit and consumer cooperatives — are part of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. Working people who belong to rural collective economic organizations shall have the right, within the scope prescribed by law, to farm cropland and hillsides allotted to them for their private use, engage in household sideline production, and raise privately owned livestock.

The various forms of cooperative economic activities in cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, shall all be part of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of urban and rural collective economic organizations and shall encourage, guide and assist the growth of the collective sector of the economy.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-8,]

Article 9

All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, mudflats and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, except for the forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and mudflats that are owned by collectives as prescribed by law.

The state shall ensure the rational use of natural resources and protect rare animals and plants. It is prohibited for any organization or individual to seize or damage natural resources by any means.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-9,]

Article 10

Land in cities is owned by the state.

Land in rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for that which belongs to the state as prescribed by law; housing sites and cropland and hillsides allotted for private use are also owned by collectives.

The state may, in order to meet the demands of the public interest and in accordance with the provisions of law, expropriate or requisition land and furnish compensation.

No organization or individual shall unlawfully transfer land through seizure, sale and purchase, or in any other form. Land-use rights may be transferred in accordance with the provisions of law.

All organizations and individuals using land must use it in an appropriate manner.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-10,]

Article 11

Non-public economic sectors that are within the scope prescribed by law, such as individually owned and private businesses, are an important component of the socialist market economy.

The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of non-public economic sectors such as individually owned and private businesses. The state shall encourage, support and guide the development of non-public economic sectors and exercise oversight and regulation over non-public economic sectors in accordance with law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-11,]

Article 12

Socialist public property is sacred and inviolable.

The state shall protect socialist public property. It is prohibited for any organization or individual to seize or damage state or collective property by any means.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-12,]

Article 13

Citizens' lawful private property is inviolable.

The state shall protect the right of citizens to own and inherit private property in accordance with the provisions of law.

The state may, in order to meet the demands of the public interest and in accordance with the provisions of law, expropriate or requisition citizens' private property and furnish compensation.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-13,]

Article 14

The state shall continually raise labor productivity and improve economic performance to develop productive forces by increasing working people's motivation and level of technical skill, promoting advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic management and enterprise operation and management, practicing different forms of socialist responsibility system and improving the organization of work.

The state shall practice strict economy and combat waste.

The state shall appropriately handle accumulation and consumption, give due consideration at once to the interests of the state, collectives and individuals and, based on the development of production, gradually improve the material and cultural wellbeing of the people.

The state shall establish a sound social security system compatible with the level of economic development.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-14,]

Article 15

The state shall practice a socialist market economy.

The state shall strengthen economic legislation and improve macro regulation.

The state shall, in accordance with law, prohibit disruption of the socioeconomic order by any organization or individual.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-15,]

Article 16

State-owned enterprises shall, within the scope prescribed by law, have the right to operate autonomously.

State-owned enterprises shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, practice democratic management through employee congresses and other means.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-16,]

Article 17

Collective economic organizations shall, on the condition that they abide by relevant laws, have the autonomy to independently conduct economic activities.

Collective economic organizations shall practice democratic management and shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, elect and remove their management personnel and decide on major issues concerning their operations and management.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-17,]

Article 18

The People's Republic of China shall permit foreign enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals, to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises or other economic organizations in accordance with the provisions of law of the People's Republic of China.

All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and Chinese-foreign joint ventures in the territory of China shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests shall be protected by the law of the People's Republic of China.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-18,]

Article 19

The state shall develop socialist education to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

The state shall run schools of all types, provide universal compulsory primary education, develop secondary, vocational and higher education, and also develop preschool education.

The state shall develop different types of educational facilities, eliminate illiteracy, provide political, cultural, scientific, technical and field-specific education for workers, peasants, state employees and other working people, and encourage people to become accomplished individuals through self-study.

The state shall encourage collective economic organizations, state enterprises, public institutions and other social actors to run education programs of various types in accordance with the provisions of law.

The state shall promote the common speech — putonghua — used nationwide.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-19,]

Article 20

The state shall develop the natural and social sciences, disseminate scientific and technological knowledge, and commend and award research achievements and technological discoveries and inventions.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-20,]

Article 21

To protect the people's health, the state shall develop medical and health care, develop modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourage and support the running of various medical and health facilities by rural collective economic organizations, state enterprises, public institutions and neighborhood organizations, and promote public health activities.

To improve the people's physical fitness, the state shall develop sports and promote public sports activities. 

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-21,]

Article 22

The state shall develop art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing, libraries, museums and cultural centers, and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism; and shall promote public cultural activities.

The state shall protect places of scenic beauty and historical interest, valuable cultural relics and other forms of important historical and cultural heritage.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-22,]

Article 23

The state shall train all kinds of specialized personnel to serve socialism, expand the ranks of intellectuals, and create the conditions for giving full play to their role in socialist modernization.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-23,]

Article 24

The state shall promote socialist cultural-ethical advancement through widely accessible education on ideals, morality, culture, discipline and law, and through the formulation and observance of different forms of rules of conduct and public pledges among different urban and rural populations.

The state shall champion core socialist values; advocate the civic virtues of love for the motherland, for the people, for work, for science and for socialism; educate the people in patriotism and collectivism, in internationalism and communism, and in dialectical and historical materialism; and combat capitalist, feudal and other forms of decadent thought.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-24,]

Article 25

The state shall promote family planning to see that population growth is consistent with economic and social development plans.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-25,]

Article 26

The state shall protect and improve living environments and the ecological environment, and prevent and control pollution and other public hazards.

The state shall organize and encourage afforestation and protect forests.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-26,]

Article 27

All state organs shall practice the principle of lean and efficient administration, a work responsibility system, and a system of employee training and evaluation in order to keep improving the quality and efficiency of their work and combat bureaucratism.

All state organs and state employees must rely on the support of the people, stay engaged with them, listen to their opinions and suggestions, accept their oversight, and work hard to serve them.

State employees, when assuming office, should make a public pledge of allegiance to the Constitution in accordance with the provisions of law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-27,]

Article 28

The state shall maintain public order, suppress treason and other criminal activities that jeopardize national security, punish criminal activities, including those that endanger public security or harm the socialist economy, and punish and reform criminals.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-28,]

Article 29

The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people. Their missions are to strengthen national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful work, participate in national development, and work hard to serve the people.

The state shall make the armed forces more revolutionary, more modernized and better regulated in order to strengthen national defense capabilities.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-29,]

Article 30

The administrative areas of the People's Republic of China shall be delineated as follows:

(1) The country consists of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;

(2) Provinces and autonomous regions consist of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; and

(3) Counties and autonomous counties consist of townships, ethnic townships and towns.

Cities directly under central government jurisdiction and other large cities consist of districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures consist of counties, autonomous counties and cities.

All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are ethnic autonomous areas.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-30,]

Article 31

The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems instituted in special administrative regions shall, in light of specific circumstances, be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People's Congress.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-31,]

Article 32

The People's Republic of China shall protect the lawful rights and interests of foreigners in the territory of China; foreigners in the territory of China must abide by the law of the People's Republic of China.

The People's Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it on political grounds.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-32,]

Chapter II: Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens

Article 33

All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China.

All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law.

The state shall respect and protect human rights.

Every citizen shall enjoy the rights prescribed by the Constitution and the law and must fulfill the obligations prescribed by the Constitution and the law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-33,]

Article 34

All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, level of education, property status or length of residence, shall have the right to vote and stand for election; persons deprived of political rights in accordance with law shall be an exception.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-34,]

Article 35

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-35,]

Article 36

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.

No state organ, social organization or individual shall coerce citizens to believe in or not to believe in any religion, nor shall they discriminate against citizens who believe in or do not believe in any religion. 

The state shall protect normal religious activities. No one shall use religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the state's education system.

Religious groups and religious affairs shall not be subject to control by foreign forces.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-36,]

Article 37

The personal freedom of citizens of the People's Republic of China shall not be violated.

No citizen shall be arrested unless with the approval or by the decision of a people's procuratorate or by the decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.

Unlawful detention, or the unlawful deprivation or restriction of a citizen's personal freedom by other means, is prohibited; the unlawful search of a citizen's person is prohibited.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-37,]

Article 38

The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China shall not be violated. It is prohibited to use any means to insult, libel or falsely accuse citizens.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-38,]

Article 39

The homes of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable. The unlawful search of or unlawful intrusion into a citizen's home is prohibited.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-39,]

Article 40

Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen's freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-40,]

Article 41

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any state organ or state employee, and have the right to file with relevant state organs complaints, charges or reports against any state organ or state employee for violations of the law or dereliction of duty, but they shall not fabricate or distort facts to make false accusations.

The state organ concerned must ascertain the facts concerning the complaints, charges or reports made by citizens and take responsibility for their handling. No one shall suppress such complaints, charges or reports or take retaliatory action.

Persons who have suffered losses resulting from infringement of their civil rights by any state organ or state employee shall have the right to receive compensation in accordance with the provisions of law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-41,]

Article 42

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the right and the obligation to work.

The state shall, in various ways, create employment opportunities, strengthen worker protections, improve working conditions and, based on the development of production, increase remuneration for work and work-related benefits.

Work is an honorable duty for every citizen who is able to work. All working people in state owned enterprises and in urban and rural collective economic organizations should approach their own work as masters of their country. The state shall encourage socialist work contests and commend and award model workers and advanced workers. The state shall encourage citizens to participate in voluntary work.

The state shall provide necessary pre-employment training for its citizens.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-42,]

Article 43

Working people in the People's Republic of China shall have the right to rest.

The state shall develop rest and recuperation facilities for working people and stipulate systems for employee working hours and vacations.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-43,]

Article 44

The state shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, implement a retirement system for employees of enterprises, public institutions and state organs. The livelihood of retirees shall be ensured by the state and society.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-44,]

Article 45

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are aged, ill or have lost the capacity to work. The state shall develop the social insurance, social relief, and medical and health services necessary for citizens to enjoy this right.

The state and society shall guarantee the livelihood of disabled military personnel, provide pensions to the families of martyrs, and give preferential treatment to the family members of military personnel.

The state and society shall assist arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of citizens who are blind, deaf, mute or have other disabilities.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-45,]

Article 46

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the right and the obligation to receive education.

The state shall foster the all-round moral, intellectual and physical development of young adults, youths and children.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-46,]

Article 47

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall enjoy the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation, and other cultural pursuits. The state shall encourage and assist creative work that is beneficial to the people of citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural activities.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-47,]

Article 48

Women in the People's Republic of China shall enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life: political, economic, cultural, social and familial.

The state shall protect the rights and interests of women, implement a system of equal pay for equal work, and train and select female officials.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-48,]

Article 49

Marriage, families, mothers and children shall be protected by the state.

Both husband and wife shall have the obligation to practice family planning.

Parents shall have the obligation to raise and educate their minor children; adult children shall have the obligation to support and assist their parents.

Infringement of the freedom of marriage is prohibited; mistreatment of senior citizens, women and children is prohibited.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-49,]

Article 50

The People's Republic of China shall protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals overseas as well as the lawful rights and interests of Chinese nationals who have returned from overseas and of the family members in China of Chinese nationals overseas.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-50,]

Article 51

When exercising their freedoms and rights, citizens of the People's Republic of China shall not undermine the interests of the state, society or collectives, or infringe upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-51,]

Article 52

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the obligation to safeguard national unity and the solidarity of all the country's ethnic groups.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-52,]

Article 53

Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe discipline in the workplace, observe public order, and respect social morality.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-53,]

Article 54

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the obligation to safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; they must not behave in any way that endangers the motherland's security, honor or interests.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-54,]

Article 55

It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression.

It is an honorable obligation of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service or join the militia in accordance with law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-55,]

Article 56

Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the obligation to pay taxes in accordance with law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-56,]

Chapter III: State Institutions

Section 1: The National People's Congress
Article 57

The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest state organ of power. Its permanent organ is the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-57,]

Article 58

The National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-58,]

Article 59

The National People's Congress shall be composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions, cities directly under central government jurisdiction, special administrative regions and armed forces. All ethnic minorities should have an appropriate number of deputies.

The election of deputies to the National People's Congress shall be presided over by the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the procedures for their election shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-59,]

Article 60

Each National People's Congress shall have a term of five years.

The National People's Congress Standing Committee must complete the election of deputies to the next National People's Congress two months prior to the completion of the term of office of the current National People's Congress. If extraordinary circumstances prevent an election from going ahead, the election may be postponed and the term of office of the current National People's Congress may be extended by a resolution supported by at least two-thirds of the members of the current National People's Congress Standing Committee. The election of deputies to the next National People's Congress must be completed within one year of said extraordinary circumstances coming to an end.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-60,]

Article 61

A session of the National People's Congress shall be held once every year and shall be convened by the National People's Congress Standing Committee. If the National People's Congress Standing Committee deems it necessary, or one-fifth or more of National People's Congress deputies so propose, a session of the National People's Congress may be convened in the interim.

When the National People's Congress holds a session, it shall elect a presidium to conduct that session.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-61,]

Article 62

The National People's Congress shall exercise the following functions and powers:

(1) amending the Constitution;

(2) overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution;

(3) enacting and amending criminal, civil, state institutional and other basic laws;

(4) electing the president and the vice president of the People's Republic of China;

(5) deciding, based on nomination by the president of the People's Republic of China, on the successful candidate for the premier of the State Council; deciding, based on nominations by the premier of the State Council, on the successful candidates for vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council;

(6) electing the chairperson of the Central Military Commission and deciding, based on nominations by the chairperson of the Central Military Commission, on the successful candidates for other members of the Central Military Commission; 

(7) electing the chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision;

(8) electing the president of the Supreme People's Court;

(9) electing the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

(10) reviewing and approving the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation;

(11) reviewing and approving the state budget and the report on its implementation;

(12) changing or revoking inappropriate decisions of the National People's Congress Standing Committee;

(13) approving the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;

(14) deciding on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;

(15) deciding on issues concerning war and peace; and

(16) other functions and powers that the highest state organ of power should exercise.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-62,]

Article 63

The National People's Congress shall have the power to remove from office the following personnel:

(1) the president and the vice president of the People's Republic of China;

(2) the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council;

(3) the chairperson of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Central Military Commission;

(4) the chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision;

(5) the president of the Supreme People's Court; and

(6) the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-63,]

Article 64

Amendments to the Constitution must be proposed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee or by one-fifth or more of National People's Congress deputies and be adopted by a vote of at least two-thirds of National People's Congress deputies.

Laws and other proposals shall be adopted by a majority vote of the National People's Congress deputies.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-64,]

Article 65

The National People's Congress Standing Committee shall be composed of the following personnel:
a chairperson,
vice chairpersons,
a secretary general, and
members.

There should be an appropriate number of ethnic minority deputies who sit as members on the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

The National People's Congress shall elect, and have the power to remove from office, the members of the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

Members of the National People's Congress Standing Committee shall not hold office in an administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory or procuratorial organ of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-65,]

Article 66

Each National People's Congress Standing Committee shall have the same term of office as that of the National People's Congress; it shall exercise its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the next National People's Congress.

The chairperson and vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-66,]

Article 67

The National People's Congress Standing Committee shall exercise the following functions and powers:

(1) interpreting the Constitution and overseeing its enforcement;

(2) enacting and amending laws other than those that should be enacted by the National People's Congress;

(3) when the National People's Congress is out of session, partially supplementing and amending laws enacted by the National People's Congress but without conflicting with the basic principles of those laws;

(4) interpreting laws;

(5) when the National People's Congress is out of session, reviewing and approving partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget that must be made in the course of implementation;

(6) overseeing the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the National Commission of Supervision, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

(7) revoking administrative regulations, decisions and orders formulated by the State Council that are in conflict with the Constitution or laws;

(8) revoking local regulations and resolutions formulated by the state organs of power in provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction that are in conflict with the Constitution, laws, or administrative regulations;

(9) when the National People's Congress is out of session, deciding, based on nominations by the premier of the State Council, on successful candidates for ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council;

(10) when the National People's Congress is out of session, deciding, based on nominations by the chairperson of the Central Military Commission, on successful candidates for other members of the Central Military Commission;

(11) appointing or removing, based on recommendations by the chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision, vice chairpersons and members of the National Commission of Supervision;

(12) appointing or removing, based on recommendations by the president of the Supreme People's Court, vice presidents, judges and Adjudicatory Committee members of the Supreme People's Court, and the president of the Military Court;

(13) appointing or removing, based on recommendations by the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, deputy procurators general, procurators and Procuratorial Committee members of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the chief procurator of the Military Procuratorate; and approving the appointment or removal of chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;

(14) deciding on the appointment or removal of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;

(15) deciding on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries;

(16) stipulating systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and other field-specific title and ranking systems;

(17) stipulating national medals and titles of honor and deciding on their conferment;

(18) deciding on the granting of special pardons;

(19) when the National People's Congress is out of session, in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defense against aggression, deciding on declaring a state of war;

(20) deciding on national or local mobilization;

(21) deciding on entering a state of emergency nationwide or in particular provinces, autonomous regions or cities directly under central government jurisdiction; and

(22) other functions and powers accorded to it by the National People's Congress.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-67,]

Article 68

The chairperson of the National People's Congress Standing Committee shall preside over the work of the National People's Congress Standing Committee and convene meetings of the National People's Congress Standing Committee. The vice chairpersons and the secretary general shall assist the chairperson in his or her work.

The chairperson, vice chairpersons and the secretary general constitute a Council of Chairpersons, which handles the important day-to-day work of the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-68,]

Article 69

The National People's Congress Standing Committee shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and shall report to the Congress on its work.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-69,]

Article 70

The National People's Congress shall establish an Ethnic Affairs Committee, a Constitution and Law Committee, a Financial and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee and such other special committees as are necessary. When the National People's Congress is out of session, all special committees shall work under the leadership of the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

The special committees shall research, discuss and draw up relevant proposals under the leadership of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-70,]

Article 71

When the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee deem it necessary, they may organize investigation committees on specific issues and, based on investigation committee reports, adopt appropriate resolutions.

When an investigation committee is conducting an investigation, all state organs, social organizations and citizens concerned shall have the obligation to provide the committee with the necessary data.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-71,]

Article 72

Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the National People's Congress Standing Committee shall have the power, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-72,]

Article 73

Deputies to the National People's Congress, when the Congress is in session, and members of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, when the Standing Committee is meeting, shall have the power, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit inquiries to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under it. Organs that receive such inquiries must take responsibility for answering them.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-73,]

Article 74

Deputies to the National People's Congress shall not be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the Congress is out of session, the consent of the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-74,]

Article 75

The statements and votes of National People's Congress deputies at meetings of the National People's Congress shall not be subject to legal liability.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-75,]

Article 76

Deputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in the production, work and public activities they participate in, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law.

Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the organizations and people that elected them, listen to and convey the opinions and demands of the people, and work hard to serve them.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-76,]

Article 77

Deputies to the National People's Congress shall be subject to the oversight of the organizations that elected them. Organizations that have elected deputies shall have the power to remove them from office in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-77,]

Article 78

The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-78,]

Section 2: The President of the People's Republic of China
Article 79

The president and the vice president of the People's Republic of China shall be elected by the National People's Congress.

Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as president or vice president of the People's Republic of China.

The president and the vice president of the People's Republic of China shall have the same term of office as that of the National People's Congress.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-79,]

Article 80

The president of the People's Republic of China, pursuant to decisions of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee, promulgates laws, appoints or removes the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council, confers national medals and titles of honor, issues orders of special pardon, declares a state of emergency, declares a state of war, and issues mobilization orders.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-80,]

Article 81

The president of the People's Republic of China engages in affairs of state and receives foreign diplomatic envoys on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, pursuant to decisions of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad and ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-81,]

Article 82

The vice president of the People's Republic of China shall assist the president in his or her work.

The vice president of the People's Republic of China may, when so entrusted by the president, exercise part of the functions and powers of the president on his or her behalf.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-82,]

Article 83

The president and the vice president of the People's Republic of China shall exercise their functions and powers until the president and the vice president elected by the next National People's Congress assume office.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-83,]

Article 84

In the event that the office of president of the People's Republic of China becomes vacant the vice president shall succeed to the office of president.

In the event that the office of vice president of the People's Republic of China becomes vacant the National People's Congress shall elect a new vice president to fill the vacancy.

In the event that the offices of both president and vice president of the People's Republic of China become vacant the National People's Congress shall elect a new president and a new vice president; prior to their election, the chairperson of the National People's Congress Standing Committee shall temporarily act as the president.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-84,]

Section 3: The State Council
Article 85

The State Council of the People's Republic of China, namely, the Central People's Government, is the executive organ of the highest state organ of power; it is the highest state administrative organ.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-85,]

Article 86

The State Council is composed of the following personnel:
a premier,
vice premiers,
state councilors,
ministers of ministries,
ministers of commissions,
an auditor general, and
a secretary general.

The State Council shall practice a premier responsibility system. The ministries and commissions shall each practice a minister responsibility system.

The organization of the State Council shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-86,]

Article 87

The State Council shall have the same term of office as that of the National People's Congress.

The premier, vice premiers and state councilors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-87,]

Article 88

The premier shall direct the work of the State Council. The vice premiers and state councilors shall assist the premier in his or her work.

The premier, vice premiers, state councilors and the secretary general shall attend State Council executive meetings.

The premier shall convene and preside over State Council executive meetings and State Council plenary meetings.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-88,]

Article 89

The State Council shall exercise the following functions and powers:

(1) stipulating administrative measures, formulating administrative regulations and issuing decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the law;

(2) submitting proposals to the National People's Congress or the National People's Congress Standing Committee;

(3) stipulating the missions and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions, exercising unified leadership over their work, and directing national administrative work that does not fall within the responsibilities of the ministries and commissions;

(4) exercising unified leadership over the work of local state administrative organs at all levels nationwide and stipulating the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and state administrative organs in provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;

(5) drawing up and implementing plans for national economic and social development and state budgets;

(6) directing and managing economic work, urban and rural development and ecological conservation;

(7) directing and managing education, science, culture, health, sports and family planning work;

(8) directing and managing work such as civil affairs, public security and judicial administration;

(9) managing foreign affairs and concluding treaties and agreements with foreign countries;

(10) directing and managing the development of national defense;

(11) directing and managing ethnic affairs and protecting the equal rights of ethnic minorities and the power to self-govern of ethnic autonomous areas;

(12) protecting the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals overseas and protecting the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese nationals and the family members in China of Chinese nationals overseas;

(13) changing or revoking inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by ministries or commissions;

(14) changing or revoking inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local state administrative organs at all levels;

(15) approving the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction and approving the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities;

(16) deciding, in accordance with the provisions of law, on entering a state of emergency in parts of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;

(17) reviewing and deciding on the staff size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the provisions of law, appointing or removing, training, evaluating, and awarding or punishing administrative personnel; and

(18) other functions and powers accorded to it by the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-89,]

Article 90

State Council ministers of ministries and ministers of commissions shall be responsible for the work of their departments, and shall convene and preside over ministerial meetings or general and executive commission meetings to discuss and decide on major issues in their departments' work.

Ministries and commissions shall, in accordance with the law and the administrative regulations, decisions and orders of the State Council, issue orders and directives and promulgate regulations within the scope of their authority. 

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-90,]

Article 91

The State Council shall establish an audit office to conduct auditing oversight over the revenue and expenditure of all State Council departments and local governments at all levels, and over the revenue and expenditure of all state financial institutions, enterprises and public institutions.

The audit office shall, under the leadership of the premier of the State Council, independently exercise the power to conduct auditing oversight in accordance with the provisions of law, and shall not be subject to interference from other administrative organs, social organizations or individuals.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-91,]

Article 92

The State Council shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and shall report to the Congress on its work; when the National People's Congress is out of session it shall be responsible to the National People's Congress Standing Committee and shall report to the Standing Committee on its work.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-92,]

Section 4: The Central Military Commission
Article 93

The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China shall lead the country's armed forces.

The Central Military Commission is composed of the following personnel:
a chairperson,
vice chairpersons, and
members.

The Central Military Commission shall practice a chairperson responsibility system.

The Central Military Commission shall have the same term of office as that of the National People's Congress.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-93,]

Article 94

The chairperson of the Central Military Commission shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-94,]

Section 5: Local People's Congresses at All Levels and Local People's Governments at All Levels
Article 95

Provinces, cities directly under central government jurisdiction, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns shall establish people's congresses and people's governments.

The organization of local people's congresses at all levels and local people's governments at all levels shall be prescribed by law.

Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall establish autonomous organs. The organization and work of autonomous organs shall be prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Chapter III sections 5 and 6 of the Constitution.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-95,]

Article 96

Local people's congresses at all levels are local state organs of power.

Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall establish standing committees.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-96,]

Article 97

Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, cities directly under central government jurisdiction and cities divided into districts shall be elected by the people's congresses at the next level down; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns shall be directly elected by their constituencies.

The number of deputies to local people's congresses at all levels and the procedures of their election shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-97,]

Article 98

Local people's congresses at all levels shall have a term of five years.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-98,]

Article 99

Local people's congresses at all levels shall, within their administrative areas, ensure the observance and enforcement of the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations; they shall, according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law, adopt and issue resolutions, and review and decide on local economic, cultural and public service development plans.

Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall review and approve the economic and social development plans and budgets of their administrative areas as well as reports on their implementation; they shall have the power to change or revoke inappropriate decisions made by their own standing committees.

The people's congresses of ethnic townships may, according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to ethnic characteristics.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-99,]

Article 100

The people's congresses of provinces and cities directly under central government jurisdiction and their standing committees may, provided there is no conflict with the Constitution, laws or administrative regulations, formulate local regulations, which shall be reported to the National People's Congress Standing Committee to be placed on record.

The people's congresses of cities divided into districts and their standing committees may, provided there is no conflict with the Constitution, laws or administrative regulations, or with the local regulations of their province or autonomous region, formulate local regulations in accordance with the provisions of law, which shall go into force after submission to the standing committee of the people's congress of their province or autonomous region and the receipt of approval.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-100,]

Article 101

Local people's congresses shall, at their respective levels, elect and have the power to remove from office governors and deputy governors, mayors and deputy mayors, county heads and deputy heads, municipal district heads and deputy heads, township heads and deputy heads, and town heads and deputy heads.

Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall elect, and have the power to remove from office, chairpersons of the commissions of supervision, presidents of the people's courts and chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at their respective levels. The election or removal of chief procurator of the people's procuratorate must be reported to the chief procurator of the people's procuratorate at the next level up for submission to the standing committee of the people's congress at that level for approval.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-101,]

Article 102

Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, cities directly under central government jurisdiction and cities divided into districts shall be subject to oversight by the organizations that elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns shall be subject to oversight by their constituencies.

The organizations and constituencies that elect deputies to local people's congresses at all levels shall have the power to remove them from office in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-102,]

Article 103

The standing committees of local people's congresses at and above the county level shall be composed of a chairperson, vice chairpersons and members; they shall be responsible to the people's congresses at their respective levels and shall report to them on their work.

Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall elect, and have the power to remove from office, members of their standing committees.

Members of the standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level shall not hold office in an administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory or procuratorial organ of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-103,]

Article 104

The standing committees of local people's congresses at and above the county level shall discuss and decide on major issues in all areas of work in their administrative areas; oversee the work of the people's government, the commission of supervision, the people's court and the people's procuratorate at their respective levels; revoke inappropriate decisions and orders made by the people's government at the same level; revoke inappropriate resolutions adopted by the people's congress at the next level down; decide on the appointment or removal of employees of state organs according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law; and, when people's congresses at their level are out of session, remove from office and elect to fill vacancies individual deputies to the people's congress at the next level up.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-104,]

Article 105

Local people's governments at all levels are the executive organs of the local state organs of power at their respective levels; they are the local state administrative organs at their respective levels.

Local people's governments at all levels shall practice a governor, mayor, county head, municipal district head, township head or town head responsibility system.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-105,]

Article 106

Local people's governments at all levels shall have the same term of office as that of the people's congresses at their respective levels.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-106,]

Article 107

Local people's governments at and above the county level shall, according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law, manage administrative work related to the economy, education, science, culture, public health, sports, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, ethnic affairs, judicial administration, family planning, etc., within their administrative areas; and shall issue decisions and orders, appoint or remove, train, evaluate, and award or punish administrative employees.

The people's governments of townships, ethnic townships and towns shall implement the resolutions of the people's congresses at their level and the decisions and orders of state administrative organs at the next level up; they shall manage the administrative work of their respective administrative areas.

The people's governments of provinces and cities directly under central government jurisdiction shall decide on the establishment of townships, ethnic townships and towns and their geographic division.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-107,]

Article 108

Local people's governments at and above the county level shall direct the work of their subordinate departments and of the people's governments at the next level down and shall have the power to change or revoke inappropriate decisions made by their subordinate departments and the people's governments at the next level down.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-108,]

Article 109

Local people's governments at and above the county level shall establish audit offices. Local audit offices at all levels shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise the power to conduct auditing oversight; they shall be responsible to the people's government at their level and to the audit office at the next level up.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-109,]

Article 110

Local people's governments at all levels shall be responsible to the people's congresses at their levels and shall report to them on their work. Local people's governments at and above the county level shall, when the people's congresses at their level are out of session, be responsible to the standing committees of the people's congresses at their level and shall report to them on their work.

Local people's governments at all levels shall be responsible to state administrative organs at the next level up and shall report to them on their work. Local people's governments at all levels nationwide are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council; they shall all be subordinate to the State Council.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-110,]

Article 111

Residents committees and villagers committees, established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence, are primary-level people's organizations for self-governance. Residents committee and villagers committee chairpersons, vice chairpersons and members shall be elected by residents. The relations between residents committees and villagers committees and primary-level state bodies shall be prescribed by law.

Residents committees and villagers committees shall establish people's mediation, public security, public health and other subcommittees to handle public affairs and public services in the residential areas to which they belong, mediate civil disputes and help maintain public order; they shall convey residents' opinions and demands and make proposals to the people's government.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-111,]

Section 6: Autonomous Organs of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
Article 112

The autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas are the people's congresses and the people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-112,]

Article 113

In the people's congresses of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, aside from deputies of the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy, other ethnic groups resident in that administrative area should also have an appropriate number of deputies.

On the standing committees of people's congresses of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, there should be citizens of the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy in office as chairperson or vice chairperson.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-113,]

Article 114

The offices of governor of an autonomous region, prefect of an autonomous prefecture and head of an autonomous county shall be filled by a citizen belonging to the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy there.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-114,]

Article 115

The autonomous organs of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall exercise the functions and powers of local state organs as specified in Chapter III Section 5 of the Constitution; at the same time, they shall exercise the power to self-govern according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and other laws, and, based on local circumstances, shall implement the laws and policies of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-115,]

Article 116

The people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas shall have the power to formulate autonomous regulations and local-specific regulations in accordance with the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic groups in their areas. The autonomous regulations and local-specific regulations of autonomous regions shall go into effect after submission to the National People's Congress Standing Committee and receipt of approval. The autonomous regulations and local-specific regulations of autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall go into effect after submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses of their provinces or autonomous regions and receipt of approval, and shall be reported to the National People's Congress Standing Committee to be placed on record.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-116,]

Article 117

Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall have the autonomy to manage their local finances. All fiscal revenue which, according to the state financial system, belongs to an ethnic autonomous area should be autonomously allocated and used by the autonomous organs of that ethnic autonomous area.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-117,]

Article 118

Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall, under the guidance of state plans, autonomously plan for and manage local economic development.

When the state is exploiting resources or establishing enterprises in an ethnic autonomous area, it should be attentive to the interests of that area.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-118,]

Article 119

Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall autonomously manage the educational, scientific, cultural, health and sports undertakings of their areas, protect and restore the cultural heritage of their ethnic groups, and promote the development and a thriving of ethnic cultures.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-119,]

Article 120

Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and local needs, and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security units to maintain public order.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-120,]

Article 121

In performing their duties, autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall, in accordance with the autonomous regulations of that ethnic autonomous area, use the spoken and written language or languages commonly used in that area.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-121,]

Article 122

The state shall provide financial, material and technical assistance to ethnic minorities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.

The state shall assist ethnic autonomous areas in training on a large scale officials at all levels, different types of specialized personnel and technical workers from among that area's ethnic groups.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-122,]

Section 7: Commissions of Supervision
Article 123

Commissions of supervision of the People's Republic of China at all levels are the supervisory organs of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-123,]

Article 124

The People's Republic of China shall establish a National Commission of Supervision and local commissions of supervision at all levels.

A commission of supervision shall be composed of the following personnel:
a chairperson,
vice chairpersons, and
members.

The chairperson of a commission of supervision shall have the same term of office as that of the people's congress at the same level. The chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

The organization, functions and powers of the commissions of supervision shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-124,]

Article 125

The National Commission of Supervision of the People's Republic of China is the highest supervisory organ.

The National Commission of Supervision shall direct the work of local commissions of supervision at all levels; commissions of supervision at higher levels shall direct the work of those at lower levels.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-125,]

Article 126

The National Commission of Supervision shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee. Local commissions of supervision at all levels shall be responsible to the state organs of power that created them and to the commissions of supervision at the next level up.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-126,]

Article 127

Commissions of supervision shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise supervisory power, and shall not be subject to interference from any administrative organ, social organization or individual.

The supervisory organs, in handling cases of duty-related malfeasance or crime, shall work together with adjudicatory organs, procuratorial organs and law enforcement departments; they shall act as a mutual check on each other.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-127,]

Section 8: People's Courts and People's Procuratorates
Article 128

The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the adjudicatory organs of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-128,]

Article 129

The People's Republic of China shall establish a Supreme People's Court and local people's courts at all levels, military courts and other special people's courts.

The president of the Supreme People's Court shall have the same term of office as that of the National People's Congress and shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

The organization of the people's courts shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-129,]

Article 130

Except in special circumstances as prescribed by law, all cases in the people's courts shall be tried in public. The accused shall have the right to defense.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-130,]

Article 131

The people's courts shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise adjudicatory power, and shall not be subject to interference from any administrative organ, social organization or individual.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-131,]

Article 132

The Supreme People's Court is the highest adjudicatory organ.

The Supreme People's Court shall oversee the adjudicatory work of local people's courts at all levels and of special people's courts; people's courts at higher levels shall oversee the adjudicatory work of those at lower levels. 

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-132,]

Article 133

The Supreme People's Court shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee. Local people's courts at all levels shall be responsible to the state organs of power that created them.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-133,]

Article 134

The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are the legal oversight organs of the state.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-134,]

Article 135

The People's Republic of China shall establish a Supreme People's Procuratorate, local people's procuratorates at all levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates.

The procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate shall have the same term of office as that of the National People's Congress and shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

The organization of the people's procuratorates shall be prescribed by law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-135,]

Article 136

The people's procuratorates shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise procuratorial power, and shall not be subject to interference from any administrative organ, social organization or individual.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-136,]

Article 137

The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

The Supreme People's Procuratorate shall direct the work of local people's procuratorates at all levels and of special people's procuratorates; people's procuratorates at higher levels shall direct the work of those at lower levels.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-137,]

Article 138

The Supreme People's Procuratorate shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee. Local people's procuratorates at all levels shall be responsible to the state organs of power that created them and to the people's procuratorates at higher levels.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-138,]

Article 139

Citizens of all ethnic groups shall have the right to use their own ethnic group's spoken and written languages in court proceedings. The people's courts and the people's procuratorates should provide translation services for any party to court proceedings who does not have a good command of the spoken or written languages commonly used in the locality.

In areas inhabited by people of an ethnic minority or by a number of ethnic groups living together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or languages commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be written in the language or languages commonly used in the locality according to actual needs.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-139,]

Article 140

In handling criminal cases, the people's courts, the people's procuratorates and public security organs should each be responsible for their respective tasks, work together with each other, and act as checks on each other to ensure the faithful and effective enforcement of the law.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-140,]

Chapter IV: The National Flag, National Anthem, National Emblem and the Capital

Article 141

The national flag of the People's Republic of China is a red flag with five stars.

The national anthem of the People's Republic of China is the March of the Volunteers.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-141,]

Article 142

The national emblem of the People's Republic of China consists of an image of Tiananmen Gate in the center illuminated by five stars and encircled by spikes of grain and a cogwheel.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-142,]

Article 143

The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.

[name::
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn/Article-143,]

(This English version is provided by the Communist Party of China Central Committee Institute of Party History and Literature.)

name::
* McsEngl.Chinese-Constitution-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,
* McsEngl.Chnaconstitution-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,
* McsEngl.Constitution-of-China-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,
* McsEngl.PRC-Constitution-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,
* McsEngl.lawChna.001-Constitution-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,
* McsEngl.lawChna.Constitution-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,
* McsEngl.lawChnaCnstn!=PRC-Constitution-2018,
* McsEngl.lawCnstn.China-2018!⇒lawChnaCnstn,

lawChna.civil-code

description::
× webaddress: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China,

"On May 28, 2020, the Third Session of the 13th NPC adopted the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, which took effect on January 1, 2021. The first law defined as a "code" in the PRC, the Civil Code consists of seven Books – "General Part", "Real Rights", "Contracts", "Personality Rights", "Marriage and Family", "Succession" and "Tort Liability", in a total of 1,260 articles. The Civil Code embodies the principle of people-centered development, in full consideration of the people's expectation for a better life, and provides clear stipulations on citizens' rights, including personal rights, property rights and personality rights. It reflects China's efforts to fully protect the rights of the people."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.lawChna.002-civil!⇒lawChnaCivil,
* McsEngl.lawChna.civil!⇒lawChnaCivil,
* McsEngl.lawChnaCivil!=civil-code-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.civil-code-of-PRC!⇒lawChnaCivil,

lawChna.family

description::
">family law in China:
Family law in the People's Republic of China (PRC) primarily deals with matters related to marriage, family relations, adoption, property, inheritance, and divorce. It has undergone significant changes since the establishment of the PRC in 1949, reflecting broader social, economic, and political transformations within Chinese society. Here are some key aspects:
1. **Marriage Law**: The first major legal framework for family matters was the Marriage Law of 1950, which aimed to abolish feudal practices such as arranged marriages, concubinage, and child betrothal. It emphasized free, monogamous marriage based on mutual consent and equality between men and women. The Marriage Law has been revised several times, with significant amendments in 1980 and 2001, further reinforcing these principles and addressing contemporary issues such as property rights, family planning, and domestic violence.
2. **Divorce Law**: Divorce was traditionally discouraged in China, but the 1950 Marriage Law made it legally permissible on grounds such as bigamy, mistreatment, abandonment, and incompatibility. The process and grounds for divorce have been further defined and adjusted in subsequent revisions. The Civil Code of China, enacted in 2020, has integrated and updated the provisions regarding marriage and family, including divorce, aiming to respond to the evolving social dynamics.
3. **Adoption**: Adoption laws in China have been developed to ensure the welfare of adopted children and to regulate domestic and international adoption processes. The Adoption Law of the People's Republic of China, first promulgated in 1991 and revised later, sets forth the conditions under which adoption may occur, emphasizing the best interests of the child and the protection of their lawful rights.
4. **Property and Inheritance**: Property rights within marriage and family are addressed in the Marriage Law and the Civil Code. These laws specify the distinction between personal and marital property, outline the rights of each spouse regarding property acquired during the marriage, and regulate property division upon divorce. Inheritance is governed by the Law of Succession, which was adopted in 1985 and is now part of the Civil Code, detailing the legal framework for inheritance rights and procedures.
5. **Domestic Violence**: Awareness and legal responses to domestic violence have evolved, with specific laws enacted to protect victims and penalize offenders. The Anti-Domestic Violence Law of 2015 marked a significant step forward, offering a legal definition of domestic violence and providing mechanisms for obtaining restraining orders against abusers.
6. **Recent Developments**: Recent years have seen continued reforms in family law to address new social issues, such as the "cooling-off" period for divorce introduced in 2021, requiring couples to wait 30 days before finalizing a divorce, aimed at reducing impulsive divorces but also controversial for various reasons.
Family law in China reflects the tension between traditional values and the need to adapt to modern social realities. The legal system strives to balance respect for historical and cultural norms with the protection of individual rights and the promotion of social welfare."
[{2024-04-07 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/ba5d6f17-4c0b-4dbc-a3dd-99c158c6e886]

name::
* McsEngl.lawChna.003-family!⇒lawChnaFamily,
* McsEngl.lawChna.family!⇒lawChnaFamily,
* McsEngl.lawFamily.PRC!⇒lawChnaFamily,

lawChna.criminal

description::
"Criminal laws: These laws define crimes and prescribe punishments for offenders. They cover areas such as theft, fraud, assault, and homicide."
[{2024-08-04 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/3f9f1a12128db31b]

name::
* McsEngl.lawChna.004-criminal,
* McsEngl.lawChna.criminal,
* McsEngl.lawCriminal.PRC,

lawChna.capital-offense

description::
"In Mainland China, there are 46[1] crimes punishable by death.[2][3] These are defined in the criminal law of China, which comprehensively identifies criminal acts and their corresponding liabilities.[4]
List of capital offenses
Crimes Endangering National Security
Endangering national security is among the crime categories included in the 1997 revision of China's criminal code.[5] It comprises Articles 102 to 113 of the 1997 Criminal Law and imposes the confiscation of property as a supplementary penalty.[6] The crimes included are:
* Treason,
* Separatism,
* Armed rebellion, rioting,
* Collaborating with the enemy,
* Spying or espionage,
* Selling state secrets,
* Providing material support to the enemy,
Crimes Endangering Public Security
* Arson,
* Flooding,
* Manslaughter,
* Bombing,
* Spreading poisons,
* Spreading hazardous substances (e.g., radioactive, toxic, pathogenic),
* Seriously endangering public safety, broadly construed,
* Sabotaging electricity,
* Sabotaging gas, fuel, petroleum, or other flammables or explosives,
* Hijacking aircraft,
* Illegal possession, transport or selling of explosives or firearms,
* Illegally manufacturing, selling, transporting or storing hazardous materials,
* Theft of explosives or other dangerous material,
* Theft of firearms, ammunition or other dangerous material,
Economic crimes
* Production or sale of counterfeit medicine,
* Production or sale of hazardous food products,
Crimes against people
* Intentional homicide,
* Intentional assault,
* Rape,
* Kidnapping,
* Human trafficking,
Crimes against property
* Robbery,
Crimes against public order
* Prison escape, jailbreaking,
* Raiding a prison,
* Smuggling, dealing, transporting or manufacturing drugs,
Crimes against national defense
* Sabotaging weapons, military installations, or military communications,
* Providing substandard weapons or military installations,
Corruption and bribery
* Embezzlement,
Breach of duty by soldiers
* Insubordination,
* Concealment or false reporting of military intelligence,
* Refusing to pass or falsely passing orders,
* Surrender,
* Defection with aircraft or ships,
* Selling military secrets,
* Theft of military weaponry or supplies,
* Illegally selling or transferring military weaponry or supplies,
* Killing innocent inhabitants of war zones or plundering their property,
* Cowardice",
[{2024-08-04 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.capital-offense-in-PRC,
* McsEngl.lawChna.005-capital-offense,
* McsEngl.lawChna.capital-offense,

judicial-system of ChnaAdmn

description::
× generic: judicial-system,

">Chinese judicial system:
The Chinese judicial system, integral to the broader framework of governance in the People's Republic of China (PRC), is characterized by its structure, functions, and processes designed to interpret and apply the law. This system operates under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and is influenced by a combination of socialist legal theories and the civil law tradition.
### Key Components:
- **People's Courts**: The judicial system is hierarchical, consisting of several levels of courts. The Supreme People's Court in Beijing is at the apex, serving as the highest judicial authority. Below it are high people's courts in each province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the central government. Intermediate people's courts serve at the prefectural level, and basic people's courts at the county and district levels handle most trial work. Specialized courts, such as maritime courts and military courts, address specific types of cases.
- **Judges and Adjudication**: Judges in China are appointed and supervised by the People's Congresses at various levels. The adjudication process aims to be both fair and efficient, with an increasing emphasis on transparency and the rights of the defense. However, the influence of the CPC can impact judicial independence and decision-making.
- **Judicial Process**: The process typically involves filing a case, pre-trial procedures, trial, and judgment, followed by the possibility of appeal. Trials are supposed to be public, except in cases involving state secrets, personal privacy, or minors. The system practices a combination of inquisitorial and adversarial elements, though it has traditionally leaned more towards the inquisitorial model.
### Features and Challenges:
- **Legal Reforms**: The Chinese judicial system has undergone significant reforms aimed at enhancing the professionalism of judges, increasing transparency, and improving the efficiency and fairness of legal proceedings. This includes efforts to eliminate corruption within the judiciary and to reduce local government interference in judicial matters.
- **Human Rights and Rule of Law**: International observers have often criticized the Chinese judicial system for human rights issues, including restrictions on freedom of expression, due process violations, and the use of the death penalty. The concept of "rule of law" in China emphasizes the primacy of state law as a tool for governance, in contrast to Western notions of the law as a limit on government power and a framework for protecting individual rights.
- **Legal Representation and Access to Justice**: Despite improvements, challenges remain in ensuring equal access to justice for all citizens, particularly for vulnerable groups. The development of the legal profession and legal aid services has been a focus of ongoing reform efforts.
### Integration with the Party-State System:
The judiciary in China does not operate independently of the Communist Party. The Party's leadership is considered fundamental to the operation of the state, including the judicial system. This means that judicial decisions and the administration of justice are influenced by Party policies and objectives.
In summary, the Chinese judicial system is a complex institution shaped by China's unique political, legal, and social context. While it has made strides in reform and modernization, the system faces ongoing challenges related to judicial independence, human rights, and the rule of law."
[{2024-03-20 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/bca3b857-81e1-46e6-8b3f-8861ce2ad413]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att009-judicial-system!⇒Chnajcls,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'judicial-system!⇒Chnajcls,
* McsEngl.Chnajcls!=judicial-system-of-China,
* McsEngl.judicial-system-of-China!⇒Chnajcls,

descriptionLong::
"The judicial branch, organized under the constitution and organic law, is one of five organs of state power elected by the National People's Congress (NPC), in the People's Republic of China. China does not have judicial independence or judicial review as the courts do not have authority beyond what is granted to them by the NPC under a system of unified power. The Chinese Communist Party's Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission maintains effective control over the court system and its personnel.[1][2] Hong Kong and Macau have separate court systems in accordance with the "one country, two systems" doctrine."
[{2024-03-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China]

smart-court of Chnajcls

description::
"China's smart courts are a significant development in the modernization of the judicial system through the integration of advanced technologies. Here are some key aspects of China's smart courts:

### 1. **Digital Transformation**
- **Case Filing and Management**: The smart courts have digitized case filing processes, enabling online submissions, electronic service of legal documents, and digital case management.
- **E-File System**: All case-related documents are stored digitally, which allows for easy access, retrieval, and sharing of information among relevant parties.
### 2. **Artificial Intelligence (AI)**
- **Judicial AI Assistants**: AI systems assist judges in legal research, case analysis, and drafting judgments. These AI assistants help in reviewing evidence, identifying relevant laws, and predicting case outcomes based on historical data.
- **Voice Recognition and Natural Language Processing**: These technologies transcribe court proceedings and enable voice-activated commands, making it easier for judges and clerks to manage cases.
### 3. **Online Trials and Hearings**
- **Virtual Courtrooms**: Many proceedings are conducted via video conferencing, allowing parties to participate remotely. This has been particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- **E-Notarization and E-Signatures**: Electronic notarization and digital signatures ensure the authenticity and security of documents and agreements processed online.
### 4. **Big Data Analytics**
- **Case Data Analysis**: By analyzing large volumes of case data, the courts can identify trends, predict judicial needs, and optimize resource allocation.
- **Judicial Transparency**: Big data analytics help in maintaining transparency by providing insights into the functioning of the courts and the patterns of judicial decisions.
### 5. **Blockchain Technology**
- **Evidence Management**: Blockchain ensures the integrity and immutability of evidence by providing a secure and tamper-proof ledger for storing digital evidence.
- **Smart Contracts**: These are used for enforcing and automating agreements, reducing the need for manual intervention and increasing efficiency.
### 6. **Mobile and Web Applications**
- **Accessibility**: Mobile and web applications provide the public and legal professionals with access to court services, case information, and legal resources.
- **Interactive Platforms**: These platforms offer features like legal consultation, mediation services, and dispute resolution online.
### 7. **Cybersecurity Measures**
- **Data Protection**: Advanced cybersecurity protocols are implemented to protect sensitive judicial data from cyber threats.
- **User Authentication**: Multi-factor authentication and biometric verification ensure secure access to court systems and documents.
### 8. **Judicial Performance Evaluation**
- **Metrics and KPIs**: The smart courts use various metrics and key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of judges and court staff, aiming to improve efficiency and accountability.
- **Public Feedback Systems**: Mechanisms for collecting and analyzing public feedback help in continuously improving the judicial processes and services.

### Benefits
- **Efficiency and Speed**: Automation and digital processes significantly reduce the time required for case handling and decision-making.
- **Accessibility**: Online services make the judicial system more accessible to the public, especially in remote areas.
- **Transparency and Accountability**: Digital records and data analytics enhance transparency and enable better oversight of judicial activities.

### Challenges
- **Data Privacy**: Ensuring the privacy and security of sensitive legal data remains a significant concern.
- **Digital Divide**: Not all citizens have equal access to digital technologies, which can create disparities in accessing judicial services.
- **Reliance on Technology**: Over-reliance on technology can lead to challenges in the event of system failures or cyber-attacks.
China's smart courts represent a forward-thinking approach to integrating technology into the judicial system, aiming to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accessibility while navigating the challenges posed by digital transformation."
[{2024-07-24 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/a62bea8f-fdd1-4ec0-b3f6-54dea7c88fce]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att029-smart-court,
* McsEngl.China's-smart-court,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'smart-court,
* McsEngl.smart-court-of-PRC,

justice-system of ChnaAdmn

description::
× generic: justice-system,

">Chinese justice system:
The Chinese justice system, as part of the broader legal framework of the People's Republic of China (PRC), is influenced by a mixture of traditional Chinese legal thought, socialist legal theory, and elements of the civil law tradition, especially from German and Soviet influences. It operates under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and is characterized by a unique structure that blends administrative and judicial mechanisms.
### Key Components:
- **People's Courts**: The court system in China is structured in four levels, with the Supreme People's Court (SPC) at the top, followed by high people's courts at the provincial level, intermediate people's courts at the prefectural level, and basic people's courts at the county and district levels. There are also specialized courts, such as military courts and maritime courts.
- **People's Procuratorates**: Parallel to the court system, the procuratorates are responsible for both prosecution and investigation in criminal cases, supervising the legality of court decisions, and overseeing the conduct of public officials. The Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP) is the highest prosecutorial body.
- **Legal Framework**: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the supreme law, under which a series of laws, regulations, and legal interpretations are enacted to govern various aspects of social, economic, and political life. The National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee are the primary legislative bodies.
### Characteristics:
- **Party Leadership**: The CPC plays a central role in the governance and judicial processes of China. The Party's policies and directives can significantly influence legal interpretations and judicial outcomes.
- **Rule by Law vs. Rule of Law**: The concept often emphasized in China is "rule by law" rather than "rule of law" as understood in Western contexts. This approach means that the law is used as a tool to govern the country, with a focus on maintaining social order and the leadership of the Communist Party.
- **Human Rights and Legal Reforms**: China's justice system has faced international criticism regarding human rights, including the treatment of dissidents, transparency in legal proceedings, and the use of the death penalty. However, the Chinese government has implemented various legal reforms aimed at improving the legal system's efficiency, fairness, and transparency, such as reforms in the death penalty review process and efforts to reduce wrongful convictions.
- **Legal Representation and Access to Justice**: While efforts have been made to expand legal aid and ensure citizens' right to legal representation, challenges remain, including limited access to justice for marginalized groups and restrictions on the legal profession.
The Chinese justice system is a complex and evolving entity, reflecting the country's unique socio-political context and its efforts to modernize legal and judicial processes while maintaining social stability and party leadership."
[{2024-03-20 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/bca3b857-81e1-46e6-8b3f-8861ce2ad413]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att008-justice-system!⇒Chnajtcs,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'justice-system!⇒Chnajtcs,
* McsEngl.Chnajtcs!=justice-system-of-China,
* McsEngl.justice-system!⇒Chnajtcs,

human-right of ChnaAdmn

description::
">human rights in PRC:
The human rights situation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a contentious issue. The Chinese government maintains that it prioritizes economic and social rights, and that human rights develop alongside a country's economic development. However, many human rights organizations and international observers argue that the PRC has a poor record on human rights.
Here are some of the key areas of concern:
* **Freedom of expression and assembly:** The Chinese government tightly controls the media and internet, and restricts freedom of speech and assembly. Critics of the government are often harassed, detained, or imprisoned.
* **Religious freedom:** The PRC government restricts religious practice, particularly for minority religions such as Uyghur Islam and Tibetan Buddhism. There have been reports of mass detentions, torture, and forced assimilation of Uyghurs in Xinjiang province.
* **Minority rights:** Ethnic minorities in China, such as Tibetans and Uyghurs, face discrimination and repression. The government restricts their cultural and religious practices, and there have been reports of arbitrary detentions and torture.
* **Rule of law:** China's legal system is not independent of the government, and there are limited due process guarantees. Lawyers who defend human rights activists are often themselves targeted by the government.
There are also concerns about the use of the death penalty, labor camps, and mass surveillance in China.
The Chinese government maintains that its approach to human rights is different from Western democracies, and that stability and economic development are essential for protecting human rights. However, critics argue that the PRC's human rights record is unacceptable, and that the government needs to do more to protect the fundamental rights of its citizens.
Here are some resources for further reading:
* Amnesty International: Amnesty International China report: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/east-asia/china/](https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/east-asia/china/)
* Human Rights Watch: [Human Rights Watch China ON hrw.org]
* United States Department of State: [China Disregard for Human Rights ON U.S. Department of State (.gov) 2017-2021.state.gov]"
[{2024-03-22 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/7f093734914614c4]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att013-human-right!⇒Chnahumnright,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'human-right!⇒Chnahumnright,
* McsEngl.Chnahumnright!=human-right-of-China,
* McsEngl.Humnright.socChna!⇒Chnahumnright,
* McsEngl.human-right-of-China!⇒Chnahumnright,

criminal-justice-system of ChnaAdmn

description::
">criminal-justice-system of PRC:
The criminal justice system of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is characterized by a complex structure that integrates legal norms, institutions, and practices influenced by the country's socialist legal framework and Chinese traditions. The system is underpinned by the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and is designed to maintain social order, protect the rights and interests of citizens, and uphold the socialist system. Here are some key aspects of the criminal justice system in the PRC:
### 1. Legal Framework
The primary sources of criminal law in the PRC include the Constitution, the Criminal Law, and the Criminal Procedure Law. The Constitution sets the fundamental legal principles, while the Criminal Law specifies offenses and penalties. The Criminal Procedure Law outlines the procedures for criminal investigations, prosecutions, trials, and appeals.
### 2. Role of the Communist Party
The CPC plays a central role in guiding the justice system. While the judiciary is formally separate from the Party, in practice, the Party influences major legal decisions and policy directions, emphasizing the concept of "rule of law" under the Party's leadership.
### 3. Law Enforcement Agencies
The Ministry of Public Security oversees the police force, responsible for criminal investigations, maintaining public order, and other law enforcement activities. The Ministry of State Security handles intelligence and security matters, including espionage and national security offenses.
### 4. Prosecutorial Authority
The Supreme People's Procuratorate and its local branches are responsible for public prosecution and oversight of the judiciary and law enforcement. They have the authority to investigate crimes, supervise criminal proceedings, and prosecute criminal cases.
### 5. Judiciary
The judiciary system includes the Supreme People's Court, local people's courts at various levels, and specialized courts (such as military and maritime courts). Courts are officially independent, but in practice, they often operate under political influences and directives from the Party.
### 6. Legal Proceedings
Criminal proceedings in the PRC involve investigation, indictment, trial, and sentencing. The Criminal Procedure Law emphasizes the protection of human rights and procedural fairness, although implementation varies, and there have been concerns regarding due process and the rights of defendants.
### 7. Penal System
The penal system includes detention centers, prisons, and re-education through labor camps (though the latter has been officially abolished, practices similar to it have been reported to continue in different forms). The system focuses on punishment and reformation of offenders.
### 8. Human Rights Concerns
International observers and human rights organizations have raised concerns about the criminal justice system in the PRC, including arbitrary detention, lack of fair trial guarantees, use of torture to extract confessions, and restrictions on lawyers defending sensitive cases.
### 9. Recent Reforms
In recent years, the PRC has implemented legal reforms aimed at improving the rule of law, enhancing judicial independence, and strengthening legal protections for individuals. These include revisions to the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law, efforts to increase transparency in legal proceedings, and initiatives to reduce wrongful convictions.
The criminal justice system of the PRC is evolving, reflecting the government's attempts to balance social control with the need for legal reform and greater adherence to the rule of law. However, the system remains tightly controlled by the Communist Party, and significant challenges remain in ensuring fairness, transparency, and respect for human rights."
[{2024-03-22 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/f8d1844c-bd75-44cb-9493-c6c843e3faa5]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att012-criminal-justice-system,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'criminal-justice-system,
* McsEngl.criminal-justice-system-of-China,

administrative-division of ChnaAdmn

description::
* national, provincial, city, county and township levels.
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

"The People's Republic of China's administrative divisions are structured in a hierarchical manner. There are five levels of local government:

* **Provincial level (1st-level)**: The country is divided into 34 province-level divisions, including:
* 22 provinces (省 shěng)
* 5 autonomous regions (自治区 zìzhìqū)
* 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government (直辖市 zhíxiáshì)
* 2 special administrative regions (特别行政区 tóbié xíngzhóngqū)
* 1 claimed province (台湾省 Táiwān shěng)

* **Prefecture level (2nd-level)**: Provinces and autonomous regions are further divided into prefecture-level divisions, which can be:
* Prefectures (地区 dìqū)
* Autonomous prefectures (自治州 zìzhìzhōu)
* League (盟 móng) in Inner Mongolia
* Municipalities (市 shì)

* **County level (3rd-level)**: Prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into county-level divisions, which can be:
* Counties (县 xiàn)
* Autonomous counties (自治县 zìzhìxiàn)
* County-level cities (县级市 xiànjíshì)
* Banners (旗 qí) in Inner Mongolia
* Districts (区 qū) within municipalities

* **Township level (4th-level)**: County-level divisions are divided into township-level divisions, which can be:
* Townships (乡 xiāng)
* Ethnic townships (民族乡 mínzúxiāng)
* Towns (镇 zhón)

* **Village level (5th-level)**: Township-level divisions are further divided into village-level divisions, which are villages (村 cūn)."
[{2024-03-26 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/51976c4ee2cd5c6f]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att014-administrative-division!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'administrative-division!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv!=administrative-division-of-China,
* McsEngl.admin-div-of-China!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv,
* McsEngl.administrative-division-of-China!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv,

1st-level of ChnaAdmnDiv

description::

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_administrative_claimed_included.svg/1500px-China_administrative_claimed_included.svg.png]
* **Provincial level (1st-level)**: The country is divided into 34 province-level divisions, including:
* 22 provinces (省 shěng)
* 5 autonomous regions (自治区 zìzhìqū)
* 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government (直辖市 zhíxiáshì)
* 2 special administrative regions (特别行政区 tóbié xíngzhóngqū)
* 1 claimed province (台湾省 Táiwān shěng)
[{2024-03-26 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/51976c4ee2cd5c6f]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'1st-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv1,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'provincial-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv1,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv1!=provincial-level-admin-div-of-China,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.επαρχίας-επίπεδο-διοίκησης-Κίνας!=ChnaAdmnDiv1,

province of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
"Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan, currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC).
The local governments of Chinese provinces consists of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a Party Secretary and a Provincial Standing Committee."

[{2024-03-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att015-province!⇒Chnaprovince,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'province!⇒Chnaprovince,
* McsEngl.Chnaprovince!=province-of-China,
* McsEngl.province-of-China!⇒Chnaprovince,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shěng-省!=Chnaprovince,
* McsZhon.省-shěng!=Chnaprovince,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.περιφέρεια-Κίνας!=Chnaprovince,

admin-system of Chnaprovince

description::
"Provinces are the most common form of province-level governments. The legislative bodies of the provinces are the Provincial People's Congresses. The executive branch is the Provincial People's Government, led by a governor. The People's Government is answerable to both the State Council and the Provincial People's Congress. The provincial branch of the CCP has a Provincial Party Congress every five years, and elects a Standing Committee to exercise its authority when not in session. The Provincial Party Secretary is the de facto most important position in the province.[1][2][3]"
[{2024-03-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China#Government]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaprovince'admin-system,

Chnaprovince.SPECIFIC

description::
List of provinces
GB/T 2260-2007[9] ‖ ISO[10] ‖ Province ‖ Chinese ‖ Hanyu Pinyin ‖ Capital ‖ Population ‖ (2020) ‖ Density ‖ (per km2) ‖ Area ‖ (km2) ‖ Abbreviation[a]
* AH ‖ CN-AH ‖ Anhui ‖ 安徽省 ‖ Ānhuī Shěng ‖ Hefei ‖ 61,027,171 ‖ 436.29 ‖ 139,879 ‖ 皖 ‖ Wǎn
* FJ ‖ CN-FJ ‖ Fujian[b] ‖ 福建省 ‖ Fújiàn Shěng ‖ Fuzhou ‖ 41,540,086 ‖ 335.66 ‖ 123,756 ‖ 闽 ‖ Mǐn
* GS ‖ CN-GS ‖ Gansu ‖ 甘肃省 ‖ Gānsù Shěng ‖ Lanzhou ‖ 25,019,831 ‖ 54.70 ‖ 457,382 ‖ 甘(陇) ‖ Gān (Lǒng)
* GD ‖ CN-GD ‖ Guangdong[c] ‖ 广东省 ‖ Guǎngdōng Shěng ‖ Guangzhou ‖ 126,012,510 ‖ 700.02 ‖ 180,013 ‖ 粤 ‖ Yuó
* GZ ‖ CN-GZ ‖ Guizhou ‖ 贵州省 ‖ Guìzhōu Shěng ‖ Guiyang ‖ 38,562,148 ‖ 218.93 ‖ 176,140 ‖ 贵(黔) ‖ Guì (Qián)
* HI ‖ CN-HI ‖ Hainan[d] ‖ 海南省 ‖ Hǎinán Shěng ‖ Haikou ‖ 10,081,232 ‖ 294.27 ‖ 34,259 ‖ 琼 ‖ Qióng
* HE ‖ CN-HE ‖ Hebei ‖ 河北省 ‖ Héběi Shěng ‖ Shijiazhuang ‖ 74,610,235 ‖ 393.08 ‖ 189,809 ‖ 冀 ‖ Jì
* HL ‖ CN-HL ‖ Heilongjiang ‖ 黑龙江省 ‖ Hēilóngjiāng Shěng ‖ Harbin ‖ 31,850,088 ‖ 67.37 ‖ 472,766 ‖ 黑 ‖ Hēi
* HA ‖ CN-HA ‖ Henan ‖ 河南省 ‖ Hénán Shěng ‖ Zhengzhou ‖ 99,365,519 ‖ 600.52 ‖ 165,467 ‖ 豫 ‖ Yù
* HB ‖ CN-HB ‖ Hubei ‖ 湖北省 ‖ Húběi Shěng ‖ Wuhan ‖ 57,752,557 ‖ 310.87 ‖ 185,776 ‖ 鄂 ‖ è
* HN ‖ CN-HN ‖ Hunan ‖ 湖南省 ‖ Húnán Shěng ‖ Changsha ‖ 66,444,864 ‖ 313.65 ‖ 211,842 ‖ 湘 ‖ Xiāng
* JS ‖ CN-JS ‖ Jiangsu ‖ 江苏省 ‖ Jiāngsū Shěng ‖ Nanjing ‖ 84,748,016 ‖ 847.91 ‖ 99,949 ‖ 苏 ‖ Sū
* JX ‖ CN-JX ‖ Jiangxi ‖ 江西省 ‖ Jiāngxī Shěng ‖ Nanchang ‖ 45,188,635 ‖ 270.69 ‖ 166,939 ‖ 赣 ‖ Gàn
* JL ‖ CN-JL ‖ Jilin ‖ 吉林省 ‖ Jílín Shěng ‖ Changchun ‖ 24,073,453 ‖ 126.51 ‖ 190,282 ‖ 吉 ‖ Jí
* LN ‖ CN-LN ‖ Liaoning ‖ 辽宁省 ‖ Liáoníng Shěng ‖ Shenyang ‖ 42,591,407 ‖ 289.59 ‖ 147,076 ‖ 辽 ‖ Liáo
* QH ‖ CN-QH ‖ Qinghai ‖ 青海省 ‖ Qīnghǎi Shěng ‖ Xining ‖ 5,923,957 ‖ 8.58 ‖ 690,355 ‖ 青 ‖ Qīng
* SN ‖ CN-SN ‖ Shaanxi ‖ 陕西省 ‖ Shǎnxī Shěng ‖ Xi'an ‖ 39,528,999 ‖ 192.24 ‖ 205,624 ‖ 陕(秦) ‖ Shǎn (Qín)
* SD ‖ CN-SD ‖ Shandong ‖ 山东省 ‖ Shāndōng Shěng ‖ Jinan ‖ 101,527,453 ‖ 643.78 ‖ 157,704 ‖ 鲁 ‖ Lǔ
* SX ‖ CN-SX ‖ Shanxi ‖ 山西省 ‖ Shānxī Shěng ‖ Taiyuan ‖ 34,915,616 ‖ 222.80 ‖ 156,713 ‖ 晋 ‖ Jìn
* SC ‖ CN-SC ‖ Sichuan ‖ 四川省 ‖ Sìchuān Shěng ‖ Chengdu ‖ 83,674,866 ‖ 174.93 ‖ 484,056 ‖ 川(蜀) ‖ Chuān (Shǔ)
* TW ‖ CN-TW[e] ‖ Taiwan[f] ‖ 台湾省 ‖ Táiwān Shěng ‖ Taipei ‖ 23,162,123 ‖ 650.97 ‖ 36,161 ‖ 台(臺) ‖ Tái
* YN ‖ CN-YN ‖ Yunnan ‖ 云南省 ‖ Yúnnán Shěng ‖ Kunming ‖ 47,209,277 ‖ 123.20 ‖ 383,195 ‖ 云(滇) ‖ Yún (Diān)
* ZJ ‖ CN-ZJ ‖ Zhejiang ‖ 浙江省 ‖ Zhójiāng Shěng ‖ Hangzhou ‖ 64,567,588 ‖ 615.67 ‖ 104,873 ‖ 浙 ‖ Zhó
[{2024-03-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China#Government]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnaprovince.specific,

special-administrative-region of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
"The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China directly under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the country. As a region, they possess the highest degree of autonomy from China's central government. However, despite the relative autonomy that the Central People's Government offers the special administrative regions, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee remains capable of enforcing laws for the special administrative regions.[3]
The legal basis for the establishment of SARs, unlike the other administrative divisions of China, is provided for by Article 31, rather than Article 30, of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China of 1982. Article 31 reads: "The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions".[4][5][6][7]
At present, there are two SARs established according to the Constitution, namely the Hong Kong SAR and the Macau SAR, former British and Portuguese dependencies, respectively,[8] transferred to China in 1997 and 1999, respectively, pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 and the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration of 1987. Pursuant to their Joint Declarations, which are binding inter-state treaties registered with the United Nations, and their Basic laws, the Chinese SARs "shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy".[9] Generally, the two SARs are not considered to constitute a part of mainland China, by both SAR and mainland Chinese authorities.
The provision to establish special administrative regions appeared in the constitution in 1982, in anticipation of the talks with the United Kingdom over the question of the sovereignty over Hong Kong. It was envisioned as the model for the eventual unification with Taiwan and other islands, where the Republic of China has resided since 1949.
Under the one country, two systems principle, the Chinese Central Government is responsible for the diplomatic, military and other state-level affairs of the two SARs. But two SARs continue to possess their own multi-party legislatures, legal systems, police forces, separate customs territory, immigration policies, left-hand traffic,[10] official languages, academic and educational systems, representation on certain international bodies and representation in international competitions, and other aspects that falls within the autonomous level.
Special administrative regions should not be confused with special economic zones, which are areas in which special economic laws apply to promote trade and investments. The Wolong Special Administrative Region in Sichuan province is a nature reserve and not a political division."
[{2024-04-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China]

name::
* McsEngl.SAR!=special-admninistrative-region!⇒Chnasar,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att018-special-admninistrative-region!⇒Chnasar,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'special-admninistrative-region!⇒Chnasar,
* McsEngl.special-admninistrative-region-of-PRC!⇒Chnasar,

one-country-two-systems of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
"The principle of "One Country, Two Systems" is a constitutional framework formulated by Deng Xiaoping, the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC), for the reunification of China during the early 1980s. This framework was designed to accommodate the coexistence of different political and economic systems within a single nation-state. Specifically, it was applied to Hong Kong and Macau, two regions that were colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal, respectively, until their sovereignty was transferred back to China. Hong Kong's sovereignty was transferred in 1997, and Macau's in 1999.
Under this principle, both Hong Kong and Macau were allowed to maintain their capitalist economic systems and their own legal systems distinct from the socialist system in mainland China, for a period of 50 years after their handovers. This arrangement meant that while they became Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China, these regions could enjoy a high degree of autonomy, retaining their own currencies, legal systems, administrative and judicial systems, and rights of assembly and speech that are not available in mainland China.
The "One Country, Two Systems" framework promised that, except for foreign and defense affairs which would be the responsibility of the Central People's Government in Beijing, Hong Kong and Macau could maintain their own economic and administrative systems.
The implementation of this principle has faced challenges, especially in Hong Kong where there have been mass protests and international concerns regarding the erosion of freedoms and autonomy guaranteed under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework. Issues such as the introduction of the National Security Law in Hong Kong in 2020 have sparked debates about the viability and integrity of "One Country, Two Systems," with critics arguing that Beijing's increasing influence in Hong Kong's affairs undermines the autonomy promised to the region."
[{2024-04-08 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/1643026a-58a5-4a74-9cfa-d3d37c88d210]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att019-one-country-two-systems,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'one-country-two-systems,
* McsEngl.one-country-two-systems,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.yīguóliǎngzhì-一国两制!=one-country-two-systems,
* McsZhon.一国两制-yīguóliǎngzhì!=one-country-two-systems,

Hong-Kong of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-01-01},

"Hong Kong is a vibrant and diverse special administrative region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China, located on the southern coast of China at the Pearl River Estuary. Historically shaped by its strategic port and international trade, Hong Kong has evolved into a leading global financial and commercial hub. Below is a concise overview of Hong Kong’s geography, history, governance, economy, culture, and society:
---
## 1. Geography
- **Location**: On China’s southern coast, bordering the province of Guangdong.
- **Composition**: Consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and more than 200 outlying islands.
- **Land Area**: Approximately 1,110 square kilometers (roughly 428 square miles).
- **Topography**: Characterized by hilly terrain, rugged coastlines, and limited flat land. Significant areas of countryside have been preserved as country parks.
---
## 2. Historical Background
- **Early Settlement**: Fishing villages and small communities dotted the region for centuries.
- **Colonial Era**: Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in 1842 after the First Opium War. Kowloon and the New Territories were subsequently leased, leading to more than 150 years of British rule.
- **Handover to China**: On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty under the principle of “One Country, Two Systems,” which grants Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy in certain matters.
---
## 3. Governance and Political Structure
- **Special Administrative Region (SAR)**: Under the Basic Law, Hong Kong is allowed its own legal system, currency, and customs territory separate from mainland China.
- **Chief Executive**: The head of government, selected by an Election Committee, with the Central People’s Government’s approval.
- **Legislative Council (LegCo)**: The lawmaking body, composed of directly elected and functionally elected seats.
- **Judiciary**: Hong Kong maintains a common-law system inherited from Britain, with the Court of Final Appeal as its highest judicial authority.
---
## 4. Economy
- **Global Financial Hub**: Renowned for its free-market policies, low taxation, and strong financial and regulatory systems.
- **Major Industries**: Finance, trade, logistics, tourism, and professional services.
- **Currency**: The Hong Kong dollar (HKD), which is pegged to the U.S. dollar.
- **Connectivity**: The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is among the world’s largest, and the city serves as a bridge between mainland China and international markets.
---
## 5. Society and Culture
- **Population**: Over 7 million people, making Hong Kong one of the world’s most densely populated regions.
- **Language**: Cantonese is the most widely spoken language. Both Chinese (written in traditional characters) and English are official languages.
- **Cultural Influences**: A blend of Chinese traditions, British colonial legacies, and international influences.
- **Cuisine**: Famous for dim sum, Cantonese roast meats, fresh seafood, and a variety of international dining options.
- **Festivals**: Major celebrations include Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival.
---
## 6. Lifestyle and Attractions
- **Cityscape**: Known for iconic skylines along Victoria Harbour, with towering skyscrapers set against lush mountains.
- **Shopping and Dining**: World-class shopping districts (e.g., Causeway Bay, Tsim Sha Tsui) and a thriving dining scene that spans street food to Michelin-starred restaurants.
- **Tourist Spots**:
- **Victoria Peak (“The Peak”)**: Offers panoramic views of the city.
- **Star Ferry**: Historic ferry service across Victoria Harbour.
- **Hong Kong Disneyland** and **Ocean Park**: Family-friendly theme parks.
- **Outlying Islands**: Cheung Chau, Lamma, and Lantau for scenic hikes and beaches.
- **Public Transport**: Efficient network of MTR (Mass Transit Railway), buses, trams, and ferries.
---
## 7. Current Challenges and Developments
- **Political Landscape**: Heightened focus on the implementation of the National Security Law and evolving dynamics between local institutions and the central government in Beijing.
- **Economic Diversification**: Efforts to expand beyond finance and real estate into tech, innovation, and green industries.
- **Housing and Urban Planning**: High property prices and population density drive ongoing urban development debates.
- **Sustainability**: Environmental concerns are prompting moves toward more eco-friendly policies, clean energy, and conservation efforts.
---
### Summary
Hong Kong’s unique position stems from its historic role as a global trade port and a financial powerhouse, combined with the “One Country, Two Systems” framework that grants it distinct legal and economic privileges. Balancing its cultural heritage, international outlook, and deep connections to the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong remains one of Asia’s most significant cities, renowned for its dynamic economy, iconic skyline, and blend of East-West influences."
[{2025-01-01 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/67751ecc-8b30-8003-983e-36842a894831]

name::
* McsEngl.Hong-Kong,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.Xiānggǎng-香港!=HongKong,
* McsZhon.香港-Xiānggǎng!=HongKong,

Macao of ChnaAdmnDiv1

description::
× McsHitp-creation: {2025-01-01},

"Macao (also spelled Macau) is a vibrant Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China, located on the southern coast of China near the Pearl River Delta. Often referred to as the “Las Vegas of Asia,” Macao is renowned for its world-class casinos and luxury hotels. However, beneath the glitter of its gaming industry lies a rich tapestry of history, culture, and tradition rooted in its centuries-long Portuguese heritage and deep Chinese roots. Below is an overview of some of Macao’s key features:
---
## 1. Historical Background
- **Portuguese Influence**: Macao was administered by Portugal for over four centuries—from the mid-16th century until December 20, 1999, when sovereignty was transferred back to China. This unique colonial past has left a distinctive Portuguese imprint on the city’s architecture, cuisine, and legal system.
- **UNESCO World Heritage**: Macao’s Historic Centre, featuring European-style churches, plazas, and traditional Chinese temples, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Landmarks such as the Ruins of St. Paul’s, Senado Square, and A-Ma Temple testify to its multicultural legacy.
---
## 2. Geography and Urban Development
- **Location**: Macao is situated across the Pearl River estuary from Hong Kong, bordered by the Chinese mainland city of Zhuhai to the north.
- **Territory**: Originally consisting of the Macao Peninsula and the islands of Taipa and Coloane, the region has expanded through extensive land reclamation projects, creating the Cotai Strip that connects Taipa and Coloane.
- **Dense Population**: Despite its small size (about 32 square kilometers), Macao is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.
---
## 3. Economy
- **Gaming and Tourism**: Macao’s economy is heavily dependent on the gaming industry, which accounts for a significant portion of its GDP. Top-tier casinos and integrated resorts attract millions of visitors each year.
- **Diversification Efforts**: To reduce reliance on gambling, Macao’s government encourages the development of other sectors such as MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions), cultural tourism, and financial services.
- **Currency and Banking**: Macao uses the Macanese pataca (MOP) as its official currency, although Hong Kong dollars (HKD) are also widely accepted.
---
## 4. Culture and Society
- **Bilingual Heritage**: The official languages are Chinese (primarily Cantonese) and Portuguese, though English is commonly used in business and tourism. Street signs and official documents often feature both Chinese and Portuguese, reflecting the city’s bicultural identity.
- **Festivals and Traditions**: Major Chinese festivals (such as Lunar New Year and the Mid-Autumn Festival) and Catholic celebrations (like Christmas and Easter) are observed. There are also uniquely Macanese events and culinary traditions that blend Portuguese and local Chinese flavors.
- **Gastronomy**: Macanese cuisine is a fusion of Portuguese, African, Southeast Asian, and Chinese influences—exemplified by dishes like “minchi” (ground meat with soy sauce) and the iconic Portuguese egg tart.
---
## 5. Governance and Administration
- **Special Administrative Region**: Under the “one country, two systems” principle, Macao enjoys a high degree of autonomy in economic, legal, and administrative matters, while defense and foreign affairs are managed by the central government in Beijing.
- **Legal System**: The legal framework is based on Portuguese civil law, adapted to reflect Macao’s status as part of China.
- **Chief Executive**: The Chief Executive is the head of the Macao SAR government, supported by the Executive Council and other governmental bodies.
---
## 6. Tourism Highlights
1. **Historic Centre of Macao**: Explore the Ruins of St. Paul’s, Senado Square, and heritage buildings showcasing Macao’s unique East-meets-West charm.
2. **Cotai Strip**: Home to mega-casinos, shopping centers, theaters, and Michelin-starred restaurants.
3. **Taipa Village**: Known for its traditional Portuguese-style houses, quaint streets, and local eateries.
4. **Coloane**: A more tranquil part of Macao featuring beaches, hiking trails, and laid-back Portuguese villages.
---
## Conclusion
Macao stands at a fascinating crossroads between Portuguese and Chinese cultures. While its modern image is closely tied to the global gaming industry, the region also preserves centuries-old architecture and traditions. This blend of old and new, East and West, makes Macao a compelling destination for history buffs, food enthusiasts, and travelers seeking an energetic yet culturally rich experience."
[{2025-01-01 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/67751d35-ab40-8003-bd99-72bd55fd5e82]

name::
* McsEngl.Macao,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.Àomén-澳门!=Macao,
* McsZhon.澳门-Àomén!=Macao,

2nd-level of ChnaAdmnDiv

description::
* **Prefecture level (2nd-level)**: Provinces and autonomous regions are further divided into prefecture-level divisions, which can be:
* Prefectures (地区 dìqū)
* Autonomous prefectures (自治州 zìzhìzhōu)
* League (盟 móng) in Inner Mongolia
* Municipalities (市 shì)
[{2024-03-26 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/51976c4ee2cd5c6f]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'2nd-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv2,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'prefecture-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv2,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv2!=prefecture-level-admin-div-of-China,
====== langoGreekAncient:
* McsElla.dìqū-地区!=prefecture,
* McsElla.地区-dìqū!=prefecture,

3rd-level of ChnaAdmnDiv

description::
* **County level (3rd-level)**: Prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into county-level divisions, which can be:
* Counties (县 xiàn)
* Autonomous counties (自治县 zìzhìxiàn)
* County-level cities (县级市 xiànjíshì)
* Banners (旗 qí) in Inner Mongolia
* Districts (区 qū) within municipalities
[{2024-03-26 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/51976c4ee2cd5c6f]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'3rd-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv3,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'county-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv3,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv3!=count-level-admin-div-of-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xiàn-县!=county,
* McsZhon.县-xiàn!=county,

4th-level of ChnaAdmnDiv

description::
* **Township level (4th-level)**: County-level divisions are divided into township-level divisions, which can be:
* Townships (乡 xiāng)
* Ethnic townships (民族乡 mínzúxiāng)
* Towns (镇 zhón)
[{2024-03-26 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/51976c4ee2cd5c6f]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'4th-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv4,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'township-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv4,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv4!=township-level-admin-div-of-China,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xiāng-乡!=township,
* McsZhon.乡-xiāng!=township,

townships-乡-xiāng-vs-towns-镇-zhón of ChnaAdmnDiv4

description::
">townships 乡 vs towns 镇:
In the administrative hierarchy of China, both "乡" (xiāng, townships) and "镇" (zhón, towns) are rural administrative divisions, but they serve different roles and have distinct characteristics.
### 乡 (Xiāng) - Township
- **Level**: Townships are typically one level below counties in the Chinese administrative structure. They are common in more rural or less densely populated areas.
- **Function**: A township provides local governance for the rural areas it oversees, which often includes several villages. The focus is usually on agricultural communities.
- **Administration**: Townships are responsible for local governance tasks, including economic development, maintaining public order, and providing basic public services to the rural population within their jurisdiction.
- **Population and Size**: The population and size of townships can vary widely, but they generally cover a larger area with a smaller population density compared to towns.
### 镇 (Zhón) - Town
- **Level**: Like townships, towns are also below counties but are typically found in more developed or economically advanced rural areas.
- **Function**: Towns serve as the commercial and administrative centers of rural areas, often featuring more advanced infrastructure, markets, schools, and hospitals than townships. They might act as hubs for surrounding villages.
- **Administration**: The administration of a town is tasked with more complex governance roles due to the higher population density and greater economic activity. This includes urban planning, economic development, and providing a higher level of public services.
- **Population and Size**: Towns usually have a higher population density than townships and cover a smaller geographic area. The economic and social life in towns is generally more vibrant and diverse.
### Key Differences
- **Development Level**: Towns (镇) are typically more economically developed and have better infrastructure compared to townships (乡). This includes better transportation, education, and healthcare facilities.
- **Population Density**: Towns have a higher population density, with a concentration of businesses, services, and housing. Townships are more spread out, with a focus on agricultural land and villages.
- **Economic Activity**: While both can engage in various economic activities, towns often have a broader economic base, including manufacturing, services, and commerce, in addition to agriculture. Townships are more likely to be focused on agriculture and basic local services.
These distinctions reflect the diverse administrative needs and development strategies of rural China, aiming to balance rural development with preserving agricultural lands and traditional lifestyles."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c25b0016-b573-419b-b713-02a779c4a471]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv4'townships-乡-xiāng-vs-towns-镇-zhón,
* McsEngl.townships-乡-xiāng-vs-towns-镇-zhón-of-ChnaAdmnDiv4,

5th-level of ChnaAdmnDiv

description::
* **Village level (5th-level)**: Township-level divisions are further divided into village-level divisions, which are villages (村 cūn)."
[{2024-03-26 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/51976c4ee2cd5c6f]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'village-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv5,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'5th-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv5,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv'village-level!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv5,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv5!=village-level-admin-div-of-China,
* McsEngl.village-level-admin-div-of-China!⇒ChnaAdmnDiv5,

village of ChnaAdmnDiv5

description::
">Chinese village 村:
In Chinese, "村" (cūn) translates to "village." In China, villages are small settlements or communities that are smaller than towns and cities. They are usually found in rural areas and are characterized by a close-knit community of families who often engage in agricultural or other traditional activities for their livelihood. Chinese villages can vary greatly depending on their geographical location, from the mountainous villages in provinces like Yunnan and Sichuan, to the fishing villages along the coast, to the agricultural villages in the vast plains of the central and eastern regions.
Villages in China have a rich history and are often the keepers of traditional Chinese culture, customs, and ways of life. Many have unique architectural styles, such as the traditional courtyard houses known as "Siheyuan" in northern China, and the "Diaolou" watchtowers of the Kaiping villages in Guangdong. They can also be the site of traditional festivals and practices that have been passed down through generations.
In recent years, the Chinese government has undertaken rural revitalization initiatives aimed at improving living standards in villages, preserving cultural heritage, and encouraging sustainable development. This has included infrastructure development, tourism, and the promotion of local crafts and products. Some villages have gained fame for their scenic beauty or cultural uniqueness, becoming tourist attractions and helping to preserve and showcase rural life in China."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/c25b0016-b573-419b-b713-02a779c4a471]

"As of the end of 2020, all the 503,000 administrative villages in China had established villagers committees, and all the 112,000 urban communities in the country had established residents committees."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmnDiv5'village,
* McsEngl.village-of-ChnaAdmnDiv5,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.cūn-村!=village,
* McsZhon.村-cūn!=village,

info-resource of ChnaAdmn

description::
* National People's Congress: http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn,
* State Council: https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/202303/28/content_WS64227cbfc6d0f528699dc56b.html,
* People’s Daily Online: http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0729/c90000-9716018.html,
* {2021} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works,

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Infrsc,

New-Left of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The Chinese New Left (CNL) is a diverse group of left-wing intellectuals and activists who emerged in China in the 1990s. They are critical of the market-oriented reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping and subsequent leaders, which they believe have led to increased inequality, social unrest, and environmental degradation.

**Key characteristics and beliefs of the CNL:**
* **Critique of neoliberalism:** They argue that the unfettered pursuit of economic growth has come at the expense of social justice and environmental sustainability.
* **Emphasis on social equality:** They advocate for policies that promote greater equality in income, education, and healthcare.
* **Support for state intervention:** They believe that the state has an important role to play in regulating the market and protecting the interests of workers and the poor.
* **Concern for the marginalized:** They champion the rights of farmers, migrant workers, and other marginalized groups.
* **Revival of Maoist thought:** Some CNL thinkers draw inspiration from Mao Zedong's emphasis on social justice and egalitarianism, while others are critical of his authoritarian tendencies.
* **Nationalism and anti-imperialism:** Many CNL members express nationalist sentiments and criticize what they perceive as Western cultural and economic hegemony.

**Influence and impact of the CNL:**
* **Intellectual discourse:** The CNL has played a significant role in shaping intellectual debates in China, challenging the dominance of neoliberal ideas.
* **Social movements:** CNL activists have been involved in various social movements, advocating for workers' rights, environmental protection, and rural development.
* **Policy debates:** The CNL has influenced policy debates in China, particularly on issues related to social welfare and income inequality.
* **International connections:** The CNL has established connections with left-wing movements and intellectuals in other countries.

**Internal diversity and debates within the CNL:**
* The CNL is not a monolithic movement, and there are significant differences of opinion within it on various issues, such as the role of the state, the relevance of Maoist thought, and the relationship with the Chinese Communist Party.
* Some CNL members are critical of the CCP and advocate for greater political liberalization, while others believe that the party can be reformed from within.

**The future of the CNL:**
* The CNL continues to be an important force in Chinese society, despite facing challenges from the government and other political groups.
* The movement's future trajectory will likely depend on its ability to adapt to changing social and political conditions in China.
I hope this information is helpful. Please let me know if you have any further questions."
[{2024-07-22 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/dbd3efe458d2c6f1]

name::
* McsEngl.CNL!=Chinese-New-Left,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att028-New-Left,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'New-Left,
* McsEngl.New-Left-of-PRC,

Fajia of ChnaAdmn

description::
"Fajia (法家), often translated as Legalism, was a school of thought in ancient China that emerged during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). It significantly influenced the unification of China under the Qin dynasty and the subsequent formation of the Chinese empire.

**Key Principles:**
* **Rule by Law (Fa):** Fajia emphasized the importance of strict laws and regulations that applied equally to everyone, regardless of social status. This contrasted with the Confucian emphasis on moral guidance and ritual.
* **State Power:** Fajia advocated for a strong, centralized state with a powerful ruler who controlled all aspects of society. This was seen as necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos.
* **Rewards and Punishments:** Fajia believed in a system of rewards and punishments to incentivize good behavior and deter disobedience. These were often harsh and swift, including severe penalties for even minor infractions.
* **Meritocracy:** Fajia supported a merit-based system where officials were selected based on their abilities and achievements rather than their social background or connections.
* **Agriculture and Military:** Fajia prioritized agriculture to ensure a stable food supply and a strong military to defend the state and conquer rivals.

**Prominent Fajia Thinkers:**
* **Shang Yang:** A key figure in the Qin state, he implemented strict reforms based on Fajia principles, which laid the groundwork for Qin's eventual dominance.
* **Han Fei:** A philosopher who synthesized Fajia ideas and advocated for a ruthless approach to governance, emphasizing the ruler's absolute power.
* **Li Si:** A high-ranking official in the Qin dynasty, he played a crucial role in unifying China and implementing Legalist policies on a national scale.

**Legacy:**
Fajia's emphasis on strong state power, law, and order had a lasting impact on Chinese political thought and governance. While Legalism as a distinct school faded after the Qin dynasty, its ideas continued to influence subsequent dynasties and remain relevant in discussions about governance and law in China today.

**Criticism:**
Fajia has been criticized for its harshness, authoritarianism, and suppression of individual freedom. Its focus on state power and control has also been seen as detrimental to individual rights and creativity.
Please let me know if you would like more information on any aspect of Fajia."
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/71495ec1b45799a8]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att031-Fajia,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Fajia,
* McsEngl.Fajia,
* McsEngl.legalism,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.fǎ-jiā-法家!=legalism,
* McsZhon.法家-fǎ-jiā!=legalism,

Neoauthoritarianism of ChnaAdmn

description::
"Neoauthoritarianism in the People's Republic of China (PRC) refers to a contemporary political ideology and practice that combines elements of traditional authoritarianism with aspects of modern governance, particularly in the context of China's unique political, economic, and social landscape. This term is often used to describe the governance style of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under recent leadership, particularly since Xi Jinping became the General Secretary in 2012.

### Key Characteristics of Neoauthoritarianism in PRC
1. **Centralized Leadership and Power Consolidation**:
- **Xi Jinping's Leadership**: Xi Jinping has significantly centralized power within the CCP, eliminating term limits for the presidency and consolidating his authority across multiple domains of governance.
- **Anti-Corruption Campaigns**: While targeting corruption, these campaigns have also been used to purge political rivals and consolidate power.
2. **Economic Management and Market Reforms**:
- **State-led Economic Development**: The government maintains strong control over key sectors of the economy while promoting market reforms in other areas to spur growth and innovation.
- **Belt and Road Initiative**: This global development strategy seeks to expand China’s economic influence through infrastructure projects and investments.
3. **Technological Surveillance and Social Control**:
- **Surveillance State**: China employs advanced surveillance technologies, including facial recognition and AI, to monitor and control its population.
- **Social Credit System**: This system aims to enforce compliance and social order by assigning citizens scores based on their behavior.
4. **Ideological Control and Nationalism**:
- **Revival of Ideology**: There is a renewed emphasis on CCP ideology, including "Xi Jinping Thought," which is now enshrined in the constitution.
- **Nationalism**: The government promotes a strong sense of nationalism, often positioning itself against perceived foreign threats and emphasizing China’s historical grievances and achievements.
5. **Legal Reforms and Rule of Law**:
- **Controlled Legal Reforms**: While legal reforms are implemented to improve governance, the judicial system remains under the strict control of the CCP.
- **Crackdown on Dissent**: There is a significant crackdown on political dissent, with strict regulations on freedom of speech, assembly, and the press.
6. **International Relations and Global Influence**:
- **Assertive Foreign Policy**: China has adopted a more assertive stance in international relations, challenging U.S. influence and promoting a multipolar world order.
- **Soft Power and Diplomacy**: Efforts to enhance China’s soft power through cultural diplomacy, media influence, and international institutions.

### Implications and Criticisms
- **Human Rights Concerns**: The Chinese government’s approach has raised significant human rights concerns, including the treatment of ethnic minorities, such as the Uighurs in Xinjiang, and the suppression of political freedoms in Hong Kong.
- **Economic Risks**: While state control can drive rapid development, it also poses risks of inefficiency, corruption, and economic distortions.
- **Geopolitical Tensions**: China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea, its approach to Taiwan, and its global economic ambitions have led to increased tensions with other major powers, particularly the United States.

### Conclusion
Neoauthoritarianism in the PRC represents a blend of traditional authoritarian practices with modern governance techniques, adapted to the unique context of contemporary China. It reflects the CCP's efforts to maintain its grip on power while navigating the complexities of economic modernization, technological advancement, and a shifting global landscape. This governance model has profound implications both domestically and internationally, shaping the future trajectory of China and its role in the world."
[{2024-07-27 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/dee89c08-7b3a-4b30-992d-dae1928d9319]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att032-Neoauthoritarianism,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Neoauthoritarianism,
* McsEngl.Neoauthoritarianism-of-ChnaAdmn,

New-Confucianism of ChnaAdmn

description::
"New Confucianism is a modern intellectual movement in China that revives and reinterprets the teachings of Confucius and other classical Confucian thinkers to address contemporary philosophical, cultural, and socio-political issues. Here are some key points about New Confucianism:

### Historical Background
- **Origin:** New Confucianism emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the challenges posed by Western ideologies, colonialism, and the socio-political upheavals in China.
- **Phases:** It is often divided into three generations or phases:
- The first generation includes thinkers like Xiong Shili and Liang Shuming, who sought to harmonize Confucianism with Western philosophy.
- The second generation features scholars such as Mou Zongsan and Tang Junyi, who further developed Confucian metaphysics and ethics.
- The third generation includes contemporary scholars who continue to adapt Confucian ideas to modern contexts.

### Core Concepts
- **Ren (仁):** The central concept of benevolence or humaneness, emphasizing moral character and virtuous living.
- **Li (礼):** Ritual propriety or the proper way of conducting oneself in society, highlighting the importance of social harmony and order.
- **Xiao (孝):** Filial piety, stressing respect and duty towards one's parents and ancestors.
- **Yi (义):** Righteousness or justice, advocating for moral integrity and ethical behavior.
- **Zhi (智):** Wisdom, focusing on the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.

### Key Themes and Contributions
- **Modernization and Tradition:** New Confucianism seeks to bridge the gap between traditional Chinese values and modernity, advocating for a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought.
- **Ethics and Politics:** New Confucian thinkers emphasize the role of Confucian ethics in addressing contemporary social and political issues, such as governance, human rights, and environmental sustainability.
- **Cultural Identity:** The movement aims to preserve and revitalize Chinese cultural identity in the face of globalization and Westernization.
- **Spirituality and Religion:** New Confucianism often incorporates elements of spirituality and religious practice, promoting a holistic approach to personal and societal well-being.

### Notable Figures
- **Xiong Shili:** Known for his work on Confucian metaphysics and his efforts to reconcile Confucianism with Buddhism.
- **Mou Zongsan:** A prominent philosopher who developed a sophisticated system of Confucian ethics and metaphysics.
- **Tang Junyi:** A key figure in the second generation, he emphasized the importance of cultural and spiritual renewal.

### Impact and Influence
- **Academia:** New Confucianism has had a significant impact on academic discourse in China and abroad, influencing fields such as philosophy, religious studies, and political science.
- **Policy and Governance:** Some elements of New Confucian thought have been incorporated into contemporary Chinese political ideology, reflecting a blend of traditional values and modern governance.

### Criticisms
- **Relevance:** Critics question the relevance of Confucian values in addressing modern problems and argue that some aspects of Confucianism may be incompatible with contemporary democratic and egalitarian ideals.
- **Gender Roles:** The traditional Confucian emphasis on hierarchical social structures, including gender roles, has been critiqued for perpetuating patriarchy and inequality.
New Confucianism represents a dynamic and evolving tradition that seeks to reinterpret and apply ancient wisdom to the modern world, fostering a dialogue between past and present, East and West."
[{2024-07-27 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/260738ba-1a02-4b35-82e6-5e953205b3c5]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att033-New-Confucianism,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'New-Confucianism,
* McsEngl.New-Confucianism-of-ChnaAdmn,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xīn-rújiā-新儒家!=New-Confucianism,
* McsZhon.新儒家-xīn-rújiā!=New-Confucianism,

DOING of ChnaAdmn

description::
* public-service,

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'doing,

national-security of ChnaAdmn

description::
">PRC national security:
The People's Republic of China (PRC) views national security through a broad and comprehensive lens, integrating traditional military defense with economic, technological, political, cultural, and informational aspects to maintain its sovereignty, social stability, and development interests. Here are key aspects of China's national security approach:
### 1. **National Security Law**
Adopted in 2015, the National Security Law of the PRC reflects a broad definition of national security, covering politics, military, economy, culture, society, science and technology, information, ecology, resources, nuclear, and more. It emphasizes the protection of the nation's interests from both internal and external threats.
### 2. **Cybersecurity and Information Security**
China has placed a significant emphasis on cybersecurity and information security, implementing laws and regulations to safeguard its cyber infrastructure, regulate internet content, and control the flow of information. The Cybersecurity Law, effective from 2017, aims to protect China's cyberspace sovereignty, national security, and the public interest, while also promoting cybersecurity technology development and cooperation.
### 3. **Military Modernization**
The Chinese government has been heavily investing in the modernization of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to transform it into a world-class military by the mid-21st century. This includes advancements in nuclear capabilities, space and cyber warfare, and the development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) in military applications.
### 4. **Economic Security**
Economic security is a crucial part of China's national security strategy, focusing on sustaining growth, ensuring stable employment, and securing supply chains. China also seeks to reduce its dependency on foreign technologies and improve its self-reliance in critical technological fields.
### 5. **Internal Security and Stability**
Internal security is a top priority, with efforts aimed at preventing and countering separatism, terrorism, and extremism. The government has implemented stringent measures in regions like Xinjiang and Tibet, which it justifies on grounds of national security but has faced international criticism over human rights concerns.
### 6. **Global Security Initiatives**
China promotes its vision of global security through initiatives that emphasize mutual respect, economic development, and political solutions to conflicts. It advocates for a multipolar world order and seeks to play a more prominent role in global governance, aligning with its interests and security objectives.
### 7. **Strategic Partnerships and Alliances**
While not seeking alliances in the traditional sense, China has been building strategic partnerships worldwide, focusing on economic cooperation, regional security, and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). These partnerships are part of its approach to create a favorable international environment.
### 8. **South China Sea and Regional Tensions**
The South China Sea is a significant flashpoint in China's national security, where it has territorial disputes with several neighboring countries. China's assertive actions in the region, including land reclamation and military buildup, have raised tensions and concerns over freedom of navigation and regional stability.
China's national security strategy is dynamic and adjusts in response to changing global and domestic challenges. It seeks to protect its sovereignty and development interests while increasingly asserting itself on the global stage."
[{2024-03-22 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/bcf70b21-a9c1-4f45-aedf-0ee8fc47cbfb]

name::
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att011-national-security,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'national-security,
* McsEngl.national-security-of-China,

Chinese-dream of ChnaAdmn

description::
"The Chinese Dream (中国梦) is a concept closely associated with Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and China's paramount leader. It encompasses national and personal aspirations, with twin goals of reclaiming national pride and achieving personal well-being.

**The key aspects of the Chinese Dream include:**
* **National rejuvenation:** The idea of restoring China to its former glory as a global power. This involves economic development, military modernization, and increased international influence.
* **Economic prosperity:** Achieving a moderately prosperous society for all Chinese citizens. This includes raising living standards, reducing poverty, and improving social welfare.
* **Individual well-being:** Ensuring that all Chinese citizens have the opportunity to pursue their dreams and achieve personal happiness. This includes access to education, healthcare, and a clean environment.

**Interpretations of the Chinese Dream vary:**
* Some see it as a call for political reform and liberalization.
* Others view it as a nationalistic project focused on strengthening China's power and influence.
* Still, others interpret it as a vision for a more harmonious and equitable society.

**The Chinese Dream has been met with both praise and criticism:**
* Supporters argue that it has inspired national unity and purpose.
* Critics raise concerns about its lack of emphasis on political reform and human rights.
Overall, the Chinese Dream is a complex and multifaceted concept that continues to be debated and interpreted in different ways.
You can find more information about the Chinese Dream from the following resources:
* Wikipedia article on the Chinese Dream: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream)
* China Daily article on the Chinese Dream: [https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/Chinese-dream.html](https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/Chinese-dream.html)
Please let me know if you have any further questions."
[{2024-07-20 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/3efbdabd70742abd]

name::
* McsEngl.Chinese-dream,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'att022-Chinese-dream,
* McsEngl.ChnaAdmn'Chinese-dream,

evaluation of socChna

description::
"Evaluating the People's Republic of China (PRC) requires examining various aspects of its political, economic, social, and international dimensions. Here is a comprehensive overview:

### Political Landscape
1. **Government Structure**: The PRC operates under a one-party system led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP maintains strict control over the state apparatus, military, and media.
2. **Leadership**: Xi Jinping, the current President and General Secretary of the CCP, has consolidated power, removing term limits for the presidency, which allows him to potentially rule for life.
3. **Human Rights**: There are significant international criticisms regarding human rights abuses, including the treatment of ethnic minorities (e.g., Uighurs in Xinjiang), restrictions on freedom of expression, and suppression of political dissent.

### Economic Overview
1. **Growth**: China is the world's second-largest economy, with rapid growth over the past few decades, although growth rates have recently slowed.
2. **Industrialization and Innovation**: China is a global manufacturing hub and is increasingly focusing on innovation and technology, with significant investments in AI, 5G, and renewable energy.
3. **Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)**: This global development strategy aims to enhance regional connectivity and expand China's influence through infrastructure and investment projects.
4. **Challenges**: Economic challenges include a high debt-to-GDP ratio, aging population, income inequality, and environmental degradation.

### Social Dynamics
1. **Demographics**: China faces demographic challenges with an aging population and a declining birth rate, exacerbated by decades of the one-child policy.
2. **Urbanization**: Rapid urbanization has led to significant migration from rural to urban areas, improving living standards for many but also creating urban-rural divides.
3. **Education and Health**: There have been substantial improvements in education and healthcare, though access and quality can vary significantly between urban and rural areas.

### International Relations
1. **Global Influence**: China has been expanding its influence through economic diplomacy, participation in international organizations, and strategic partnerships.
2. **US-China Relations**: Tensions with the United States have increased, particularly over trade, technology, human rights, and military presence in the South China Sea.
3. **Regional Dynamics**: China’s relations with neighboring countries are complex, involving territorial disputes (e.g., with India and in the South China Sea) and economic partnerships.
4. **Soft Power**: China invests in cultural diplomacy and media to enhance its soft power, though its global image is often challenged by perceptions of authoritarianism and human rights issues.

### Environmental and Sustainability Efforts
1. **Climate Change**: China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases but has also made commitments to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
2. **Renewable Energy**: Significant investments in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are part of China’s strategy to reduce reliance on coal and combat air pollution.

### Key Takeaways
- **Strengths**: Rapid economic growth, technological advancements, growing global influence.
- **Weaknesses**: Political authoritarianism, human rights abuses, economic inequalities, environmental challenges.
- **Opportunities**: Leadership in green technology, expanding global trade through the BRI, potential for social reforms.
- **Threats**: Geopolitical tensions, internal social unrest, economic vulnerabilities.
The PRC's future trajectory will significantly impact global economics, politics, and environmental efforts, making it a crucial area of study for analysts and policymakers worldwide."
[{2024-07-28 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/46d2e863-5f26-4865-aa97-955ce7d77bd5]

name::
* McsEngl.evaluation-of-socChna!⇒Chnaeval,
* McsEngl.socChna'att031-evaluation!⇒Chnaeval,
* McsEngl.socChna'evaluation!⇒Chnaeval,

health of Chnaeval

description::
× generic: health-of-society,

"Whether a model of democracy works should be tested in actual practice and judged by the people. Whether China's model of democracy is successful should be judged by its people. It all boils down to whether the people can enjoy a good life. Surveys have shown that the level of public satisfaction with the government has remained above 90 percent for many years. This provides unequivocal evidence of the efficacy and vitality of democracy in China. The Chinese people will continue firmly on the path they have chosen to achieve greater democracy."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/China:_Democracy_That_Works]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahealth!=health-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.health-of-socChna!⇒Chnahealth,
* McsEngl.socChna'att009-health!⇒Chnahealth,
* McsEngl.socChna'health!⇒Chnahealth,

well-being of Chnahealth

description::
× generic: Socwellbeing,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnawellbeing,
* McsEngl.Socwellbeing.socChna,
* McsEngl.well-being-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att010-well-being,
* McsEngl.socChna'well-being,

bad-being of Chnahealth

description::
× generic: Socbadbeing,

* aging-population,
* corruption,
* environmental-issue,
* poverty,
* rural-urban-income-gap,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing!=bad-being-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.Socbadbeing.socChna!⇒Chnabadbeing,
* McsEngl.bad-being-of-socChna!⇒Chnabadbeing,
* McsEngl.socChna'att011-bad-being!⇒Chnabadbeing,
* McsEngl.socChna'bad-being!⇒Chnabadbeing,

Chnabadbeing.corruption

description::
"Corruption in China post-1949 refers to the abuse of political power for private ends typically by members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who hold the majority of power in the country. Corruption is a very significant problem in China,[1] impacting all aspects of administration, law enforcement,[2] healthcare[3] and education.[4] Since the Chinese economic reforms began, corruption has been attributed to "organizational involution"[5] caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Like other socialist economies that have undertaken economic reforms, such as post-Soviet Eastern Europe and Central Asia, reform-era China has experienced increasing levels of corruption.[6]
Public surveys on the mainland since the late 1980s have shown that corruption is among the top concerns of the general public. According to Yan Sun, Associate Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York, it was cadre corruption, rather than a demand for democracy as such, that lay at the root of the social dissatisfaction that led to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[6] Corruption undermines the legitimacy of the CCP, adds to economic inequality, undermines the environment, and fuels social unrest.[7]
Since the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, corruption has not slowed as a result of greater economic freedom, but instead has grown more entrenched and severe in its character and scope. Business deals often involve corruption.[citation needed] In popular perception, there are more dishonest CCP officials than honest ones, a reversal of the views held in the first decade of reform of the 1980s.[6] Chinese political scientist Minxin Pei argues that failure to contain widespread corruption is among the most serious threats to China's future economic and political stability.[7] He estimates that bribery, kickbacks, theft, and waste of public funds costs at least three percent of GDP.
Cadre corruption in China has been subject to significant media attention since CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping announced his anti-corruption campaign following the CCP's 18th National Congress which was held in November 2012.[8] Many high ranking government and military officials have been found guilty of corruption because of this campaign."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing.corruption,
* McsEngl.corruption-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att012-corruption,
* McsEngl.socChna'corruption,

Chnabadbeing.environmental

description::
"Environmental issues in China had risen in tandem with the country's rapid industrialisation, as well as lax environmental oversight especially during the early 2000s. China was ranked 120th out of the 180 countries on the 2020 Environmental Performance Index.[1]
The Chinese government has acknowledged the problems and made various responses, resulting in some improvements, but western media has criticized the actions as inadequate.[2] In recent years, there has been increased citizens' activism against government decisions that are perceived as environmentally damaging,[3][4] and a retired government official claimed that the year of 2012 saw over 50,000 environmental protests in China.[5]
Since the 2010s, the government has given greater attention to environmental protection through policy actions such as the signing of the Paris climate accord, the 13th Five-Year Plan and the 2015 Environmental Protection Law reform [6] From 2006 to 2017, sulphur dioxide levels in China were reduced by 70 percent,[7] and air pollution has decreased from 2013 to 2018[7] In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments.[8] China has since become the world's largest investor, producer and consumer of renewable energy worldwide, manufacturing state-of-the-art solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric energy facilities as well as becoming the world's largest producer of electric cars and buses.[9]
From an international perspective, China is a party to most of the major treaties meant to address environmental issues. This includes the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Climate Change treaty, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Endangered Species treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the Law of the Sea, the International Tropical Timber Agreements of 1983 and 1994, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified, the Kyoto Protocol (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India) and the Nuclear Test Ban treaty."
[{2024-04-25 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing.environmental,
* McsEngl.socChna'att014-environmental-issue,

Chnabadbeing.regional-discrimination

description::
"Regional discrimination in China or regionalism is overt prejudice against people based on their places of origin, ethnicity, sub-ethnicity, language, dialect, or their current provincial zones. China's sheer size and population renders much demographic understanding tied to locality, and there is often little life movement outside of a citizen's province of birth. Historically, internal migration has been tightly controlled, and many barriers to free movement exist today. Treatment of ethnic minorities and Han Chinese regional groups can hinge on preferential assumptions based on places of upbringing, and is often most pronounced towards those born external to urban zones.
When Chinese migrants settle in a new region, local residents can develop social attitudes and prejudgments based on the newcomer's place of birth. If a large volume of new residents relocate from a particular area, regionalism can manifest as sub-ethnic bias and provoke social tension.[1]
Currently, the CCP defines regionalism as adverse action or negative attitudes against another based on their home province. The Chinese state acknowledges this as a detrimental yet pervasive prejudice.[2]
Regional discrimination there can also be discrimination against person or a group of people who speak a particular language dialect.
The hukou household registry is a system that has been criticized as an entrenchment of social strata, especially as between rural and urban residency status, and is regarded by some as a form of caste system. Internal migrants in China, particularly those hailing from Henan and the northeast, frequently experience challenging lives.[3]"
[{2024-05-03 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnabadbeing.regional-discrimination,
* McsEngl.regional-discrimination-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att020-regional-discrimination,
* McsEngl.socChna'regional-discrimination,

info-resource of Chnahealth

description::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_China,

name::
* McsEngl.Chnahealth'Infrsc,

reputation of Chnaeval

description::
"The reputation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is complex and multifaceted, varying depending on the specific context and the observer's perspective.
From an economic standpoint, China is recognized as a global powerhouse, the world's second-largest economy, and a major player in international trade. Its economic rise has lifted millions out of poverty and transformed the country into a technological and industrial leader.
However, China faces criticism for its human rights record, including allegations of suppressing dissent, limiting freedom of speech and press, and persecuting ethnic and religious minorities. The government's policies in Xinjiang and Tibet, as well as its approach to Hong Kong, have drawn international condemnation.
China's growing military power and assertiveness in the South China Sea have also raised concerns among neighboring countries and the international community.
Additionally, there have been questions raised about China's transparency and accountability, particularly regarding the initial handling of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Overall, the PRC's reputation is a subject of ongoing debate and scrutiny, with both positive and negative aspects to consider.
If you are interested in learning more about a specific aspect of China's reputation, or would like a more detailed analysis of a particular issue, please feel free to ask."
[{2024-07-28 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/9cefef3504a59645]

name::
* McsEngl.reputation-of-socChna,
* McsEngl.socChna'att032-reputation,
* McsEngl.socChna'reputation,

info-resource of socChna

addressWpg::
* Since its launch in 1981, China Daily has grown to become the nation’s leading English-language newspaper: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/e/static_e/about,
* Xinhuanet: https://english.news.cn/20230130/3f2ba4b7cd214a209dda790ddbdcb620/c.html,
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China,

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'Infrsc,

Twenty-Four-Histories of socChna

description::
"The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史; pinyin: èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), also known as the Orthodox Histories (Chinese: 正史; pinyin: Zhóngshǐ; Wade–Giles: Chκng4shih3), are the Chinese official dynastic histories covering from the earliest dynasty in 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century."
[{2024-05-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories]

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'twenty-four-histories,
* McsEngl.twenty-four-histories--of-socChna,

DOING of socChna

description::
*

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'doing,

goal of socChna

description::
× generic: goal-of-society.

name::
* McsEngl.Chnagoal!=goal-of-PRC,
* McsEngl.socChna'att034-goal!⇒Chnagoal,
* McsEngl.socChna'goal!⇒Chnagoal,

Chnagoal.two-centenaries

description::
"The People's Republic of China (PRC) has identified two significant centenaries, which are major milestones in its national development goals. These centenaries are:
1. **The First Centenary (2021)**: This marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1921. The goals associated with this centenary were to build a "moderately prosperous society" in all respects, which the Chinese government declared had been achieved in 2021. This achievement was seen as a crucial step in China's development, lifting millions out of poverty and increasing the overall standard of living.
2. **The Second Centenary (2049)**: This will mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The goal for this centenary is to fully develop China into a "modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious." By 2049, China aims to be a global leader in innovation, with a robust economy, and to have significantly improved the well-being of its citizens.
These centenaries represent key milestones in China's long-term strategy, which is often referred to as the "Two Centenary Goals." The first was focused on lifting the country to a certain level of prosperity, while the second is aimed at transforming China into a global powerhouse."
[{2024-09-01 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/3052bab9-c964-44a1-aa88-7fb2527dba20]

name::
* McsEngl.Chnagoal.two-centenaries,
* McsEngl.two-centenaries-of-PRC,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.liǎng-gè-yībǎi-nián-两个一百年!=two-centenaries,
* McsZhon.两个一百年-liǎng-gè-yībǎi-nián!=two-centenaries,

evoluting of socChna

description::
">timeline of PRC:
The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded on October 1, 1949, marking a significant turning point in Chinese history after a long period of civil war and foreign invasion. Below is a simplified timeline highlighting some of the major events and developments in the history of the PRC:
### 1949
- **October 1**: The establishment of the People's Republic of China is proclaimed by Mao Zedong in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, after the Communist Party of China (CPC) wins the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist forces (Kuomintang), who retreat to Taiwan.
### 1950s
- **1950-1953**: China enters the Korean War in support of North Korea against South Korea, the United States, and United Nations forces.
- **1958-1961**: The Great Leap Forward, an ambitious campaign to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization, leads to a massive famine causing millions of deaths.
### 1960s
- **1966-1976**: The Cultural Revolution, initiated by Mao Zedong to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, leads to widespread persecution, the destruction of cultural heritage, and a significant death toll.
### 1970s
- **1971**: China gains a seat in the United Nations, replacing the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- **1972**: U.S. President Richard Nixon visits China, beginning a period of Sino-American rapprochement.
- **1976**: Mao Zedong dies, leading to the end of the Cultural Revolution and the eventual rise of Deng Xiaoping.
### 1980s
- **1978-1980s**: Deng Xiaoping initiates the Reform and Opening-up policy, shifting China towards a mixed economy with an emphasis on economic reforms, opening up to foreign investment, and moving towards a more market-oriented economy.
- **1989**: The Tiananmen Square protests, a pro-democracy movement, is violently suppressed by the government.
### 1990s
- **1997**: Hong Kong is handed over from the United Kingdom to China under a "one country, two systems" agreement.
- **1999**: Macau is returned to China from Portugal under similar conditions to Hong Kong.
### 2000s
- **2001**: China joins the World Trade Organization (WTO), integrating more fully into the global economy.
- **2008**: Beijing hosts the Summer Olympic Games.
### 2010s
- **2013**: Xi Jinping becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of the People's Republic of China, later solidifying his power and removing term limits for the presidency.
- **2018**: The Constitution is amended to remove presidential term limits, allowing Xi Jinping to remain in office indefinitely.
### 2020s
- **2020**: The COVID-19 pandemic begins in Wuhan, leading to global health and economic crises. China's early response and subsequent control measures receive international attention.
This timeline provides a broad overview of the major events in the history of the People's Republic of China. Each period is characterized by significant political, economic, and social changes that have shaped the country's current status as a major global power."
[{2024-03-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/d435f106-2e8b-4057-ad99-c63b98e95908]

name::
* McsEngl.{socChna',
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-socChna!⇒{socChna',
* McsEngl.socChna'evoluting!⇒{socChna',

{2024-02-21}-McsHitp-creation::
· creation of current concept.

{1949..present} of socChna

{2021}-removed-family-size-limits::
· In January 2016, a two-child policy replaced the one-child policy,[356] which was in turn was replaced with a three-child policy in May 2021.[357] In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2021}-removed-family-size-limits,
* McsEngl.socChna'removed-family-size-limits-{2021},

{2020}-COVID-19-pandemic::
The COVID-19 pandemic begins in Wuhan, leading to global health and economic crises. China's early response and subsequent control measures receive international attention. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2020}-COVID-19-pandemic,
* McsEngl.socChna'COVID-19-pandemic-{2020},

{2018}-Constitution-removal-presidential-limits::
The Constitution is amended to remove presidential term limits, allowing Xi Jinping to remain in office indefinitely. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2018}-Constitution-removal-presidential-limits,
* McsEngl.socChna'Constitution-removal-presidential-limits-{2018},

{2016}-economy-1st-by-PPP-GDP::
In 2016, China overtook United States as the world's largest economy by GDP (PPP). [wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2016}-economy-1st-by-PPP-GDP,
* McsEngl.socChna'economy-1st-by-PPP-GDP-{2016},

{2014}-1st-in-GDP-PPP::
became the largest economy since 2014 measured by GDP PPP surpassing the United States which previously held that position. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2014}-1st-in-GDP-PPP,
* McsEngl.socChna'1st-in-GDP-PPP-{2014},

{2013}-Xi-Jinping-General-Secretary::
Xi Jinping becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of the People's Republic of China, later solidifying his power and removing term limits for the presidency. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2013}-Xi-Jinping-General-Secretary,
* McsEngl.socChna'Xi-Jinping-General-Secretary-{2013},

{2010}-economy-2nd-largest::
In 2010, China overtook Japan as the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP. [wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2010}-economy-2nd-largest,
* McsEngl.socChna'economy-2nd-largest-{2010},

{2008}-host-Olympic-Games::
Beijing hosts the Summer Olympic Games. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2008}-host-Olympic-Games,
* McsEngl.socChna'host-Olympic-Games-{2008},

{2003}-SASAC-creation::
The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) was formed in 2003 to oversee the management of the large centrally owned state enterprises. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2003}-SASAC-creation,
* McsEngl.socChna'SASAC-creation-{2003},

{2002..2012}-Hu-Jintao-General-Secretary::
The Scientific Outlook on Development[a] is one of the guiding socio-economic principles of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), credited to former Chinese leader Hu Jintao and his administration, who was in power from 2002 to 2012. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'2002..2012}-Hu-Jintao-General-Secretary,
* McsEngl.socChna'Hu-Jintao-General-Secretary-{2002..2012},

{2001}-WTO-member::
· China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001.
* McsEngl.{socChna'2001}-WTO-member,
* McsEngl.socChna'WTO-member-{2001},

{1999}-Macau-returning::
Macau is returned to China from Portugal under similar conditions to Hong Kong. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1999}-Macau-returning,
* McsEngl.socChna'Macau-returning-{1999},

{1997}-HongKong-returning::
Hong Kong is handed over from the United Kingdom to China under a "one country, two systems" agreement. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1997}-HongKong-returning,
* McsEngl.socChna'HongKong-returning-{1997},

{1992}-socialist-market-economy::
"The term "socialist market economy" was introduced by Jiang Zemin during the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1992 to describe the goal of China's economic reforms." [Wikipedia]
"Private business ownership gained full legal status in 1992." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1992}-socialist-market-economy,
* McsEngl.socChna'socialist-market-economy-{1992},

{1989..2002}-Jiang-Zemin-paramount-leader::
· Jiang was the third paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1989..2002}-Jiang-Zemin-paramount-leader,
* McsEngl.socChna'Jiang-Zemin-paramount-leader-{1989.2002},

{1989}-Tiananmen-Square-protests::
The Tiananmen Square protests, a pro-democracy movement, is violently suppressed by the government. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1989}-Tiananmen-Square-protests,
* McsEngl.socChna'Tiananmen-Square-protests-{1989},

{1979}-Sino-Vietnamese-war::
The Sino-Vietnamese War (also known by other names) was a brief conflict that occurred in early 1979 between China and Vietnam. China launched an offensive ostensibly in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge. The conflict lasted for about a month, with China withdrawing its troops in March 1979. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1979}-Sino-Vietnamese-war,
* McsEngl.socChna'Sino-Vietnamese-war-{1979},

{1978..1989}-Deng-Xiaoping-paramount-leader::
Deng Xiaoping (paramount leader from 1978 to 1989) [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1978..1989}-Deng-Xiaoping-paramount-leader,
* McsEngl.socChna'Deng-Xiaoping-paramount-leader-{1978.1989},

{1978}-normalized-relations-with-Japan::
In 1978, China and Japan normalized their diplomatic relations. [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1978}-normalized-relations-with-Japan,
* McsEngl.socChna'normalized-relations-with-Japan-{1978},

{1976}-Mao-Zedong-death::
Mao Zedong dies, leading to the end of the Cultural Revolution and the eventual rise of Deng Xiaoping. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1976}-Mao-Zedong-death,
* McsEngl.socChna'Mao-Zedong-death-{1976},

{1972}-Nixon-visit::
U.S. President Richard Nixon visits China, beginning a period of Sino-American rapprochement. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1972}-Nixon-visit,
* McsEngl.socChna'Nixon-visit-{1972},

{1971}-UN-member::
China gains a seat in the United Nations, replacing the Republic of China (Taiwan). [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1971}-UN-member,
* McsEngl.socChna'UN-member-{1971},

{1966..1976}-Cultural-Revolution (link)::
The Cultural Revolution, initiated by Mao Zedong to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, leads to widespread persecution, the destruction of cultural heritage, and a significant death toll. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1966..1976}-Cultural-Revolution,

{1963}-USSR-denouncement::
"In 1963, CCP began to denounce the USSR, publishing nine polemics. One was titled On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Historical Lessons for the World, in which Mao charged that Khrushchev was a revisionist and risked capitalist restoration." [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1963}-USSR-denouncement,

{1958..1961}-Great-Leap-Forward (link)::
The Great Leap Forward, an ambitious campaign to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization, leads to a massive famine causing millions of deaths. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1958..1961}-Great-Leap-Forward,

{1958}-commune-system::
"By the end of the year approximately 25,000 communes had been set up, with an average of 5,000 households each. The communes were relatively self-sufficient co-operatives where wages and money were replaced by work points." [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1958}-commune-system,

{1956}-hukou-introduction::
"The old system of internal passports (the hukou) was introduced in 1956, preventing inter-county travel without appropriate authorization." [Wikipedia]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1956}-hukou-introduction,

{1950..1953}-enter-Korean-War::
China enters the Korean War in support of North Korea against South Korea, the United States, and United Nations forces. [chat.openai.com]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1950..1953}-enter-Korean-War,
* McsEngl.socChna'enter-Korean-War-{1950..1953},

{1949-10-01}-PRC-creation::
On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded.
* McsEngl.{socChna'1949-10-01}-PRC-creation,
* McsEngl.socChna'PRC-creation-{1949-10-01},

{1943..1976}-Mao-Zedong-paramount-leader::
· He led the country from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
* McsEngl.{socChna'1943..1976}-Mao-Zedong-paramount-leader,
* McsEngl.socChna'Mao-Zedong-paramount-leader-{1943..1976},

{1966..1976}-Cultural-Revolution of socChna

description::
"The Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China (PRC), formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a decade-long period of political and social upheaval that lasted from 1966 to 1976. Initiated by Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the movement aimed to preserve and enforce Communist ideology by removing capitalist, traditional, and cultural elements from Chinese society. Mao believed that these elements were leading China away from its revolutionary goals.

### Key Aspects of the Cultural Revolution:
1. **Political Purge**:
- The Cultural Revolution was driven by Mao's desire to regain control over the Communist Party, which he feared was becoming too bureaucratic and straying from its revolutionary roots.
- High-ranking officials, including President Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were purged from the government. Liu was eventually imprisoned and died in captivity, while Deng was sent to work in a factory.
2. **Red Guards**:
- Mao mobilized the youth, who formed groups known as Red Guards. These young revolutionaries were encouraged to criticize and even attack intellectuals, party officials, and anyone deemed counter-revolutionary.
- The Red Guards played a central role in carrying out the Cultural Revolution's policies, often using violence and public humiliation against those they targeted.
3. **Destruction of Cultural Heritage**:
- The movement sought to destroy the "Four Olds" (old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas).
- Temples, ancient texts, cultural relics, and art were destroyed or defaced. Intellectuals, artists, and academics were persecuted, with many being sent to labor camps or forced into manual work.
4. **Impact on Education and Intellectual Life**:
- Schools and universities were closed for several years, and education was redirected to focus on labor and revolutionary activities rather than academic studies.
- Intellectuals were often publicly shamed and reeducated through hard labor.
5. **Economic Disruption**:
- The Cultural Revolution caused significant economic disruptions, as many experienced leaders and managers were removed from their positions, leading to inefficiency and a decline in productivity.
6. **End of the Cultural Revolution**:
- The movement gradually wound down after Mao's death in 1976. His death led to a power struggle that eventually saw the rise of Deng Xiaoping, who implemented major economic reforms and reversed many of the policies from the Cultural Revolution era.
7. **Legacy**:
- The Cultural Revolution left deep scars on Chinese society. It resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1 to 2 million people, and millions more were persecuted, tortured, or displaced.
- It also led to the destruction of much of China's cultural heritage and a lost generation with limited education and opportunities.

### Conclusion:
The Cultural Revolution was a complex and traumatic period in China's history, reflecting the extremes of ideological fervor and the dangers of unchecked political power. Its effects are still felt in China today, both in terms of the psychological impact on those who lived through it and the lasting changes it brought to Chinese society and politics. The Chinese government now views the Cultural Revolution as a severe mistake, and it serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of radical political movements."
[{2024-08-09 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/90c4b515-2d0e-443c-8de3-84827aafb7c2]

name::
* McsEngl.Great-Proletarian-Cultural-Revolution,
* McsEngl.socChna'Cultural-Revolution-{1966..1976},

{1958..1961}-Great-Leap-Forward of socChna

description::
"The Great Leap Forward was a social and economic campaign initiated by the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the leadership of Mao Zedong between 1958 and 1962. The campaign aimed to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. It was part of Mao's broader vision to propel China ahead of other nations economically and socially.

### Key Objectives:
1. **Agricultural Collectivization:**
- The Chinese government sought to consolidate small farms into large, collectively owned communes.
- Private farming was abolished, and peasants were expected to work together in these communes.
2. **Rapid Industrialization:**
- Mao intended to dramatically increase industrial output, particularly in steel production.
- Rural communes were instructed to set up small, backyard furnaces to produce steel, often leading to poor quality and inefficient production.

### Outcomes:
1. **Economic Disruption:**
- The collectivization of agriculture led to a decline in food production. Peasants, under extreme pressure to meet unrealistic grain production quotas, often reported inflated numbers.
- The government confiscated a significant portion of the harvest, leaving insufficient food for the rural population.
2. **Famine:**
- The most catastrophic consequence of the Great Leap Forward was a massive famine. Poor agricultural policies, combined with natural disasters and mismanagement, resulted in the deaths of an estimated 15 to 45 million people, making it one of the deadliest famines in human history.
3. **Political and Social Repercussions:**
- The failure of the Great Leap Forward led to criticism of Mao's policies within the Communist Party. It caused significant political turmoil, eventually leading to Mao stepping back from some day-to-day leadership responsibilities for a time.
- However, Mao's control over the party remained strong, and the experience set the stage for the Cultural Revolution, another major upheaval in Chinese history.

### Legacy:
The Great Leap Forward is remembered as a disastrous episode in modern Chinese history. It exposed the dangers of rapid and forced economic transformation without considering practical realities and human costs. The famine and economic failure have been widely studied as cautionary tales about the risks of centralized economic planning and the implementation of radical policies without adequate planning or feedback mechanisms.
The Great Leap Forward had profound effects on Chinese society, the Communist Party, and Mao Zedong's legacy, shaping the direction of China's subsequent development."
[{2024-08-09 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/564e9026-bf8b-428a-a500-3af34bd78cf2]

name::
* McsEngl.socChna'Great-Leap-Forward-{1958..1961},

{1959..1961}-three-years-of-great-famine of socChna

description::
"The "three years of great famine" in China, commonly referred to as the Great Chinese Famine, occurred from 1959 to 1961. This devastating period is considered one of the deadliest famines in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 15 to 45 million people. The famine was largely a consequence of the policies enacted during the Great Leap Forward, a campaign led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its Chairman, Mao Zedong.
The Great Leap Forward aimed to rapidly transform China from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. However, the campaign led to a series of economic mismanagements and social disruptions. Major factors contributing to the famine included:
1. **Collectivization of Agriculture:** The CCP's policies forced the consolidation of individual farms into large, communal living and working environments known as People's Communes. This disruptively altered agricultural practices and decreased productivity.
2. **Over-Reporting of Production:** Local officials, under pressure to meet unrealistic grain production quotas, frequently overstated their output. This led the central government to requisition a disproportionate amount of grain, leaving insufficient food for the rural populace.
3. **Poor Agricultural Policies:** The implementation of untested agricultural techniques and the Four Pests Campaign, which disrupted ecological balances, further reduced food production.
4. **Export of Grain:** Despite the widespread famine conditions, China continued to export grain to other countries to maintain its international obligations and project an image of agricultural abundance.
5. **Political Climate:** The political environment under Mao discouraged any dissent or criticism of the policies, leading to a delay in the acknowledgment and response to the famine.
The exact death toll and the CCP's role in the famine have been subjects of historical debate and research. The Chinese government has acknowledged the severity of the famine and the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward, though discussions on the topic within China are still sensitive. The famine left a lasting impact on Chinese society and policy, leading to economic reforms and changes in agricultural policies in subsequent decades."
[{2024-03-07 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/939a19c4-d7c0-4f8b-bddc-ce728024c26b]

name::
* McsEngl.{socChna'1959..1961}-three-years-of-great-famine,
* McsEngl.Great-Chinese-Famine-{1959..1961},
* McsEngl.socChna'three-years-of-great-famine-{1959..1961},

before-{1949} of socChna


[{2024-04-02 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#/media/File:China_Dynasties.gif]

{1839..1842}-first-opium-war::
"The Opium War, also known as the First Opium War, was a pivotal conflict fought between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty of China from 1839 to 1842. The main catalyst for the war was the British trade in opium, a highly addictive drug, which they exported from British India into China. The British used the opium trade to balance their trade with China, from which they imported tea, silk, and porcelain, leading to a significant outflow of silver from Britain to China.
The Chinese government, concerned about the widespread addiction to opium and its social and economic consequences, took measures to suppress the trade. In 1839, the Chinese official Lin Zexu was appointed to crack down on the opium trade. He confiscated and destroyed over 20,000 chests of opium in Canton (now Guangzhou), a key trading port, which provoked a strong reaction from Britain.
The conflict primarily involved naval engagements and the British forces, leveraging their naval superiority, blockaded Chinese ports, conducted amphibious assaults, and eventually forced the Chinese government to come to the negotiating table. The war concluded with the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the first of the "Unequal Treaties," which imposed harsh conditions on China, including the cession of Hong Kong to Britain, the opening of five ports to British trade, and the imposition of a large indemnity. It also marked the start of the "Century of Humiliation" for China, a period during which China was subjected to foreign dominance and forced to sign several such treaties that heavily favored Western powers.
The Opium War had profound impacts on China, leading to significant social, economic, and political changes. It exposed the weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty and highlighted the need for modernization. It also led to a series of reforms and eventually contributed to the end of imperial rule in China. For the British and the wider Western world, it expanded their trade opportunities in China and reinforced the notion of Western superiority in military and technological advancements."
[{2024-03-31 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/8565fd7a-4dda-441f-820a-478679de5920]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1839..1842}-first-opium-war,
* McsEngl.socChna'opium-war.first-{1839..1842},

{1644..1912}-Qing-dynasty::
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was founded by the Manchus, a Tungusic people from northeastern China, who conquered the Ming dynasty and established their rule over a territory of over 13 million square kilometers (5.1 million square miles), making it one of the largest empires in history. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1644..1912}-Qing-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Qing-dynasty-{1644..1912},

{1368..1644}-Ming-dynasty::
"The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was a significant period in Chinese history known for its cultural, economic, and political achievements. Here are some key highlights:
### Founding and Governance
- **Established by Zhu Yuanzhang**: The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, a former monk and rebel leader who became Emperor Hongwu. His rise ended the rule of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
- **Autocratic Rule**: The Ming dynasty is known for its highly centralized and autocratic government. The emperor had absolute power, though bureaucrats and eunuchs also wielded significant influence.
### Economy and Trade
- **Economic Prosperity**: The Ming era saw economic growth and prosperity, driven by agricultural improvements, increased trade, and the development of a market economy.
- **Maritime Expeditions**: The Ming dynasty is famous for the maritime expeditions led by Admiral Zheng He, which expanded Chinese influence in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the eastern coast of Africa.
### Cultural Achievements
- **Art and Literature**: The Ming period is renowned for its advancements in art and literature. Ming porcelain, particularly blue and white ceramics, became highly prized.
- **Architecture**: The construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing is a notable architectural achievement of the Ming dynasty. It served as the imperial palace for subsequent dynasties.
### Defense and Military
- **Great Wall**: Significant portions of the Great Wall of China were built or reinforced during the Ming dynasty to defend against northern invasions.
- **Military Campaigns**: The Ming military conducted various campaigns to maintain control over its territories and fend off external threats, particularly from the Mongols.
### Decline and Fall
- **Economic Troubles**: In the late Ming period, the economy suffered due to corruption, heavy taxation, and natural disasters, leading to widespread peasant unrest.
- **Manchu Invasion**: The dynasty ultimately fell to the Manchu invaders, who established the Qing dynasty in 1644, after internal strife and rebellion weakened the Ming government.
### Legacy
- The Ming dynasty left a lasting legacy in Chinese history through its cultural contributions, architectural achievements, and the consolidation of Han Chinese rule and traditions after a period of foreign domination.
Would you like more detailed information on any specific aspect of the Ming dynasty?"
[{2024-07-28 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/760effbb-527c-4656-bdfe-a83cd09a09a0]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1368..1644}-Ming-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Ming-dynasty-{1368..1644},

{1271..1368}-Mongols-Yuan-dynasty::
"The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) was established by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, and marked the first time that the entirety of China was ruled by a non-Han dynasty. Here are some key points about the Yuan dynasty:
### Founding and Expansion
- **Founding**: The Yuan dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan, who declared himself Emperor of China in 1271.
- **Territorial Expansion**: Under Kublai Khan, the Yuan dynasty expanded its territory, incorporating not only all of China but also extending its influence over present-day Mongolia, Korea, and other regions.
### Administration and Society
- **Government Structure**: The Yuan administration retained many aspects of the previous Chinese dynasties' bureaucratic systems but also incorporated Mongolian customs and military structures.
- **Social Hierarchy**: The society was stratified, with Mongols at the top, followed by various non-Han ethnic groups, and Han Chinese at the lower levels. This hierarchy created tensions among different ethnic groups.
### Economy and Trade
- **Economic Development**: The Yuan dynasty saw the development of a complex economy with extensive trade networks, both overland via the Silk Road and maritime routes.
- **Paper Currency**: The Yuan dynasty was notable for its extensive use of paper currency, which facilitated trade and economic integration across the empire.
### Culture and Science
- **Cultural Exchange**: The Yuan dynasty was a period of significant cultural and technological exchange, as the Mongols facilitated interactions between East and West.
- **Advancements**: There were notable advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. The Yuan dynasty also saw the compilation of important Chinese literature and the flourishing of theater and the arts.
### Decline and Fall
- **Internal Strife**: The later years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by internal strife, corruption, and natural disasters, which weakened the central authority.
- **Rebellions**: The widespread dissatisfaction led to numerous uprisings, the most significant of which was led by Zhu Yuanzhang, who founded the Ming dynasty in 1368 after the fall of the Yuan dynasty.
### Legacy
- **Cultural Impact**: Despite its relatively short duration, the Yuan dynasty left a lasting impact on Chinese culture, economy, and society.
- **Historical Significance**: The Yuan dynasty is significant for its role in unifying China and its contributions to the cultural and technological exchanges between the East and West.
The Yuan dynasty represents a critical period in Chinese history, characterized by both the consolidation of Mongol rule over China and the flourishing of trade and cultural exchanges that had long-lasting effects on the region."
[{2024-07-28 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/b7daa1fb-4703-4f14-a127-d13ab290fcda]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1271..1368}-Mongols-Yuan-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Mongols-Yuan-dynasty-{1271..1368},

{1115..1234}-Jin-dynasty::
"The Jin dynasty, also known as the Jurchen Jin or Jurchen dynasty, was a major Chinese dynasty that ruled over northern China from 1115 to 1234. Here are key points about the Jin dynasty:
### Origins and Founding
- **Founding:** The Jin dynasty was founded by the Jurchen people, a semi-nomadic group from northeastern China.
- **Founder:** The dynasty was established by Aguda, who declared himself Emperor Taizu of Jin in 1115 after leading a successful rebellion against the Liao dynasty, which was controlled by the Khitan people.
### Expansion and Conflict
- **Conquest of Northern China:** The Jin dynasty quickly expanded its territory, defeating the Liao dynasty and taking control of northern China.
- **Conflict with the Song Dynasty:** The Jin dynasty was frequently in conflict with the Song dynasty to the south. In 1127, the Jurchens captured the Song capital of Kaifeng in an event known as the Jingkang Incident, taking the Song emperor and his court captive. This led to the establishment of the Southern Song dynasty, which continued to rule in southern China.
### Society and Culture
- **Administration:** The Jin dynasty adopted many aspects of Chinese administration and culture. They maintained a bureaucratic system similar to previous Chinese dynasties and promoted Confucianism.
- **Language and Writing:** The Jurchens developed their own script, known as the Jurchen script, for writing their language. However, they also used Chinese characters and promoted the study of Chinese classics.
### Decline and Fall
- **Internal Struggles:** The Jin dynasty faced internal strife and rebellion, weakening its control over the territory.
- **Mongol Invasion:** The rise of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors posed a significant threat to the Jin dynasty. The Mongols launched a series of invasions that gradually eroded Jin territory.
- **Fall:** The Jin dynasty ultimately fell to the Mongols in 1234, marking the end of their rule in northern China. The Mongols then went on to conquer the Southern Song dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Yuan dynasty.
### Legacy
- The Jin dynasty played a crucial role in the history of China, particularly in the dynamics between nomadic and sedentary cultures.
- The dynasty is remembered for its military prowess, cultural achievements, and the eventual transition to Mongol rule, which reshaped the political landscape of China and the broader region.
The Jin dynasty's impact on Chinese history is significant, particularly in its interactions with the Song dynasty and its role in the eventual rise of the Mongol Empire."
[{2024-07-28 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/2b7192e8-007f-40c9-abf6-5626168cd319]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1115..1234}-Jin-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Jin-dynasty-{1115..1234},

{1001..1100}-currency::
paper money introduced in China during the Song dynasty. It was initially issued as receipts for stored grain. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'1001..1100}-currency,
* McsEngl.socChna'currency{1001..1100},

{0960..1279}-Song-Dynasty::
The Song Dynasty, which lasted from 960 to 1279 CE, is often celebrated as one of the most culturally and technologically advanced periods in Chinese history. It was marked by significant developments in economics, politics, culture, and technology, and it had a profound impact on the shaping of Chinese civilization.
The Song Dynasty is divided into two distinct periods: the Northern Song (960-1127) and the Southern Song (1127-1279). The division occurred due to the invasion by the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty, which forced the Song government to flee southward and establish a new capital at Hangzhou.
### Governance and Society
The Song Dynasty is notable for its administrative sophistication and the expansion of the imperial examination system, which allowed for the selection of government officials based on merit rather than heredity. This system helped to create a highly skilled bureaucratic class and promoted stability and efficiency in governance.
### Economic Developments
The Song era witnessed significant economic growth, with advances in agriculture, the expansion of trade networks, and the emergence of a large urban middle class. The use of paper money became widespread, facilitating trade across the vast empire. The capital cities, such as Bianjing (today's Kaifeng) and later Hangzhou, became thriving centers of commerce and culture, with populations exceeding one million inhabitants.
### Technological and Cultural Achievements
The Song Dynasty is renowned for its technological innovations, including the invention of gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and movable type printing. These inventions not only had a profound impact on Chinese society but also on the world.
In culture, the Song period saw remarkable achievements in literature, philosophy, and the arts. The era produced some of China’s most revered poets, such as Su Shi and Li Qingzhao, and painters like Zhang Zeduan, whose work captures the bustling life of Song cities.
### Military Challenges
Despite its cultural and economic prosperity, the Song Dynasty faced constant military threats from northern tribes. The inability to effectively defend its borders eventually led to the conquest by the Mongols, who established the Yuan Dynasty, marking the end of the Song period.
### Legacy
The Song Dynasty left a lasting legacy on Chinese civilization, influencing subsequent dynasties in various fields, from governance and economics to culture and technology. Its contributions to world history, particularly in terms of technological innovation and cultural achievements, continue to be celebrated today."
[{2024-03-07 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/2aa92842-b643-4ee0-821c-66ff375e9991]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0960..1279}-Song-Dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Song-Dynasty-{0960..1279},

{0618..0907}-Tang-dynasty::
The Tang Dynasty, often regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, began in the 7th century. This era was marked by great cultural, artistic, and intellectual advancements. [ChatGPT]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0618..0907}-Tang-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Tang-dynasty-{0618..0907},

{0581..0618}-Sui-Dynasty::
"Though short-lived, the Sui Dynasty is crucial for laying the groundwork for the Tang Dynasty. The Sui reunified China, reformed the bureaucracy, and initiated major construction projects like the Grand Canal." [ChatGPT]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0581..0618}-Sui-Dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Sui-Dynasty-{0581..0618},

{0420..0589}-Northern-and-Southern-Dynasties::
"A period of fragmentation and civil war, with various regimes controlling the north and south. This era saw significant cultural and technological exchanges between nomadic and Han Chinese cultures and the spread of Buddhism in China." [ChatGPT]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0420..0589}-Northern-and-Southern-Dynasties,
* McsEngl.socChna'Northern-and-Southern-Dynasties-{0420..0589},

{0266..0420}-Jin-Dynasty::
"The Western Jin (266–316) briefly reunited China, but it fell to internal strife and invasions by northern nomadic tribes, leading to the Eastern Jin (317–420) in the south." [ChatGPT]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0266..0420}-Jin-Dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Jin-Dynasty-{0266..0420},

{0220..0280}-Three-Kingdoms::
"After the fall of the Han, China was divided among the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu. This era is famous for its military conflicts and has been romanticized in Chinese literature." [ChatGPT]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0220..0280}-Three-Kingdoms,
* McsEngl.socChna'Three-Kingdoms-{0220..0280},

{0105}-paper::
In China, Cai Lun invented papermaking. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'0105}-paper,
* McsEngl.socChna'paper-{0105},

{Bce0206..0220}-Han-dynasty::
The Han dynasty, a pivotal era in Chinese history, spanned over four centuries with two major periods: the Western (or Former) Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern (or Later) Han (25–220 AD), separated by the short-lived Xin dynasty established by Wang Mang. [chatGPT]
{0220} The Han dynasty in China collapses, ushering in a period of political fragmentation and civil war known as the Three Kingdoms period. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce0206..0220}-Han-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Han-dynasty-{Bce0206..0220},

{Bce0206..0220}-Han-dynasty::
The Han dynasty, a pivotal era in Chinese history, spanned over four centuries with two major periods: the Western (or Former) Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern (or Later) Han (25–220 AD), separated by the short-lived Xin dynasty established by Wang Mang. [chatGPT]
{0220} The Han dynasty in China collapses, ushering in a period of political fragmentation and civil war known as the Three Kingdoms period. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce0206..0220}-Han-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Han-dynasty-{Bce0206..0220},

{Bce0475..Bce0221}-Warring-States-period::
The Warring States period (475-221 BCE) was a time of intense political and military conflict in ancient China. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the unification of China under the Qin dynasty.
During this period, seven major states—Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei—contended for dominance. These states engaged in constant warfare, developing new military technologies and strategies to gain an advantage over their rivals. The Warring States period is known for its innovations in warfare, including the use of iron weapons, cavalry, and large infantry armies.
The period also saw significant social and cultural changes. The constant warfare and political instability led to the rise of new philosophical schools of thought, including Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. These philosophies offered different solutions to the problems of the time and had a profound impact on Chinese society.
The Warring States period ended in 221 BCE when the state of Qin conquered all of its rivals and established the first unified Chinese empire. The Qin dynasty, although short-lived, laid the foundation for the subsequent imperial dynasties that ruled China for over two millennia.
The Warring States period remains a fascinating and important era in Chinese history. It was a time of great upheaval and change, but it also saw the emergence of some of China's most enduring cultural and intellectual traditions.
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/1b0f7f0210728859]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce0475..Bce0221}-Warring-States-period,
* McsEngl.socChna'Warring-States-period-{Bce0475..Bce0221},

{Bce1046..Bce0256}-Zhou-dynasty::
In 1046 BC, the Zhou dynasty was established in China, marking the beginning of a new era that would last for almost 800 years. Here's what you should know about this pivotal moment:
* **Overthrow of the Shang:** The Zhou, led by King Wu, defeated the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye. This victory was attributed to the Zhou's superior military strategy and the perceived loss of the Mandate of Heaven by the Shang ruler.
* **Mandate of Heaven:** The Zhou introduced this important concept, which stated that a ruler's authority was granted by the heavens and could be revoked if they failed to govern justly and virtuously. This idea would become a cornerstone of Chinese political philosophy for centuries.
* **Western Zhou Period:** The initial period of the Zhou dynasty, known as the Western Zhou (c. 1046–771 BC), was characterized by a centralized government and military strength. The Zhou king ruled over a vast territory, delegating power to regional lords who owed him allegiance.
* **Eastern Zhou Period:** In 771 BC, the Zhou capital was sacked, and the dynasty entered its second phase, known as the Eastern Zhou (771–256 BC). This period saw a decline in central authority and the rise of powerful regional states, leading to an era of political fragmentation and warfare.
The Zhou dynasty is significant for several reasons:
* **Longest-lasting dynasty:** It holds the record as the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history.
* **Cultural and philosophical development:** The Zhou period saw the flourishing of Chinese philosophy, with the emergence of Confucianism, Taoism, and other influential schools of thought. It was also a time of significant advancements in bronze casting, art, and literature.
* **Foundation for later dynasties:** The political and cultural structures established during the Zhou dynasty laid the groundwork for subsequent dynasties and shaped the development of Chinese civilization for centuries to come.
Do you want to know more about specific aspects of the Zhou dynasty, such as its political system, cultural achievements, or philosophical developments?"
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/5fb99552a88d7eaa]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce1046..Bce0256}-Zhou-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Zhou-dynasty-{Bce1046..Bce0256},

{Bce1600..Bce1046}-Shang-dynasty::
The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāng cháo), also known as the Yin dynasty (殷代; Yīn dài), was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The Shang ruled from approximately 1600 to 1046 BC and is the earliest dynasty in recorded Chinese history supported by archaeological evidence.
The Shang dynasty is known for its significant contributions to Chinese civilization, including:
* **Bronze Age:** The Shang dynasty is considered the middle of the Bronze Age in China and is renowned for its exquisite bronze casting techniques, which were used to create ritual vessels, weapons, and tools.
* **Oracle Bones:** The discovery of oracle bones at the Shang capital of Yin (near modern-day Anyang) has provided valuable insights into Shang society, religion, and divination practices. These bones contain the earliest known body of Chinese writing.
* **Social Structure:** Shang society was highly stratified, with a king at the top, followed by a powerful aristocracy, craftsmen, and farmers.
* **Religion:** Ancestor worship played a central role in Shang religion. The Shang kings believed they could communicate with their deceased ancestors through divination rituals.
* **Military:** The Shang military was well-organized and utilized chariots in warfare.
The Shang dynasty ultimately fell to the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC. The reasons for their decline are debated, but factors such as internal conflicts, social unrest, and the Zhou's military superiority likely contributed to their downfall. Despite its demise, the Shang dynasty left a lasting legacy on Chinese culture, and its achievements continue to be studied and admired today.
Sources
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers"
[{2024-07-25 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/09419f07ed860040]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce1600..Bce1046}-Shang-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Shang-dynasty-{Bce1600..Bce1046},

{Bce2070..Bce1600}-Xia-dynasty::
Xia dynasty, the first in traditional Chinese historiography. It established many of the institutions that would later characterize Chinese civilization, such as the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, the division of society into classes, and the use of writing. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce2070..Bce1600}-Xia-dynasty,
* McsEngl.socChna'Xia-dynasty-{Bce2070..Bce1600},

{Bce3000c}-agriculture::
had-spread to China and Southeast Asia. [Bard]
* McsEngl.{socChna'Bce3000c}-agriculture,
* McsEngl.socChna'agriculture-{Bce3000c},

PARENT-CHILD-TREE of socChna

parent-tree-of-socChna::
* {1911..1949}-Republic-of-China,
* {1644..1912}-Qing-dynasty,
* {1368..1644}-Ming-dynasty,
* {1271..1368}-Yuan-dynasty, Mongols,
* {0960..1279}-Song-Dynasty,
* {0618..0907}-Tang-dynasty,
* {Bce0206..0220}-Han-dynasty,
* {Bce1046..Bce0771}-Early-Zhou-dynasty,
* {Bce1122..Bce0255}-Zhou-dynasty,
* {Bce1600..Bce1046}-Shang-dynasty,
* {Bce2070..Bce1600}-Xia-dynasty,

* McsEngl.socChna'parent-tree,

child-tree-of-socChna::
* ,
* McsEngl.socChna'child-tree,

WHOLE-PART-TREE of socChna

whole-tree-of-socChna::
* Global-society,
* ... Sympan.
* McsEngl.socChna'whole-tree,

part-tree-of-socChna::
* ,
* McsEngl.socChna'part-tree,

GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of socChna

generic-tree-of-socChna::
* society,
* ... entity.
* McsEngl.socChna'generic-tree,

specific-tree-of-socChna::
* ,
* McsEngl.socChna.specific-tree,

meta-info

this page was-visited times since {2024-02-21}

page-wholepath: synagonism.net / worldviewSngo / dirStn / socChna

SEARCH::
· this page uses 'locator-names', names that when you find them, you find the-LOCATION of the-concept they denote.
GLOBAL-SEARCH:
· clicking on the-green-BAR of a-page you have access to the-global--locator-names of my-site.
· use the-prefix 'socChna' for senso-concepts related to current concept 'People's-Republic-of-China'.
LOCAL-SEARCH:
· TYPE CTRL+F "McsLang.words-of-concept's-name", to go to the-LOCATION of the-concept.
· a-preview of the-description of a-global-name makes reading fast.

footer::
• author: Kaseluris.Nikos.1959
• email:
 
• edit on github: https://github.com/synagonism/McsWorld/blob/master/dirMcs/dirStn/McsStn000031.last.html,
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webpage-versions::
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