Tur0Phnm.vowel of speech
description::
× generic: vowel-phoneme,
"Turkic languages are famous for their rich vowel systems and systematic vowel-harmony. While individual languages differ slightly, most modern Turkic languages inherited an eight-vowel inventory from Proto-Turkic:
| Feature | Front | Back |
| Unrounded high | **i** /i/ | **ı** /ɯ/ |
| Rounded high | **ü** /y/ | **u** /u/ |
| Unrounded low | **e** /e/ | **a** /a/ |
| Rounded mid | **ö** /ø/ | **o** /o/ |
---
### Proto-Turkic
Reconstructed vowels (≈ 8):
`*i, *ï, *ü, *u, *e, *ä, *ö, *o`
(“\*ä” corresponds to low front /a/ in many modern varieties.)
---
### Examples in Key Modern Turkic Languages
| Language | Inventory |
| **Turkish** | /i, e, ɯ, a, y, ø, u, o/ |
| **Azerbaijani** | /i, e, ə, a, y, ø, u, o, ɯ/ (Latin: i, e, ə, a, ü, ö, u, o, ı) |
| **Kazakh** | /i, ɪ, e, æ, ɯ, u, o, ø, y/ (often transcribed ä for /æ/) |
| **Kyrgyz** | /i, ɪ, e, æ, ɯ, u, o, œ, y/ (very similar to Kazakh, with minor dialectal tweaks) |
| **Uzbek** | /i, e, a, o, u/ (has merged the two front-rounded vowels into /e/ or /i/, yielding a six-vowel system) |
| **Uyghur** | /i, e, ɑ, o, u, œ, y/ (front vs. back and rounded vs. unrounded distinctions largely intact) |
| **Turkmen** | /i, e, a, o, u, ä, ö, ü/ (retains eight-vowel harmony very close to the Proto-Turkic pattern) |
---
### Vowel Harmony
Most Turkic languages enforce **two-dimensional** harmony:
1. **Back vs. Front**
– vowels in a word are all from the back set {a, ı, o, u} or all from the front set {e, i, ö, ü}
2. **Roundedness** (in languages with mid-vowel rounding distinctions)
– high vowels also harmonize for rounded vs. unrounded within their height class
E.g., in Turkish **“kapı”** \[kaˈpɯ] “door” (back + unrounded), but **“gülüm”** \[gyˈlym] “my rose” (front + rounded).
---
### Notes on Variation
* **Azerbaijani** adds a low central vowel /ə/ (schwa).
* **Uzbek** lost front-rounded /ü, ö/, merging them into front-unrounded vowels.
* **Kazakh** and **Kyrgyz** often show additional allophones and a marginal ninth vowel \[ɪ] (near-close front unrounded).
* **Uyghur** orthography (Uyghur Arabic) represents vowels slightly differently but phonology remains close to the eight-vowel pattern.
---
#### Summary
* **Proto-Turkic**: 8 vowels
* **Core pattern**: /i, e, ɯ, a, y, ø, u, o/
* **Harmony**: front/back × rounded/unrounded
* **Modern tweaks**: some languages add schwa (Azer.), drop rounded vowels (Uzbek), or cram in marginal near-high vowels (Kazakh/Kyrgyz)."
[{2025-07-31 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/688b8b2f-a548-8329-9ca4-4be37863dcc3]
name::
* McsEngl.Tur0Lago'vowel-phoneme!⇒Tur0VowlPhnm,
* McsEngl.Tur0Phnm.vowel!⇒Tur0VowlPhnm,
* McsEngl.Tur0SpchLago'vowel!⇒Tur0VowlPhnm,
* McsEngl.Tur0VowlPhnm!=vowel-phoneme--of-Tur0Lago,
Tur0Phnm.vowelNo of speech
description::
× generic: consonant-phoneme,
"Here’s a broad overview of the consonant inventories in Proto-Turkic and in several key modern Turkic languages. While exact phoneme sets vary by language (and by dialect), most share a common core inherited from Proto-Turkic.
---
## 1. Proto-Turkic Consonants
Reconstructed inventory (≈ 20 phonemes):
| | Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| **Plosive** | *p* *b* | *t* *d* | | *k* *g* | *q* *ɢ* | |
| **Affricate** | | *c* (*t͡s*) | *č* (*t͡ʃ*) | | | |
| | | *j* (*d͡z*) | *ǯ* (*d͡ʒ*) | | | |
| **Fricative** | | *s* *z* | *š* *ž* | *x* *ɣ* | *χ* *ʁ* | *h* |
| **Nasal** | *m* | *n* | | *ŋ* | | |
| **Liquid** | | *l* *r* | | | | |
| **Approx.** | | *y* (*j*) | | | | |
* **Notes:**
* *c*/*j* and *č*/*ǯ* represent sibilant affricates.
* Uvulars (*q, ɢ, χ, ʁ*) preserved in some modern branches but lost or re-interpreted in others.
---
## 2. Selected Modern Turkic Inventories
Below is a high-level summary of how that system shows up (with common extensions or losses) in six major Turkic languages.
| Language | Key Plosives & Affricates | Fricatives | Nasals & Liquids | Other consonants |
| **Turkish** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/
/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | /f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, h/ | /m, n, l, r/ | /j/ |
| **Azerbaijani** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/
/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | /f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, h/ | /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ | /j/ |
| **Kazakh** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/
/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, χ/ | /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ | /j, w/ |
| **Kyrgyz** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/
/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, χ/ | /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ | /j, w/ |
| **Uzbek** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/ | /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ/ | /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ | /j, w/ |
| **Uyghur** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/
/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, χ, h/ | /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ | /j/ |
| **Turkmen** | /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/
/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | /f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, χ, h/ | /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ | /j/ |
* **Affricates:** /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ are nearly universal; /t͡s, d͡z/ occur in some dialects or loanwords.
* **Uvulars:** /q, χ, ʁ/ remain phonemic in the “Qipchaq” branch (e.g. Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Uyghur, Turkmen); Turkish and Azerbaijani have merged these with velars or dropped them.
* **Fricatives:**
* /f, v/ often restricted to recent loanwords in older or more conservative dialects.
* /h/ is unstable: absent in Kazakh/Kyrgyz, but present in Uyghur and Turkmen.
* **Nasals:** /ŋ/ is contrastive in Qipchaq languages but only allophonic (before \[k, ɡ]) in Turkish.
* **Liquids & Approximants:** /l, r, j/ are universally present; /w/ appears only in a few Qipchaq languages, typically in loanwords.
---
### 3. Phonological Developments & Notes
* **Lenition & Fortition:** In many modern languages, Proto-Turkic *b, d, g* between vowels have weakened (e.g. Turkish “ad” \[ad] vs. modern conversational \[aː]).
* **Palatalization:** Some Khalaj and Karluk varieties show secondary palatalized series (e.g. /kʲ, gʲ/).
* **Loan Consonants:** Persian and Arabic loans introduce /ʔ/, additional fricatives (e.g. /θ, ð/), and pharyngeals (e.g. /ʕ/) which are often nativized (θ → t or s, etc.).
---
**Summary:**
* **Proto-Turkic** had a rich 20-phoneme consonant system, including uvulars and affricates.
* **Modern Turkic languages** share a core set of plosives (/p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/), affricates (/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/), fricatives (/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ/), nasals (/m, n, ŋ/), liquids (/l, r/), and approximant (/j/).
* **Branch-specific features:** Qipchaq languages retain uvulars (/q, χ, ʁ/) and phonemic /ŋ/, while Oghuz languages (Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen) have largely merged or lost these."
[{2025-07-31 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/688b8b2f-a548-8329-9ca4-4be37863dcc3]
name::
* McsEngl.Tur0ConsPhnm!=Turkic-consonant-phoneme,
* McsEngl.Tur0Phnm.vowelNo!⇒Tur0ConsPhnm,
* McsEngl.Tur0Lago'consonant-phoneme!⇒Tur0ConsPhnm,
* McsEngl.Tur0SpchLago'consonant!⇒Tur0ConsPhnm,
